Knowledge alone is not enough: Parental factors associated with children's vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption across three European countries

Knowledge alone is not enough: Parental factors associated with children's vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption across three European countries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge alone is not enough: Parental factors associated with children's vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption across three European countries Brikhna Said, Ana Baranda, Noelia Quinta, Elena Santa Cruz, Patricia Rioja, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The home food environment plays an important role in shaping food preferences and food consumption of children. While extensive research has explored the role of home food environment on children’s intake of fruit and vegetable, limited attention has been given specifically to the role of parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, particularly regarding pulse consumption, across different cultural settings. This is important, as many European children consume fewer fruits, vegetables, and pulses than recommended. This study aims to examine and compare the relationship between parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) and children’s intake of fruits, vegetables, and pulses in Finland, Spain, and Poland. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 2023 among 720 families in Finland, Poland, and Spain, with quota sampling by household income tertiles to ensure socioeconomic variation. Eligible participants were caregivers aged ≥ 18 years, responsible or partly responsible for household food purchasing, and with at least one child aged 6–12 years. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) patterns, and linear regression was used to assess their associations with children’s vegetable, fruit, and pulse intake. Results Three KAB patterns were identified: Health Conscious, Knowledge but No Action , and Health by Habit, Not Choice . All were positively associated with consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulse, except for Knowledge but No Action, which showed a negative association with pulse consumption in Finland (B = -1.63, 95% CI: (-0.284, -0.042)). Health by Habit, Not Choice had the strongest positive association with consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulses across the three countries (p < 0.001). The Knowledge but No Action pattern was linked to frequent servings of vegetable in all three countries, and with frequent servings of fruit in Spain. Conclusion In conclusion, knowledge alone is insufficient to ensure healthy eating. Parental habits and the cultural food environment are key factors associated with children’s dietary intake. Interventions should combine nutrition education with practical, culturally appropriate strategies to build healthy routines, with particular focus on increasing pulse consumption for both health and sustainability benefits. Children Vegetable Fruit Knowledge Attitudes Behaviors Cross sectional studies Pulses Caregivers Diet Introduction The relationship among nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns is crucial, especially in preventing and managing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, respiratory conditions, and diabetes ( 1 ). Food preferences evolve over a lifetime due to biological, social, and environmental influences, which significantly impact food choices and overall diet quality. Within the home food environment, factors such as family meal patterns, food practices, food availability, and purchasing decisions have been identified as particularly important in shaping children’s eating habits ( 2 ). In early childhood, food-related decisions are predominantly shaped within the home environment, and parents’ attitudes and actions heavily influence children as parents control food availability and accessibility and shape the social environment through cultural and family norms, support, and modeling of eating behaviors ( 3 , 4 ). Within the family environment, parental commitment to a healthy lifestyle, through the provision of nutritious meals and positive feeding practices such as modeling and encouragement to eat healthy, profoundly shapes how children view and engage with food ( 4 , 5 ). In many high-income countries, young children fail to meet dietary guidelines, with particularly low fruit and vegetable consumption and high intake of sugary drinks and snacks ( 6 ). In Finland, the consumption of vegetables and legumes among pre-school children is very low when compared to the EAT-Lancet reference diet, a planetary health diet ( 7 ). Legumes and pulses are also a part of a nutritious and environmentally friendly diet ( 8 , 9 ). There is promising evidence that their consumption is linked to a lower risk of various non-communicable diseases and the promotion of healthy body weight ( 10 ). Despite their health and environmental benefits, pulse consumption among European populations, including children, remains well below recommended amounts ( 11 ). For instance, the mean consumption of legumes among 3–6 years old children in Finland was 4g/day ( 12 ). Although research has extensively addressed parental knowledge, behavior and the home food environment, evidence directly linking parental attitudes toward healthy eating with children’s dietary intake remains limited ( 13 ). Moreover, little is known about how these factors differ between countries with diverse cultural norms and traditions. This is important since cultural differences influence food choices, meal structures, and feeding practices, which in turn may affect children’s food intake ( 14 ). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior patterns (KAB) and children’s intake of vegetable, fruit, and pulse in three European countries: Finland, Spain, and Poland. Another objective was to compare these relationships across the three countries. Methods Study Design and Setting This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the EU-funded TITAN project (https: titanproject.eu/) that aims at promoting transparency and healthier, more equitable, and environmentally sustainable food systems. The study was carried out in Spain, Finland, and Poland in 2023. Participants and Recruitment Inclusion criteria required respondents to be at least 18 years old, responsible for purchasing food for their household, and to have at least one child between the ages of 6 and 12 years. A brief screening questionnaire was used prior to the main survey to ensure that these criteria were met. To ensure representation across different economic backgrounds, a quota sampling method was employed. Families were categorized into three household income groups: low, medium, and high, with an equal number of 80 families in each category. The income categories were determined separately for each country. In Finland, the lowest and highest quartiles of the population’s income distribution in 2022 were used as cut-off points (cut-offs: lower 2200 €, higher 5100 €). In Spain, categories were based on the National Statistics Institute i.e Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) standards, grouped into three broader categories using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data and average household income estimates (cut-offs: lower 1645 €/month, higher 4386 €/month). In Poland, approximate thresholds were based on the minimum and national average salary to represent typical income distributions at the time of data collection (cut-offs: lower 4000 zł/month, higher 7600 zł/month). The online questionnaires were distributed by a market research agency, which facilitated participant selection and online survey administration in the three countries. Data was collected from geographically similar areas across all three countries. Measures Sociodemographic characteristics Respondents reported their age (in years) and gender (male, female, other, or prefer not to answer). Child’s age group was indicated as 0–5 years, 6–12 years, or 13 years and older. Total household income was reported in local currency and categorized into three levels, based on the cut-off values for each of the three countries. Respondents were asked about their highest level of education, with categories adapted to each country’s education system. In Finland the options were 1 = Primary level, 2 = Secondary (high school and vocational education), 3 = Higher education (university and polytechnic), in Spain, 1 = no studies or primary school, 2 = secondary or intermediate/advanced vocational training, 3 = first university cycle, second-cycle university degree or higher (e.g., master's, doctorate), and in Poland 1 = Primary level, 2 = Secondary education (with Matura exam), 3 = Higher education( master's, doctorate). Employment status was assessed using seven self-reported categories: (1) housework, (2) student, (3) employed, (4) unemployed, (5) retired, (6) unable to work owing to sickness or disability, and (7) other. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors The questionnaire incorporated different types of questions, each with a specific response scale (Supplementary Table 1). The questions of knowledge on healthy eating behaviors were such that the participant selected all options that they thought could be regarded as healthy habits, for example, options like “To eat plenty of fruit and vegetables”, and “to eat a variety of fruit and vegetables”. The questions of attitudes towards healthy eating behaviors were such that the participants were asked about the importance of certain healthy eating behaviors while meal planning, or agreement with certain claims related to healthy eating, and the answers were self-reported using a 5-step Likert scale. To evaluate participants' knowledge of how often different food groups should be consumed based on country-specific nutritional recommendations for the general population. This study uses questions for the food groups: vegetable, fruit, and pulses. There were 9 answer options ranging from “does not consume” to “daily”. For analysis, categories “does not consume” and “less than once a week” were combined as “avoid intake” (coded as 0). The categories were recoded sequentially from 1 to 7 to reflect increasing frequency. For questions to assess participants' knowledge of the recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, the 7 answer options were from “less than 1 serving/day” to “more than 4 servings/day” and “avoid intake”. For analysis, categories “avoid intake” and “less than 1 serving/day” were combined and recoded as 0, and the categories were sequentially recoded to reflect an increasing number of servings. The questionnaire also included questions assessing participants' attitudes towards receiving information about various nutrition-related topics. The questions used in this study were “To what extent would you like to receive information about these topics? 1) Dietary guidelines (food intake frequency, what to eat/avoid, etc.) and 2) Impact of food on health.” Responses were self-reported and recorded on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “not at all” to “very much.” Altogether, 24 questions were used in this study (Table 1). Parents’ and children’s dietary intake The questionnaire assessed the dietary habits of both parents and children for different food groups, specifically their weekly consumption frequency (days per week) and the number of daily servings (Supplementary table 1). This study focused on assessing the consumption of vegetables, fruit and pulses among both parents and children. For both parents and children, the number of consumption days per week of these food groups was reported. There were 9 answer options ranging from “does not consume” to “daily”. For analysis, categories “do not consume” and “less than once a week” were combined (coded as 0). Categories were then recoded sequentially from 1 to 7 to reflect increasing frequency intake. The number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables was also assessed for both parents and children using 7 response options ranging from “avoid intake” to “more than 4 servings/day”. For analysis, categories “avoid intake” and “less than 1 serving/day” were combined and recoded as 0, and the remaining categories were then sequentially recoded. To assess snacking habits, parents were asked how often they consumed fruit and vegetable-based drinks during snack times. Responses were self-reported using a 5-point Likert scale from “never” to “always”. Total weekly servings of vegetables and fruit was calculated for both parents and children by multiplying frequency of consumption (days per week) by the number of daily servings. However, it was not possible to calculate the total weekly consumption of pulses, as the data did not include information on the number of servings consumed per day for pulses. Statistical analysis The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0 was used for all data analysis. