Culture-dependent bacterial diversity of an invasive Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi on different hosts

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This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The nymphs and adults of Paraleyrodes bondari collected on seven hosts from different locations of Karnataka, India during 2021–2023. 91 facultative bacterial colonies were isolated from nymphs and adults of P. bondari by using spread-plate technique and identified through 16srRNA sequencing. In which nymphs showed high bacterial abundance (54.95%) than adults (45.05%). The P. bondari collected on coconut harboured more (30) number of bacteria followed by banana (21). Phylum Bacillota was dominant (56.52%) in P. bondari followed by Pseudomonadota (30.43%). Bacilli was found dominant (43.33 to 72.73%) in P. bondari followed by Gamma-proteobacteria (10 to 38.10%). Among 13 orders, Bacillales was dominant (36 to 72%) followed by Enterobacteriales (9 to 20%). 23 to 60% of the bacteria were belong to Bacillaceae followed by Staphylococcaceae (4.76 to16.66%). Bacillus was dominant genus (23.33 to 60%) and B. cereus , B. licheniformis, B. subtilis were common in both nymphs and adults. 16srRNA Bacillus Culture-dependent Paraleyrodes bondari Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are one of the most economically important groups of pests with global distribution and very wide range of host plants (Kanakala and Ghanim 2019 ). They cause damage in an active way by acting as vector for various plant viruses ( Begomovirus , Crini virus, Clostero virus etc .) and passively by encouraging sooty mould deposits on plants through honeydew secretion. Later, the sooty mould formed by the honeydew secreted by them leads to the closing of stomata as a result the gas exchange by the plants will be interrupted and leads to poor development of plants. Ongoing climate change modifies the conditions that determine which whitefly species are the fittest for a region. As a consequence, a shift in species composition occurs with certain whitefly species declining and others expanding further into previously unsuitable regions, giving rise to new invasions (Aregbesola et al. 2019 ). In recent years, an invasive whitefly, Bondar’s nesting whitefly ( Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi) found in coexist with A. rugioperculatus feeding exclusively on coconut leaflets. In India it was reported for the first time, from Kayamkulam, Kerala, in 2019 (Josephrajkumar et al. 2019 ). The occurrence of egg clusters flat creamy yellow nymphs with prominent fibreglass strands from the dorsum and single thick flagellum, characteristic nest-like woolly wax around the pupa. Adults are smaller in size (0.95 mm) than the rugose whitefly with conspicuous oblique grey bands forming a typical “X” pattern and construct unique woolly wax nests (hence the name nesting whitefly) on palm leaflets' abaxial surface (Josephrajkumar et al. 2019 ). The adaptation trait of the whiteflies to changing climate and to the new host is the key factor their spatiotemporal distribution. Another factor for successful establishment of whiteflies is their nutritional flexibility. Since, whiteflies are phloem feeders which mainly suck the nutritionally deprived sap from the plant. The supplementation of the required nutrients (mainly essential amino acids) will be supplied by the microbes which resides inside their body in a symbiotic way. The two main functions of these endosymbionts of sap sucking insects are; those which are beneficial to the insect under specific ecological conditions and those which play a role in metabolic activities of the insect. (Gosalbes et al ., 2010). Along with this, the microbes inside the insects plays major role in their survival, development, reproduction, fecundity, viral transmission and resistance against the various chemicals. About 99 per cent of symbiotic bacteria are non-culturable under laboratory conditions (Amann et al. , 1995), indicating a considerate drawback in describing the symbiotic bacterial diversity. The technique used in PCR for the identification of endosymbionts is using bacterial gene specific primers. Different gene targets like 16S, 23S, GroEL etc ., have been used to identify bacteria. Insects during switching to a new host they required to establish new temporal interactions and to overcome a new array of plant defence in a short time, their adaptation to a new host is believed not to involve genotypic selection, but the production of different phenotypes with one given genotype (Schneider, 2022 ). There is a possible contribution of gut-associated bacteria or any other microbes present inside the body to the ability of the whiteflies to switch between host plants (Thomas et al ., 2012). So far, the bacterial diversity of A. rugioperculatus has been covered by few researchers (Saranya et al., 2022 , Pujar et al., 2023 ) but no such studies on P. bondari are available. Hence, the present study focusing on the diversity of facultative bacteria on different hosts and locations. Material and methods Collection of sample The nymphs and adults of P. bondari were collected on seven different crops, viz ., plantation crops [coconut, Cocos nucifera (L.) banana, Musa sp. and arecanut, Areca catechu (L)], fruit crops [guava, Psidium guajava (L.) and custard apple Annona reticulate (L.)], ornamental crops (Bamboo palm, Dypsis lutescens ) and tree crop Paradise Tree ( Simarouba sp.) were starved for 3 h and surface sterilized with 70 per cent ethanol for 1 minute followed by 0.1 per cent sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute and then rinsed with sterile distilled water for 2 to 3 times to remove the external microbes and wax. Serial dilution and plating The surface sterilized adults and nymphs were crushed in a sterilized 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube using a sterilized micro pestle with 1 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH 7.4) and serial dilution of samples was made up to 10 − 7 dilutions. 100 µl of aliquot of all the dilutions were plated on 1M of nutrient agar media and spread using a sterilized glass spreader. Then, Petri plates were incubated at 28 ℃ for 24 to 48 h in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) incubator. Further, plates were observed for microbial growth after every 24 hours. Representative colony from each colonies showing similar morphology were selected and pure culture was obtained by sub-culturing it in the same media. The pure cultures were added to autoclaved nutrient broth in sterilized test tubes along with respective labels and incubated at 28 ℃ for 24 h in BOD until the clear nutrient broth turn into turbid by the multiplication of bacterial cells. Bacterial culture grown in a nutrient broth was used for genomic DNA isolation by following sucrose buffer method. 1.5 ml bacterial culture was transferred to a sterilized micro centrifuge tube with respective label and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes to get a pellet. Later, supernatant was discarded and pellet was retained. It was repeated with a 1.5 ml culture to collect the sufficient amount of pellet. The pellet was re-suspended into 400 µl sucrose buffer (consists of 1M Tris, 0.5M EDTA and 10 per cent sucrose) and subjected to vortex (SPINIX) to dissolve the pellet. Then, 32µl lysozyme was added and incubated for 10 min at 60 ℃ in hot water bath. 140 µl of freshly prepared 10 per cent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was added along with 5 µl of protease. Later, 240 µl of NaCl (5M) and freshly prepared 10 per cent CTAB was added and incubated for 10 min at 60 ℃. It was followed by addition of 500 µl chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24:1) and mixed well by inverting the tube until the phase is mixed completely. The mixture was centrifuged at 12000 rpm in a micro centrifuge (SPINWIN MC03) for 10 min. Upper aqueous phase was transferred to a new labelled tube and 50µl of 3M sodium acetate (ice cold) was added and mixed well. Then 300 µl isopropanol (ice cold) was added and gently mixed to precipitate DNA and the sample was incubated overnight at -20 ℃. The sample was spun at 12000 rpm for 15 min on the next day, to pellet down DNA and 1ml of 70 per cent ethanol was added to the pellet and spinning was done at 12000 rpm for 10 min (twice). Then the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was allowed for air dry. After complete drying, the DNA pellet was re-suspended in 30 µl of