GC-MS Profiling and Larvicidal Potential of Artabotrys sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus: Terpenoid-Rich Botanical Compounds for Eco-Friendly Mosquito Control

GC-MS Profiling and Larvicidal Potential of Artabotrys sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus: Terpenoid-Rich Botanical Compounds for Eco-Friendly Mosquito Control | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article GC-MS Profiling and Larvicidal Potential of Artabotrys sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus: Terpenoid-Rich Botanical Compounds for Eco-Friendly Mosquito Control Zeinab Abdel Moaty, Renjini Haridas, Hairul Islam Mohamed Ibrahim, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9399607/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Artabotrys species are rich in phytoconstituents with potential therapeutic and insecticidal properties. A. zeylanicus occurs in tropical, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests of India and Sri Lanka, whereas A. sahyadricus is a recently reported species from Kerala, India, within the Western Ghats. This investigation attempted to find bio effective compounds from these species to evaluate their larvicidal potential. Materials and Methods Leaf and stem bark samples of both species were collected from southern Western Ghats, Kerala. Ethyl acetate extracts (1 µL) were analyzed by GC-MS to screen for phytochemicals. Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem bark at varying concentrations were tested against early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi , and mortality data were analyzed using the log Probit method. Results GC-MS analysis revealed 9 compounds in leaf extracts of both species and 18 and 16 compounds in stem bark extracts of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus , respectively. Major compounds included neophytadiene (37.56% in A. sahyadricus leaf; 34.36% in A. zeylanicus stem), viridiflorol, phytol, and phytol acetate, along with hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester. Larval assays confirmed concentration-dependent toxicity, with ethyl acetate extracts showing higher efficacy than aqueous extracts. Conclusions Novel metabolites artamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine were identified for the first time in the genus Artabotrys and demonstrated larvicidal activity. A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus are promising botanical sources for mosquito control. Artabotrys herbal larvicides natural mosquito repellent volatile phytochemicals Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction Mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, malaria, Zika, and chikungunya, continue to pose a serious global health threat, causing millions of infections and significant mortality every year. The widespread emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations has further intensified the need for environmentally safe and effective vector control strategies, particularly larvicides that target mosquito larvae before they become disease vectors. In this context, plant-derived bioactive compounds have emerged as a promising alternative to existing synthetic drugs, offering potential advantages such as biodegradability, harmless to non-target organisms, and various modes of action. The endemic flora of biodiversity hotspots, in particular, represents an untapped reservoir of novel phytochemicals with potential therapeutic and pesticidal applications. The Western Ghats, also known as the “Sahyadri,” is a 1,600 km long mountain range along the western coast of India and is one of the most recognized biodiversity hotspots in the world. The region exhibits significant variation in latitude, altitude, climate, and habitat type, which has driven high levels of species richness and endemism, particularly within its moist deciduous and evergreen forests (Chandrakasan and Krishnamoorthy 2017 ). The Western Ghats are home to a remarkable array of genetic resources, including medicinal plants, wild relatives of staple crops such as rice and barley, a variety of fruits, and economically valuable spices (CEPF 2013 ). Over the years, numerous new plant species and genera have been identified from this region, highlighting the vast potential of the Western Ghats as a source of flora with bioactive compounds for pharmacological, nutraceutical, and pesticidal applications (Mirzaee et al. 2017 ). Despite this richness, still many of these species remain untapped in terms of their phytochemical composition, bioactivity, and practical applications, indicating a critical research gap in natural product discovery from this ecologically unique region. Plant-derived compounds, or phytogenic products, have long been recognized for their therapeutic and pesticidal potential, and are widely utilized in pharmaceutical production. The bioactivity of plants is largely attributed to secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics, which reveal structural diversity, well-defined biosynthetic pathways, and specific ecological functions in plant defense and survival (Singh 2002 ). Historically, medicinal plants have served as the primary source of both natural and synthetic drugs. For instance, at the first crystalline alkaloid morphine isolated from opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) in 1803 and remains a widely used analgesic (Brownstein 1993 ). Similarly, other important alkaloid drugs atropine, arecoline, muscarine, and hyoscine were purified from various plants for specific medicinal applications (Broadley and Kelly, 2001 ). More recently, compounds such as artemisinin and quinine derivatives, derived from traditional medicinal herbs, have played remarkable role in the treatment of malaria, demonstrating the enduring relevance of ethnobotanical knowledge for modern drug development (Willcox and Bodeker 2004 ). These examples underscore the importance of scientific validation of traditional plant use to identify biologically active compounds and develop novel pharmacological or pesticidal agents. Within this context, the genus Artabotrys (family Annonaceae) has garnered attention due to its pharmacological and larvicidal potential. Species of Artabotrys are reported to contain multiple bioactive compounds, including artamodamide, artamonteirine, laudanine, polycarpol, and stigmasterolare, which exhibit potent larvicidal activity against mosquito vectors (Stein 1990 ). Despite these promising findings, a systematic investigation of volatile phytochemicals and their functional larvicidal efficacy across multiple endemic Artabotrys species remains lacking, particularly for species native to the Western Ghats. Most previous studies have focused on isolated compounds or single species, without integrating comprehensive chemical profiling with bioassays. This lack of integrative data represents a significant gap in understanding both the chemical diversity and functional potential of Artabotrys species as natural larvicides. Addressing this research gap, the present study focuses on two endemic Western Ghats species, A. zeylanicus and A. sahyadricus . Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry phytochemical quality technique, an attempt made to screen the volatile phytochemicals present in the leaves and stem bark of these species. Furthermore, evaluate their larvicidal effect against the early fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi , two medically important mosquito vectors. By combining chemical profiling with functional bioassays, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the genus Artabotrys , validate its traditional uses in folk remedies, and explore its potential as a source of eco-friendly mosquito larvicidal agents. Ultimately, the findings are expected to contribute to both biodiversity-based natural product research and the development of sustainable strategies for vector control. 2. Materials and Methods 1. Preparation of Extracts Shade-dried leaves and stem bark of A. zeylanicus and A. sahyadricus were ground into fine powder. For each species, 50 g of leaf and stem bark powder was extracted separately with 250 mL of ethyl acetate with a Soxhlet apparatus at 60–80 ºC. The resulting extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Superfit PBV 7D vertical R/170, Mumbai, India) to obtain viscous, semi-solid crude extracts. From these, 1 µL of each ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extract was used for GC-MS analysis. 