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and percentages, were calculated to describe the characteristics of the study participants. Weekly servings of vegetables, fruit, and pulses were described using medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) for each country. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on 24 exposure variables to identify underlying KAB patterns (Table 1). Data suitability for PCA was confirmed by a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of 0.81, indicating good sampling adequacy, and a significant Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (χ²(276) = 6137, p < 0.001), confirming sufficient intercorrelations. Factors were extracted based on eigenvalues, inspection of the scree plot, and interpretability. Three factors were retained and interpreted using the varimax rotated component matrix. The factor scores were saved as new variables in the dataset. Based on the loadings of individual variables within each factor, the three KAB patterns were labeled. Histograms were used to visually assess the factor score distributions, which were normally distributed. One-way ANOVA was applied to examine mean differences across the three countries. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between the identified KAB patterns and the total servings of vegetables and fruit per week, as well as the number of consumption days per week of pulses. In addition to the simple model, a model adjusted for confounding factors: gender, household income tertile, education level, employment status, and country was conducted. Interaction analyses were performed to assess whether associations between KAB patterns and the intake of vegetable, fruit, and pulses varied by country. This involved adding interaction terms between the country and each KAB pattern in regression models, with each food group analyzed separately as the outcome. Statistically significant interactions (p < 0.05) were identified in several combinations. For fruit consumption, a significant interaction was found for the Knowledge, but no action pattern (p = 0.00). For vegetable consumption, significant interactions were observed for the Health conscious (p = 0.01) and Health by habit, not choice (p = 0.03) patterns. Regarding pulse consumption, a significant interaction was found only for the Knowledge, but no action pattern (p = 0.00). Although interaction effects were not consistent across all KAB patterns and dietary outcomes, suggesting that the associations between KAB patterns and children's dietary intake differed by country only for some KAB-dietary pattern combinations (i.e., those combinations listed above). However, stratified analyses by country were conducted for all the KAB pattern–food group associations for methodological consistency. Results A total of 720 families participated, with an equal household income distribution of 240 families per country, following the predefined quota sampling framework. The mean age of the respondents ranged from 36 to 41 years (Table 2). Gender distribution was relatively balanced in Spain, whereas women participants in Finland and Poland were in the majority compared to men participants. framework. Spain had the highest proportion of individuals with higher education (63%), followed by Poland (52%) and Finland (45%). The proportion of parents with secondary education was highest in Finland (49%), while a low education level was most prevalent in Poland (14%). Employment rates were generally high, with the highest rate observed in Spain. Spanish parents reported the highest median serving frequency of fruit (20 servings/week) and consumption frequency of pulse (3 days/week) compared to the parents in other countries (Table 2). Polish parents reported the highest median serving frequency of vegetable (18 servings/week), whereas Finnish parents reported the lowest median serving frequency across all food groups. The first factor, Health conscious , was characterized by high loadings on valuing health in meal planning, interest in dietary information, and modeling healthy eating for children (Table 1). The second factor, Knowledge, but no action , reflected perceived knowledge of recommended intakes, but weaker loadings for actual consumption. The third factor, Health by habit, not choice , indicated regular consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulses despite low interest in healthy eating, suggesting habitual rather than intentional health behavior. Polish parents scored highest in the Health conscious pattern compared to the other countries (Table 3). Finnish parents reported higher mean scores for the Knowledge, but no action pattern, compared to the other countries (Table 3). Lastly, in the Health by habit, not choice pattern, Spanish and Polish parents showed similar mean scores, whereas Finnish parents had notably lower scores. All three KAB patterns were significantly associated with children’s weekly servings of fruit and vegetables in both unadjusted and adjusted models (p < 0.00 for all associations) (Table 4). The Health by habit, not choice pattern exhibited the strongest positive association with weekly servings of fruit and vegetable. The Knowledge but no action pattern showed the weakest but still significant associations with weekly servings of fruit and with weekly servings of vegetable. The Health by habit, not choice pattern, showed the strongest positive association with weekly consumption of pulses, followed by the Health conscious pattern. In contrast, the Knowledge but no action pattern was negatively associated with weekly consumption of pulses. Comparison across Finland, Spain, and Poland Across Spain, Poland, and Finland, the Health by habit, not choice pattern consistently showed the strongest positive association with children’s weekly servings of fruit and vegetable, with the highest coefficients observed in Poland (Table 5). The Health conscious pattern had a stronger association with weekly servings of fruit in Spain and with weekly servings of vegetable in Finland. The Knowledge but no action pattern was significantly associated with weekly servings of fruit only in Spain and had significant positive associations with weekly servings of vegetable in Spain, Poland and Finland. The Health by habit, not choice pattern, was positively associated with weekly consumption days of pulses in all countries (p < 0.00). The Health conscious pattern showed weaker but significant positive associations with weekly consumption days of pulses in all three countries, while the Knowledge but no action pattern had a significant negative association with weekly consumption days of pulses only in Finland. Discussion To summarize the results, three KAB patterns were identified; Health conscious, Knowledge but no action , and Health by habit, not choice . All three identified KAB patterns were positively associated with children's weekly servings of fruit and vegetable. For the child’s weekly consumption days of pulses, the Knowledge but no action pattern was negatively associated, while the other KAB patterns were positively associated. From all the patterns, the Health by habit, not choice pattern demonstrated the strongest association with fruit, vegetable, and pulse consumption in all three countries. The Health conscious pattern also showed a positive association with vegetable, fruit and pulses in all countries, but with a smaller effect size, whereas the Knowledge but no action pattern showed varying results across the food groups and countries. The Health by Habit, not choice pattern, identified as the most important and consistent predictor of children's dietary intake in this study, corresponds with the current literature, indicating a strong association of parental modeling and home environment with children's consumption of fruit and vegetable (2,15,16). The findings collectively emphasize that while parental knowledge and attitudes are important, establishing healthy eating habits in the home environment appears to exert a stronger and more consistent relationship with children’s consumption of vegetable, fruit and pulse. The Health conscious pattern, characterized by parents valuing health when planning meals and expressing interest in nutritional information, and reported parental moderate consumption of fruit and vegetable, was positively associated with children’s fruit, vegetable, and pulse intake. Similar findings have been reported in earlier studies (13,17), which have shown that parental attitudes emphasizing healthy eating are associated with healthier dietary patterns in children. The Knowledge but no action pattern, reflecting high perceived knowledge without corresponding healthy eating behaviors, showed a weaker and inconsistent relationship among the countries with children’s consumption of the food groups. This supports previous studies (18,19), which indicated that while parental knowledge is important, it does not consistently lead to improved dietary behaviors unless translated into daily food practices such as routinely purchasing, preparing, and offering fruit and vegetable during meals and snacks. The weaker association of KAB patterns with pulses could also be because pulse consumption in general is low in all the three countries (24,25,26), and parents may not be sure about the health benefits of pulses for children (20). Thus, consistent with earlier studies, the present results highlight that parental knowledge must be accompanied by concrete, supportive behaviors (21) to have a meaningful and consistent impact on children’s dietary habits. Role of food culture in shaping children’s dietary habits Cultural traditions play a vital role in shaping the dietary habits of communities (22). Spain’s long-standing adherence to Mediterranean dietary tradition, characterized by high consumption of fresh fruit, vegetable, and legumes (23), may underpin the positive associations we observed between parental KAB patterns and children’s fruit and vegetable intake, particularly for the Health by habit, not choice, and Health conscious patterns. Interestingly, even the Knowledge but no action pattern was significantly linked to a higher weekly number of fruit servings, a trend not mirrored in Finland or Poland. The average fruit and vegetable consumption in representative samples of adult populations has been lower than recommended in Finland (approx. M: 310 g/d, W: 380 g/d, year: 2017) (24) and Spain (approx. M: 320 g/d, W: 350 g/d, year: 2013) (25) whereas in Poland the intake was higher in 2017-2020 (approx. M: 470 g/d, W: 470 g/d, year: 2017-2020) (26), although methodological and timing differences between the studies may hamper comparability between the countries. In terms of fruits, a tendency for higher intake of fruits in Spanish children than in the other two countries’ children was seen in our study. This suggests that there may be factors in the broader Spanish food environment that support higher fruit consumption in young Spanish children than Finnish and Polish children. These factors could contribute so that parental knowledge more easily translates to increased fruit intake, which was the case in our study in terms of Health conscious and Knowledge but no action in Spanish families. Furthermore, culturally embedded dietary practices may promote habitual exposure to such foods among children, with cultural food beliefs being associated with eating patterns (27) and traditional family practices reinforcing children’s exposure to culturally valued food (28). Finland’s initiatives for public health, such as the North Karelia Project (29) and widespread implementation of national dietary guidelines (30) in day care, school, and workplace meals could explain the strongest association