protease, DNase, RNase, free water (GeNei ™) followed by 2 µl of RNase treatment and incubation at 60 ℃ in water bath stored at -20 ℃ until use. The concentration of isolated DNA was quantified by using nanodrop. The amplification of 16s rRNA was carried out by using the universal primer (Forward − 5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’. Reverse- 5’-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’). Polymerase chain reactions were performed with 25 µl of PCR mixture in PCR system (ProFlex) with an initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles each consisting of denaturation for 1 minute at 94°C, annealing for 45 seconds at 59°C with an extension for 1.5 minute at 72°C followed by final extension for 10 minutes at 72°C and kept hold at 4 ℃ for infinite time. The obtained DNA sequences corresponding to the 16S rRNA gene was confirmed using BLAST search in NCBI. The obtained forward and reverse sequences were aligned together using the NCBI alignment tool to obtain a contig sequence. The 16S rRNA gene sequences with maximum coverage were deposited in GenBank and accession numbers were obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Host-wise bacterial abundance of P. bondari The Bondar’s nesting whiteflies, P. bondari were collected from seven different hosts, in which P. bondari collected on coconut showed highest bacterial abundance (32.61 per cent) followed by banana (22.83 per cent) and least abundance was recorded in Simarouba sp. followed by custard apple (Table 1 and Fig. 1 ) Phylum level bacterial diversity of P. bondari collected from different hosts The bacteria isolated from P. bondari which are collected from different hosts were grouped into four phyla. 56.52 per cent of the bacterial population were grouped under the phylum Bacillota and 30.43 per cent of the bacterial population were grouped under the phylum Pseudomonadota. The phyla Actinomycetota and Bacteroidata comprises 5.43 and 7.61 per cent of the bacterial population (Fig. 2 ). Host-wise diversity of bacteria in P. bondari at class level The class Bacilli found dominant (43.33 to 72.73 per cent) in P. bondari collected from different hosts followed by Gamma proteobacteria which accounted for 10 to 38.10 per cent. The P. bondari collected on coconut recorded more bacterial class diversity (6) followed by banana and bamboo palm each recorded four families (Fig. 3 ). Host-wise diversity of bacteria in P. bondari at order level The bacterial population isolated from P. bondari consists of 13 orders in which Bacillales was recorded in all the host plants with 36 to 72 per cent of the total families followed by Enterobacteriales and Pseudomonadales which recorded in four hosts. The host plants coconut and banana recorded highest number of families i.e., 11 and 8 families respectively. Least number of families were recorded in Simarouba sp. and custard apple (three families each). The orders Burkholderiales (4.76 per cent) and Sphingomonadales (6.67 per cent) were recorded only in banana and coconut respectively (Fig. 4 ). Host-wise diversity of bacteria in P. bondari at family level Twenty one families of bacterial population were recorded from the P. bondari collected from different hosts and locations. Among them, Bacillaceae was present in all the host plants with 23 to 60 per cent of the total families followed by Staphylococcaceae which was present in all the host plants except arecanut and Simarouba sp. ranging from 4.76 to 16.66 per cent. Among the seven host plants P. bondari collected on coconut and banana harboured highest number of families i.e., 17 and 12 respectively (Fig. 5 ). The host plant Simarouba sp. recorded least number of families (3 families) followed by custard apple (4 families). The families Sphingomonadaceae, Chromobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were recorded only in coconut with 6.66, 3.33 and 3.33 per cent of total families. Host-wise diversity of bacteria in P. bondari at genus and species level Total of 28 genera were recorded from P. bondari collected on seven different hosts from different locations. Among them, the genus Bacillus was found common and dominant in P. bondari collected on different hosts from different locations and consisted 23. 33 to 60 per cent of the total bacteria followed by Enterococcus (3.33 to 16.66 per cent) and Acinetobacter (6.67 to 14.29 per cent). The P. bondari collected on coconut possess more number of bacterial genera (19) followed by banana (13) and least number of bacterial genera were recorded in P. bondari collected on Simarouba sp., custard apple and guava (3, 4 and 5 genera respectively) (Fig. 6 ). The results of bacterial diversity of P. bondari collected from the different hosts from different locations revealed that, this pest harbours 91 species of bacteria in which nymphal stage harbours 54.95 per cent of bacteria whereas, adult stage harbours 45.05 per cent of total bacterial population (Fig. 7 ). Among the bacterial isolates, majority of the bacteria were belong to the genus Bacillus i.e., B. cereus , B. licheniformis, B. subtilis were found common in both nymphs and adults. The P. bondari collected on coconut harbours more number of bacterial species (30) followed by banana (21) and least number of bacterial species were recorded in P. bondari collected from simarouba custard apple and guava (3, 4 and 5 genera respectively). Discussion In overview, the bacterial diversity of P. bondari collected on plantation crops was high compared to fruit and tree crops. Whereas, the few bacteria showed specificity in occurrence with respect to hosts, viz ., Micrococcus aloeverae , Morganella morganii and Cellulosimicrobium cellulans were present only in P. bondari of coconut, whereas, Acidovorax delafieldii , Klebsiella pneumonia , were specific to P. bondari of banana, similarly, Kocuria palustris , Terribacillus saccharophilus were found only in P. bondari of bamboo palm and Niallia circulans & Heyndrickxia oleronia , were specific to P. bondari of arecanut. In the study of Saranya et al. ( 2022 ), Bacillota/ firmicutes was the dominant phyla in A. rugioperculatus reared on coconut, banana and guava. Meanwhile, Bacillales, Bacillaceae and Bacillus were the dominant order, family and genus in the A. rugioperculatus respectively, which was similar to the results of the present study. Similarly, in the study of Pujar et al. ( 2023 ), A. rugioperculatus collected on coconut and banana had high bacterial diversity than other crops. Also, in their study, Bacillota, bacilli, bacillales, bacillaceae and bacillus were the dominant phylum, class, order, family and genus respectively. In most cases, when introduced to new ranges, invasive species often face novel biotic interactions and dispersal limitations, resulting in recurring extinction events and limited dispersal ability, which can have serious implications for full colonization (Wiens et al ., 2005, Guisan et al., 2014 ). The diversity of microbes in the insects varies with hosts on which it feeds, habitat, the pressure of biotic and abiotic factors (Early and Sax, 2014 ). Hence, in the present study, the bacterial diversity in each whiteflies varied with hosts and locations. The association of bacteria in the same host populations can be influenced on ecological and geographic factors, such as temperature, precipitation, vegetation, longitude, latitude, and altitude (Tsuchida et al., 2002 ). Natural environment and endosymbiont infection frequencies are closely associated. These associations could be the result of the direct or indirect impact of environmental factors on endosymbionts and/or their hosts (Xue et al., 2022 ). In the present study it was revealed that, host would influence the microbial diversity in the whiteflies. As a result, we observed variation in the number of bacteria of the same whitefly on different hosts. The direct effects with change in the composition of the food ingested by the insect can efficiently alter the population of microbiota associated with the food. Also, the environment of gut lumen favours only those microbial taxa which are most efficient in utilizing the food derived nutrients (Tang et al., 2012 ). Plant characters such as leaf surface, wax composition and the availability of sugars in plants might influence bacterial community composition in the host insect (Lindow and Brandl, 2003 ). Hence, host plants have a positive impact on the shaping of microbial communities associated with A. rugioperculatus (Saranya et al., 2022 ; Pujar et al., 2023 ), Spodoptera