2. GC-MS Instrumentation and Analysis GC-MS analysis was performed using a Shimadzu GC-MS system (Model QP2010S) equipped with an Rxi-5Sil MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 µm thickness), operating in electron impact (EI) mode at 70 eV. Helium (99.9995%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.51 mL/min with split injection (split ratio 10:1), while the injector and ion source temperatures were maintained at 240 ºC and 200 ºC, respectively. The oven temperature was programmed to start at 70 ºC with a 2-minute hold, followed by a ramp of 10 ºC/min to 300 ºC, and concluded with a 9-minute isothermal period. Mass spectra were acquired over a range of m/z 40–1000 with a scan interval of 5 min using 70 eV ionization energy. Data analysis was performed using GCMS Solutions software, with compound identification based on mass fragmentation patterns and comparison with the NIST-11 and WILEY 8 spectral libraries. The relative percentage of each component was determined by relating its peak area to the total chromatogram area. For all identified compounds, the retention time (RT), molecular formula, molecular weight, peak area (%), chemical nature, structural information, and reported biological activity were recorded (Khetarpal and Khanna 2016 ). 3. Plant Collection and Extraction for Larvicidal Study Leaves and stem bark of A. zeylanicus and A. sahyadricus were collected from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala. The plant materials were shade-dried, powdered using an electric blender, and sieved to a fine consistency. 70 g of each powder was placed in a Soxhlet thimble and extracted successively with water and ethyl acetate for 10 hours. Extracts were concentrated using a rotary flash evaporator and stored at 5 ºC in airtight bottles until further use. 4. Selection of Mosquito Species Two medically important mosquito vectors were selected for the study, namely Aedes aegypti , the principal vector of dengue, a rapidly spreading tropical disease caused by four dengue virus serotypes (Sathantriphop et al. 2016 ), and Anopheles stephensi , the primary vector responsible for transmitting malaria to humans (WHO 1970 ). 5. Larvicidal Bioassay Test solutions were prepared by diluting aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts (leaf and stem bark separately) to concentrations ranging from 200 to 2000 ppm. Early fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were exposed to the extracts, with four replicates per concentration (Finney 1971 ). Control groups were maintained with solvent alone. Larval mortality was assessed 24 hours post-treatment, considering larvae dead if they failed to respond to mechanical stimulation using a Pasteur pipette. Larvae were obtained from the National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Southern India branch field station, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore.Dose-mortality data were analyzed using the log-probit method (Raman et al. 2012 ) to calculate LC10, LC50, and LC90 values. 6. Statistical Analysis The average larval mortality data were subjected to probit analysis using SPSS 11.5. The 95% confidence limits (upper and lower) and chi-square values were calculated. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extracts of A. zeylanicus and A. sahyadricus revealed 9 compounds in leaf extracts of both plants and 18 compounds in stem bark extracts of A. sahyadricus and 16 compounds in stem bark extracts of A. zeylanicus (Fig. 1). The major compounds identified in the leaf extract of A. sahyadricus were neophytadiene (37.56%), viridiflorol (27.53%), and 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol) (12.12%), while the stem bark extract contained neophytadiene (20.30%), caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), and viridiflorol (9.19%). In A. zeylanicus , leaf extract was dominated by neophytadiene (50.74%), phytol (16.01%), and phytol acetate (8.95%), whereas stem bark extract contained neophytadiene (34.36%), T-phytol (14.68%), pentadecanal (10.43%), and phytol acetate (6.06%). The GC-MS spectrum confirmed the presence of these compounds with distinct retention times, and detailed fragmentation patterns are presented in Tables 1 . The mass spectra of the major compounds in leaf and stem bark extracts confirmed that neophytadiene, phytol, and phytol acetate are the dominant constituents in both plant species. Minor compounds included viridiflorol, caryophyllene oxide, isophytol acetate, and pentadecanal. Table 1 Compounds identified from ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extract of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus by GC-MS analysis Common Compounds (% Peak Area) A. sahyadricus Leaf (% Peak Area & Retention Time (min)) A. sahyadricus Stem Bark (% Peak Area & Retention Time (min)) A. zeylanicus Leaf (% Peak Area & Retention Time (min)) A. zeylanicus Stem Bark (% Peak Area & Retention Time (min)) Nature of Compound Key Biological Activity (-)-Spathulenol 1.15% & 21.042 - 2.96% & 22.217 4.48% & 22.195 Sesquiterpenol Antiviral activity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory (Ferreira et al. 2025 ). Viridiflorol 27.53% & 21.505 9.19% & 21.484 - - - Anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic, used as a flavour and fragrance agent (Trevizan et al. 2016 ). Neophytadiene 37.56% & 26.733 20.30% & 26.729 - 34.36% & 26.691 Diterpenoid. Enzyme inhibitor, toxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antiplasmodial activity and larvicidal activity (Rajeswaran and Rajan 2025 ). 2-Hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- 4.05% & 26.839 4.23% & 26.842 Diterpenoid. Anti-Inflammatory and analgesic activities (PubChem 2024 ). Phytol, acetate 6.62% & 27.220 3.99% & 27.221 8.95% & 27.215 6.06% & 27.191 Diterpene alcohol Anti-Inflammatory, food additive, flavoring agents and treating autoimmune conditions (Islam et al. 2020 ). 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol 12.12% & 27.595 8.16% & 27.597 16.01% & 27.590 Diterpene alcohol (Phytol) Antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic (Hidayathulla et al. 2018 ). Fragrance effect (McGinty et al. 2010 ) Hexadecanoic acid, Ethyl ester 0.93% & 29.825 3.05% & 29.841 4.13% & 29.804 Palmitic Acid ethyl ester Antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, anti-inflammatory, favor, Anti-androgenic (Ramamoorthy et al. 2025 ; Tulika and Mala 2017 ). Isospathulenol 1.90% & 25.419 3.47% & 25.401 Sesquiter-penol Antibacterial activity (Dosoky et al. 2016 ). .gamma.-Sitosterol 4.58% & 42.117 4.07% & 40.042 Triterpenoid (Clionasterol) Anti-diabetic, antiangeogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (Vats and Gupta, 2017 ; Nandi et al. 2021). Isophytol, acetate 6.72 & 32.023 Diterpenes Antisterility (Weiser, 1963), antioxidant, anti-depressant, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-malarial, wound healing activity, anti-spasmodic, hypolipidemic, anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, cardiovascular, locomotor, anti-cancerous (Kajal et al. 2022 ). Methyl (Z) -icos-2-enoate. 41.190 & 2.94 Eicosenoic acid Antimicrobial (Huma et al. 2025). .beta.-Bisabolene 19.331 & 1.81 Sesquiterpens Anticancer (Yeo et al. 2016 ). Caryophyllene oxide 11.73 & 21.190 Sesquiterpene Antioxidant (Yulia and Svetlana 2022 ), Anticancer and Antimicrobial (Dahham et al. 2015 ), Analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Chavan et al. 2010 ). Tetracyclo [6.3.2.0(2,5).0 (1,8)] tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl- 2.82 & 22.456 Alcohol Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant (Khan et al. 2022 ). Alloaromadendrenoxid-(1) 4.66 & 22.882 Sesquiterpenes Cytotoxicity (PubChem, 2024 ). .beta.-bisabolol 7.19 & 23.224 Sesquiterpenol Anticancer (Yeo et al. 2016 ). Isoaromadendrene epoxide 7.19 & 23.224 Sesquiterpene Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic, antiasthamatic, antibacterial activity and antioxidantactivity (Hameed and Adnan 2015 ) 2H-Benzocyclohepten-2-one, decahydro-9a-methyl-, trans- 4.38 & 26.351 Sesquiterpene Anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumor efficacy (Doris et al. 2024 ). Platambin 2.58 & 27.356 Sesquiterpene alcohol Antibacterial effect (Aliya et al. 2023 ). 4,4,8-Trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0(1,5)] dodecane-2,9-diol 1.83 & 27.775 Sesquiter-penoid alcohol (Clovanediol) Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and wound healing (Tutar et al. 2018 ). Phytol 5.40 & 32.040 Diterpene alcohol Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative, Analgesic activity (PubChem, 2024 ). cytotoxic, antioxidant, anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects (Islam et al. 2018 ). Cyclohexane, Eicosyl- 4.02 & 36.076 Alkane No activity reported Methyl (Z) - icos-2-enoate 4.49 & 41.202 Eicosenoic acid Antimicrobial (Huma et al. 2025). Vitamin E 1.78 & 48.433 Tocopherol (alcohol) Neuroprotection and cardiovascular, skin and bone health (Mohd et al. 2020). Antioxidant (Rizvi et al. 2014 ). 