Diaspore dispersal systems: a special focus on dispersal by endozoochory and diploendozoochory

Seed dispersal is a dynamic process through which diaspores (seeds or seed-bearing fruits) are detached from the mother plant, transported to different sites in the landscape and recruited. A variety of biotic and abiotic factors contribute to seed dispersal processes, resulting in a high diversity of dispersal systems observed in nature. At present, the relationship and classification of seed dispersal processes remain unclear. It is therefore essential to delineate seed dispersal systems and understand their functional traits concerning ecosystem functioning and diversity to elucidate plant distribution patterns and forest regeneration mechanisms. In this review, we present an updated synthesis of the knowledge generated on diaspora dispersal systems (fruits with seeds) regarding their efficiency and legitimacy. In order to achieve this purpose, an exhaustive analysis of 184 bibliographical references was conducted, primarily from the last decade, while ensuring the inclusion of seminal works from preceding years. We specifically describe how endozoochory and diploendozoochory can be considered an efficient and legitimate dispersal system for plants, as well as the potential benefits of a triple endozoochory process. This prompted us to compile a comprehensive account of primary research on each dispersal system. This review demonstrates that diaspore dispersal is a multifactorial process associated with intrinsic attributes of the diaspores, their dispersers, and their interactions with the environment. and proposes a subtype of seed dispersal by endozoochory (triploendozoochory). Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of dispersal systems is imperative for the development of effective forest management and conservation strategies, particularly in the context of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Information & Authors Information Version history Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Collection

Authors Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 319views 169downloads Citations Download citation Fabián Rubalcava-Castillo, Martha Zuloaga-Aguilar, Luis Íñiguez-Dávalos, et al. Diaspore dispersal systems: a special focus on dispersal by endozoochory and diploendozoochory. Authorea. 08 July 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175198529.99972733/v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175198529.99972733/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.