of the Health-conscious pattern with children’s weekly number of servings of vegetable intake compared to the other two countries. One example is the routine addition of fresh vegetables to meals in the public food services. The Knowledge but no action pattern’s negative association with pulse intake likely reflects pulses' limited cultural relevance and low familiarity in Finnish diets (31). In Polish food culture, historical (32), geographical and climatic factors, such as long, cold winters, historically required the preservation of vegetable, and fruit for several months, favoring ingredients like peas, broad beans, kohlrabi, and turnips (33). Similarly, the abundance of forests encouraged the consumption of wild fruits and mushrooms, forming unique dietary elements that remain part of family food practices (33). Vegetables are ingredients of many dishes in the Polish traditional cuisine, whereas they are less common in Finnish traditional cuisine (34), which may explain the higher fruit and vegetable intake in the general population mentioned above. Meals are a cherished time for family and friends, emphasizing hospitality and togetherness (35). In this context, habitual family eating patterns, particularly those rooted in traditional home cooking, may exert a stronger influence on children’s fruit and vegetable intake than knowledge alone, as reflected in the large effects observed for the Health by habit not choice group. This study has several methodological strengths that enhance the validity and relevance of its findings. The inclusion of three culturally and economically diverse European countries, Finland, Spain, and Poland, provided a broader perspective on parental factors and increased the generalizability of the results. The focus on pulse consumption, a food group with significant nutritional and environmental benefits (10,36) yet limited attention in prior research on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior represents a novel contribution. The relatively large and socioeconomically versatile sample (240 families per country) further supports the generalizability of the findings across the populations. Nonetheless, some limitations must be considered. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference (37) regarding the relationships observed. The reliance on self-reported data for both parental KAB and children's dietary intake introduces the possibility of recall bias and social desirability bias (38,39), which could have attenuated the found associations. In addition, the questionnaire was not tested for reliability and validity, which is a methodological limitation. However, many of the items were derived and/or adapted from previously published studies. Moreover, although the questionnaire was provided in each country’s local language, differences in cultural context and interpretation may have led to variations in how participants understood and responded to the questions (40), potentially affecting comparability across countries. However, considerable effort was also made to ensure accurate translation and cultural adaptation across languages. These steps likely enhanced the country-specific relevance and clarity of the items. Therefore, the use of validated, culturally sensitive tools across countries could strengthen international comparisons and improve understanding of determinants of children’s food consumption. The findings of this study have several important implications. The findings align with previous research indicating that knowledge alone does not necessarily translate into dietary behavior change in children (18,19). This highlights the need for interventions that move beyond information provision by supporting practical skill development among parents, such as meal planning, cooking, and preparation of simple, healthy recipes, especially regarding less familiar food groups like pulses. These skills could foster habit creation in the parents, which our results suggest has an important role in a child’s vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption. Behavioral strategies, including nudges (41) , structured family routines (42), and parental modeling (43) may also be effective even in the absence of strong health-related motivation. Small, consistent practices, such as repeated exposure to healthy foods (44) may contribute to the gradual establishment of healthier dietary norms within the household. Conclusion Our results revealed that habitual practices are key predictors of children’s vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption. The findings emphasized that knowledge alone had a limited role, especially for pulse consumption; parents’ modeling of healthy routines proved more promising. These findings underscore the importance of practical, family-based strategies to foster healthy dietary habits and promote healthy and sustainable food choices among children. Special attention should be given to increasing pulse consumption, which remains considerably low despite its health and environmental benefits. Future research should aim to examine the intervention methods or their combinations that foster the parents’ habit creation to further pass on the habits to their children. Additionally, future studies could benefit from incorporating qualitative research methods to provide a deeper understanding of how such habits are formed and maintained within families. The low consumption of pulses, despite their health and sustainability advantages, indicates a need for culturally sensitive strategies to increase their acceptability and integration into family meals, especially in Finland and Poland. While this study focused on parental roles, other social influences such as siblings, peers ( 45 ), and grandparents ( 46 ) also merits investigation. Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of Variance B Beta Coefficient (used in regression analysis) CI Confidence Interval EU European Union FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire IQR Interquartile Range INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) KAB Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PCA Principal Component Analysis SD Standard Deviation SES Socioeconomic Status SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Warsaw, Poland [1/06/2023 and 02/06/2023]. Informed consents were received from the guardians of the participating children. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated or analyzed during this study are available from the authors on reasonable request. Competing interests The Authors report no conflicts of interest. Funding This work received funding from the European Union’s (EU) Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under grant 101060739. However, the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the EU or the European Research Executive Agency. Neither the EU nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Authors’ contributions BS and JM designed the study; AB, ESC, KBM, NQ, NZ, PR, YR, ME and JM designed the questionnaire; AB, NQ, and BS processed the data; BS analyzed the data; BS wrote the paper; JM supervised the work; all the authors reviewed, revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Mayke Kramer for assistance in data processing. References Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. Factors Influencing Children’s Eating Behaviours. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 June 27];10(6):706. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/6/706 Vepsäläinen H, Nevalainen J, Fogelholm M, Korkalo L, Roos E, Ray C, et al. Like parent, like child? Dietary resemblance in families. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [Internet]. 2018 July 3 [cited 2024 June 27];15(1):62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0693-1 Holley CE, Haycraft E, Farrow C. Predicting children’s fussiness with vegetables: The role of feeding practices - Holley - 2018 - Maternal & Child Nutrition - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Sept 2]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ftr/10.1111/mcn.12442 Mahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM. The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children’s Eating Habits. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Mar 30 [cited 2024 Sept 2];13(4):1138. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8067332/ Mumena WA. Maternal Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Free Sugar and the Associations with Free Sugar Intake in Children. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2024 June 27];13(12):4403. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4403 Røed M, Medin AC, Vik FN, Hillesund ER, Lippevelde WV, Campbell K, et al. Effect of a Parent-Focused eHealth Intervention on Children’s Fruit, Vegetable, and Discretionary Food Intake (Food4toddlers): Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2021 Feb 16 [cited 2024 Dec 21];23(2):e18311. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2021/2/e18311 Bäck S, Skaffari E, Vepsäläinen H, Lehto R, Lehto E, Nissinen K, et al. Sustainability analysis of Finnish pre-schoolers’ diet based on targets of the EAT-Lancet reference diet. Eur J Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1 [cited 2025 June 10];61(2):717–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02672-3 Lisciani S, Marconi S, Le Donne C, Camilli E, Aguzzi A, Gabrielli P, et al. Legumes and common beans in sustainable diets: nutritional quality, environmental benefits, spread and use in food preparations. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2024 May 6 [cited 2025 May 24];11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385232/full Röös E, carlsson G, Muhammed hefni FF, Stephan A, Pernilla Tidåker, Cornelia Witthöft. Less meat, more legumes: prospects and challenges in the transition toward sustainable diets in Sweden | Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems | Cambridge Core [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 June 10]. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renewable-agriculture-and-food-systems/article/less-meat-more-legumes-prospects-and-challenges-in-the-transition-toward-sustainable-diets-in-sweden/4B3B9B479B1B407B148D60860F77A088 Didinger C, Thompson HJ. The role of pulses in improving human health: A review. Legume Sci [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 May 8];4(4):e147. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/leg3.147 Torheim LE, Fadnes LT. Legumes and pulses - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2024 Mar 26 [cited 2025 May 9]; Available from: https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/10484 Skaffari E, Vepsäläinen H, Nissinen K, Lehto E, Lehto R, Roos E, et al. Food consumption and nutrient intake of Finnish preschool children according to parental educational level. Br J Nutr [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2024 June 27];131(1):113–22. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/abs/food-consumption-and-nutrient-intake-of-finnish-preschool-children-according-to-parental-educational-level/C5B4DC8D2DAC61205470C6CE61C35D6C Nerea Martín‐Calvo, Martín-Calvo N, Susana Santiago, Santiago S, Andrea Benítez-Borja, Benítez-Borja A, et al. Association between parental attitudes towards their offspring’s diet and children’s actual dietary habits - The SENDO project. Nutr Hosp. 2021 July 26;38(5):961–70. Monterrosa EC, Frongillo EA, Drewnowski A, de Pee S, Vandevijvere S. Sociocultural Influences on Food Choices and Implications for Sustainable Healthy Diets. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2025 June 10];41(2_suppl):59S-73S. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120975874 Scaglioni S, Arrizza C, Vecchi F, Tedeschi S. Determinants of children’s eating behavior. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Dec;94(6 Suppl):2006S-2011S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652302600X Flores-Barrantes P, De Miguel-Etayo P, Iglesia I, ChinAPaw MJ, Cardon G, De Craemer M, et al. Longitudinal associations between food parenting practices and dietary intake in preschool children: The ToyBox Study. Nutrition [Internet]. 2024 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Oct 8];124:112454. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900724001047 Patrick H, Nicklas T. A Review of Family and Social Determinants of Children’s Eating Patterns and Diet Quality. J Am Coll Nutr [Internet]. 