2,6,10-Trimethyl,14-Ethylene-14-Pentadecne 50.74 & 26.716 Sesquiter-penoids (Neophytadien) Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant (Vats and Gupta, 2017 ) 4,22-S; gmastadiene-3-one 3.42 & 44.437 Terpenoid No activity reported Stigmast-4-en-3-one 7.22 & 46.754 Steroids (Sitostenone) Anti-inflammatory (Razafindrakoto etal. 2025 ). Antimicrobial Activity (Udobre et al., 2015 ). Cycloisolongifolene 1.70 & 26.431 Sesquiterpenes Wound-Healing Property (Bhavana et al. 2024 ). Dodecane, 1-Chloro- 2.82 & 26.833 Halogen Cytotoxicity (PubChem, 2024 ). 9-Isopropyl-1-methyl-2-methylene-5-oxatricyclo [5.4.0.0(3,8)] undecane 1.79 & 27.317 Methyl ester. No activity reported Pentadecanal- 10.43 & 27.564 Fatty Aldehydes. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-septic activities, (Wang et al. 2025). 3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl) cyclohexan-1-methanol 1.48 & 28.155 Alcohol No activity reported 2-Hexadecen-1-Ol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- (T-Phytol) 14.68 & 32.001 diterpenoid A fragrance ingredient used in cosmetics (McGinty et al. 2010 ). Ethyl-9,12-octadecadienoate 3.49 & 32.887 Linolelaidic acid ethyl ester Antioxidant (PubChem, 2024 ). (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester 3.39 & 33.007 Elaidic acid, ethyl ester Larvicidal activity (Michael et al. 2024 ), and anti-inflammatory (Xie et al. 2022 ). Octadecanoic acid, Ethyl ester 1.48 & 33.511 Stearic Acid ethyl ester Antioxidant (Ochoa-Ocampo et al. 2025 ). Squalene 2.19 & 43.217 Triterpene Immunity enhancement, skin senility resistance, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial and detoxification effects (Le et al. 2024 ). 3.2. Major Bioactive Compounds Identified by GC-MS GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extracts of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus revealed several bioactive compounds, with certain metabolites dominating in both species (Table 1 ). In the leaf extract of A. sahyadricus , neophytadiene (37.56%), viridiflorol (27.53%), and phytol (12.12%) were the major constituents, whereas the stem bark contained neophytadiene (20.30%), caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), and viridiflorol (9.19%). For A. zeylanicus , leaf extract was dominated by neophytadiene (50.74%), phytol (16.01%), and phytol acetate (8.95%), while the stem bark showed neophytadiene (34.36%), T-phytol (14.68%), and pentadecanal (10.43%) Table 2 . Neophytadiene was consistently the most abundant compound in both species and extracts, indicating a potentially pivotal role in their biological activity. The higher concentrations of these bioactive terpenoids in stem bark extracts generally correlated with increased larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi , supporting the notion that terpenoid richness drives insecticidal potency. The observed leaf vs. stem bark differences suggests tissue-specific accumulation of metabolites, which can guide targeted extraction for maximal bioactivity. Overall, the GC-MS results underscore that A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus are rich in bioactive terpenoids, with neophytadiene and phytol being major contributors to their larvicidal potential. Table 2 Major bioactive compounds identified in A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus by GC-MS Plant & Extract Major Compounds (% Peak Area) Nature of Compound Key Biological Activity A. sahyadricus Leaf Neophytadiene (37.56%), Viridiflorol (27.53%), Phytol (12.12%) Sesquiterpenoid / Sesquiterpenol / Diterpene alcohol Larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant A. sahyadricus Stem Bark Neophytadiene (20.30%), Caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), Viridiflorol (9.19%) Sesquiterpenoid / Sesquiterpene Larvicidal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial A. zeylanicus Leaf Neophytadiene (50.74%), Phytol (16.01%), Phytol acetate (8.95%) Sesquiterpenoid / Diterpene alcohol Larvicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial A. zeylanicus Stem Bark Neophytadiene (34.36%), T-Phytol (14.68%), Pentadecanal (10.43%) Sesquiterpenoid / Diterpene alcohol / Fatty aldehyde Larvicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory 3.3. Larvicidal Activity The larvicidal potential of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem bark was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi . Larval mortality increased with extract concentration, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. In the case of A. aegypti , the LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values for A. zeylanicus were 724.1, 1495.3, and 2065.6 ppm for the leaf ethyl acetate extract and 496.2, 890.25, and 1997.45 ppm for the stem bark ethyl acetate extract. Aqueous extracts of the leaf and stem bark recorded LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values of 710.15, 1325.5, and 2545.7 ppm, and 785.3, 1520.4, and 2870.6 ppm, respectively. Similarly, for A. sahyadricus , LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values for leaf and stem bark ethyl acetate extracts were 710.2, 1670.4, and 2276.15 ppm and 495.5, 1080.6, and 2260.25 ppm, respectively, while aqueous extracts recorded 680.2, 1020.3, and 2320.4 ppm and 710.4, 1605.2, and 2720.3 ppm, respectively. For Anopheles stephensi , the stem bark extracts consistently produced higher mortality rates, with ethyl acetate extracts being slightly more potent than aqueous extracts. Overall, stem bark extracts generally exhibited higher larvicidal activity than leaf extracts, though leaf extracts of A. sahyadricus showed comparable efficacy in certain concentrations (Figs. 2 – 9 ). 4. Discussion The GC-MS analysis demonstrated that both Artabotrys sahyadricus and Artabotrys zeylanicus are abundant in terpenoid compounds, which are widely recognized for their diverse bioactivities, including insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Among these, neophytadiene, a dominant sesquiterpenoid present in both leaf and stem bark extracts of the two species, is likely a key contributor to the observed larvicidal activity. Major compound Neophytadiene reported from various plants and effectively active against various disease, diterpene neophytadiene isolated from Aeschynomene elaphroxylon were actively effective against cancer (Ahmed et al. 2023 ). Neophytadiene from essential oil of Acalypha segetalis were reported larvicidal activity towers the third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Aboaba et al. 2010 ). Phytol and its derivatives, identified in both species, are biologically active diterpene alcohols with well-documented larvicidal properties (Piyali et al. 2020 ). Viridiflorol and caryophyllene oxide, identified in A. sahyadricus , also contribute anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pesticidal effects (Sain et al. 2016 ) which may synergistically enhance larvicidal potency. Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, also detected in both species, has been previously reported to exhibit larvicidal effects (Santhosh et al. 2020 ), providing further support for the biological activity observed in this study. These compounds consistent presence in all extracts suggests that it plays a pivotal role in the bioactivity of these plants. The larvicidal efficacy was found to be dose-dependent, with higher concentrations of extracts yielding increased mortality. Notably, stem bark extracts generally exhibited superior activity compared to leaf extracts, likely due to the higher accumulation of terpenoids in this tissue. This tissue-specific metabolite distribution emphasizes the importance of targeted extraction to maximize bioactivity. Furthermore, the identification of novel metabolites such as sartamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine previously unreported within the genus Artabotrys —represents a promising source of additional bioactive molecules with potent larvicidal effects. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus as eco-friendly botanical larvicides. The high terpenoid content not only explains their larvicidal efficacy but also underscores their broader pharmacological potential, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The results provide a strong scientific basis for the incorporation of these species into integrated vector management programs and offer a foundation for further studies on their chemotaxonomy, bioactive compound isolation, and potential pharmaceutical applications. 