Automated IoT Firmware Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models

Automated IoT Firmware Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Automated IoT Firmware Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models SUSHANT MANE, JAI BHORTAKE, VIDHI WANKHADE, FARUK KAZI This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Firmware security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, where the unavailability of source code means that more effort has to go into vulnerability detection, as vulnerabilities in device firmware can lead to severe security breaches. This research presents an innovative pipeline which integrates advanced tools like EMBA and Ghidra with a prompt-based Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance firmware vulnerability detection especially in dealing with black-box type of systems. The pipeline automates key stages beginning with identifying the binary using EMBA and continuing by decompiling the same with Ghidra to get pseudo-code. To overcome token limitations, the pseudo-code for this analysis is segmented into smaller chunks utilizing regex for recursive analysis. The agent based on the LLM takes inspiration from The Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP) IoT Security Testing Guide and provides vulnerability detection with appropriate CWE ID assignments and suggestions for mitigations, leading to detailed vulnerability reports. The pipeline was tested on Damn Vulnerable Router Firmware, a custom-created vulnerable code, and binaries with known CVEs. The outcomes show how the pipeline demonstrates efficiency for a broad range of vulnerabilities and details other forms of addressing the issue beyond simple tools. The approach is highly improved in terms of automation, contextual understanding, and scalability, and it opens the way for more comprehensive IoT and operational technology (OT) security solutions. Blackbox Firmware Security Internet of Things Large Language Models Machine Learning OWASP Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7742423","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":553718777,"identity":"8b6d05dd-17c5-4045-9102-079dc3ab5669","order_by":0,"name":"SUSHANT MANE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"SUSHANT","middleName":"","lastName":"MANE","suffix":""},{"id":553718779,"identity":"a352c05a-faac-43e6-a0bb-4ac6f494c76a","order_by":1,"name":"JAI BHORTAKE","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"JAI","middleName":"","lastName":"BHORTAKE","suffix":""},{"id":553718780,"identity":"c0a2833a-7e19-4717-9942-5f0471e6ef1f","order_by":2,"name":"VIDHI WANKHADE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Deloitte India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"VIDHI","middleName":"","lastName":"WANKHADE","suffix":""},{"id":553718781,"identity":"17243405-476a-4306-95f8-aea390b44b0c","order_by":3,"name":"FARUK KAZI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"FARUK","middleName":"","lastName":"KAZI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-29 13:08:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97264743,"identity":"7a73b097-c39f-4d14-bf3c-240bc2cf0e65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:34","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1138431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AutomatedIoTFirmwareVulnerabilityDetectionusingLLM.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/1c9aaf4a6ca669b702661e8a.docx"},{"id":97264752,"identity":"d05ec985-e5da-479b-ad1a-5e6010b79ace","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:36","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"6b30173c305d465ea8fe096aebe3622d.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/3a13a6ff9ec856e114c8afa4.json"},{"id":97264754,"identity":"a3f779b6-6a7a-44df-9ff2-2589fb41a152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:36","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"6b30173c305d465ea8fe096aebe3622d1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/e0b33270ece81e1eb10fb593.xml"},{"id":97264739,"identity":"578b3278-4ed2-4b7b-8c7e-8019ab5420a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/ab0266e3f57ad744b893c78f.jpeg"},{"id":97264750,"identity":"7d4c86e6-6384-47f4-98a7-c29ca61d5d48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/74eab55fabc05c82207ec32e.jpeg"},{"id":97264744,"identity":"666f2af5-2468-441c-958e-12e539682af9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:34","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/e91df65d0f88385f7d22cccf.png"},{"id":97264729,"identity":"ec4a802f-5a2c-4c4f-a6f8-f5e30c39c75c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:32","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/f003b1d6aac2f1ddb1265f1e.png"},{"id":97264753,"identity":"fefaff3d-4415-4ca2-954e-39d8ca208ee5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/f6ca34812a0144e49d4b84f2.jpeg"},{"id":97264705,"identity":"a157e3ed-302c-4e28-bb71-1edd51128503","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":290218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/a570e28e409a45cd5d78f683.jpeg"},{"id":97264766,"identity":"34e73e5d-2ce0-4d30-84eb-500b9b7d3330","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":672697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/329f1f65413729bb24331e88.jpeg"},{"id":97264759,"identity":"706ae6e8-f283-459d-8c0b-4f4d6884d612","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":676591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/fbf3c119ea9788ed8eab71d8.jpeg"},{"id":97264737,"identity":"99908a7b-d829-4a93-b097-052355c22be4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/dd694a8317e1659dc612ba46.jpeg"},{"id":97264770,"identity":"dacdb058-fa24-482a-9e00-8843ae18c01b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42252,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