2005 May 1;24:83–92. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heather-Patrick-2/publication/7938097_A_Review_of_Family_and_Social_Determinants_of_Children%27s_Eating_Patterns_and_Diet_Quality/links/0fcfd50dc91bf00927000000/A-Review-of-Family-and-Social-Determinants-of-Childrens-Eating-Patterns-and-Diet-Quality.pdf Gibson E, Wardle J, Watts CJ. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Nutritional Knowledge and Beliefs in Mothers and Children. Appetite. 1998 Nov 1;31:205–28. Maschkowski G, Hartmann M, Grebitus C. Analyzing Parental Influence on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. In Freising‐Weihenstephan, Germany: European Association of Agricultural Economists; 2010. Available from: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116413 Szczebyło A, Rejman K, Halicka E, Laskowski W. Towards More Sustainable Diets—Attitudes, Opportunities and Barriers to Fostering Pulse Consumption in Polish Cities. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 June [cited 2025 June 1];12(6):1589. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1589 Hasan B, Thompson WG, Almasri J, Wang Z, Lakis S, Prokop LJ, et al. The effect of culinary interventions (cooking classes) on dietary intake and behavioral change: a systematic review and evidence map. BMC Nutr [Internet]. 2019 May 10 [cited 2025 June 23];5(1):29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0293-8 Chege PM, Kimiywe JO, Ndungu ZW. Influence of culture on dietary practices of children under five years among Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado, Kenya. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [Internet]. 2015 Oct 8 [cited 2025 Aug 11];12(1):131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0284-3 Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Murphy K. Definition of the Mediterranean Diet: A Literature Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2015 Nov 5 [cited 2025 May 26];7(11):9139–53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663587/ Ravitsemus Suomessa : FinRavinto 2017 -tutkimus [Internet]. THL; 2018 [cited 2025 Sept 29]. Available from: https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/137433 Partearroyo T, Samaniego-Vaesken M de L, Ruiz E, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gil Á, González-Gross M, et al. Current Food Consumption amongst the Spanish ANIBES Study Population. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2025 Sept 29];11(11):2663. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2663 Janowska-Miasik E, Waśkiewicz A, Witkowska AM, Drygas W, Markhus MW, Zujko ME, et al. Diet quality in the population of Norway and Poland: differences in the availability and consumption of food considering national nutrition guidelines and food market. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021 Feb 9 [cited 2025 Sept 29];21(1):319. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10361-3 Dorrance Hall E, Ma M, Azimova D, Campbell N, Ellithorpe M, Plasencia J, et al. The Mediating Role of Family and Cultural Food Beliefs on the Relationship between Family Communication Patterns and Diet and Health Issues across Racial/Ethnic Groups. Health Commun [Internet]. 2021 Apr 16 [cited 2024 Oct 21];36(5):593–605. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1733213 Piscopo S. Socio-ecological factors influencing food choices and behaviours of Maltese primary schoolchildren [Internet]. [UK]: The University of Birmingham; 2004. Available from: https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/861/1/Piscopo04PhD.pdf Puska P, Jaini P. The North Karelia Project: Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Finland Through Population-Based Lifestyle Interventions. Am J Lifestyle Med [Internet]. 2020;14(5):495–9. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/32922234/ Blomhoff R, Andersen R, Arnesen EK, Christensen JJ, Eneroth H, Erkkola M, et al. Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 : Integrating Environmental Aspects [Internet]. Nordisk Ministerråd; 2023 [cited 2025 June 1]. Available from: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-12891 Kuosmanen S, Niva M, Pajari AM, Korhonen K, Muilu T, Konttinen H. Barriers associated with pulse and plant-based meat alternative consumption across sociodemographic groups: a Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour model approach. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Aug 29 [cited 2025 June 1];10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1186165/full Olszanka P. Eating Our Way to Authenticity: Polish Food Culture & the Post-Socialist ‘Transformation.’ Soc Sci [Internet]. 2022 Feb [cited 2025 Aug 15];11(2):44. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/2/44 History of Polish food and cuisine - Old Polish traditions [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.tastingpoland.com/food/old_polish_cuisine.html Wolnicka K, Taraszewska AM, Jaczewska-Schuetz J, Jarosz M. Factors within the family environment such as parents’ dietary habits and fruit and vegetable availability have the greatest influence on fruit and vegetable consumption by Polish children. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2015 Oct [cited 2025 Aug 15];18(15):2705–11. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/factors-within-the-family-environment-such-as-parents-dietary-habits-and-fruit-and-vegetable-availability-have-the-greatest-influence-on-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-by-polish-children/811810BD63CDB7551CD7DFC6E1645413 Understanding Polish Culture Through Food – POLSKA KULTURA [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://polskakultura.com/understanding-polish-culture-through-food/ Mudryj AN, Yu N, Aukema HM. Nutritional and health benefits of pulses. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab [Internet]. 2014 Nov;39(11):1197–204. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/25061763/ Wang X, Cheng Z. Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations. Chest [Internet]. 2020 July 1 [cited 2025 June 23];158(1, Supplement):S65–71. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369220304621 Hebert JR, Clemow L, Pbert L, Ockene IS, Ockene JK. Social Desirability Bias in Dietary Self-Report May Compromise the Validity of Dietary Intake Measures. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 1995 Apr 1 [cited 2025 June 25];24(2):389–98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.2.389 Thompson FE, Subar AF. Chapter 1 - Dietary Assessment Methodology. In: Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, Ferruzzi MG, Delahanty LM, editors. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease (Fourth Edition) [Internet]. Academic Press; 2017 [cited 2025 June 30]. p. 5–48. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128029282000011 Teufel N. Development of culturally competent food-frequency questionnaires. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1997 Apr 1 [cited 2025 June 23];65(4):1173S-1178S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652317732X Lycett K, Miller A, Knox A, Dunn S, Kerr JA, Sung V, et al. ‘Nudge’ interventions for improving children’s dietary behaviors in the home: A systematic review. Obes Med [Internet]. 2017 Sept 1 [cited 2025 June 25];7:21–33. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451847617300222 Bekelman TA, Bellows LL, Johnson SL. Are Family Routines Modifiable Determinants of Preschool Children’s Eating, Dietary Intake, and Growth? A Review of Intervention Studies. Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2017 June 1 [cited 2025 June 25];6(2):171–89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-017-0207-9 van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, et al. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res [Internet]. 2007 Apr;22(2):203–26. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/16861362/ Johnson SL. Developmental and Environmental Influences on Young Children’s Vegetable Preferences and Consumption. Adv Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2024 June 27];7(1):220S-231S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S216183132300159X Ragelienė T, Grønhøj A. The influence of peers′ and siblings′ on children’s and adolescents′ healthy eating behavior. A systematic literature review. Appetite [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2024 Dec 22];148:104592. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666319306865 Jongenelis MI, Budden T. The Influence of Grandparents on Children’s Dietary Health: A Narrative Review. Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 June 30];12(3):395–406. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10444634/ Tables Table 1. Factors extracted from PCA of the variables related to parental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and dietary intake of parents of children aged 6-12 years in Finland, Spain, and Poland (n=720). Rotated Component Matrix a Knows what healthy eating is Knows that eating plenty fruit and vegetables is healthy Knows that eating a variety of fruits and vegetables is healthy Health conscious Knowledge but no action Health by habit, not choice 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 Rich in vegetables concept is important when meal planning 0.6 0.1 0.3 An important concept of healthiness while meal planning 0.7 0.2 0.1 I would like to eat healthy 0.6 -0.2 I would like to eat more fruit and vegetables 0.6 0.2 -0.1 Not being interested in healthy eating prevents from healthy eating -0.3 -0.1 0.1 Knowledge about the eating frequency of fruit/week 0.8 Knowledge about the eating frequency of vegetables/week 0.8 0.1 Knowledge about the eating frequency of pulses/week 0.5 0.2 knowledge about daily fruit intake 0.2 0.5 knowledge about daily veg intake 0.3 0.4 Consumption of fruits 0.3 0.3 0.5 Consumption of vegetables 0.3 0.5 0.5 Consumption of pulses 0.5 Daily servings of fruit 0.2 -0.2 0.7 Daily servings of vegetables 0.1 0.7 Consider health concepts important while choosing food products 0.7 0.1 Including fruit at snacking time 0.6 -0.1 0.3 Including vegetable drinks at snaking time 0.4 -0.4 0.4 Deliberately consuming fruit and vegetables as an example for child 0.6 0.2 Would like to receive info about dietary guidelines 0.7 -0.2 0.1 Would like to receive info about food impact on health 0.7 0.1 Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participating families and consumption frequencies of vegetables, fruit, and pulses in children aged 6-12 years in Finland, Spain and Poland (n=720) Finland Spain Poland Parental age, years, mean (SD) 39 (7) 41 (7) 36 (6) Parent’s gender, n (%) male 88 (36.7) 122 (50.8) 59 (24.6) female 151 (62.9) 116 (48.3) 179 (74.6) others 0 (0.0) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.8) doesn't want to answer 1 (0.4) 1 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Age of children, years, n (%) 0-5 62 (28.6) 73 (33.6) 82 (37.8) 6-12 240 (33.3) 240 (33.3) 240 (33.3) 13 or older 83 (40.1) 69 (33.3) 55 (26.6) Income, n (%) Finland 5100 € 80 (33.3) Spain 80 (33.3) 4400 € Poland < 4000 zł ( 7600 zł (> 1808.65€) 80 (33.3) Parental education, highest degree, n (%) Primary/low level 13 (5.4) 5 (2.1) 33 (13.7) Secondary/medium level 118 (49.2) 83 (34.6) 87 (33.8) University education/high level 109 (45.4) 152 (63.3) 126 (52.5) Parental employment, n (%) housework 12 (5.0) 13 (5.4) 28 (11.7) student 8 (3.3) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.8) employee 180 (75) 205 (85.4) 186 (77.5) unemployed 21 (8.8) 19 (7.9) 12 (5.0) retired 4(1.