5. Conclusions GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and stem bark of A. zeylanicus and A. sahyadricus revealed nine compounds in the leaf extracts of both species, and 18 and 16 compounds in the stem bark extracts of A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus , respectively. Neophytadiene, phytol, and phytol acetate were identified as the dominant compounds in both species, underscoring their medicinal and pesticidal significance. Comparative analysis of leaf and stem bark extracts highlighted species-specific concentrations of bioactive compounds, providing a foundation for potential pharmacological and larvicidal applications. Terpenoid compounds, abundant in both species, are likely responsible for the observed larvicidal activity, with neophytadiene and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester exhibiting strong pesticidal properties. Furthermore, novel metabolites such as sartamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine were identified in the genus Artabotrys , demonstrating remarkable larvicidal potential. Overall, the results confirm that A. sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus are promising botanical sources for mosquito larvicides and support their broader potential in natural product-based pest management. Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: Abbreviation Full Form GC-MS Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry LC10 Lethal Concentration for 10% mortality LC50 Lethal Concentration for 50% mortality LC90 Lethal Concentration for 90% mortality RT Retention Time ppm Parts per Million EI Electron Impact NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology T-PHYTOL 2-Hexadecen-1-OL, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- A. zeylanicus Artabotrys zeylanicus A. sahyadricus Artabotrys sahyadricus DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences mg/mL Milligram per Milliliter Declarations Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia a [Grant No. KFU260055]. Funding This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia a [Grant No. KFU260055]. Author Contributions: M.A. : Validation, resources, writing—review and editing. R.H. :Investigation, s oftware, formal analysis, drafting of manuscript. H.I.M.I. :Data curation, visualization. A.K. : Validation, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. S.P. : Conceptualization, Methodology. S.K.K.N. : Data interpretation, writing—review and editing.All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Ethical Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. 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Chem Pap 76:1–19 Supplementary Files GRAPHICALABSTRACT.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 05 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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stephensi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9399607/v1/ae7bc38ca234f37b82ec28a3.png"},{"id":109405882,"identity":"2110ea4d-a786-4b45-b9bf-a38e0801cf6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-17 13:20:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1157649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9399607/v1/89425b96-6870-49db-9775-7319a622bd04.pdf"},{"id":109249153,"identity":"e93b42d6-35b8-4915-b8f9-2306d4749325","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-14 08:42:53","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":602963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GRAPHICALABSTRACT.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9399607/v1/9e882b5808b1a5751ef5a519.png"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"GC-MS Profiling and Larvicidal Potential of Artabotrys sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus: Terpenoid-Rich Botanical Compounds for Eco-Friendly Mosquito Control","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, malaria, Zika, and chikungunya, continue to pose a serious global health threat, causing millions of infections and significant mortality every year. The widespread emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations has further intensified the need for environmentally safe and effective vector control strategies, particularly larvicides that target mosquito larvae before they become disease vectors. In this context, plant-derived bioactive compounds have emerged as a promising alternative to existing synthetic drugs, offering potential advantages such as biodegradability, harmless to non-target organisms, and various modes of action. The endemic flora of biodiversity hotspots, in particular, represents an untapped reservoir of novel phytochemicals with potential therapeutic and pesticidal applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Western Ghats, also known as the \u0026ldquo;Sahyadri,\u0026rdquo; is a 1,600 km long mountain range along the western coast of India and is one of the most recognized biodiversity hotspots in the world. The region exhibits significant variation in latitude, altitude, climate, and habitat type, which has driven high levels of species richness and endemism, particularly within its moist deciduous and evergreen forests (Chandrakasan and Krishnamoorthy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The Western Ghats are home to a remarkable array of genetic resources, including medicinal plants, wild relatives of staple crops such as rice and barley, a variety of fruits, and economically valuable spices (CEPF \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Over the years, numerous new plant species and genera have been identified from this region, highlighting the vast potential of the Western Ghats as a source of flora with bioactive compounds for pharmacological, nutraceutical, and pesticidal applications (Mirzaee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Despite this richness, still many of these species remain untapped in terms of their phytochemical composition, bioactivity, and practical applications, indicating a critical research gap in natural product discovery from this ecologically unique region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant-derived compounds, or phytogenic products, have long been recognized for their therapeutic and pesticidal potential, and are widely utilized in pharmaceutical production. The bioactivity of plants is largely attributed to secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics, which reveal structural diversity, well-defined biosynthetic pathways, and specific ecological functions in plant defense and survival (Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Historically, medicinal plants have served as the primary source of both natural and synthetic drugs. For instance, at the first crystalline alkaloid morphine isolated from opium poppy (\u003cem\u003ePapaver somniferum\u003c/em\u003e) in 1803 and remains a widely used analgesic (Brownstein \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, other important alkaloid drugs atropine, arecoline, muscarine, and hyoscine were purified from various plants for specific medicinal applications (Broadley and Kelly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). More recently, compounds such as artemisinin and quinine derivatives, derived from traditional medicinal herbs, have played remarkable role in the treatment of malaria, demonstrating the enduring relevance of ethnobotanical knowledge for modern drug development (Willcox and Bodeker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). These examples underscore the importance of scientific validation of traditional plant use to identify biologically active compounds and develop novel pharmacological or pesticidal agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this context, the genus \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e (family Annonaceae) has garnered attention due to its pharmacological and larvicidal potential. Species of \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e are reported to contain multiple bioactive compounds, including artamodamide, artamonteirine, laudanine, polycarpol, and stigmasterolare, which exhibit potent larvicidal activity against mosquito vectors (Stein \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these promising findings, a systematic investigation of volatile phytochemicals and their functional larvicidal efficacy across multiple endemic \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e species remains lacking, particularly for species native to the Western Ghats. Most previous studies have focused on isolated compounds or single species, without integrating comprehensive chemical profiling with bioassays. This lack of integrative data represents a significant gap in understanding both the chemical diversity and functional potential of \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e species as natural larvicides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddressing this research gap, the present study focuses on two endemic Western Ghats species, \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e. Using gas chromatography\u0026ndash;mass spectrometry phytochemical quality technique, an attempt made to screen the volatile phytochemicals present in the leaves and stem bark of these species. Furthermore, evaluate their larvicidal effect against the early fourth-instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, two medically important mosquito vectors. By combining chemical profiling with