littoralis (Tang et al., 2012 ), Helicoverpa spp. (Priya et al., 2012 ; Xiang et al., 2006 ), Lymantria dispar (Broderick et al., 2004 ; Mason and Raffa, 2014 ) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Chung et al., 2017 ). Declarations The authors do not have any conflict of interest. Author's contribution : Conceptualization and designing of the research work (Shivanna); Execution of field/lab experiments and data collection (Kishor Pujar); Analysis of data and interpretation (Jemla Naik); Preparation of manuscript (Kishor Pujar). References Aregbesola, O. Z., Legg, J. P., Sigsgaard, L., Lund, O. S., Rapisarda, C. (2019). Potential impact of climate change on whiteflies and implications for the spread of vectored viruses. Journal of Pest Science, 92 : 381–392. Broderick, N. A., Raffa, K. F, Goodman, R. M. and Handelsman, J. (2004). Census of the bacterial community of the gypsy moth larval midgut by using culturing and culture-independent methods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 70 (1): 293–330. Chung, S. H., Scully, E. D., Peiffer, M., Geib, S. M., Rosa, C., Hoover, K., Felton, G. W. (2017). Host plant species determines symbiotic bacterial community mediating suppression of plant defenses. Scientific Reports , 7(1):1–13. Early, R., Sax, D. F. (2014). Climatic niche shifts between species native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography , 23 (12): 1356-1365. Guisan, A., Petitpierre, B., Broennimann, O., Daehler, C., Kueffer, C. (2014). Unifying niche shift studies: Insights from biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 29 : 260–269. Josephrajkumar, A., Mohan, C., Babu, M., Krishna, A., Krishnakumar, V., Hegde, V. Chowdappa, P. (2019). 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Table Table 1 Microbial diversity of Bondar’s nesting whitefly, P. bondari on different hosts Coconut (30) Phylum Class Order Family Species Bacillota Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (7) Nymphs (16) Adults (14) Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus cereus Bacillus pumilus Bacillus cereus Bacillus safensis Bacillus safensis Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcaceae (2) Mammaliicoccus sciuri Staphylococcus saprophyticus Paenibacillaceae (2) Paenibacillus lautus Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus Lactobacillales Enterococcaceae (2) Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus casseliflavus Pseudomonadota Alpha-Proteobacteria Caulobacteriales Caulobacteraceae (2) Brevundimonas vesiculari Brevundimonas vesicularis Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae (2) Sphingopyxis solisilvae Sphingobium yanoikuyae Gamma-Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobcateriaceae (2) Enterobacter sichuanensis Enterobacter mori Morganellaceae (1) Morganella morganii Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae (2) Pseudomonas hunanensis Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Moraxales Moraxellaceae (1) Acinetobacter ursingii Xanthomonadales Xanthomonadaceae (1) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Actinomycetota Actinomycetes Micrococales Micrococcaceae (1) Micrococcus aloeverae Microbacteriaceae (2) Microbacterium testaceum Microbacterium proteolyticum Promicromonosporaceae (1) Cellulosimicrobium cellulans Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteriia Sphingobacteriales Spingobacteriaceae (1) Sphingobacterium spiritivorum Flavobacteriia Flavobacteriales Weeksellaceae (1) Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae Banana (21) Phylum Class Order Family Species Nymphs (12) Adults (9) Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (5) Bacillus velezensis Bacillus velezensis Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus Bacillus altitudinis Staphylococcaceae (1) Mammaliicoccus sciuri Paenibacillaceae (2) Brevibacillus agri Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus Lactobacillales Enterococcaceae (3) Enterococcus casseliflavus Enterococcus devriesei Enterococcus canintestini Pseudomonadota Beta-Proteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamondaceae (1) Acidovorax delafieldii Gamma-Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobcateriaceae (1) Klebsiella pneumoniae Yersinaceae (1) Serratia marcescens Morganellaceae (1) Providencia rettgeri Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae (2) Pseudomonas taiwanensis Pseudomonas psychrotolerans Moraxales Moraxellaceae (2) Acinetobacter pittii Acinetobacter septicus Xanthomonadales Xanthomonadaceae (1) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteriia Sphingobacteriales Spingobacteriaceae (1) Sphingobacterium spiritivorum Arecanut (11) Phylum Class Order Family Species Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Nymphs (7) Adults (4) Bacillaceae (6) Bacillus cereus Niallia circulans Bacillus paramycoides Bacillus xiamenensis Bacillus pumilus Heyndrickxia oleronia Paenibacillaceae (2) Paenibacillus lautus Brevibacillus agri Pseudomonadota Gamma-Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales Yersinaceae (1) Serratia marcescens Xanthomonadales Xanthomonadaceae (1) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Flavobacteriia Flavobacteriales Weeksellaceae (1) Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae Bamboo palm (10) Phylum Class Order Family Species Nymphs (5) Adults (5) Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (5) Bacillus nitratireducens Terribacillus saccharophilus Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus stratosphericus Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcaceae (1) Mammaliicoccus sciuri Enterococcaceae (1) Enterococcus mundtii Pseudomonadota Alpha-Proteobacteria Caulobacteriales Caulobacteraceae (1) Brevundimonas intermedia Gamma-Proteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae (1) Pseudomonas putida Actinomycetota Actinomycetes Micrococcales Micrococcaceae (1) Kocuria palustris Guava (9) Phylum Class Order Family Species Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (4) Nymphs (4) Adults (4) Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus cereus Bacillus paramycoides Staphylococcaceae (1) Staphylococcus sciuri Enterococcaceae (1) Enterococcus mundtii Pseudomonadota Gamma-Proteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae (1) Moraxellales Moraxellaceae (1) Acinetobacter ursingii Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteriia Sphingobacteriales Spingobacteriaceae (1) Sphingobacterium spiritivorum Custard apple (6) Phylum Class Order Family Species Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (3) Nymphs (3) Adults (3) Bacillus albus Bacillus pumilus Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcaceae (1) Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonadota Gamma-Proteobacteria Moraxellales Moraxellaceae (1) Acinetobacter pittii Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Flavobacteriia Flavobacteriales Weeksellaceae (1) Chryseobacterium gleum Simarouba sp. (5) Phylum Class Order Family Species Nymphs (3) Adults (2) Bacillota/ Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae (3) Bacillus cereus Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonadota Gamma-Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobcateriaceae (1) Enterobacter hormaechei Bacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteriia Sphingobacteriales Spingobacteriaceae (1) Sphingobacterium spiritivorum Note: values in the parenthesis indicates number of species Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4005772","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":275939538,"identity":"27fb479d-27f0-41da-ad6e-02756a22b0d6","order_by":0,"name":"Kishor Pujar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIie3RMUvEMBTA8RcDdhFcX/BLBBx6nfpBXHIUOpm9wlky9Za6nyDnV6hLwa1HoV0CrjluqYuz4HIOgulNOrS9UTD/IfBIfpAQAJfrbyYAKgQOQDpM7EypOppQPtM9IZPEVkFPTvEm66cJ4qN4/Uj0LPS9uzfcrm+vzpeW7JNykAQrETFtcP6ct5fBfdnKVU0UyfVukHAjBFPvKLiJyY6VjVSWUJKNkujTktASuPh6aOTjESRmyiApTHyCTC1kMUWCvIsDpXFe6IZybCr5ZMlm7C2+dx1tVZOGvM3sVy5SuX6pN90+GbkYnImfc31Yq8HzB+L92k/HDrtcLtc/7RtgbWICY8R8kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kishor","middleName":"","lastName":"Pujar","suffix":""},{"id":275939539,"identity":"d2cba749-f62e-4f06-83a7-473c7f4178d0","order_by":1,"name":"Shivanna B.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shivanna","middleName":"","lastName":"B.","suffix":""},{"id":275939540,"identity":"ddf6d69b-ddad-4f00-a3b3-9d6ed5d3bd17","order_by":2,"name":"Jemal Naik D.