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.4) unable to work owing to sickness or disability 9 (3.8) 1 (0.4) 5 (2.1) other 6 (2.5) 0 (0.0) 6 (2.5) Children’s weekly consumption, median (IQR) Fruit weekly servings 10 (12) 20 (18) 16 (15) vegetables weekly servings 15 (16) 16 (16) 18 (18) pulses on days/week 1 (3) 3 (1) 2 (2) Table 3. Differences between the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) patterns in (n=720) parents of children aged 6-12 years across Finland, Spain, and Poland. KAB patterns Spain Poland Finland P value⁕ Health conscious Mean (SD) 0.0 (0.9) 0.3 (1.0) -0.4(0.9) <0.001 Knowledge but no action Mean (SD) -0.1 (0.9) -0.1(1.0) 0.3 (1.0) <0.001 Health by habit, not choice Mean (SD) 0.1 (0.9) 0.1(1.0) -0.2 (1.0) <0.001 ⁕ One-way ANOVA Table 4. Regression analysis for associations between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior patterns and 6-12 year-old children’s fruit, vegetable and pulse consumption, (n=720). Coefficients KAB Patterns Model 1* Model 2* B 95% CI P value B 95% CI P value Fruit a Health conscious (SD) 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) <0.00 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) <0.00 Knowledge but no action (SD) 0.8 (0.3, 1.4) 0.00 1.1 (0.6, 1.7) <0.00 Health by habit, not choice (SD) 8.5 (8.0, 9.0) <0.00 8.3 (7.6, 8.8) <0.00 Vegetables b Health conscious (SD) 2.3 (1.8, 2.9) <0.00 2.4 (1.9, 3.0) <0.00 Knowledge but no action (SD) 2.6 (2.1, 3.1) <0.00 2.4 (1.8, 2.9) <0.00 Health by habit, not choice (SD) 8.2 (7.7, 8.7) <0.00 8.4 (7.6, 8.9) <0.00 Pulses c Health conscious (SD) 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) <0.00 0.2 (0.1,0.4) <0.00 Knowledge but, no action (SD) -0.2 (-0.3, -0.1) <0.00 -1.6 (-0.3,-0.0) 0 .00 Health by habit not choice (SD) 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) <0.00 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) <0.00 KAB; knowledge, attitude, and behavior a .Dependent Variable: total servings per week of fruits. Calculated as consumption days per week × daily servings. b Dependent Variable: children’s total servings per week of vegetables. Calculated as consumption days per week × daily servings. c. Dependent Variable: children's pulse consumption frequency (days per week) *Model 1: Unadjusted model *Model 2: Adjusted for gender, parental employment, parental highest education, income, and country. Table 5. Country-specific associations between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) patterns and 6-12 year-old children’s vegetable, fruit and pulse consumption in Spain, Poland, and Finland (n=720). KAB patterns Spain Poland Finland B 95% CI P value B 95% CI P value B 95%CI P value Fruit ( Total servings per week) Health conscious (SD) 3.6 (2.6,4.7) <0.00 2.6 (1.1, 3.2) <0.00 2.1 (1.3, 3.0) <0.00 Knowledge but no action (SD) 2.6 (1.5,3.7) <0.00 0.7 (-0.4,1.7) 0.20 0.5 (- 0.4, 1.4) 0.29 Health by habit not choice (SD) 8.1 (7.0,9.2) <0.00 8.9 (7.9, 9.9) <0.00 7.6 (6.9, 8.6) <0.00 Vegetable ( Total servings per week) Health conscious (SD) 2.2 (1.4,3.0) <0.00 1.8 (0.8, 2.9) <0.00 3.5 (2.6, 4.5) <0.00 Knowledge but no action (SD) 1.5 (0.6,2.3) 0.00 2.6 (1.6, 3.6) <0.00 2.4 (1.4, 3.4) <0.00 Health by habit not choice (SD) 8.0 (7.1,8.9) <0.00 9.5 (8.5,10.4) <0.00 7.8 (6.7, 8.7) <0.00 Pulses ( consumption days per /week) Health conscious (SD) 0.2 (0.0,0.3) 0.03 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) 0.03 0.4 (0.2,0.6) <0.00 Knowledge but no action (SD) 0.0 (0.2,0.2) 0.73 -0.2 (-0.4,0.0) 0.08 -0.3 (- 0.5,-0.1) 0.00 Health by habit not choice (SD) 0.6 (0.4,0.8) <0.00 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) <0.00 0.9 (0.6, 1.0) <0.00 *KAB = knowledge, attitudes and behavior *Model adjusted for parents’ gender, income level, employment status, and education level. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8016929","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":547070936,"identity":"9abd85ce-f2b5-4ced-a116-0fd892123a9e","order_by":0,"name":"Brikhna Said","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYGZmYIk7FBmqGCAcRvIEXLGZAWRqK1MDBIM7ZB9OLVYi59+LBx4Q47Bvn2w423C+fVRvO3A7X8qNiGU4tlX1py8swzyQwGZxKbrWduO5474zBjA2PPmdu4HXaGx/gwbxsz0IWJbdK8247lNgC1MDO24dPC/xmopZ5Bvv8hUMucY7nzCWvhYU7mbTvMwHADZEtDTe4GQlose9iMjXnbjvMY3HjYbM1z7EDuRqCWg/j8Ys7D/Fiat61aTr4//eFtnpq63HnnDx988KMCtxYY4IHSh8HkAYLqkUAdKYpHwSgYBaNghAAA6NVVjPU8c8gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Helsinki","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brikhna","middleName":"","lastName":"Said","suffix":""},{"id":547070937,"identity":"0749bd66-3437-489e-999a-29af738c0daf","order_by":1,"name":"Ana Baranda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basque Research and Technological Alliance (BRTA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ana","middleName":"","lastName":"Baranda","suffix":""},{"id":547070938,"identity":"06fe3494-5132-41f1-9df2-d45c48256c43","order_by":2,"name":"Noelia Quinta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basque Research and Technological Alliance (BRTA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noelia","middleName":"","lastName":"Quinta","suffix":""},{"id":547070939,"identity":"fc468454-feb1-4e85-97cf-721fa58d1604","order_by":3,"name":"Elena Santa Cruz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basque Research and Technological Alliance (BRTA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elena","middleName":"Santa","lastName":"Cruz","suffix":""},{"id":547070940,"identity":"7f900ad2-4182-407c-9ab8-ce010fa991f7","order_by":4,"name":"Patricia Rioja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basque Research and Technological Alliance (BRTA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"","lastName":"Rioja","suffix":""},{"id":547070941,"identity":"437b51ec-c7a0-43c5-8860-873a11dcc4ea","order_by":5,"name":"Yolanda Ríos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Basque Research and Technological Alliance (BRTA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yolanda","middleName":"","lastName":"Ríos","suffix":""},{"id":547070942,"identity":"c9f8c5c3-efef-4aa0-9e7e-63e524bda864","order_by":6,"name":"Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamilla","middleName":"","lastName":"Bargiel-Matusiewicz","suffix":""},{"id":547070943,"identity":"63179949-04f6-48de-8a21-d6b2d5ad8945","order_by":7,"name":"Natalia Ziółkowska","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natalia","middleName":"","lastName":"Ziółkowska","suffix":""},{"id":547070944,"identity":"c8e713a4-a543-40e6-a4d1-ba7556ea6213","order_by":8,"name":"Maijaliisa Erkkola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Helsinki","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maijaliisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Erkkola","suffix":""},{"id":547070945,"identity":"b33bfe5d-4611-490e-99ef-67a8e92c10f9","order_by":9,"name":"Jelena Meinilä","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Helsinki","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jelena","middleName":"","lastName":"Meinilä","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-03 09:01:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96367477,"identity":"a7cc0917-be64-4bcd-8dad-1862d5d1e4d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:12:53","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptfinaldraftBSrevised.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/08db6d32fccbc84a8dd15b29.docx"},{"id":96355815,"identity":"837a0cb2-b83c-4cb6-8fb0-ee747c7be348","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b303362f6f23410f99c5f482cf0fc6d7.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/9e5d7eb3536ce5f637622345.json"},{"id":96355817,"identity":"77323c05-f28e-4ef2-aed4-5e7b08254505","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/42f829869a077c0bb8267218.docx"},{"id":96355820,"identity":"4a1375da-21d3-44fc-ad62-0ee21e85eb93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":165790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b303362f6f23410f99c5f482cf0fc6d71enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/239ca58875c77e614bf23406.xml"},{"id":96355818,"identity":"f374bea0-6f56-4047-908c-f660b8c29732","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":166925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b303362f6f23410f99c5f482cf0fc6d71structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/108aa668f9d2cee989f00c59.xml"},{"id":96355819,"identity":"081ae5fe-8e5d-4455-b726-aab64f7a6ead","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":181279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/48c931b1cf6bfd2cca5569c8.html"},{"id":96369372,"identity":"182934ff-c681-4937-876b-a0fd3b68dfb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:20:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1705548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/f1cc69e0-a226-4099-b249-8744476eaeba.pdf"},{"id":96355814,"identity":"6b5edfce-1951-410d-9461-87ff60e47ef5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 08:19:43","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8016929/v1/0a9ab98afd2d99780230cc8e.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge alone is not enough: Parental factors associated with children's vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption across three European countries","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe relationship among nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns is crucial, especially in preventing and managing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, respiratory conditions, and diabetes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Food preferences evolve over a lifetime due to biological, social, and environmental influences, which significantly impact food choices and overall diet quality. Within the home food environment, factors such as family meal patterns, food practices, food availability, and purchasing decisions have been identified as particularly important in shaping children\u0026rsquo;s eating habits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In early childhood, food-related decisions are predominantly shaped within the home environment, and parents\u0026rsquo; attitudes and actions heavily influence children as parents control food availability and accessibility and shape the social environment through cultural and family norms, support, and modeling of eating behaviors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Within the family environment, parental commitment to a healthy lifestyle, through the provision of nutritious meals and positive feeding practices such as modeling and encouragement to eat healthy, profoundly shapes how children view and engage with food (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn many high-income countries, young children fail to meet dietary guidelines, with particularly low fruit and vegetable consumption and high intake of sugary drinks and snacks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In Finland, the consumption of vegetables and legumes among pre-school children is very low when compared to the EAT-Lancet reference diet, a planetary health diet (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Legumes and pulses are also a part of a nutritious and environmentally friendly diet (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). There is promising evidence that their consumption is linked to a lower risk of various non-communicable diseases and the promotion of healthy body weight (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Despite their health and environmental benefits, pulse consumption among European populations, including children, remains well below recommended amounts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, the mean consumption of legumes among 3\u0026ndash;6 years old children in Finland was 4g/day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough research has extensively addressed parental knowledge, behavior and the home food environment, evidence directly linking parental attitudes toward healthy eating with children\u0026rsquo;s dietary intake remains limited (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, little is known about how these factors differ between countries with diverse cultural norms and traditions. This is important since cultural differences influence food choices, meal structures, and feeding practices, which in turn may affect children\u0026rsquo;s food intake (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior patterns (KAB) and children\u0026rsquo;s intake of vegetable, fruit, and pulse in three European countries: Finland, Spain, and Poland. Another objective was to compare these relationships across the three countries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the EU-funded TITAN project (https: titanproject.eu/) that aims at promoting transparency and healthier, more equitable, and environmentally sustainable food systems. The study was carried out in Spain, Finland, and Poland in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants and Recruitment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria required respondents to be at least 18 years old, responsible for purchasing food for their household, and to have at least one child between the ages of 6 and 12 years. A brief screening questionnaire was used prior to the main survey to ensure that these criteria were met. To ensure representation across different economic backgrounds, a quota sampling method was employed. Families were categorized into three household income groups: low, medium, and high, with an equal number of 80 families in each category. The income categories were determined separately for each country. In Finland, the lowest and highest quartiles of the population\u0026rsquo;s income distribution in 2022 were used as cut-off points (cut-offs: lower 2200 \u0026euro;, higher 5100 \u0026euro;). In Spain, categories were based on the National Statistics Institute i.e\u0026nbsp;Instituto Nacional de Estad\u0026iacute;stica\u0026nbsp;(INE) standards, grouped into three broader categories using\u0026nbsp;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u0026nbsp;(OECD) data and average household income estimates (cut-offs: lower 1645 \u0026euro;/month, higher 4386 \u0026euro;/month). In Poland, approximate thresholds were based on the minimum and national average salary to represent typical income distributions at the time of data collection (cut-offs: lower 4000 zł/month, higher 7600 zł/month).