functional bioassays, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the genus \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e, validate its traditional uses in folk remedies, and explore its potential as a source of eco-friendly mosquito larvicidal agents. Ultimately, the findings are expected to contribute to both biodiversity-based natural product research and the development of sustainable strategies for vector control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1. Preparation of Extracts\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShade-dried leaves and stem bark of \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e were ground into fine powder. For each species, 50 g of leaf and stem bark powder was extracted separately with 250 mL of ethyl acetate with a Soxhlet apparatus at 60\u0026ndash;80 \u0026ordm;C. The resulting extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Superfit PBV 7D vertical R/170, Mumbai, India) to obtain viscous, semi-solid crude extracts. From these, 1 \u0026micro;L of each ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extract was used for GC-MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. GC-MS Instrumentation and Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis was performed using a Shimadzu GC-MS system (Model QP2010S) equipped with an Rxi-5Sil MS column (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm ID \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m thickness), operating in electron impact (EI) mode at 70 eV. Helium (99.9995%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.51 mL/min with split injection (split ratio 10:1), while the injector and ion source temperatures were maintained at 240 \u0026ordm;C and 200 \u0026ordm;C, respectively. The oven temperature was programmed to start at 70 \u0026ordm;C with a 2-minute hold, followed by a ramp of 10 \u0026ordm;C/min to 300 \u0026ordm;C, and concluded with a 9-minute isothermal period. Mass spectra were acquired over a range of m/z 40\u0026ndash;1000 with a scan interval of 5 min using 70 eV ionization energy. Data analysis was performed using GCMS Solutions software, with compound identification based on mass fragmentation patterns and comparison with the NIST-11 and WILEY 8 spectral libraries. The relative percentage of each component was determined by relating its peak area to the total chromatogram area. For all identified compounds, the retention time (RT), molecular formula, molecular weight, peak area (%), chemical nature, structural information, and reported biological activity were recorded (Khetarpal and Khanna \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. Plant Collection and Extraction for Larvicidal Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves and stem bark of \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e were collected from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala. The plant materials were shade-dried, powdered using an electric blender, and sieved to a fine consistency. 70 g of each powder was placed in a Soxhlet thimble and extracted successively with water and ethyl acetate for 10 hours. Extracts were concentrated using a rotary flash evaporator and stored at 5 \u0026ordm;C in airtight bottles until further use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4. Selection of Mosquito Species\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo medically important mosquito vectors were selected for the study, namely \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, the principal vector of dengue, a rapidly spreading tropical disease caused by four dengue virus serotypes (Sathantriphop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, the primary vector responsible for transmitting malaria to humans (WHO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5. Larvicidal Bioassay\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest solutions were prepared by diluting aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts (leaf and stem bark separately) to concentrations ranging from 200 to 2000 ppm. Early fourth-instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e were exposed to the extracts, with four replicates per concentration (Finney \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e). Control groups were maintained with solvent alone. Larval mortality was assessed 24 hours post-treatment, considering larvae dead if they failed to respond to mechanical stimulation using a Pasteur pipette. Larvae were obtained from the National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Southern India branch field station, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore.Dose-mortality data were analyzed using the log-probit method (Raman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) to calculate LC10, LC50, and LC90 values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e6. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average larval mortality data were subjected to probit analysis using SPSS 11.5. The 95% confidence limits (upper and lower) and chi-square values were calculated. Differences were considered statistically significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Gas Chromatography\u0026ndash;Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e revealed 9 compounds in leaf extracts of both plants and 18 compounds in stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and 16 compounds in stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 1). The major compounds identified in the leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e were neophytadiene (37.56%), viridiflorol (27.53%), and 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol) (12.12%), while the stem bark extract contained neophytadiene (20.30%), caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), and viridiflorol (9.19%). In \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e, leaf extract was dominated by neophytadiene (50.74%), phytol (16.01%), and phytol acetate (8.95%), whereas stem bark extract contained neophytadiene (34.36%), T-phytol (14.68%), pentadecanal (10.43%), and phytol acetate (6.06%). The GC-MS spectrum confirmed the presence of these compounds with distinct retention times, and detailed fragmentation patterns are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The mass spectra of the major compounds in leaf and stem bark extracts confirmed that neophytadiene, phytol, and phytol acetate are the dominant constituents in both plant species. Minor compounds included viridiflorol, caryophyllene oxide, isophytol acetate, and pentadecanal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds identified from ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extract of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e by GC-MS analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommon Compounds (% Peak Area)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e Leaf (% Peak Area \u0026amp; Retention Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(min))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e Stem Bark (% Peak Area \u0026amp; Retention Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(min))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e Leaf (% Peak Area \u0026amp; Retention Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(min))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e Stem Bark (% Peak Area \u0026amp; Retention Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(min))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of Compound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey Biological Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-)-Spathulenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15% \u0026amp; 21.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96% \u0026amp; 22.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48% \u0026amp; 22.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral activity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory (Ferreira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViridiflorol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.53% \u0026amp; 21.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.19% \u0026amp; 21.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic, used as a flavour and fragrance agent (Trevizan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.56% \u0026amp; 26.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.30% \u0026amp; 26.729\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.36% \u0026amp; 26.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpenoid.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnzyme inhibitor, toxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antiplasmodial activity and larvicidal activity (Rajeswaran and Rajan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-Hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05% \u0026amp; 26.