Production and use of crumb rubber for bitumen modification from end-of-life passenger car tyres in comparison with truck tyres: a comprehensive study on bitumen and asphalt performance

Production and use of crumb rubber for bitumen modification from end-of-life passenger car tyres in comparison with truck tyres: a comprehensive study on bitumen and asphalt performance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Production and use of crumb rubber for bitumen modification from end-of-life passenger car tyres in comparison with truck tyres: a comprehensive study on bitumen and asphalt performance Michael Swaney, Dai Xuan Lu, Da Sun, Filippo Giustozzi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4279256/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The use of crumb rubber (CR) from shredded end-of-life vehicle tyres in road engineering practices has become increasingly popular as a method of enhancing sustainability. Historically, crumb rubber produced from end-of-life tyres only used sources of rubber with high natural rubber content. This approach was believed to enhance the final properties of the crumb rubber modified binder, hence also providing betterments to the asphalt mix. The presence of a lower volume of textile fibre in radial truck tyres (TT) also contributed to the recycling of these type of tyres for road applications. However, with the development of more efficient recycling machines, and with the raised awareness that passenger car tyres are available in a much larger quantity, new research is needed to explore the suitability of recycling passenger car tyres (PCT) for bitumen modification. This study aims to evaluate the possible use of PCT in bitumen by studying its performance and comparing it to the performance of the same bitumen modified with TT and S45R (a commercial crumb rubber modified binder). Different percentages of PCT CR and TT CR were added to a neat binder, and their composition and performance were analysed through a series of physical, chemical, and rheological tests. The results indicate that adding PCT CR to neat bitumen can significantly improve the temperature susceptibility, elasticity, hardness, and stiffness of the binder, thus improving the rutting performance and resistance to fatigue similar to what TT CR can do. From a direct comparison, the performance of PCT CR modified binders is very similar to TT CR, especially at lower CR content (i.e. below 10%). Additionally, PCT CR in the approximate range of 13–16% by weight of bitumen would provide similar results to the commercially available S45R binder for most of the tests conducted. Consequently, selected binders and modified binders (with 15% and 20% CR) with a warm mix additive were used to produce a gap graded asphalt mix for mechanical behaviour evaluation on compactability, moisture resistance, non-damage viscoelastic behaviour, cracking, and rutting resistance. The study found minimal differences between the two sources of rubber (PCT and TT). Overall, PTC were found to be suitable to produce CR for bitumen modification through the wet process. crumb rubber asphalt end-of-life tyres bitumen recycling Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 09 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 25 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 21 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4279256","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":325799558,"identity":"c0df8260-1100-421d-b25d-600d8f2cddbd","order_by":0,"name":"Michael Swaney","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMIT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Swaney","suffix":""},{"id":325799559,"identity":"5e44815f-03be-443c-a25d-bce4cf6bdb59","order_by":1,"name":"Dai Xuan Lu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPgjFzMDG3gCkDSwIa2GDa+E5ANIiQYIWBokEEIMYLRI5ZhI/d1jL80k+v7rhR4EEA397dwIBLWlpkr1n0g3bpHPKbvYAHSZx5uwGAlqSj0nwth1mBGpJu8ED1GIgkUtIS2Kb5N+2w/ZtkmfSbv4hTkvyMWmgLYltEuzHbhNnC8+zZGvZtvTkNp4cttsyBhI8BP3Cz55jePNtm7Xt/Pbjz26++WMjx9/ei18LEuAxAJPEKgcB9gekqB4Fo2AUjIIRBAD6qD6hI8TrOQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-4792","institution":"RMIT University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dai","middleName":"Xuan","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":325799560,"identity":"b93bc15e-70f9-417e-abc7-f242d065d6e8","order_by":2,"name":"Da Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMIT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Da","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":325799561,"identity":"af491700-e586-414b-a0f0-e4d3f114c414","order_by":3,"name":"Filippo Giustozzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RMIT University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Filippo","middleName":"","lastName":"Giustozzi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-17 04:31:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4279256/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4279256/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61763036,"identity":"530a5e2e-ad17-45fc-b035-9245aa6d7053","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-05 09:49:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1575684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptcrumbrubberSubmision.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4279256/v1_covered_5dfc6a52-1c10-4d45-81f0-b57bdbcc3c55.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Production and use of crumb rubber for bitumen modification from end-of-life passenger car tyres in comparison with truck tyres: a comprehensive study on bitumen and asphalt performance","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"materials-and-structures","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"maas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Materials and Structures](http://link.springer.com/journal/11527)","snPcode":"11527","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/maas/default2.aspx","title":"Materials and Structures","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"crumb rubber, asphalt, end-of-life tyres, bitumen, recycling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4279256/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4279256/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of crumb rubber (CR) from shredded end-of-life vehicle tyres in road engineering practices has become increasingly popular as a method of enhancing sustainability. Historically, crumb rubber produced from end-of-life tyres only used sources of rubber with high natural rubber content. This approach was believed to enhance the final properties of the crumb rubber modified binder, hence also providing betterments to the asphalt mix. The presence of a lower volume of textile fibre in radial truck tyres (TT) also contributed to the recycling of these type of tyres for road applications. However, with the development of more efficient recycling machines, and with the raised awareness that passenger car tyres are available in a much larger quantity, new research is needed to explore the suitability of recycling passenger car tyres (PCT) for bitumen modification. This study aims to evaluate the possible use of PCT in bitumen by studying its performance and comparing it to the performance of the same bitumen modified with TT and S45R (a commercial crumb rubber modified binder). 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Consequently, selected binders and modified binders (with 15% and 20% CR) with a warm mix additive were used to produce a gap graded asphalt mix for mechanical behaviour evaluation on compactability, moisture resistance, non-damage viscoelastic behaviour, cracking, and rutting resistance. The study found minimal differences between the two sources of rubber (PCT and TT). 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