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jemal","middleName":"Naik","lastName":"D.","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 07:16:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51947761,"identity":"9356ae8a-1034-4371-8f63-a82e2dccf8a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise bacterial abundance of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/6d252976b3eaaec57b3ba918.jpg"},{"id":51947943,"identity":"eff6b66d-e25b-4e74-96c9-8a9e1f172abe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:46:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e at phylum level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/c08640b425f19ec5ba20dbb4.jpg"},{"id":51947766,"identity":"1f74989f-9f5d-4619-b565-00b48a914ff3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e at class level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/68013582c0c62c2a43f95aa3.jpg"},{"id":51947764,"identity":"04b78770-f08a-4e08-a908-df7fd826de41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e at order level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/867e3481e70804ef9bda475f.jpg"},{"id":51947763,"identity":"9e929ed7-d9a4-460b-8780-14f56f23bfa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":275242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eat family level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/6801a238834d7f31a50b4406.jpg"},{"id":51947765,"identity":"0befddb9-0130-4311-b41e-5a844512c7b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":313553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP. bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e collected from different locations at genus level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/55156430c40749d6e73d2418.jpg"},{"id":51947767,"identity":"69db96e4-3169-489a-b16d-d2e87df7a170","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 11:38:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial diversity in nymphs and adults of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/4114c07bcaf3bdddf5876235.jpg"},{"id":51993347,"identity":"f4c4fe10-731d-4255-abec-542847ca7129","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 05:05:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":906538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005772/v1/7b8901dc-4fb3-4a20-8c8b-69865ea5f4b6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Culture-dependent bacterial diversity of an invasive Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi on different hosts","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are one of the most economically important groups of pests with global distribution and very wide range of host plants (Kanakala and Ghanim \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). They cause damage in an active way by acting as vector for various plant viruses (\u003cem\u003eBegomovirus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCrini\u003c/em\u003e virus, \u003cem\u003eClostero\u003c/em\u003e virus \u003cem\u003eetc\u003c/em\u003e.) and passively by encouraging sooty mould deposits on plants through honeydew secretion. Later, the sooty mould formed by the honeydew secreted by them leads to the closing of stomata as a result the gas exchange by the plants will be interrupted and leads to poor development of plants. Ongoing climate change modifies the conditions that determine which whitefly species are the fittest for a region. As a consequence, a shift in species composition occurs with certain whitefly species declining and others expanding further into previously unsuitable regions, giving rise to new invasions (Aregbesola et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, an invasive whitefly, Bondar\u0026rsquo;s nesting whitefly (\u003cem\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/em\u003e Peracchi) found in coexist with \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e feeding exclusively on coconut leaflets. In India it was reported for the first time, from Kayamkulam, Kerala, in 2019 (Josephrajkumar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The occurrence of egg clusters flat creamy yellow nymphs with prominent fibreglass strands from the dorsum and single thick flagellum, characteristic nest-like woolly wax around the pupa. Adults are smaller in size (0.95 mm) than the rugose whitefly with conspicuous oblique grey bands forming a typical \u0026ldquo;X\u0026rdquo; pattern and construct unique woolly wax nests (hence the name nesting whitefly) on palm leaflets' abaxial surface (Josephrajkumar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The adaptation trait of the whiteflies to changing climate and to the new host is the key factor their spatiotemporal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother factor for successful establishment of whiteflies is their nutritional flexibility. Since, whiteflies are phloem feeders which mainly suck the nutritionally deprived sap from the plant. The supplementation of the required nutrients (mainly essential amino acids) will be supplied by the microbes which resides inside their body in a symbiotic way. The two main functions of these endosymbionts of sap sucking insects are; those which are beneficial to the insect under specific ecological conditions and those which play a role in metabolic activities of the insect. (Gosalbes \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2010). Along with this, the microbes inside the insects plays major role in their survival, development, reproduction, fecundity, viral transmission and resistance against the various chemicals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 99 per cent of symbiotic bacteria are non-culturable under laboratory conditions (Amann \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1995), indicating a considerate drawback in describing the symbiotic bacterial diversity. The technique used in PCR for the identification of endosymbionts is using bacterial gene specific primers. Different gene targets like 16S, 23S, GroEL \u003cem\u003eetc\u003c/em\u003e., have been used to identify bacteria. Insects during switching to a new host they required to establish new temporal interactions and to overcome a new array of plant defence in a short time, their adaptation to a new host is believed not to involve genotypic selection, but the production of different phenotypes with one given genotype (Schneider, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). There is a possible contribution of gut-associated bacteria or any other microbes present inside the body to the ability of the whiteflies to switch between host plants (Thomas \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012). So far, the bacterial diversity of \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e has been covered by few researchers (Saranya et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Pujar et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) but no such studies on \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e are available. Hence, the present study focusing on the diversity of facultative bacteria on different hosts and locations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCollection of sample\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nymphs and adults of \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e were collected on seven different crops, \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., plantation crops [coconut, \u003cem\u003eCocos nucifera\u003c/em\u003e (L.) banana, \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e sp. and arecanut, \u003cem\u003eAreca catechu\u003c/em\u003e (L)], fruit crops [guava, \u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e (L.) and custard apple \u003cem\u003eAnnona reticulate\u003c/em\u003e (L.)], ornamental crops (Bamboo palm, \u003cem\u003eDypsis lutescens\u003c/em\u003e) and tree crop Paradise Tree (\u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp.) were starved for 3 h and surface sterilized with 70 per cent ethanol for 1 minute followed by 0.1 per cent sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute and then rinsed with sterile distilled water for 2 to 3 times to remove the external microbes and wax.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSerial dilution and plating\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface sterilized adults and nymphs were crushed in a sterilized 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube using a sterilized micro pestle with 1 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH 7.4) and serial dilution of samples was made up to 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e dilutions. 