/dca2d59102b9051becfe14e5.jpeg"},{"id":97264747,"identity":"2601eb9a-ad4e-4f1b-aab9-4f67c641a557","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/400fe31e561a7efd2b83b8d9.jpeg"},{"id":97264775,"identity":"f4a82786-7916-46da-b4a6-6e44f3e2608c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:39","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/79b0bbd4cdc31e0af5a0a3fa.png"},{"id":97264745,"identity":"008af3f1-1606-4cd4-a2ec-30acc505a292","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:34","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/d330e2d5df5decd0069300f9.png"},{"id":97264726,"identity":"8b521546-fe78-4d52-b362-e5be5f420063","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:32","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/6518ef7ad2ebbba4cde2bd80.png"},{"id":97264717,"identity":"0ba64136-2fbc-4bb9-9f16-ae044fde849a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:31","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/5b47330bce84b6e4c919399f.png"},{"id":97264721,"identity":"b1dc4e07-f6b5-4d67-9b14-5a288cf5d108","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:32","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/ad8ed220ecf5f339ab454040.png"},{"id":97264751,"identity":"6aefc560-32e0-4331-9d98-82cc99dc8d35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:36","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/052df77bb6105317612da24d.png"},{"id":97264756,"identity":"effbf15e-f5b7-4e04-87a7-c70fd54210fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/0974d98fbd336301c50aa214.png"},{"id":97264776,"identity":"a3c1bc51-103e-449e-b18e-36ba93653b7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:39","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":229146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/eb3c0ed5e8e56034f9e7ab86.png"},{"id":97264741,"identity":"c909c892-2c5e-43ae-ac8c-144f328f4747","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:33","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/4980e14d49a01ecb40691bf3.png"},{"id":97264742,"identity":"7944bbbd-2abd-41a2-8e25-170cc8984454","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:33","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/7b3307c456575a4ae0506ca2.png"},{"id":97264774,"identity":"ff7201a8-0e93-4fe1-802b-b6e7366fe0ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:39","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/a8731894a73c6247c51e8f5f.png"},{"id":97264773,"identity":"346c9c0d-4cdd-4c11-aef7-1c0fed3afd10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:39","extension":"xml","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"6b30173c305d465ea8fe096aebe3622d1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/3ddf95c1d88a7028615d25ca.xml"},{"id":97264777,"identity":"f262b1df-033d-46a6-b9e8-f0eca83d5fac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 14:24:39","extension":"html","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1/11309e27901c9672657655f5.html"},{"id":99798330,"identity":"78830971-46b9-48b7-98ac-276806e55e3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:47:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":837630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AutomatedIoTFirmwareVulnerabilityDetectionusingLLM.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7742423/v1_covered_582be00d-de54-41ef-9052-44c554b94d94.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Automated IoT Firmware Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Blackbox, Firmware Security, Internet of Things, Large Language Models, Machine Learning, OWASP","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Firmware security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, where the unavailability of source code means that more effort has to go into vulnerability detection, as vulnerabilities in device firmware can lead to severe security breaches. This research presents an innovative pipeline which integrates advanced tools like EMBA and Ghidra with a prompt-based Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance firmware vulnerability detection especially in dealing with black-box type of systems. The pipeline automates key stages beginning with identifying the binary using EMBA and continuing by decompiling the same with Ghidra to get pseudo-code. To overcome token limitations, the pseudo-code for this analysis is segmented into smaller chunks utilizing regex for recursive analysis. The agent based on the LLM takes inspiration from The Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP) IoT Security Testing Guide and provides vulnerability detection with appropriate CWE ID assignments and suggestions for mitigations, leading to detailed vulnerability reports. The pipeline was tested on Damn Vulnerable Router Firmware, a custom-created vulnerable code, and binaries with known CVEs. The outcomes show how the pipeline demonstrates efficiency for a broad range of vulnerabilities and details other forms of addressing the issue beyond simple tools. The approach is highly improved in terms of automation, contextual understanding, and scalability, and it opens the way for more comprehensive IoT and operational technology (OT) security solutions.","manuscriptTitle":"Automated IoT Firmware Vulnerability Detection using Large Language Models","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-02 14:23:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742423/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9eed3b1a-b6ff-49ff-b851-a77a1bf3f12f","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T04:24:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-02 14:23:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7742423","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7742423","identity":"rs-7742423","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}