The use of water retention agent in saline-alkali soil promotes the expression of nutrient transporter genes in wheat and increases grain yield.

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Cexun Ji, Yunshuo Xu, Min Yang, Yan Shi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Plant Growth Regulation → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Salinity stress is a limiting factor for wheat production and food security. Water retention agent has been established as one soil conditioner to reduce soil water loss and improve crop yield. In this study, we designed a new compound water retention agent (CWRA) and tried to explore the response of the wheat after application in saline-alkali soil. In this two-year field and pot experiments, we set up a gradient dosage (15 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 45 kg ha-1) of CWRA, and a quantitative dosage (30 kg ha-1) of attapulgite water retention agent (AWRA), to investigate their effects on the nutrient accumulation, nutrient transport-related genes and yield of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil. Based on the results of our experiments, we found that: the treatments with water retention agent significantly increased the expression levels of the TaAMT1.1, TaGS1, and TaPHT2;1 genes, prolonged the growth period and increase grain yield, and improves water-use efficiency. It provided a theoretical and practical basis for the application of CWRA to saline-alkali soil planting. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) saline-alkali soil water retention agent nutrient accumulation gene expression Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1 Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the staple foods in the world, and it has been predicted that with current acreage, wheat production will need to increase to 5 t ha −1 by 2050 can meet global demand (Daryanto et al. 2016), so ensuring food security is a enormous challenge (Prosekov and Ivanova 2018; Mehrabi et al. 2018). Soil is the basis for ensuring food output (Hou 2023; Gebrehiwot 2022), and the high salinity seriously affects wheat yields (Wang et al. 2014; Rani et al. 2019). It is difficult to improve the yield level of high-yield fields, so transforming low-yield fields with suitable climate is the key area to achieve grain production increases (Dong et al. 2022), for example, saline-alkali land. Based on the FAO/UNESCO soil map of the world, there are more than 833 million hectares of salt-affected soils around the globe, according to incomplete statistics, more than 424 million ha of topsoil (0-30 cm) is salt-affected (肖欣怡 et al. 2021). Saline-alkali soil has a poor physical and chemical properties and low organic matter content and fertility, plants are vulnerable to osmotic stress, these conditions seriously restrict the growth of crops, significantly reduce crop yield and quality (Munns 2002; Ashraf 2004; Xiaodong et al. 2020; Cui et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022). Furthermore, if this situation does not improve, it will further aggravate the soil-salinization of the tillage layer, causing persistent deterioration of the soil ecological environment (Liang et al. 2021). At present, one of the more widely used water retention agents was emerged, which is a macromolecular-resin aggregated by monomers (Reinhards – Hervás et al. 2021; Yang and Shi 2022). It plays a role in moisture-storage and moisture-preservation when applied to soil, can absorb water repeatedly from the surrounding soil with a high water potential, until the water potential balanced (Ashkiani et al. 2013; Li et al. 2014; Guo et al. 2016). Therefore, it has broad application prospects in agricultural planting (Ma and Wen 2020); however, for now, its use mainly concentrated in arid and semi-arid areas (Ostrand et al. 2020), and there are fewer studies on its application in saline-alkali soil. Therefore, its potential to mitigate the associated environmental costs in sustainable development can be further explored. Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for crop growth and regulate many processes of crop growth and development (Lemaire et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2011). In plant, TaAMT1.1 have been confirmed to regulate the transport of NH 4 + (Søgaard et al. 2009; Dai et al. 2023; Bajgain et al. 2018); the expression of TaPHT2;1 in plant cells promotes the synthesis of phosphate transporters, thereby promoting the absorption of P (Noike et al. 2023; Shin et al. 2004); the overexpression of TaGS1 can enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of crops (Hu et al. 2018; Thomsen et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2021a). Therefore, in the experiments we did, we measured the accumulation of major nutrients (N, P, and K) and the expression of related transporter genes in wheat leaves to test the effects of compound water retention agent (CWRA) use on the growth of wheat at the flowering stage. On the basis of our department’s previous studies in dry-land wheat, we prepared one CWRA and applied it in saline-alkali soil, to study the effects on the accumulation of nutrients in wheat plants and the expression of related genes for transporters. By exploring the deep response mechanism of wheat, our study provided a theoretical and practical basis for the application of CWRA to saline-alkali soil planting, ensuring cleaner production of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Experimental field The field experiment was at the Changyi Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University (N37º0′27.24″, E119º22′15.79″) and the pot experiment was carried out at the Campus Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University (N36º19′6.66″, E120º23′ 24.77″). The field experiment site was moderately saline-alkali soil with a salt content of 0.3%, content 81.2 mg kg -1 soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, 22.5 mg kg -1 soil-available P, 171.4 mg kg -1 soil-available K, 12.0 g kg -1 organic matter, and the pH level of 8.3. Potting soil was taken from the field experiment site. Precipitation data were collected from a nearby weather station: The total precipitation in the wheat growth season from 2019 to 2020 was 130.3 mm; and that from 2020 to 2021 was 319.6 mm. 2.2 Experimental materials and treatments locally adapted wheat variety Jimai 44 was selected as the test material with a sowing amount of 150 kg ha -1 . The experiments were carried out from October 2019 to June 2020 and October 2020 to June 2021. The CWRA was the preliminary research result of our group (Xu et al. 2023), the flowchart is shown in Figure1; the attapulgite water retention agent (AWRA) produced by Dongying Huaye New Materials Co., Ltd., was used as a second control for comparison with CWRA. Compound fertilizer was used in the amount of 750 kg ha -1 (Sinochem Shandong Fertilizer Co., Ltd. N-P-K: 18-20-7). The water retention agent and compound fertilizer were weighed and then fully mixed, as the base fertilizer before plowing a the depth of approximately 20 cm, fertilized before sowing and no topdressing operation was carried out after planting. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, 15 m 2 (5 m × 3 m) for each plot, and 3 m 2 (1 m× 3 m) was set between each disposal. Field experiment results were used to determine the accumulation of nutrients and yield. The amount of compound fertilizer and water retention agent in each treatment is shown in Table 1. Table 1 Specific treatments of field experiment Treatments Compound fertilizer （kg ha -1 ） Water retention agent Application amount （kg ha -1 ） CK 750 — 0 T1 750 CWRA 15 T2 750 CWRA 30 T3 750 CWRA 45 T4 750 AWRA 30 In our pot experiment, the pots with an area of 0.05 m 2 at the pot mouth and height of 0.3 cm were selected, and 10 kg dry soil was placed in each pot. According to the field experiment, the equivalent fertilization amount of each pot is shown in Table 2. Twelve wheat plants were planted per pot and repeated 10 times. During the growth period, each pot was irrigated with 1 L of water per time, divided into five times. Plant samples from potting experiments were only used for genetic analysis. Table 2 Specific treatment of pot experiment Treatments Compound fertilizer （g pot -1 ） water retention agent （WRA） Application amount （g pot -1 ） CK 3.75 — 0 T1 3.75 CWRA 0.075 T2 3.75 CWRA 0.15 T3 3.75 CWRA 0.225 T4 3.75 AWRA 0.15 2.3 Measurement items and methods 2.3.1 concentration and Accumulation of N, P and K in wheat plants Plant samples were taken at the anthesis period (0 days after anthesis), 10 days after anthesis, 20 days after anthesis, 30 days after anthesis, and harvest period (40 days after anthesis) respectively. Whole plant samples were collected from the middle rows as much as possible, thus ignoring the effects of side rows.Ten population-representative and uniformly growing wheat tillers were taken from each plot. The retrieved wheat plant samples were placed in a 105°C oven for 20 min, then dried at 75°C to a constant weight, milled with crusher and stored for testing. Weighted 