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe online questionnaires were distributed by a market research agency, which facilitated participant selection and online survey administration in the three countries. Data was collected from geographically similar areas across all three countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondents reported their age (in years) and gender (male, female, other, or prefer not to answer). Child\u0026rsquo;s age group was indicated as 0\u0026ndash;5 years, 6\u0026ndash;12 years, or 13 years and older. Total household income was reported in local currency and categorized into three levels, based on the cut-off values for each of the three countries. Respondents were asked about their highest level of education, with categories adapted to each country\u0026rsquo;s education system. In Finland the options were 1 = Primary level, 2 = Secondary (high school and vocational education), 3 = Higher education (university and polytechnic), in Spain, 1 = no studies or primary school, 2 = secondary or intermediate/advanced vocational training, 3 = first university cycle, second-cycle university degree or higher (e.g., master\u0026apos;s, doctorate), and in Poland 1 = Primary level, 2 = Secondary education (with Matura exam), 3 = Higher education( master\u0026apos;s, doctorate). Employment status was assessed using seven self-reported categories: (1) housework, (2) student, (3) employed, (4) unemployed, (5) retired, (6) unable to work owing to sickness or disability, and (7) other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge, attitudes, and behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire incorporated different types of questions, each with a specific response scale (Supplementary Table 1). The questions of knowledge on healthy eating behaviors were such that the participant selected all options that they thought could be regarded as healthy habits, for example, options like \u0026ldquo;To eat plenty of fruit and vegetables\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;to eat a variety of fruit and vegetables\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questions of attitudes towards healthy eating behaviors were such that the participants were asked about the importance of certain healthy eating behaviors while meal planning, or agreement with certain claims related to healthy eating, and the answers were self-reported using a 5-step Likert scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate participants\u0026apos; knowledge of how often different food groups should be consumed based on country-specific nutritional recommendations for the general population. This study uses questions for the food groups: vegetable, fruit, and pulses. There were 9 answer options ranging from \u0026ldquo;does not consume\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;daily\u0026rdquo;. For analysis, categories \u0026ldquo;does not consume\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;less than once a week\u0026rdquo; were combined as \u0026ldquo;avoid intake\u0026rdquo; (coded as 0). The categories were recoded sequentially from 1 to 7 to reflect increasing frequency. For questions to assess participants\u0026apos; knowledge of the recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, the 7 answer options were from \u0026ldquo;less than 1 serving/day\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;more than 4 servings/day\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;avoid intake\u0026rdquo;. For analysis, categories \u0026ldquo;avoid intake\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;less than 1 serving/day\u0026rdquo; were combined and recoded as 0, and the categories were sequentially recoded to reflect an increasing number of servings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire also included questions assessing participants\u0026apos; attitudes towards receiving information about various nutrition-related topics. The questions used in this study were \u0026ldquo;To what extent would you like to receive information about these topics? 1) Dietary guidelines (food intake frequency, what to eat/avoid, etc.) and 2) Impact of food on health.\u0026rdquo; Responses were self-reported and recorded on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from \u0026ldquo;not at all\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;very much.\u0026rdquo; Altogether, 24 questions were used in this study (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParents\u0026rsquo; and children\u0026rsquo;s dietary intake\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire assessed the dietary habits of both parents and children for different food groups, specifically their weekly consumption frequency (days per week) and the number of daily servings (Supplementary table 1). This study focused on assessing the consumption of vegetables, fruit and pulses among both parents and children. For both parents and children, the number of consumption days per week of these food groups was reported. There were 9 answer options ranging from \u0026ldquo;does not consume\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;daily\u0026rdquo;. \u0026nbsp;For analysis, categories \u0026ldquo;do not consume\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;less than once a week\u0026rdquo; were combined (coded as 0). Categories were then recoded sequentially from 1 to 7 to reflect increasing frequency intake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables was also assessed for both parents and children using 7 response options ranging from \u0026ldquo;avoid intake\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;more than 4 servings/day\u0026rdquo;. For analysis, categories \u0026ldquo;avoid intake\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;less than 1 serving/day\u0026rdquo; were combined and recoded as 0, and the remaining categories were then sequentially recoded. To assess snacking habits, parents were asked how often they consumed fruit and vegetable-based drinks during snack times. Responses were self-reported using a 5-point Likert scale from \u0026ldquo;never\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;always\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal weekly servings of vegetables and fruit was calculated for both parents and children by multiplying frequency of consumption (days per week) by the number of daily servings. However, it was not possible to calculate the total weekly consumption of pulses, as the data did not include information on the number of servings consumed per day for pulses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0 was used for all data analysis. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and percentages, were calculated to describe the characteristics of the study participants. Weekly servings of vegetables, fruit, and pulses were described using medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) for each country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on 24 exposure variables to identify underlying KAB patterns (Table 1). Data suitability for PCA was confirmed by a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of 0.81, indicating good sampling adequacy, and a significant Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(276) = 6137, p \u0026lt; 0.001), confirming sufficient intercorrelations. Factors were extracted based on eigenvalues, inspection of the scree plot, and interpretability. Three factors were retained and interpreted using the varimax rotated component matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe factor scores were saved as new variables in the dataset. Based on the loadings of individual variables within each factor, the three KAB patterns were labeled.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistograms were used to visually assess the factor score distributions, which were normally distributed. One-way ANOVA was applied to examine mean differences across the three countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLinear regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between the identified KAB patterns and the total servings of vegetables and fruit per week, as well as the number of consumption days per week of pulses. In addition to the simple model, a model adjusted for confounding factors: gender, household income tertile, education level, employment status, and country was conducted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInteraction analyses were performed to assess whether associations between KAB patterns and the intake of vegetable, fruit, and pulses varied by country. This involved adding interaction terms between the country and each KAB pattern in regression models, with each food group analyzed separately as the outcome. Statistically significant interactions (p \u0026lt; 0.05) were identified in several combinations. For fruit consumption, a significant interaction was found for the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern (p = 0.00). For vegetable consumption, significant interactions were observed for the \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e (p = 0.01) and \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e (p = 0.03) patterns. Regarding pulse consumption, a significant interaction was found only for the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, but no action pattern\u003c/em\u003e (p = 0.00). Although interaction effects were not consistent across all KAB patterns and dietary outcomes, suggesting that the associations between KAB patterns and children\u0026apos;s dietary intake differed by country only for some KAB-dietary pattern combinations (i.e., those combinations listed above). However, stratified analyses by country were conducted for all the KAB pattern\u0026ndash;food group associations for methodological consistency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 720 families participated, with an equal household income distribution of 240 families per country, following the predefined quota sampling framework. The mean age of the respondents ranged from 36 to 41 years (Table 2). Gender distribution was relatively balanced in Spain, whereas women participants in Finland and Poland were in the majority compared to men participants. framework. Spain had the highest proportion of individuals with higher education (63%), followed by Poland (52%) and Finland (45%). The proportion of parents with secondary education was highest in Finland (49%), while a low education level was most prevalent in Poland (14%). Employment rates were generally high, with the highest rate observed in Spain. Spanish parents reported the highest median serving frequency of fruit (20 servings/week) and consumption frequency of pulse (3 days/week) compared to the parents in other countries (Table 2). Polish parents reported the highest median serving frequency of vegetable (18 servings/week), whereas Finnish parents