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23% \u0026amp; 26.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpenoid.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory and analgesic activities (PubChem \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytol, acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.62% \u0026amp; 27.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99% \u0026amp; 27.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.95% \u0026amp; 27.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.06% \u0026amp; 27.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory, food additive, flavoring agents and treating autoimmune conditions (Islam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.12% \u0026amp; 27.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16% \u0026amp; 27.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.01% \u0026amp; 27.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpene alcohol (Phytol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic (Hidayathulla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Fragrance effect (McGinty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid, Ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93% \u0026amp; 29.825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05% \u0026amp; 29.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13% \u0026amp; 29.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalmitic Acid ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, anti-inflammatory, favor, Anti-androgenic (Ramamoorthy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Tulika and Mala \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsospathulenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90% \u0026amp; 25.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47% \u0026amp; 25.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiter-penol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity (Dosoky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.gamma.-Sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58% \u0026amp; 42.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07% \u0026amp; 40.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriterpenoid (Clionasterol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-diabetic, antiangeogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (Vats and Gupta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Nandi et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsophytol, acetate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72 \u0026amp; 32.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntisterility (Weiser, 1963), antioxidant, anti-depressant, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-malarial, wound healing activity, anti-spasmodic, hypolipidemic, anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, cardiovascular, locomotor, anti-cancerous (Kajal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl (Z) -icos-2-enoate.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.190 \u0026amp; 2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEicosenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial (Huma et al. 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.beta.-Bisabolene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.331 \u0026amp; 1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer (Yeo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.73 \u0026amp; 21.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant (Yulia and Svetlana \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Anticancer and Antimicrobial (Dahham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Chavan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracyclo [6.3.2.0(2,5).0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1,8)] tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82 \u0026amp; 22.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlloaromadendrenoxid-(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.66 \u0026amp; 22.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCytotoxicity (PubChem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.beta.-bisabolol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19 \u0026amp; 23.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer (Yeo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoaromadendrene epoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19 \u0026amp; 23.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic, antiasthamatic, antibacterial activity and antioxidantactivity (Hameed and Adnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2H-Benzocyclohepten-2-one, decahydro-9a-methyl-, trans-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38 \u0026amp; 26.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumor efficacy (Doris et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatambin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58 \u0026amp; 27.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene alcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial effect (Aliya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,4,8-Trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0(1,5)] dodecane-2,9-diol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83 \u0026amp; 27.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiter-penoid alcohol (Clovanediol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and wound healing (Tutar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40 \u0026amp; 32.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative, Analgesic activity (PubChem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). cytotoxic, antioxidant, anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects (Islam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, Eicosyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02 \u0026amp; 36.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo activity reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl (Z) - icos-2-enoate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49 \u0026amp; 41.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEicosenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial (Huma et al. 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78 \u0026amp; 48.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTocopherol (alcohol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeuroprotection and cardiovascular, skin and bone health (Mohd et al. 2020). Antioxidant (Rizvi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,6,10-Trimethyl,14-Ethylene-14-Pentadecne\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.74 \u0026amp; 26.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiter-penoids\u0026nbsp;(Neophytadien)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant (Vats and Gupta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,22-S; gmastadiene-3-one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42 \u0026amp; 44.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo activity reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStigmast-4-en-3-one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.22 \u0026amp; 46.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids (Sitostenone)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory (Razafindrakoto etal. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Antimicrobial Activity (Udobre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCycloisolongifolene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70 \u0026amp; 26.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWound-Healing Property (Bhavana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDodecane, 1-Chloro-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82 \u0026amp; 26.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCytotoxicity (PubChem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9-Isopropyl-1-methyl-2-methylene-5-oxatricyclo [5.4.0.0(3,8)] undecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79 \u0026amp; 27.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl ester.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo activity reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePentadecanal-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.43 \u0026amp; 27.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFatty Aldehydes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-septic activities, (Wang et al. 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,3-dimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl) cyclohexan-1-methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48 \u0026amp; 28.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo activity reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-Hexadecen-1-Ol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- (T-Phytol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.68 \u0026amp; 32.