0.1–0.2 g amounts (accurate to 0.001 g) of the milled plant samples, then digested using the H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 method for chemical analysis. Plant N concentration (PNC) was determined by the Kjeldahl method (FOSS Kjeltec™ 8000), plant P concentration (PPC) was measured with a continuous flowing analyzer (SEAL AA303040487). Plant K concentration (PKC) was determined using the flame photometer (Sherwood M41003030408). The plant nutrient accumulation were calculated according to Eq. 1 2.3.2 Yield and Water-use efficiency When wheat was ripe, samples of 1 m 2 were collected from each plot and the number of fertile tillers (NFT) was calculated; then 10 spikes were selected from them and the number of grains in a spike (NGS) and 1000-grain weight (W1000) were calculated. The grain yield (GY) was calculated according to Eq. 2, and the Water-use efficiency (WUE) was calculated according to Eq. 3 (El-Rahman 2009) 2.3.3 Expression of genes related to nutrient transport in wheat The samples used for genetic analysis were taken from wheat pot trials at wheat anthesis stage, 7 days after anthesis, 14 days after anthesis, and 21 days after anthesis. Three wheat flag leaves with the same growth level from different plants were randomly taken from each pot, the leaves were removed and wrapped in tin foil, then quickly placed in liquid nitrogen and kept fresh at -80 ℃ for testing. Guangzhou Gidio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was entrusted to carry out RNA extraction and detection, reverse transcription and fluorescence quantitative PCR. The primer sequences are as follows: Table 3 PCR primer sequences Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS 26 software were used for data processing and analysis of variance. Duncan's new multi-range method was used for the type of mean comparison test ( P ≤ 0.05). All the graphs were constructed using Origin 2021 software. 3 Results and analysis 3.1 Nutrient concentration and accumulation in wheat plants 3.1.1 Effect of CWRA on PNC and PNA As shown in Figure 2, the leaves N concentrations subjected to diverse treatments had certain differences across different growth stages. The water retention agent treatments were significantly better than CK under the N level, and the performances were basically the same in the two-year experiments. In 2019-2020, T2 wheat plants had the highest N concentration in the whole growth period. T2 and T3 at 20 days after anthesis were significantly higher than those of other treatments; at harvest stage, the N concentration of wheat plants in all treatments showed T2>T3>T4>T1>CK. In 2020-2021, there were no significant differences between T2 and T3 in the three sampling dates from 0d to 20d after anthesis. The N concentration of T2 at 30 days after anthesis was significantly higher than other treatments. At the harvest stage, all treatments were significantly higher than CK, and T2 was 13.69% higher than CK, particularly. With the development of wheat growth, the PNA in each treatment showed a gradually upward tendency. The rate of increase was relatively slow from the anthesis stage to 10 days after anthesis and then fast from 20 days to 40 days after anthesis. The trends in the two-year experiments were basically the same. In the two-year experiments, after flowering the N accumulation of T2 was significantly higher than other treatments, and the level of wheat plants in each treatment was T2>T3>T4>T1>CK. In summary, application of WRA under the conditions of our experiment promoted N accumulation in saline winter wheat plants after flowering, with T2 promoting the most obvious effect. 3.1.2 Effect of CWRA on PPC and PPA The P concentration in wheat plants treated with WRA was significantly higher than without added, and PPC decreased as the wheat matured, the performances were basically the same in the two-year treatments. Unlike PPC, PPA has been on an increasing trend throughout the after anthesis period in all treatments. And the rate of increase in P accumulation was significantly faster in the T2 treatment than in the other treatments after 20 days after anthesis. 3.1.3 Effect of CWRA on PKC and PKA K concentrations of plants in the WRA treatments were generally significantly higher than in the CK treatment, and experimental results were essentially the same in both years (Figure 4). With the development of the wheat growth period, the K accumulation in each treatment showed a gradually rising trend. Although there was little difference in PKC between the T2 and T3 treatments, PKA differed considerably, especially at 40 days after anthesis. At the harvest stage (40 days post-anthsis), the PKC of T3 was 14.51% higher than CK, and T2 was 14.19% higher than CK; the PKA of T2 was 42.57% higher than CK, T3 was 35.70% higher than CK. saline-alkali soil 3.2.1 Effect of CWRA on the relative expression of the Ammonium transporter gene TaAMT1.1 in flag leaves As shown in Figure 5, the expression of the TaAMT1.1 gene was the highest at the anthesis stage, and then decreased. Later, the expression of TaAMT1.1 increased with the progress of grouting, and decreased after the completion of grouting. Significant differences were observed among the treatments, especially values under WRA treatment were significantly higher than those under CK treatment. Among these treatments, the relative gene expression under the T2 treatment was the highest during the whole reproductive period. 3.2.2 Effect of CWRA on the relative expression of the Glutamine synthetase gene TaGS1 in flag leaves The relative expression of the TaGS1 gene for glutamine synthetase in wheat flag leaves changed with increasing days to flowering, as shown in Figure 6. The expression of TaGS1 increased after anthesis, and decreased after grouting. The relative expression of TaGS1 was significantly increased from the anthesis stage to 21 days after anthesis in each treatment with WRA compared with CK. At 14 days after anthesis, the relative gene expression in T2 and T3 was significantly higher than CK, and the relative gene expression in T2 and T3 was 2.76 times and 2.34 times that in CK, respectively. 3.2.3 Effect of CWRA on the P transporter gene TaPHT2;1 in flag leaves Significant differences in TaPHT2;1 , the flag leaf P transporter protein gene of winter wheat in saline soils, were observed under different treatment conditions (Fig. 7). Compared with CK, the relative expression of the applied water retention agent was significantly increased, and the relative expression of the T2 P transporter gene TaPHT2;1 was the largest. The expression reached a maximum at the late filling stage, and then began to decrease with leaf senescence. 3.4 Effect of CWRA on yield and yield components of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil The field test results were as shown in Table 4. In our study, different treatments had little impact on the NFT and NGS, and there was no significant difference in the two-year tests. The GY of the water retention agent treatments was significantly higher than that of the blank handling. T2 had the highest yield, followed by T3. There was no significant difference between T1 and T4, and the performance was consistent in the two-year tests. In 2019-2020, the W1000 of T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of the other treatments, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. The GY of T2 was 14.4% higher than CK, T3 was 11.2% higher than CK. In 2020-2021, the W1000 of T2 was significantly higher than other treatments. The GY of T2 was 13.3% higher than CK, and the T3 was 9.82% higher than CK. In summary, the application of the water retention agent under our test conditions increased the GY by increasing the W1000 of wheat. The WUE of the treatment with the water retention agent was significantly improved, and the WUE of T2 was the highest, which increased by 14.41% and 13.24% compared with CK in the two years. Table 4 Effects of CWRA on yield and yield components of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil. Year Treatment NFT （10 4 ha -1 ） NGS (plants) W1000 （g） GY （kg ha -1 ） WUE （kg ha -1 mm -1 ） 2019-2020 CK 449a 35.15a 39.71c 6257d 1.26d T1 446a 34.98a 40.71bc 6403c 1.29c T2 451a 35.07a 45.52a 7161a 1.45a T3 456a 35.16a 44.17a 6959b 1.41b T4 455a 35.10a 41.28b 6502c 1.31c 2020-2021 CK 450a 35.00a 40.39d 6364d 1.15d T1 453a 35.11a 41.32c 6503c 1.17c T2 451a 35.08a 45.78a 7210a 1.30a T3 453a 35.05a 44.33b 6989b 1.26b T4 449a 35.18a 41.37c 6517c 1.18c Note: Different letters represent the significant difference in the mean values of different treatments of the same measurement item (P<0.05, Duncan’s new multiple range method). Hereinafter the same. The results of the pot test are shown in Table 5. The effects of different treatments on the NFT and NGS of saline-alkali winter wheat were small, and there was no significant difference within the two years. The GY of the treatment with the water retention agent was significantly higher than other treatments, which was manifested as T2> T3> T4>T1>CK, and the performance was consistent for two years. Among them, the GY of T2 was 29.03% and 29.64% higher than CK in the two years. The W1000 of T2 increased by 22.74% and 22.84%, respectively, compared with CK in the two years. In summary, the application of the water retention agent under this test condition increased the GY by increasing the W1000 of wheat. Table 5 Effects of CWRA on yield and component factors of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil. Year Treatment NFT NGS W1000（g） GY(g/pot） 2019-2020 CK 12.12a 33.93a 35.84e 14.64e T1 12.18a 34.13a 38.09d 16.00d T2 12.83a 34.15a 43.99a 18.89a T3 12.71a 34.30a 41.59b 17.89b T4 12.59a 34.25a 40.06c 17.25c 2020-2021 CK 11.79a 33.25a 34.10e 13.90e T1 11.76a 33.36a 36.31d 15.25d T2 12.51a 33.33a 41.89a 18.02a T3 12.36a 33.30a 39.20b 16.46b T4 12.28a 33.42a 38.77c 16.28c The correlation analysis of wheat yield and plant nutrient indexes at the harvest stage were shown in Table 6. The yield was highly significantly positively correlated with plant dry weight, N, P and K. Table 6 Correlation analysis between yield and each index. GY Dry weight Plant N Plant P Plant K GY 1 Dry weight 0.950 ** 1 Plant height 0.715 * 0.641 * Plant N 0.912 ** 0.965 ** 1 Plant P 0.559 * 0.694 * 0.804 ** 1 Plant K 0.808 ** 0.907 ** 0.921 ** 0.897 ** 1 Note: ** and * indicate significant correlations at P<0.01 and P<0.05 levels, respectively. 