100 \u0026micro;l of aliquot of all the dilutions were plated on 1M of nutrient agar media and spread using a sterilized glass spreader. Then, Petri plates were incubated at 28 ℃ for 24 to 48 h in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) incubator. Further, plates were observed for microbial growth after every 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentative colony from each colonies showing similar morphology were selected and pure culture was obtained by sub-culturing it in the same media. The pure cultures were added to autoclaved nutrient broth in sterilized test tubes along with respective labels and incubated at 28 ℃ for 24 h in BOD until the clear nutrient broth turn into turbid by the multiplication of bacterial cells. Bacterial culture grown in a nutrient broth was used for genomic DNA isolation by following sucrose buffer method. 1.5 ml bacterial culture was transferred to a sterilized micro centrifuge tube with respective label and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes to get a pellet. Later, supernatant was discarded and pellet was retained. It was repeated with a 1.5 ml culture to collect the sufficient amount of pellet. The pellet was re-suspended into 400 \u0026micro;l sucrose buffer (consists of 1M Tris, 0.5M EDTA and 10 per cent sucrose) and subjected to vortex (SPINIX) to dissolve the pellet. Then, 32\u0026micro;l lysozyme was added and incubated for 10 min at 60 ℃ in hot water bath. 140 \u0026micro;l of freshly prepared 10 per cent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was added along with 5 \u0026micro;l of protease. Later, 240 \u0026micro;l of NaCl (5M) and freshly prepared 10 per cent CTAB was added and incubated for 10 min at 60 ℃. It was followed by addition of 500 \u0026micro;l chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24:1) and mixed well by inverting the tube until the phase is mixed completely. The mixture was centrifuged at 12000 rpm in a micro centrifuge (SPINWIN MC03) for 10 min. Upper aqueous phase was transferred to a new labelled tube and 50\u0026micro;l of 3M sodium acetate (ice cold) was added and mixed well. Then 300 \u0026micro;l isopropanol (ice cold) was added and gently mixed to precipitate DNA and the sample was incubated overnight at -20 ℃.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample was spun at 12000 rpm for 15 min on the next day, to pellet down DNA and 1ml of 70 per cent ethanol was added to the pellet and spinning was done at 12000 rpm for 10 min (twice). Then the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was allowed for air dry. After complete drying, the DNA pellet was re-suspended in 30 \u0026micro;l of protease, DNase, RNase, free water (GeNei \u0026trade;) followed by 2 \u0026micro;l of RNase treatment and incubation at 60 ℃ in water bath stored at -20 ℃ until use. The concentration of isolated DNA was quantified by using nanodrop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amplification of 16s rRNA was carried out by using the universal primer (Forward \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026rsquo;-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3\u0026rsquo;. Reverse- 5\u0026rsquo;-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3\u0026rsquo;). Polymerase chain reactions were performed with 25 \u0026micro;l of PCR mixture in PCR system (ProFlex) with an initial denaturation at 94\u0026deg;C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles each consisting of denaturation for 1 minute at 94\u0026deg;C, annealing for 45 seconds at 59\u0026deg;C with an extension for 1.5 minute at 72\u0026deg;C followed by final extension for 10 minutes at 72\u0026deg;C and kept hold at 4 ℃ for infinite time. The obtained DNA sequences corresponding to the 16S rRNA gene was confirmed using BLAST search in NCBI. The obtained forward and reverse sequences were aligned together using the NCBI alignment tool to obtain a contig sequence. The 16S rRNA gene sequences with maximum coverage were deposited in GenBank and accession numbers were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHost-wise bacterial abundance of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bondar\u0026rsquo;s nesting whiteflies, \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e were collected from seven different hosts, in which \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut showed highest bacterial abundance (32.61 per cent) followed by banana (22.83 per cent) and least abundance was recorded in \u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp. followed by custard apple (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhylum level bacterial diversity of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ecollected from different hosts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bacteria isolated from \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e which are collected from different hosts were grouped into four phyla. 56.52 per cent of the bacterial population were grouped under the phylum Bacillota and 30.43 per cent of the bacterial population were grouped under the phylum Pseudomonadota. The phyla Actinomycetota and Bacteroidata comprises 5.43 and 7.61 per cent of the bacterial population (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eat class level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe class Bacilli found dominant (43.33 to 72.73 per cent) in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected from different hosts followed by Gamma proteobacteria which accounted for 10 to 38.10 per cent. The \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut recorded more bacterial class diversity (6) followed by banana and bamboo palm each recorded four families (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eat order level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bacterial population isolated from \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e consists of 13 orders in which Bacillales was recorded in all the host plants with 36 to 72 per cent of the total families followed by Enterobacteriales and Pseudomonadales which recorded in four hosts. The host plants coconut and banana recorded highest number of families i.e., 11 and 8 families respectively. Least number of families were recorded in \u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp. and custard apple (three families each). The orders Burkholderiales (4.76 per cent) and Sphingomonadales (6.67 per cent) were recorded only in banana and coconut respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eat family level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty one families of bacterial population were recorded from the \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected from different hosts and locations. Among them, Bacillaceae was present in all the host plants with 23 to 60 per cent of the total families followed by Staphylococcaceae which was present in all the host plants except arecanut and \u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp. ranging from 4.76 to 16.66 per cent. Among the seven host plants \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut and banana harboured highest number of families i.e., 17 and 12 respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The host plant \u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp. recorded least number of families (3 families) followed by custard apple (4 families). The families Sphingomonadaceae, Chromobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were recorded only in coconut with 6.66, 3.33 and 3.33 per cent of total families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHost-wise diversity of bacteria in\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. bondari\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eat genus and species level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal of 28 genera were recorded from \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on seven different hosts from different locations. Among them, the genus Bacillus was found common and dominant in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on different hosts from different locations and consisted 23. 