DTAP: A Blockchain-Based Dual-Terminal Collaborative Authentication Protocol for Cloud Services

DTAP: A Blockchain-Based Dual-Terminal Collaborative Authentication Protocol for Cloud Services | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article DTAP: A Blockchain-Based Dual-Terminal Collaborative Authentication Protocol for Cloud Services YuQian Wang, Lejun Zhang, Juxia Li, Ran Guo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8346950/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increasing reliance on cloud services, establishing secure and reliable authentication for terminal devices to remotely access and control data has become a critical challenge. Existing solutions often suffer from limitations such as concentrated computational load, privacy infringements, and dependence on centralized architectures that introduce single points of failure (SPOF). To address these issues, this paper proposes DTAP, a blockchain-based dual-terminal collaborative anonymous authentication protocol. DTAP introduces a novel architecture that splits the user terminal into a U-Shield and a smartphone: the U-Shield securely hosts the master key offline, providing a robust security anchor, while the smartphone leverages BBS+ signatures and zero-knowledge proofs to achieve privacy-preserving authentication and Fine-Grained Access Control (FGAC). Furthermore, the protocol employs blockchain technology to eliminate SPOF, with smart contracts ensuring tamper-proof logging and transactional transparency. Security analysis confirms that the protocol meets the required security properties. Performance evaluation shows that DTAP maintains competitive computational and communication efficiency despite its enhanced functionality, and its deployment on the Ethereum testnet demonstrates practical feasibility. Blockchain Authentication Anonymous Cloud Services Smart Terminal Protocols Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8346950","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":614898416,"identity":"df08bc50-b3c1-4f76-a08d-825e6532ba89","order_by":0,"name":"YuQian Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"YuQian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":614898422,"identity":"1c2de376-4ea5-47d3-ba45-6e595768d510","order_by":1,"name":"Lejun Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRBRwMDMwMB8gIGxAcRLIEaLAUgLWwJpWoCAx4A4LfKzm589/GJgw25wu+fzy587DjPws+cYMPzcgVsL45xj5sYyBmnMBnfObrOQPHOYQbLnjQFj7xncWpglEsykJQwOMxvcyN1mYNh2mMHgRo4BM2Mbbi1sEunfgFr+A7XkPDNIBGqxJ6SFRyLHTPKDwQGQFuYHB0G2SBDQIiGRUybNYJDMLHkjzYyxsS2dR+LMs4KDvXi0yM9I3yb5o8Iume9G8uOPP9us5fjbkzc++IlHCzgIeBgYksH+ArkUJHIAvwZgQP9gYLADaf1ASOUoGAWjYBSMTAAAxNpPAjIuusAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Guangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lejun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":614898424,"identity":"23063d24-e29f-4147-af21-c29d2fcd8850","order_by":2,"name":"Juxia Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":614898429,"identity":"9c3d8112-6c8a-494f-9078-b761f9984536","order_by":3,"name":"Ran Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ran","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-12 15:08:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8346950/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8346950/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108683843,"identity":"1364857a-d9eb-47f6-a96a-fb9b5373135a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-07 09:41:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1088731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DTAPABlockchainBasedDualTerminalCollaborativeAuthenticationProtocolforCloudServices3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8346950/v1_covered_0a225419-c859-4915-9250-80b5deac8013.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"DTAP: A Blockchain-Based Dual-Terminal Collaborative Authentication Protocol for Cloud Services","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Blockchain, Authentication, Anonymous, Cloud Services, Smart Terminal, Protocols","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8346950/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8346950/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"With the increasing reliance on cloud services, establishing secure and reliable authentication for terminal devices to remotely access and control data has become a critical challenge. 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