4 Discussion 4.1 Effect of different WRA supply on on nutrient accumulation and transporter gene expression in plants The period from anthesis to harvest of wheat is a vital period, and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by wheat in this period directly affects the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield (Wang et al. 2021). During the grain-filling process, the absorption of nutrients will be affected by environmental factors; in particular, the soil micro-environment (Li et al. 2021), like alkali-stress in saline-alkali soil (Kurdali et al. 2019). Under the test conditions, our experimental data indicated: the application of the water retention agent significantly increased the concentration and accumulation of N, P, and K at each stage after anthesis. This is a result of WAR can maintaining soil moisture, reducing the salt concentration of soil (Zhang et al. 2024), improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, enhancing the fertilizer conservation and slow release characteristics (Xerdiman et al. 2022; Xi and Zhang 2021), and thus give plants a better environment to grow. As one of the main forms of inorganic N uptake by plants, the absorption and transformation of NH 4 + are mainly mediated by ammonium transporter ( AMT ) located on the cell membrane (Howitt and Udvardi 2000), AMT genes in plants are mainly divided into AMT1 and AMT2 (Giehl et al. 2017), in the case of wheat, AMT1.1 has the highest affinity for NH 4 + (Hui et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2019). The main step for N assimilation is the synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds, catalyzed by Glutamine-synthetase ( GS ) (Andrews et al. 2004). Some studies have shown that, overexpression of GS in tobacco enhances drought tolerance in plants (Yu et al. 2020; Wu et al. 2021b), in our experiments, treatments with the addition of WAR had high GS content and therefore enhanced drought tolerance, allowing the intensification of nitrogen assimilation processes, this also leads to an increase in the accumulation of N. TaPHT2;1 is an important phosphorus transporter gene in wheat (Victor Roch et al. 2019). Previous research shows that TaPHT2;1 ,which is a key enzyme-encoding gene involved in P transport, is strongly expressed in leaves, its expression level reveals the phosphorus utilization efficiency of plants under stress, and high expression can play a role in improving P utilization efficiency (Guo et al. 2013; Gu et al. 2016), because of this reason, in our experiment, the high relative content of TaPHT2;1 , more phosphate transporters were produced to enable efficient phosphorus uptake and accumulation. 4.2 Effect of different WRA supply on grain yield The three factors of GY composition are NFT, NGS, and W100, these interact with each other to form the final yield (Reynolds et al. 2009). Previous results confirmed that improving single-spike weight increased GY (Lo Valvo et al. 2018), according to the analysis of our results, the application of WRA increased the yield of wheat, and this process was achieved by increasing W1000, and there were no significant differences in NFT and NGS between treatments. According to other studies, high phosphorus content can promote crop filling (Ma et al. 2021), which is also consistent with the results of our experiment: After the use of WAR, the TaAMT1.1 , TaPHT2;1 , TaGS1 had high expression at 21 days after anthesis, indicating that they were still functional at the late stage of filling, which prolonged the filling time to a certain extent, of course, This may be also related to the regulation of hormones during the filling process (Liu et al. 2013), needs to be verified by our next experiments. In summary, our experiments showed that the application of 30 kg ha -1 CWRA had the most pronounced effect promoting effect. Notably, when the application amount of CWRA increased to 45 kg ha -1 , the effectiveness of this promotion will be reduced. 5 Conclusion In our study, the use of CWRA improved WUE, which in turn leads to increased grain yields. It's important to note that, overuse of CWRA resulted in lower wheat yields, so, local soil moisture conditions and climatic conditions should also be considered when using CWRA. Our research will provide a solution for water-saving agriculture and dry farming. Abbreviations WRA: Water retention agent CWRA: Compound water retention agent AWRA: Attapulgite water retention agent PNC: Plant N concentration PPC: Plant P concentration PKC: Plant K concentration PNA: Plant N accumulation PPA: Plant P accumulation PKA: Plant K accumulation NFT: Number of fertile tillers NGS: Number of grains in a spike W1000: 1000-grain weight GY: Grain yield WUE: Water-use efficiency CK: Represents without water retention agent T1: Represents with the application of 15 kg·hm -2 compound water retention agent T2: Represents with the application of 30 kg·hm -2 compound water retention agent T3: Represents with the application of 45 kg·hm -2 compound water retention agent T4: Represents with the application of 30 kg·hm -2 attapulgite water retention agent Declarations Data availability The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Funding Supported by Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology & Industry System - cultivation and soil fertilizer (SDAIT0107) and Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Plan Project in Shandong Province (SDNYXTTG-2023-30、SDNYXTTG-2022-18). Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Cexun Ji, Yunshuo Xu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cexun Ji. Min Yang revised the manuscript. Yan Shi contributed substantially to the study design and supervised the field and laboratory personnel. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Reference Andrews M, Lea PJ, Raven JA, Lindsey K (2004) Can genetic manipulation of plant nitrogen assimilation enzymes result in increased crop yield and greater N-use efficiency? An assessment. 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JOURNAL OF BIOBASED MATERIALS AND BIOENERGY 15 (2):218-223. doi:10.1166/jbmb.2021.2034 Wu D, Li Y, Cao Y, Hu R, Wu X, Zhang W, Tao W, Xu G, Wang X, Zhang Y (2021a) Increased glutamine synthetase by overexpression of TaGS1 improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 169:259-268. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.021 Wu DX, Li Y, Cao YA, Hu RP, Wu X, Zhang W, Tao WQ, Xu GH, Wang XC, Zhang YL (2021b) Increased glutamine synthetase by overexpression of TaGS1 improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 169:259-268. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.021 Wu XY, Liu T, Zhang YJ, Duan FY, Neuhauser B, Ludewig U, Schulze WX, Yuan LX (2019) Ammonium and nitrate regulate NH4+ uptake activity of Arabidopsis ammonium transporter AtAMT1;3 via phosphorylation at multiple C-terminal sites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 70 (18):4919-4929. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz230 Xerdiman D, Zhou HX, Li SC, Sun HL, Xin KW, Sun DY, Li CY (2022) Effects of Water-Retaining Agent Dosages on Slope-Protection Plants and Soil Nutrients on Rocky Slopes. SUSTAINABILITY 14 (6). doi:10.3390/su14063615 Xi J, Zhang P (2021) Application of Super Absorbent Polymer in the Research of Water-retaining and Slow-release Fertilizer. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 651 Xiaodong C, Yaa O-K, Wu J (2020) Effects of Different Organic Materials Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties in a Primary Saline-Alkali Soil. Eurasian Soil Science 53 (6):798-808. doi:10.1134/S1064229320060034 Xu Y, Gao Y, Li W, Chen S, Li Y, Shi Y (2023) Effects of compound water retention agent on soil nutrients and soil microbial diversity of winter wheat in saline-alkali land. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s40538-022-00375-3 Yang M, Shi Y (2022) Categories and Application Fields and Manufacturing Process and Action Mechanism of Water Retaining Agent. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. doi:10.1155/2022/2211441 Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wei Y, Jia X, Wang X, Ma X (2020) Towards identification of molecular mechanism in which the overexpression of wheat cytosolic and plastid glutamine synthetases in tobacco enhanced drought tolerance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 151:608-620. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.013 Zhang DX, Jie HB, Zhang WJ, Yuan QS, Ma ZH, Wu HZ, Rao W, Liu SL, Wang DC (2024) Combined biochar and water-retaining agent application increased soil water retention capacity and maize seedling drought resistance in Fluvisols. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 907. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167885 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Plant Growth Regulation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 10 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jun, 2024 Editor invited by journal 25 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 25 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4470880","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312963742,"identity":"6aaa8cc8-7c31-43b4-a244-ca0a9a76f701","order_by":0,"name":"Cexun Ji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao Agriculture University: Qingdao Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cexun","middleName":"","lastName":"Ji","suffix":""},{"id":312963743,"identity":"cd50eeaf-cce3-47bf-ad03-cfe1e3452afb","order_by":1,"name":"Yunshuo Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao Agriculture University: Qingdao Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yunshuo","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":312963744,"identity":"60480dff-8be4-4306-a14e-31459ab656ac","order_by":2,"name":"Min Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao Agriculture University: Qingdao Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Min","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":312963745,"identity":"d6339c38-f99f-4797-85b0-131b27e19c2e","order_by":3,"name":"Yan Shi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYDGwiLhwQtaSRrYThMghaD42cPfy4oOC/bPyOB8cHbNgZ5c4JazuSlSc8wuG0840YCs+HcNgbDnQ2EtBzIMWPmMbid2HAjgU2at40hweAAIS3n3xh/5jE4lzj/RgL7b+K03MgxkOYxOJC4AWgLM1FaJG+8MQNqSTbeeOZhs+SccxKGGwhp4TufA3TYHzvZeceTD354U2YjT9AWBagCxgYQYmCQIKAeCOQb4FpGwSgYBaNgFOAAAGm4QNzikhJ9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7646-3106","institution":"Qingdao Agriculture University: Qingdao Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Shi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-24 07:58:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-024-01216-z","type":"published","date":"2024-09-21T15:58:16+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59114731,"identity":"034947eb-b797-42e3-a9da-56ebbceae248","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:46:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe specific production process of water retention agent.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/b80f3b54dfc375a47b2ec7ed.png"},{"id":59115993,"identity":"06ffada3-b7ae-4743-ab2d-9220afa35e20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 14:02:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":562524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of CWRA on PNC and PNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe type of mean comparison test was Duncan’s new multiple range method. The vertical bar represents the standard error, and the different letters above the error line represent the significant difference in the mean values of different treatments of the same measurement item (P\u0026lt;0.05). Hereinafter the same.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/abc3e1ca8bda427795ceef42.png"},{"id":59114729,"identity":"6d5bad53-00e5-47d9-9da8-ed99cfebe8fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:46:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":486244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of CWRA on PPC and PPA.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/0220a8b57cad80b36e3ea236.png"},{"id":59115334,"identity":"16586bb8-f669-4a95-9345-381268461f4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:54:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":443972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of CWRA on PKC and PKA.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/704ffa63c54120515e1d5a01.png"},{"id":59115336,"identity":"6a3e7648-1fd5-42d1-ba1d-b8795c04e8c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:54:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CWRA on the relative expression of Ammonium transporter gene \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in winter wheat flag leaf in saline-alkali soil.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/c9d49581b089b4feb12bf2b1.png"},{"id":59114736,"identity":"bae6c352-163e-41c4-aa39-7a38d548d37a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:46:34","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":230900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CWRA on the relative expression of Glutamine synthase gene TaGS1 in winter wheat flag leaf in saline-alkali soil.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/0b5f70f61c730b69c716b7d3.png"},{"id":59114735,"identity":"342e462b-6632-4da3-b9cb-05a213b9681f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 13:46:33","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":223715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CWRA on relative expression of Phosphorus transporter gene \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaPHT2;1 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein winter wheat flag leaf in saline-alkali soil.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/a1163f79da8e0e9dc73ba400.png"},{"id":65104626,"identity":"5ab15027-4914-4371-8ebc-74642de66924","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 16:14:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3354019,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4470880/v1/29dcbe6a-c423-4087-b088-e3a1eb176669.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The use of water retention agent in saline-alkali soil promotes the expression of nutrient transporter genes in wheat and increases grain yield.","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is one of the staple foods in the world, and it has been predicted that with current acreage, wheat production will need to increase to 5 t ha\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e by 2050 can meet global demand\u0026nbsp;(Daryanto et al. 2016), so ensuring food security is a enormous challenge\u0026nbsp;(Prosekov and Ivanova 2018; Mehrabi et al. 2018). Soil is the basis for ensuring food output\u0026nbsp;(Hou 2023; Gebrehiwot 2022), and the high salinity seriously affects wheat yields\u0026nbsp;(Wang et al. 2014; Rani et al. 2019). It is difficult to improve the yield level of high-yield fields, so transforming low-yield fields with suitable climate is the key area to achieve grain production increases\u0026nbsp;(Dong et al. 2022), for example, saline-alkali land. Based on the FAO/UNESCO soil map of the world, there are more than 833 million hectares of salt-affected soils around the globe, according to incomplete statistics, more than 424 million ha of topsoil (0-30 cm) is salt-affected\u0026nbsp;(肖欣怡\u0026nbsp;et al. 2021). Saline-alkali soil has a poor physical and chemical properties and low organic matter content and fertility, plants are vulnerable to osmotic stress, these conditions seriously restrict the growth of crops, significantly reduce crop yield and quality\u0026nbsp;(Munns 2002; Ashraf 2004; Xiaodong et al. 2020; Cui et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022). Furthermore, if this situation does not improve, it will further aggravate the soil-salinization of the tillage layer, causing persistent deterioration of the soil ecological environment\u0026nbsp;(Liang et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt present, one of the more widely used water retention agents was emerged, which is a macromolecular-resin aggregated by monomers\u0026nbsp;(Reinhards\u0026nbsp;–\u0026nbsp;Hervás et al. 2021; Yang and Shi 2022).