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003editerpenoid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA fragrance ingredient used in cosmetics (McGinty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthyl-9,12-octadecadienoate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49 \u0026amp; 32.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinolelaidic acid ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant (PubChem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39 \u0026amp; 33.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElaidic acid, ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvicidal activity (Michael et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and anti-inflammatory (Xie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid, Ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48 \u0026amp; 33.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStearic Acid ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant (Ochoa-Ocampo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSqualene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19 \u0026amp; 43.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmunity enhancement, skin senility resistance, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial and detoxification effects (Le et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Major Bioactive Compounds Identified by GC-MS\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf and stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e revealed several bioactive compounds, with certain metabolites dominating in both species (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In the leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e, neophytadiene (37.56%), viridiflorol (27.53%), and phytol (12.12%) were the major constituents, whereas the stem bark contained neophytadiene (20.30%), caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), and viridiflorol (9.19%). For \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e, leaf extract was dominated by neophytadiene (50.74%), phytol (16.01%), and phytol acetate (8.95%), while the stem bark showed neophytadiene (34.36%), T-phytol (14.68%), and pentadecanal (10.43%) Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene was consistently the most abundant compound in both species and extracts, indicating a potentially pivotal role in their biological activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe higher concentrations of these bioactive terpenoids in stem bark extracts generally correlated with increased larvicidal efficacy against \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, supporting the notion that terpenoid richness drives insecticidal potency. The observed leaf vs. stem bark differences suggests tissue-specific accumulation of metabolites, which can guide targeted extraction for maximal bioactivity. Overall, the GC-MS results underscore that \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e are rich in bioactive terpenoids, with neophytadiene and phytol being major contributors to their larvicidal potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMajor bioactive compounds identified in \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e by GC-MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant \u0026amp; Extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMajor Compounds (% Peak Area)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of Compound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey Biological Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e Leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene (37.56%), Viridiflorol (27.53%), Phytol (12.12%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenoid / Sesquiterpenol / Diterpene alcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvicidal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e Stem Bark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene (20.30%), Caryophyllene oxide (11.73%), Viridiflorol (9.19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenoid / Sesquiterpene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvicidal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e Leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene (50.74%), Phytol (16.01%), Phytol acetate (8.95%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenoid / Diterpene alcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e Stem Bark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene (34.36%), T-Phytol (14.68%), Pentadecanal (10.43%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenoid / Diterpene alcohol / Fatty aldehyde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Larvicidal Activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe larvicidal potential of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem bark was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e. Larval mortality increased with extract concentration, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. In the case of \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, the LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values for \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e were 724.1, 1495.3, and 2065.6 ppm for the leaf ethyl acetate extract and 496.2, 890.25, and 1997.45 ppm for the stem bark ethyl acetate extract. Aqueous extracts of the leaf and stem bark recorded LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values of 710.15, 1325.5, and 2545.7 ppm, and 785.3, 1520.4, and 2870.6 ppm, respectively. Similarly, for \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e, LC₁₀, LC₅₀, and LC₉₀ values for leaf and stem bark ethyl acetate extracts were 710.2, 1670.4, and 2276.15 ppm and 495.5, 1080.6, and 2260.25 ppm, respectively, while aqueous extracts recorded 680.2, 1020.3, and 2320.4 ppm and 710.4, 1605.2, and 2720.3 ppm, respectively. For \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, the stem bark extracts consistently produced higher mortality rates, with ethyl acetate extracts being slightly more potent than aqueous extracts. Overall, stem bark extracts generally exhibited higher larvicidal activity than leaf extracts, though leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e showed comparable efficacy in certain concentrations (Figs. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GC-MS analysis demonstrated that both \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e are abundant in terpenoid compounds, which are widely recognized for their diverse bioactivities, including insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Among these, neophytadiene, a dominant sesquiterpenoid present in both leaf and stem bark extracts of the two species, is likely a key contributor to the observed larvicidal activity. Major compound Neophytadiene reported from various plants and effectively active against various disease, diterpene neophytadiene isolated from \u003cem\u003eAeschynomene elaphroxylon\u003c/em\u003e were actively effective against cancer (Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Neophytadiene from essential oil of \u003cem\u003eAcalypha segetalis\u003c/em\u003e were reported larvicidal activity towers the third-instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e (Aboaba et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Phytol and its derivatives, identified in both species, are biologically active diterpene alcohols with well-documented larvicidal properties (Piyali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Viridiflorol and caryophyllene oxide, identified in \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e, also contribute anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pesticidal effects (Sain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) which may synergistically enhance larvicidal potency. Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, also detected in both species, has been previously reported to exhibit larvicidal effects (Santhosh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), providing further support for the biological activity observed in this study. These compounds consistent presence in all extracts suggests that it plays a pivotal role in the bioactivity of these plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe larvicidal efficacy was found to be dose-dependent, with higher concentrations of extracts yielding increased mortality. Notably, stem bark extracts generally exhibited superior activity compared to leaf extracts, likely due to the higher accumulation of terpenoids in this tissue. This tissue-specific metabolite distribution emphasizes the importance of targeted extraction to maximize bioactivity. Furthermore, the identification of novel metabolites such as sartamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine previously unreported within the genus \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;represents a promising source of additional bioactive molecules with potent larvicidal effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollectively, these findings highlight the potential of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e as eco-friendly botanical larvicides. The high terpenoid content not only explains their larvicidal efficacy but also underscores their broader pharmacological potential, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The results provide a strong scientific basis for the incorporation of these species into integrated vector management programs and offer a foundation for further studies on their chemotaxonomy, bioactive compound isolation, and potential pharmaceutical applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and stem bark of \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e revealed nine compounds in the leaf extracts of both species, and 18 and 16 compounds in the stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Neophytadiene, phytol, and phytol acetate were identified as the dominant compounds in both species, underscoring their medicinal and pesticidal significance. Comparative analysis of leaf and stem bark extracts highlighted species-specific concentrations of bioactive compounds, providing a foundation for potential pharmacological and larvicidal applications. Terpenoid compounds, abundant in both species, are likely responsible for the observed larvicidal activity, with neophytadiene and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester exhibiting strong pesticidal properties. Furthermore, novel metabolites such as sartamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine were identified in the genus \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e, demonstrating remarkable larvicidal potential. Overall, the results confirm that \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e are promising botanical sources for mosquito larvicides and support their broader potential in natural product-based pest management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"523\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFull Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGC-MS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGas Chromatography\u0026ndash;Mass Spectrometry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLethal Concentration for 10% mortality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLethal Concentration for 50% mortality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLethal Concentration for 90% mortality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetention Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts per Million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectron Impact\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNIST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Institute of Standards and Technology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-PHYTOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-Hexadecen-1-OL, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArtabotrys zeylanicus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArtabotrys sahyadricus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDMSO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimethyl Sulfoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilligram per Milliliter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia a [Grant No. KFU260055].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia a [Grant No. KFU260055].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eM.A.\u003c/strong\u003e: Validation, resources, writing—review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eR.H.\u003c/strong\u003e:Investigation,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;s\u003c/strong\u003eoftware, formal analysis, drafting of manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eH.I.M.I.\u003c/strong\u003e:Data curation, visualization.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;A.K.\u003c/strong\u003e: Validation, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. \u003cstrong\u003eS.P.\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;S.K.K.N.\u003c/strong\u003e: Data interpretation, writing—review and editing.All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Consent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Consent to Publish:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAboaba SA, Aiyelaagbe OO, Ekundayo O. 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BMJ 329:1156\u0026ndash;1159\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXie C, Wang S, Cao M, Xiong W, Wu L (2022) Ethyl oleate ameliorates inflammatory responses in macrophages. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Complement Alternat Med\u003c/em\u003e 2022:6731360\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYeo SK, Ali AY, Hayward OA, Turnham D, Jackson T, Bowen ID, Clarkson R (2016) \u0026beta;-Bisabolene exhibits cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. \u003cem\u003ePhytother Res\u003c/em\u003e 30(3):418\u0026ndash;425\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYulia VG, Svetlana AR (2022) Caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide: chemical transformations and biological activities\u003cem\u003e. \u003cem\u003eChem Pap\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e 76:1\u0026ndash;19\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Artabotrys, herbal larvicides, natural mosquito repellent, volatile phytochemicals","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9399607/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9399607/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e species are rich in phytoconstituents with potential therapeutic and insecticidal properties. \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e occurs in tropical, semi-evergreen, and evergreen forests of India and Sri Lanka, whereas \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e is a recently reported species from Kerala, India, within the Western Ghats. This investigation attempted to find bio effective compounds from these species to evaluate their larvicidal potential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf and stem bark samples of both species were collected from southern Western Ghats, Kerala. Ethyl acetate extracts (1 \u0026micro;L) were analyzed by GC-MS to screen for phytochemicals. Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem bark at varying concentrations were tested against early fourth instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e, and mortality data were analyzed using the log Probit method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis revealed 9 compounds in leaf extracts of both species and 18 and 16 compounds in stem bark extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Major compounds included neophytadiene (37.56% in \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e leaf; 34.36% in \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e stem), viridiflorol, phytol, and phytol acetate, along with hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester. Larval assays confirmed concentration-dependent toxicity, with ethyl acetate extracts showing higher efficacy than aqueous extracts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovel metabolites artamodamide, artamenone, and artamonteirine were identified for the first time in the genus \u003cem\u003eArtabotrys\u003c/em\u003e and demonstrated larvicidal activity. \u003cem\u003eA. sahyadricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. zeylanicus\u003c/em\u003e are promising botanical sources for mosquito control.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"GC-MS Profiling and Larvicidal Potential of Artabotrys sahyadricus and A. zeylanicus: Terpenoid-Rich Botanical Compounds for Eco-Friendly Mosquito Control","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-13 18:28:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9399607/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T12:15:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-24T05:09:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2026-04-21T00:43:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"66700573-2df0-4a1f-88e0-d5a0285a84a5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T12:15:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T18:28:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-13 18:28:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9399607","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9399607","identity":"rs-9399607","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}