33 to 60 per cent of the total bacteria followed by Enterococcus (3.33 to 16.66 per cent) and Acinetobacter (6.67 to 14.29 per cent). The \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut possess more number of bacterial genera (19) followed by banana (13) and least number of bacterial genera were recorded in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on \u003cem\u003eSimarouba\u003c/em\u003e sp., custard apple and guava (3, 4 and 5 genera respectively) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of bacterial diversity of \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected from the different hosts from different locations revealed that, this pest harbours 91 species of bacteria in which nymphal stage harbours 54.95 per cent of bacteria whereas, adult stage harbours 45.05 per cent of total bacterial population (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Among the bacterial isolates, majority of the bacteria were belong to the genus Bacillus i.e., \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis, B. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e were found common in both nymphs and adults. The \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut harbours more number of bacterial species (30) followed by banana (21) and least number of bacterial species were recorded in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected from simarouba custard apple and guava (3, 4 and 5 genera respectively).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn overview, the bacterial diversity of \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on plantation crops was high compared to fruit and tree crops. Whereas, the few bacteria showed specificity in occurrence with respect to hosts, \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus aloeverae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMorganella morganii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCellulosimicrobium cellulans\u003c/em\u003e were present only in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e of coconut, whereas, \u003cem\u003eAcidovorax delafieldii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e, were specific to \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e of banana, similarly, \u003cem\u003eKocuria palustris\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTerribacillus saccharophilus\u003c/em\u003e were found only in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e of bamboo palm and \u003cem\u003eNiallia circulans\u003c/em\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cem\u003eHeyndrickxia oleronia\u003c/em\u003e, were specific to \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e of arecanut. In the study of Saranya et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Bacillota/ firmicutes was the dominant phyla in \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e reared on coconut, banana and guava. Meanwhile, Bacillales, Bacillaceae and Bacillus were the dominant order, family and genus in the \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e respectively, which was similar to the results of the present study. Similarly, in the study of Pujar et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), A. \u003cem\u003erugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut and banana had high bacterial diversity than other crops. Also, in their study, Bacillota, bacilli, bacillales, bacillaceae and bacillus were the dominant phylum, class, order, family and genus respectively. In most cases, when introduced to new ranges, invasive species often face novel biotic interactions and dispersal limitations, resulting in recurring extinction events and limited dispersal ability, which can have serious implications for full colonization (Wiens \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2005, Guisan et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The diversity of microbes in the insects varies with hosts on which it feeds, habitat, the pressure of biotic and abiotic factors (Early and Sax, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, in the present study, the bacterial diversity in each whiteflies varied with hosts and locations. The association of bacteria in the same host populations can be influenced on ecological and geographic factors, such as temperature, precipitation, vegetation, longitude, latitude, and altitude (Tsuchida et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Natural environment and endosymbiont infection frequencies are closely associated. These associations could be the result of the direct or indirect impact of environmental factors on endosymbionts and/or their hosts (Xue et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study it was revealed that, host would influence the microbial diversity in the whiteflies. As a result, we observed variation in the number of bacteria of the same whitefly on different hosts. The direct effects with change in the composition of the food ingested by the insect can efficiently alter the population of microbiota associated with the food. Also, the environment of gut lumen favours only those microbial taxa which are most efficient in utilizing the food derived nutrients (Tang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Plant characters such as leaf surface, wax composition and the availability of sugars in plants might influence bacterial community composition in the host insect (Lindow and Brandl, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, host plants have a positive impact on the shaping of microbial communities associated with \u003cem\u003eA. rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e (Saranya et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Pujar et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera littoralis\u003c/em\u003e (Tang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Priya et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Xiang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eLymantria dispar\u003c/em\u003e (Broderick et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Mason and Raffa, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eLeptinotarsa decemlineata\u003c/em\u003e (Chung et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe authors do not have any conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026apos;s contribution\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and designing of the research work (Shivanna);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExecution of field/lab experiments and data collection (Kishor Pujar);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of data and interpretation (Jemla Naik);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreparation of manuscript (Kishor Pujar).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAregbesola, O. Z., Legg, J. P., Sigsgaard, L., Lund, O. S., Rapisarda, C. (2019). Potential impact of climate change on whiteflies and implications for the spread of vectored viruses. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pest Science,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e92\u003c/em\u003e: 381\u0026ndash;392.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBroderick, N. A., Raffa, K. F, Goodman, R. M. and Handelsman, J. (2004). Census of the bacterial community of the gypsy moth larval midgut by using culturing and culture-independent methods. \u003cem\u003eApplied and Environmental Microbiology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e70\u003c/em\u003e(1): 293\u0026ndash;330.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChung, S. H., Scully, E. D., Peiffer, M., Geib, S. M., Rosa, C., Hoover, K., Felton, G. W. (2017). Host plant species determines symbiotic bacterial community mediating suppression of plant defenses. \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports\u003c/em\u003e, 7(1):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEarly, R., Sax, D. F. (2014). Climatic niche shifts between species native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Ecology and Biogeography\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(12): 1356-1365.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuisan, A., Petitpierre, B., Broennimann, O., Daehler, C., Kueffer, C. (2014). Unifying niche shift studies: Insights from biological invasions. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Ecology and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e29\u003c/em\u003e: 260\u0026ndash;269.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJosephrajkumar, A., Mohan, C., Babu, M., Krishna, A., Krishnakumar, V., Hegde, V. Chowdappa, P. (2019). First record of the invasive Bondar\u0026rsquo;s nesting whitefly, \u003cem\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/em\u003e Peracchi on coconut from India. \u003cem\u003ePhytoparasitica\u003c/em\u003e, 47(3): 333-339.