\u0026nbsp;It plays a role in moisture-storage and moisture-preservation when applied to soil, can absorb water repeatedly from the surrounding soil with a high water potential, until the water potential balanced\u0026nbsp;(Ashkiani et al. 2013; Li et al. 2014; Guo et al. 2016). Therefore, it has broad application prospects in agricultural planting\u0026nbsp;(Ma and Wen 2020); however, for now, its use mainly concentrated in arid and semi-arid areas\u0026nbsp;(Ostrand et al. 2020), and there are fewer studies on its application in saline-alkali soil. Therefore, its potential to mitigate the associated environmental costs in sustainable development can be further explored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for crop growth and regulate many processes of crop growth and development\u0026nbsp;(Lemaire et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2011). In plant, \u003cem\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e have been confirmed to regulate the transport of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (Søgaard et al. 2009; Dai et al. 2023; Bajgain et al. 2018); the expression of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e in plant cells promotes the synthesis of phosphate transporters, thereby promoting the absorption of P\u0026nbsp;(Noike et al. 2023; Shin et al. 2004); the overexpression of \u003cem\u003eTaGS1\u003c/em\u003e can enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of crops\u0026nbsp;(Hu et al. 2018; Thomsen et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2021a). Therefore, in the experiments we did, we measured the accumulation of major nutrients (N, P, and K) and the expression of related transporter genes in wheat leaves to test the effects of\u0026nbsp;compound water retention agent (CWRA) use on the growth of wheat at the flowering stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the basis of our department’s previous studies in dry-land wheat, we prepared one CWRA and applied it in saline-alkali soil, to study the effects on the accumulation of nutrients in wheat plants and the expression of related genes for transporters. By exploring the deep response mechanism of wheat, our study provided a theoretical and practical basis for the application of CWRA to saline-alkali soil planting, ensuring cleaner production of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Experimental field\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was at the Changyi Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University (N37\u0026ordm;0\u0026prime;27.24\u0026Prime;, E119\u0026ordm;22\u0026prime;15.79\u0026Prime;) and the pot experiment was carried out at the Campus Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University (N36\u0026ordm;19\u0026prime;6.66\u0026Prime;, E120\u0026ordm;23\u0026prime; 24.77\u0026Prime;). The field experiment site was moderately saline-alkali soil with a salt content of 0.3%, content 81.2 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esoil\u0026nbsp;alkali-hydrolyzable N, 22.5 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esoil-available P, 171.4 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esoil-available K, 12.0 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eorganic matter, and the pH level of 8.3. Potting soil was taken from the field experiment site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrecipitation data were collected from a nearby weather station: The total precipitation in the wheat growth season from 2019 to 2020 was 130.3 mm; and that from 2020 to 2021 was 319.6 mm.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Experimental materials and treatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elocally adapted wheat variety Jimai 44 was selected as the test material with a sowing amount of 150 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The experiments were carried out from October 2019 to June 2020 and October 2020 to June 2021. The CWRA was the preliminary research result of our group\u0026nbsp;(Xu et al. 2023), the flowchart is shown in Figure1;\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;attapulgite water retention agent (AWRA) produced by Dongying Huaye New Materials Co., Ltd., was used as a second control for comparison with CWRA. Compound fertilizer was used in the amount of 750 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (Sinochem Shandong Fertilizer Co., Ltd. N-P-K: 18-20-7). The water retention agent and compound fertilizer were weighed and then fully mixed, as the base fertilizer before plowing a the depth of approximately 20 cm, fertilized before sowing and no topdressing operation was carried out after planting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, 15 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (5 m \u0026times; 3 m) for each plot, and 3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1 m\u0026times; 3 m) was set between each disposal. Field experiment results were used to determine the accumulation of nutrients and yield. The amount of compound fertilizer and water retention agent in each treatment is shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Specific treatments of field experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompound fertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication amount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.4622030237581%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6133909287257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our pot\u0026nbsp;experiment, the pots with an area of 0.05 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at the pot mouth and height of 0.3 cm were selected, and 10 kg dry soil was placed in each pot. According to the field experiment, the equivalent fertilization amount of each pot is shown in Table 2. Twelve wheat plants were planted per pot and repeated 10 times. During the growth period, each pot was irrigated with 1 L of water per time, divided into five times. Plant samples from potting experiments were only used for genetic analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 Specific treatment of pot experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompound fertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（g pot\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewater retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（WRA）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication amount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（g pot\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.3585313174946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.7170626349892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAWRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.565874730021598%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Measurement items and methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1 concentration and Accumulation of N, P and K in wheat plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant samples were taken at the anthesis period (0 days after anthesis), 10 days after anthesis, 20 days after anthesis, 30 days after anthesis, and harvest period (40 days after anthesis) respectively. Whole plant samples were collected from the middle rows as much as possible, thus ignoring the effects of side rows.Ten population-representative and uniformly growing wheat tillers were taken from each plot. The retrieved wheat plant samples were placed in a 105\u0026deg;C oven for 20 min, then dried at 75\u0026deg;C to a constant weight, milled with crusher and stored for testing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeighted 0.1\u0026ndash;0.2 g amounts (accurate to 0.001 g) of the milled plant samples, then digested using the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e method for chemical analysis. Plant N concentration (PNC) was determined by the Kjeldahl method (FOSS Kjeltec\u0026trade; 8000), plant P concentration (PPC) was measured with a continuous flowing analyzer (SEAL AA303040487). Plant K concentration (PKC) was determined using the flame photometer (Sherwood M41003030408). The plant nutrient accumulation were calculated according to Eq. 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.2 Yield and Water-use efficiency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen wheat was ripe, samples of 1 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were collected from each plot and the number of fertile tillers (NFT) was calculated; then 10 spikes were selected from them and the number of grains in a spike (NGS) and 1000-grain weight (W1000) were calculated. The grain yield (GY) was calculated according to Eq. 2, and the Water-use efficiency (WUE) was calculated according to Eq. 3 (El-Rahman 2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.3 Expression of genes related to nutrient transport in wheat\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples used for genetic analysis were taken from wheat pot trials at wheat anthesis stage, 7 days after anthesis, 14 days after anthesis, and 21 days after anthesis. Three wheat flag leaves with the same growth level from different plants were randomly taken from each pot, the leaves were removed and wrapped in tin foil, then quickly placed in liquid nitrogen and kept fresh at -80 ℃ for testing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGuangzhou Gidio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was entrusted to carry out RNA extraction and detection, reverse transcription and fluorescence quantitative PCR. The primer sequences are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 PCR primer sequences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrosoft Excel 2019 and SPSS 26 software were used for data processing and analysis of variance. Duncan\u0026apos;s new multi-range method was used for the type of mean comparison test ( P \u0026le; 0.05). All the graphs were constructed using Origin 2021 software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and analysis ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Nutrient concentration and accumulation in wheat plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1 Effect of CWRA on PNC and PNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 2, the leaves N concentrations subjected to diverse treatments had certain differences across different growth stages. The water retention agent treatments were significantly better than CK under the N level, and the performances were basically the same in the two-year experiments. In 2019-2020, T2 wheat plants had the highest N concentration in the whole growth period. T2 and T3 at 20 days after anthesis were significantly higher than those of other treatments; at harvest stage, the N concentration of wheat plants in all treatments showed T2\u0026gt;T3\u0026gt;T4\u0026gt;T1\u0026gt;CK. In 2020-2021, there were no significant differences between T2 and T3 in the three sampling dates from 0d to 20d after anthesis. The N concentration of T2 at 30 days after anthesis was significantly higher than other treatments. At the harvest stage, all treatments were significantly higher than CK, and T2 was 13.69% higher than CK, particularly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the development of wheat growth, the PNA in each treatment showed a gradually upward tendency. The rate of increase was relatively slow from the anthesis stage to 10 days after anthesis and then fast from 20 days to 40 days after anthesis. The trends in the two-year experiments were basically the same. In the two-year experiments, after flowering the N accumulation of T2 was significantly higher than other treatments, and the level of wheat plants in each treatment was T2\u0026gt;T3\u0026gt;T4\u0026gt;T1\u0026gt;CK. In summary, application of WRA under the conditions of our experiment promoted N accumulation in saline winter wheat plants after flowering, with T2 promoting the most obvious effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.2 Effect of CWRA on PPC and PPA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe P concentration in wheat plants treated with WRA was significantly higher than without added, and PPC decreased as the wheat matured, the performances were basically the same in the two-year treatments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike PPC, PPA has been on an increasing trend throughout the after anthesis period in all \u0026nbsp;treatments. And the rate of increase in P accumulation was significantly faster in the T2 treatment than in the other treatments after 20 days after anthesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.3 Effect of CWRA on PKC and PKA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK concentrations of plants in the WRA treatments were generally significantly higher than in the CK treatment, and experimental results were essentially the same in both years (Figure 4). With the development of the wheat growth period, the K accumulation in each treatment showed a gradually rising trend. Although there was little difference in PKC between the T2 and T3 treatments, PKA differed considerably, especially at 40 days after anthesis. At the harvest stage (40 days post-anthsis), the PKC of T3 was 14.51% higher than CK, and T2 was 14.19% higher than CK; the PKA of T2 was 42.57% higher than CK, T3 was 35.70% higher than CK.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esaline-alkali soil\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.1 Effect of CWRA on the relative expression of the Ammonium transporter gene \u003cem\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e in flag leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 5, the expression of the \u003cem\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e gene was the highest at the anthesis stage, and then decreased. Later, the expression of \u003cem\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e increased with the progress of grouting, and decreased after the completion of grouting. Significant differences were observed among the treatments, especially values under WRA treatment were significantly higher than those under CK treatment. Among these treatments, the relative gene expression under the T2 treatment was the highest during the whole reproductive period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.2 Effect of CWRA on the relative expression of the Glutamine synthetase gene \u003cem\u003eTaGS1\u003c/em\u003e in flag leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relative expression of the TaGS1 gene for glutamine synthetase in wheat flag leaves changed with increasing days to flowering, as shown in Figure 6. The expression of \u003cem\u003eTaGS1\u003c/em\u003e increased after anthesis, and decreased after grouting. The relative expression of \u003cem\u003eTaGS1\u003c/em\u003e was significantly increased from the anthesis stage to 21 days after anthesis in each treatment with WRA compared with CK. At 14 days after anthesis, the relative gene expression in T2 and T3 was significantly higher than CK, and the relative gene expression in T2 and T3 was 2.76 times and 2.34 times that in CK, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.3 Effect of CWRA on the P transporter gene \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e in flag leaves\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant differences in \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e, the flag leaf P transporter protein gene of winter wheat in saline soils, were observed under different treatment conditions (Fig. 7). Compared with CK, the relative expression of the applied water retention agent was significantly increased, and the relative expression of the T2 P transporter gene \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e was the largest. The expression reached a maximum at the late filling stage, and then began to decrease with leaf senescence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Effect of CWRA on yield and yield components of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field test results were as shown in Table 4. In our study, different treatments had little impact on the NFT and NGS, and there was no significant difference in the two-year tests. The GY of the water retention agent treatments was significantly higher than that of the blank handling. T2 had the highest yield, followed by T3. There was no significant difference between T1 and T4, and the performance was consistent in the two-year tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2019-2020, the W1000 of T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of the other treatments, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. The GY of T2 was 14.4% higher than CK, T3 was 11.2% higher than CK. In 2020-2021, the W1000 of T2 was significantly higher than other treatments. The GY of T2 was 13.3% higher than CK, and the T3 was 9.82% higher than CK. In summary, the application of the water retention agent under our test conditions increased the GY by increasing the W1000 of wheat. The WUE of the treatment with the water retention agent was significantly improved, and the WUE of T2 was the highest, which increased by 14.41% and 13.24% compared with CK in the two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 Effects of CWRA on yield and yield components of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.214876033057852%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.710743801652892%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(plants)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（g）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWUE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e mm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019-2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.214876033057852%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.710743801652892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.15a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.71c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6257d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e446a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.98a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.71bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6403c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.07a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.52a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7161a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e456a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.16a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.17a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6959b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e455a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.10a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.28b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6502c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.214876033057852%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.710743801652892%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.39d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6364d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.677685950413224%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.11a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.32c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6503c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.08a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.78a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7210a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.05a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.33b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6989b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.366729678638942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.257088846880908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.8241965973535%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.18a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.122873345935728%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.37c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.068052930056712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6517c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.361058601134214%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Different letters represent the significant difference in the mean values of different treatments of the same measurement item (P\u0026lt;0.05, Duncan\u0026rsquo;s new multiple range method). Hereinafter the same.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the pot test are shown in Table 5. The effects of different treatments on the NFT and NGS of saline-alkali winter wheat were small, and there was no significant difference within the two years. The GY of the treatment with the water retention agent was significantly higher than other treatments, which was manifested as T2\u0026gt; T3\u0026gt; T4\u0026gt;T1\u0026gt;CK, and the performance was consistent for two years. Among them, the GY of T2 was 29.03% and 29.64% higher than CK in the two years. The W1000 of T2 increased by 22.74% and 22.84%, respectively, compared with CK in the two years. In summary, the application of the water retention agent under this test condition increased the GY by increasing the W1000 of wheat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 Effects of CWRA on yield and component factors of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"567\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW1000（g）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY(g/pot）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019-2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.12a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.93a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.84e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.64e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.18a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.13a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.09d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.83a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.15a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.99a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.89a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.71a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.30a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.59b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.89b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.59a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.25a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.06c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.25c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.79a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.25a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.10e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.76a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.36a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.31d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.25d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.51a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.89a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.36a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.30a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.20b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.46b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.28a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.42a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.77c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.28c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis of wheat yield and plant nutrient indexes at the harvest stage were shown in Table 6. The yield was highly significantly positively correlated with plant dry weight, N, P and K.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 Correlation analysis between yield and each index.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant K\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant K\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.10569105691057%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: ** and * indicate significant correlations at P\u0026lt;0.01 and P\u0026lt;0.05 levels, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" 4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Effect of different WRA supply on on nutrient accumulation and transporter gene expression in plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe period from anthesis to harvest of wheat is a vital period, and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by wheat in this period directly affects the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield\u0026nbsp;(Wang et al. 2021). During the grain-filling process, the absorption of nutrients will be affected by environmental factors; in particular, the soil micro-environment\u0026nbsp;(Li et al. 2021),\u0026nbsp;like alkali-stress in saline-alkali soil\u0026nbsp;(Kurdali et al. 2019). Under the test conditions, our experimental data indicated: the application of the water retention agent significantly increased the concentration and accumulation of N, P, and K at each stage after anthesis. This is a result of WAR can maintaining soil moisture, reducing the salt concentration of soil\u0026nbsp;(Zhang et al. 2024), improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, enhancing the fertilizer conservation and slow release characteristics\u0026nbsp;(Xerdiman et al. 2022; Xi and Zhang 2021), and thus give plants a better environment to grow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs one of the main forms of inorganic N uptake by plants, the absorption and transformation of NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eare mainly mediated by ammonium transporter (\u003cem\u003eAMT\u003c/em\u003e) located on the cell membrane\u0026nbsp;(Howitt and Udvardi 2000), \u003cem\u003eAMT\u003c/em\u003e genes in plants are mainly divided into \u003cem\u003eAMT1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAMT2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Giehl et al. 2017), in the case of wheat, \u003cem\u003eAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e has the highest affinity for NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(Hui et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2019). The main step for N assimilation is the synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds, catalyzed by Glutamine-synthetase (\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026nbsp;(Andrews et al. 2004). Some studies have shown that, overexpression of \u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e in tobacco enhances drought tolerance in plants\u0026nbsp;(Yu et al. 2020; Wu et al. 2021b), in our experiments, treatments with the addition of WAR had high \u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e content and therefore enhanced drought tolerance, allowing the intensification of nitrogen assimilation processes, this also leads to an increase in the accumulation of N. \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e is an important phosphorus transporter gene in wheat\u0026nbsp;(Victor Roch et al. 2019). Previous research shows that \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e,which is a key enzyme-encoding gene involved in P transport, is strongly expressed in leaves, its expression level reveals the phosphorus utilization efficiency of plants under stress, and high expression can play a role in improving P utilization efficiency\u0026nbsp;(Guo et al. 2013; Gu et al. 2016), because of this reason, in our experiment, the high relative content of \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e, more