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKanakala, S. and Ghanim, M. (2019). Global genetic diversity and geographical distribution of \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e and its bacterial endosymbionts. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e:e0213946.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLindow, S. E. and Brandl, M. T. (2003). Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, \u003cem\u003e69\u003c/em\u003e(4):1875\u0026ndash;1883.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMason, C. J. and Raffa, K. F. (2014). Acquisition and structuring of midgut bacterial communities in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e43\u003c/em\u003e(3):595\u0026ndash;604.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePriya, N. G., Ojha, A., Kajla, M. K., Raj, A. and Rajagopal, R. (2012). Host plant induced variation in gut bacteria of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE,\u003c/em\u003e 7(1): e30768.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePujar, K, Naik, D. J. and Shivanna, B. (2023). Study on comparative diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in invasive rugose spiralling whitefly, \u003cem\u003eAleurodicus rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e Martin on Different Hosts. \u003cem\u003eMysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, 57(2): 180-186.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSadhana, V., Senguttuvan, K., Murugan, M., Manikanda, Boopathi, N. and Sathiah, N. (2021). First record of Bondar\u0026apos;s nesting whitefly, \u003cem\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/em\u003e Peracchi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), occurrence and infestation in the cotton ecosystem of Tamil Nadu, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmaceutical Innovation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(10): 1278-1284.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaranya, M., Kennedy, J. S. and Anandham, R. (2022). Functional characterization of cultivable gut bacterial communities associated with rugose spiralling whitefly, \u003cem\u003eAleurodicus rugioperculatus\u003c/em\u003e Martin. \u003cem\u003e3 Biotech\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(1): 14. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchneider, H. M. (2022). Characterization, costs, cues and future perspectives of phenotypic plasticity. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Botany\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e130\u003c/em\u003e(2): 131-148.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTang, X, Freitak, D., Vogel, H., Ping, L., Shao, Y., Cordero, E. A., Andersen, G., Westermann, M., Heckel, D. G. and Boland, W. (2012). Complexity and variability of gut commensal microbiota in polyphagous lepidopteran larvae. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(7): e36978.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsuchida, T., Koga, R., Shibao, H., Matsumoto, T., Fukatsu, T. (2002). Diversity and geographic distribution of secondary endosymbiotic bacteria in natural populations of the pea aphid, \u003cem\u003eAcyrthosiphon pisum. Molecular Ecology, 11\u003c/em\u003e: 2123\u0026ndash;2135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWiens, J. J. and Graham, C. H. (2005). Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e: 519-539.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiang, H., WEI, G. F., JIA, S., Huang, J., Miao, X X, Zhou, Z., Zhao, L. P., Huang, Y. P. (2006). Microbial communities in the larval midgut of laboratory and field populations of cotton bollworm (\u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e). Canadian Journal of Microbiology, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e(11): 1085 -1092.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXue, Y., LIN, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y, JI, L. (2022). Ecological niche complexity of invasive and native cryptic species of the \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e species complex in China. Journal of Pest Science, \u003cem\u003e95\u003c/em\u003e: 1245\u0026ndash;1259.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrobial diversity of Bondar\u0026rsquo;s nesting whitefly, \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e on different hosts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoconut (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhylum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"10\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"10\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillaceae\u003c/em\u003e (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (16)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (14)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;pumilus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;safensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus safensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcaceae\u003c/em\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMammaliicoccus\u0026nbsp;sciuri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u0026nbsp;saprophyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaenibacillaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePaenibacillus\u0026nbsp;lautus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAneurinibacillus\u0026nbsp;aneurinilyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLactobacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterococcaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;gallinarum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;casseliflavus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlpha-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaulobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaulobacteraceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevundimonas\u0026nbsp;vesiculari\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevundimonas\u0026nbsp;vesicularis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingomonadaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingopyxis\u0026nbsp; solisilvae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobium\u0026nbsp;yanoikuyae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobcateriaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u0026nbsp;sichuanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter\u0026nbsp;mori\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorganellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMorganella\u0026nbsp;morganii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas hunanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u0026nbsp;oryzihabitans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u0026nbsp;ursingii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas\u0026nbsp;maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActinomycetota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrococales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrococcus aloeverae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrobacteriaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrobacterium\u0026nbsp;testaceum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrobacterium\u0026nbsp;proteolyticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromicromonosporaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCellulosimicrobium\u0026nbsp;cellulans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpingobacteriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u0026nbsp;spiritivorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeeksellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium\u0026nbsp;arthrosphaerae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBanana (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNymphs (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdults (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillaceae (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;velezensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;velezensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;altitudinis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStaphylococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMammaliicoccus\u0026nbsp;sciuri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaenibacillaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevibacillus\u0026nbsp;agri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAneurinibacillus\u0026nbsp;aneurinilyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLactobacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcaceae\u003c/em\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;casseliflavus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;devriesei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;canintestini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeta-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurkholderiales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComamondaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcidovorax\u0026nbsp;delafieldii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobcateriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u0026nbsp;pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYersinaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerratia\u0026nbsp;marcescens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorganellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProvidencia\u0026nbsp;rettgeri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u0026nbsp;taiwanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u0026nbsp;psychrotolerans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcinetobacter\u0026nbsp;pittii\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcinetobacter septicus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas\u0026nbsp;maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpingobacteriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u0026nbsp;spiritivorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArecanut (11)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (7)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillaceae (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNiallia circulans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus xiamenensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus pumilus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeyndrickxia\u0026nbsp;oleronia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaenibacillaceae (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePaenibacillus\u0026nbsp;lautus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevibacillus\u0026nbsp;agri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYersinaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerratia\u0026nbsp;marcescens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXanthomonadaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas\u0026nbsp;maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeeksellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium\u0026nbsp;arthrosphaerae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBamboo palm (10)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillaceae (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;nitratireducens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerribacillus saccharophilus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;stratosphericus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStaphylococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMammaliicoccus\u0026nbsp;sciuri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;mundtii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlpha-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaulobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaulobacteraceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevundimonas\u0026nbsp;intermedia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u0026nbsp;putida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActinomycetota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrococcales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKocuria\u0026nbsp;palustris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuava (9)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillaceae\u003c/em\u003e (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus paramycoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStaphylococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus sciuri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus mundtii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u0026nbsp;ursingii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpingobacteriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u0026nbsp;spiritivorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCustard apple (6)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillaceae\u003c/em\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;albus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus pumilus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStaphylococcaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u0026nbsp;aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoraxellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u0026nbsp;pittii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlavobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeeksellaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium gleum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimarouba\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003esp. (5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNymphs (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdults (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillota/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacilli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacillaceae (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePseudomonadota\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamma-Proteobacteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnterobcateriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter hormaechei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteroidota/ Bacteroidetes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSphingobacteriales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpingobacteriaceae (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSphingobacterium\u0026nbsp;spiritivorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: values in the parenthesis indicates number of species\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"16srRNA, Bacillus, Culture-dependent, Paraleyrodes bondari","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe nymphs and adults of \u003cem\u003eParaleyrodes bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on seven hosts from different locations of Karnataka, India during 2021\u0026ndash;2023. 91 facultative bacterial colonies were isolated from nymphs and adults of \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e by using spread-plate technique and identified through \u003cem\u003e16srRNA\u003c/em\u003e sequencing. In which nymphs showed high bacterial abundance (54.95%) than adults (45.05%). The \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e collected on coconut harboured more (30) number of bacteria followed by banana (21). Phylum Bacillota was dominant (56.52%) in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e followed by Pseudomonadota (30.43%). Bacilli was found dominant (43.33 to 72.73%) in \u003cem\u003eP. bondari\u003c/em\u003e followed by Gamma-proteobacteria (10 to 38.10%). Among 13 orders, Bacillales was dominant (36 to 72%) followed by Enterobacteriales (9 to 20%). 23 to 60% of the bacteria were belong to Bacillaceae followed by Staphylococcaceae (4.76 to16.66%). Bacillus was dominant genus (23.33 to 60%) and \u003cem\u003eB. cereus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis, B. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e were common in both nymphs and adults.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Culture-dependent bacterial diversity of an invasive Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi on different hosts","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-04 11:38:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005772/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77d82228-a746-4d8f-be28-73ae0361f297","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-05T05:04:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-04 11:38:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4005772","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4005772","identity":"rs-4005772","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}