phosphate transporters were produced to enable efficient phosphorus uptake and accumulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Effect of different WRA supply on grain yield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe three factors of GY composition are\u0026nbsp;NFT, NGS, and W100, these\u0026nbsp;interact with each other to form the final yield\u0026nbsp;(Reynolds et al. 2009). Previous results confirmed that improving single-spike weight increased GY\u0026nbsp;(Lo Valvo et al. 2018), according to the analysis of our results, the application of WRA increased the yield of wheat, and this process was achieved by increasing W1000, and there were no significant differences in NFT and NGS between treatments. According to other studies, high phosphorus content can promote crop filling\u0026nbsp;(Ma et al. 2021), which is also consistent with the results of our experiment: After the use of WAR, the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eTaAMT1.1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTaPHT2;1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTaGS1\u003c/em\u003e had high expression at 21 days after anthesis, indicating that they were still functional at the late stage of filling, which prolonged the filling time to a certain extent, of course, This may be also related to the regulation of hormones during the filling process\u0026nbsp;(Liu et al. 2013), needs to be verified by our next experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, our experiments showed that the application of 30 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e CWRA had the most pronounced effect promoting effect. Notably, when the application amount of CWRA increased to 45 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, the effectiveness of this promotion will be reduced.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, the use of CWRA improved WUE, which in turn leads to increased grain yields. It's important to note that, overuse of CWRA resulted in lower wheat yields, so, local soil moisture conditions and climatic conditions should also be considered when using CWRA. Our research will provide a solution for water-saving agriculture and dry farming.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWRA: Water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCWRA: Compound water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAWRA: Attapulgite water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePNC: Plant N concentration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePPC: Plant P concentration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePKC: Plant K concentration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePNA: Plant N accumulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePPA: Plant P accumulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePKA: Plant K accumulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNFT: Number of fertile tillers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNGS: Number of grains in a spike\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW1000: 1000-grain weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGY: Grain yield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWUE: Water-use efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCK:\u0026nbsp;Represents\u0026nbsp;without water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT1: Represents with\u0026nbsp;the application of 15 kg·hm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e compound water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT2: Represents with the application of 30 kg·hm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e compound water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT3: Represents with the application of 45 kg·hm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e compound water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT4: Represents with the application of 30 kg·hm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e attapulgite water retention agent\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupported by Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology \u0026amp; Industry System - cultivation and soil fertilizer (SDAIT0107) and Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Plan Project in Shandong Province (SDNYXTTG-2023-30、SDNYXTTG-2022-18).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Cexun Ji, Yunshuo Xu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cexun Ji. Min Yang revised the manuscript. Yan Shi contributed substantially to the study design and supervised the field and laboratory personnel. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Reference","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndrews M, Lea PJ, Raven JA, Lindsey K (2004) Can genetic manipulation of plant nitrogen assimilation enzymes result in increased crop yield and greater N-use efficiency? An assessment. Annals of Applied Biology 145 (1):25-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00356.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshkiani A, Ghooshchii F, Tohidi-Moghadam HR (2013) Effect of super absorbent polymer on growth, yield components and seed yield of wheat grown under irrigation withholding at different growth stages. 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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 907. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167885\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-growth-regulation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"grow","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Growth Regulation](https://www.springer.com/journal/10725)","snPcode":"10725","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10725/3","title":"Plant Growth Regulation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), saline-alkali soil, water retention agent, nutrient accumulation, gene expression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Salinity stress is a limiting factor for wheat production and food security. Water retention agent has been established as one soil conditioner to reduce soil water loss and improve crop yield. In this study, we designed a new compound water retention agent (CWRA) and tried to explore the response of the wheat after application in saline-alkali soil. In this two-year field and pot experiments, we set up a gradient dosage (15 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 45 kg ha-1) of CWRA, and a quantitative dosage (30 kg ha-1) of attapulgite water retention agent (AWRA), to investigate their effects on the nutrient accumulation, nutrient transport-related genes and yield of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil. Based on the results of our experiments, we found that: the treatments with water retention agent significantly increased the expression levels of the TaAMT1.1, TaGS1, and TaPHT2;1 genes, prolonged the growth period and increase grain yield, and improves water-use efficiency. It provided a theoretical and practical basis for the application of CWRA to saline-alkali soil planting.","manuscriptTitle":"The use of water retention agent in saline-alkali soil promotes the expression of nutrient transporter genes in wheat and increases grain yield.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-26 13:46:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4470880/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2024-07-11T00:31:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-06-11T09:38:18+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-11T06:10:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Plant Growth Regulation","date":"2024-05-25T22:59:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-25T16:52:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant Growth Regulation","date":"2024-05-24T03:57:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-growth-regulation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"grow","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Growth Regulation](https://www.springer.com/journal/10725)","snPcode":"10725","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10725/3","title":"Plant Growth Regulation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cb594b5-55d2-4281-8fce-ff625ee0454f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T16:12:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4470880","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-024-01216-z","journal":{"identity":"plant-growth-regulation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Plant Growth Regulation"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-21 15:58:16","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-26 13:46:28","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10725-024-01216-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-024-01216-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4470880","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4470880","identity":"rs-4470880","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}