reported the lowest median serving frequency across all food groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first factor, \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e, was characterized by high loadings on valuing health in meal planning, interest in dietary information, and modeling healthy eating for children (Table 1). The second factor, \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, but no action\u003c/em\u003e, reflected perceived knowledge of recommended intakes, but weaker loadings for actual consumption. The third factor, \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e, indicated regular consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulses despite low interest in healthy eating, suggesting habitual rather than intentional health behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolish parents scored highest in the \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern compared to the other countries (Table 3). Finnish parents reported higher mean scores for the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge, but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern, compared to the other countries (Table 3). Lastly, in the \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern, Spanish and Polish parents showed similar mean scores, whereas Finnish parents had notably lower scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll three KAB patterns were significantly associated with children\u0026rsquo;s weekly servings of fruit and vegetables in both unadjusted and adjusted models (p \u0026lt; 0.00 for all associations) (Table 4). The \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern exhibited the strongest positive association with weekly servings of fruit and vegetable. The \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern showed the weakest but still significant associations with weekly servings of fruit and with weekly servings of vegetable. The \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern, showed the strongest positive association with weekly consumption of pulses, followed by the \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern. In contrast, the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern was negatively associated with weekly consumption of pulses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison across Finland, Spain, and Poland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcross Spain, Poland, and Finland, the \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern consistently showed the strongest positive association with children\u0026rsquo;s weekly servings of fruit and vegetable, with the highest coefficients observed in Poland (Table 5). The \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern had a stronger association with weekly servings of fruit in Spain and with weekly servings of vegetable in Finland. \u003cem\u003eThe Knowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern was significantly associated with weekly servings of fruit only in Spain and had significant positive associations with weekly servings of vegetable in Spain, Poland and Finland.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern, was positively associated with weekly consumption days of pulses in all countries (p \u0026lt; 0.00). The \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern showed weaker but significant positive associations with weekly consumption days of pulses in all three countries, while the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern had a significant negative association with weekly consumption days of pulses only in Finland.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo summarize the results, three KAB patterns were identified; \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious, Knowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e. All three identified KAB patterns were positively associated with children\u0026apos;s weekly servings of fruit and vegetable. For the child\u0026rsquo;s weekly consumption days of pulses, the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern was negatively associated, while the other KAB patterns were positively associated. From all the patterns, the \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern demonstrated the strongest association with fruit, vegetable, and pulse consumption in all three countries. The \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern also showed a positive association with vegetable, fruit and pulses in all countries, but with a smaller effect size, whereas the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern showed varying results across the food groups and countries.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHealth by Habit, not choice\u003c/em\u003e pattern, identified as the most important and consistent predictor of children\u0026apos;s dietary intake in this study, corresponds with the current literature, indicating a strong association of parental modeling and home environment with children\u0026apos;s consumption of fruit and vegetable (2,15,16). The findings collectively emphasize that while parental knowledge and attitudes are important, establishing healthy eating habits in the home environment appears to exert a stronger and more consistent relationship with children\u0026rsquo;s consumption of vegetable, fruit and pulse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e pattern, characterized by parents valuing health when planning meals and expressing interest in nutritional information, and reported parental moderate consumption of fruit and vegetable, was positively associated with children\u0026rsquo;s fruit, vegetable, and pulse intake. Similar findings have been reported in earlier studies (13,17), which have shown that parental attitudes emphasizing healthy eating are associated with healthier dietary patterns in children. The \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern, reflecting high perceived knowledge without corresponding healthy eating behaviors, showed a weaker and inconsistent relationship among the countries with children\u0026rsquo;s consumption of the food groups. This supports previous studies (18,19), which indicated that while parental knowledge is important, it does not consistently lead to improved dietary behaviors unless translated into daily food practices such as routinely purchasing, preparing, and offering fruit and vegetable during meals and snacks. The weaker association of KAB patterns with pulses could also be because pulse consumption in general is low in all the three countries (24,25,26), and parents may not be sure about the health benefits of pulses for children (20). Thus, consistent with earlier studies, the present results highlight that parental knowledge must be accompanied by concrete, supportive behaviors (21) to have a meaningful and consistent impact on children\u0026rsquo;s dietary habits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of food culture in shaping children\u0026rsquo;s dietary habits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCultural traditions play a vital role in shaping the dietary habits of communities (22). Spain\u0026rsquo;s long-standing adherence to Mediterranean dietary tradition, characterized by high consumption of fresh fruit, vegetable, and legumes (23), may underpin the positive associations we observed between parental KAB patterns and children\u0026rsquo;s fruit and vegetable intake, particularly for the \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit, not choice,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e patterns. Interestingly, even the \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern was significantly linked to a higher weekly number of fruit servings, a trend not mirrored in Finland or Poland. The average fruit and vegetable consumption in representative samples of adult populations has been lower than recommended in Finland (approx. M: 310 g/d, W: 380 g/d, year: 2017) (24) and Spain (approx. M: 320 g/d, W: 350 g/d, year: 2013) (25) whereas in Poland the intake was higher in 2017-2020 (approx. M: 470 g/d, W: 470 g/d, year: 2017-2020) (26), although methodological and timing differences between the studies may hamper comparability between the countries. In terms of fruits, a tendency for higher intake of fruits in Spanish children than in the other two countries\u0026rsquo; children was seen in our study. This suggests that there may be factors in the broader Spanish food environment that support higher fruit consumption in young Spanish children than Finnish and Polish children. These factors could contribute so that parental knowledge more easily translates to increased fruit intake, which was the case in our study in terms of \u003cem\u003eHealth conscious\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ein Spanish families. Furthermore, culturally embedded dietary practices may promote habitual exposure to such foods among children, with cultural food beliefs being associated with eating patterns (27) and traditional family practices reinforcing children\u0026rsquo;s exposure to culturally valued food (28).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinland\u0026rsquo;s initiatives for public health, such as the North Karelia Project (29) and widespread implementation of national dietary guidelines (30) in day care, school, and workplace meals could explain the strongest association of the \u003cem\u003eHealth-conscious\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003epattern with children\u0026rsquo;s weekly number of servings of vegetable intake compared to the other two countries. One example is the routine addition of fresh vegetables to meals in the public food services. The \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/em\u003e pattern\u0026rsquo;s negative association with pulse intake likely reflects pulses\u0026apos; limited cultural relevance and low familiarity in Finnish diets (31).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Polish food culture, historical\u0026nbsp;(32), geographical and climatic factors, such as long, cold winters, historically required the preservation of vegetable, and fruit for several months, favoring ingredients like peas, broad beans, kohlrabi, and turnips (33). Similarly, the abundance of forests encouraged the consumption of wild fruits and mushrooms, forming unique dietary elements that remain part of family food practices (33). Vegetables are ingredients of many dishes in the Polish traditional cuisine, whereas they are less common in Finnish traditional cuisine (34), which may explain the higher fruit and vegetable intake in the general population mentioned above. Meals are a cherished time for family and friends, emphasizing hospitality and togetherness (35). In this context, habitual family eating patterns, particularly those rooted in traditional home cooking, may exert a stronger influence on children\u0026rsquo;s fruit and vegetable intake than knowledge alone, as reflected in the large effects observed for the \u003cem\u003eHealth by habit not choice\u003c/em\u003e group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has several methodological strengths that enhance the validity and relevance of its findings. The inclusion of three culturally and economically diverse European countries, Finland, Spain, and Poland, provided a broader perspective on parental factors and increased the generalizability of the results. The focus on pulse consumption, a food group with significant nutritional and environmental benefits (10,36) yet limited attention in prior research on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior represents a novel contribution. The relatively large and socioeconomically versatile sample (240 families per country) further supports the generalizability of the findings across the populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, some limitations must be considered. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference (37) regarding the relationships observed. \u0026nbsp;The reliance on self-reported data for both parental KAB and children\u0026apos;s dietary intake introduces the possibility of recall bias and social desirability bias (38,39), which could have attenuated the found associations. In addition, the questionnaire was not tested for reliability and validity, which is a methodological limitation. However, many of the items were derived and/or adapted from previously published studies. Moreover, although the questionnaire was provided in each country\u0026rsquo;s local language, differences in cultural context and interpretation may have led to variations in how participants understood and responded to the questions (40), potentially affecting comparability across countries. However, considerable effort was also made to ensure accurate translation and cultural adaptation across languages. These steps likely enhanced the country-specific relevance and clarity of the items. Therefore, the use of validated, culturally sensitive tools across countries could strengthen international comparisons and improve understanding of determinants of children\u0026rsquo;s food consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study have several important implications. The findings align with previous research indicating that knowledge alone does not necessarily translate into dietary behavior change in children (18,19). This highlights the need for interventions that move beyond information provision by supporting practical skill development among parents, such as meal planning, cooking, and preparation of simple, healthy recipes, especially regarding less familiar food groups like pulses. These skills could foster habit creation in the parents, which our results suggest has an important role in a child\u0026rsquo;s vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption. Behavioral strategies, including nudges (41)\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Meinilä,%20Jelena%20M\" datetime=\"2025-09-30T17:25\"\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/ins\u003estructured family routines (42), and parental modeling (43) may also be effective even in the absence of strong health-related motivation. Small, consistent practices, such as repeated exposure to healthy foods (44) may contribute to the gradual establishment of healthier dietary norms within the household.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur results revealed that habitual practices are key predictors of children\u0026rsquo;s vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption. The findings emphasized that knowledge alone had a limited role, especially for pulse consumption; parents\u0026rsquo; modeling of healthy routines proved more promising. These findings underscore the importance of practical, family-based strategies to foster healthy dietary habits and promote healthy and sustainable food choices among children. Special attention should be given to increasing pulse consumption, which remains considerably low despite its health and environmental benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research should aim to examine the intervention methods or their combinations that foster the parents\u0026rsquo; habit creation to further pass on the habits to their children. Additionally, future studies could benefit from incorporating qualitative research methods to provide a deeper understanding of how such habits are formed and maintained within families. The low consumption of pulses, despite their health and sustainability advantages, indicates a need for culturally sensitive strategies to increase their acceptability and integration into family meals, especially in Finland and Poland. While this study focused on parental roles, other social influences such as siblings, peers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e), and grandparents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e) also merits investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Variance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeta Coefficient (used in regression analysis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuropean Union\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood Frequency Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIQR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterquartile Range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eINE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstituto Nacional de Estad\u0026iacute;stica (Spain)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKAB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOECD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrincipal Component Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.0194%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Warsaw, Poland [1/06/2023 and 02/06/2023]. Informed consents were received from the guardians of the participating children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated or analyzed during this study are available from the authors\u0026nbsp;on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Authors report no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work received funding from the European Union\u0026rsquo;s (EU) Horizon Europe Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under grant 101060739. However, the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the EU or the European Research Executive Agency. Neither the EU nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBS and JM designed the study; AB, ESC, KBM, NQ, NZ, PR, YR, ME and JM designed the questionnaire; AB, NQ, and BS processed the data; BS analyzed the data; BS wrote the paper; JM supervised the work;\u0026nbsp;all the authors reviewed, revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge Mayke Kramer for assistance in data processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. Factors Influencing Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating Behaviours. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 June 27];10(6):706. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/6/706\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVeps\u0026auml;l\u0026auml;inen H, Nevalainen J, Fogelholm M, Korkalo L, Roos E, Ray C, et al. Like parent, like child? Dietary resemblance in families. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [Internet]. 2018 July 3 [cited 2024 June 27];15(1):62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0693-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolley CE, Haycraft E, Farrow C. Predicting children\u0026rsquo;s fussiness with vegetables: The role of feeding practices - Holley - 2018 - Maternal \u0026amp; Child Nutrition - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Sept 2]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ftr/10.1111/mcn.12442\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM. The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating Habits. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Mar 30 [cited 2024 Sept 2];13(4):1138. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8067332/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMumena WA. Maternal Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Free Sugar and the Associations with Free Sugar Intake in Children. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2024 June 27];13(12):4403. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026oslash;ed M, Medin AC, Vik FN, Hillesund ER, Lippevelde WV, Campbell K, et al. Effect of a Parent-Focused eHealth Intervention on Children\u0026rsquo;s Fruit, Vegetable, and Discretionary Food Intake (Food4toddlers): Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2021 Feb 16 [cited 2024 Dec 21];23(2):e18311. Available from: https://www.jmir.org/2021/2/e18311\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB\u0026auml;ck S, Skaffari E, Veps\u0026auml;l\u0026auml;inen H, Lehto R, Lehto E, Nissinen K, et al. Sustainability analysis of Finnish pre-schoolers\u0026rsquo; diet based on targets of the EAT-Lancet reference diet. Eur J Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1 [cited 2025 June 10];61(2):717\u0026ndash;28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02672-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLisciani S, Marconi S, Le Donne C, Camilli E, Aguzzi A, Gabrielli P, et al. Legumes and common beans in sustainable diets: nutritional quality, environmental benefits, spread and use in food preparations. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2024 May 6 [cited 2025 May 24];11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385232/full\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026ouml;\u0026ouml;s E, carlsson G, Muhammed hefni FF, Stephan A, Pernilla Tid\u0026aring;ker, Cornelia Witth\u0026ouml;ft. Less meat, more legumes: prospects and challenges in the transition toward sustainable diets in Sweden | Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems | Cambridge Core [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 June 10]. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renewable-agriculture-and-food-systems/article/less-meat-more-legumes-prospects-and-challenges-in-the-transition-toward-sustainable-diets-in-sweden/4B3B9B479B1B407B148D60860F77A088\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDidinger C, Thompson HJ. The role of pulses in improving human health: A review. Legume Sci [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 May 8];4(4):e147. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/leg3.147\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorheim LE, Fadnes LT. Legumes and pulses - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2024 Mar 26 [cited 2025 May 9]; Available from: https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/10484\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSkaffari E, Veps\u0026auml;l\u0026auml;inen H, Nissinen K, Lehto E, Lehto R, Roos E, et al. Food consumption and nutrient intake of Finnish preschool children according to parental educational level. Br J Nutr [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2024 June 27];131(1):113\u0026ndash;22. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/abs/food-consumption-and-nutrient-intake-of-finnish-preschool-children-according-to-parental-educational-level/C5B4DC8D2DAC61205470C6CE61C35D6C\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNerea Mart\u0026iacute;n‐Calvo, Mart\u0026iacute;n-Calvo N, Susana Santiago, Santiago S, Andrea Ben\u0026iacute;tez-Borja, Ben\u0026iacute;tez-Borja A, et al. Association between parental attitudes towards their offspring\u0026rsquo;s diet and children\u0026rsquo;s actual dietary habits - The SENDO project. Nutr Hosp. 2021 July 26;38(5):961\u0026ndash;70. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonterrosa EC, Frongillo EA, Drewnowski A, de Pee S, Vandevijvere S. Sociocultural Influences on Food Choices and Implications for Sustainable Healthy Diets. Food Nutr Bull [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2025 June 10];41(2_suppl):59S-73S. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120975874\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScaglioni S, Arrizza C, Vecchi F, Tedeschi S. Determinants of children\u0026rsquo;s eating behavior. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Dec;94(6 Suppl):2006S-2011S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652302600X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlores-Barrantes P, De Miguel-Etayo P, Iglesia I, ChinAPaw MJ, Cardon G, De Craemer M, et al. Longitudinal associations between food parenting practices and dietary intake in preschool children: The ToyBox Study. Nutrition [Internet]. 2024 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Oct 8];124:112454. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900724001047\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatrick H, Nicklas T. A Review of Family and Social Determinants of Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating Patterns and Diet Quality. J Am Coll Nutr [Internet]. 2005 May 1;24:83\u0026ndash;92. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heather-Patrick-2/publication/7938097_A_Review_of_Family_and_Social_Determinants_of_Children%27s_Eating_Patterns_and_Diet_Quality/links/0fcfd50dc91bf00927000000/A-Review-of-Family-and-Social-Determinants-of-Childrens-Eating-Patterns-and-Diet-Quality.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGibson E, Wardle J, Watts CJ. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Nutritional Knowledge and Beliefs in Mothers and Children. Appetite. 1998 Nov 1;31:205\u0026ndash;28. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaschkowski G, Hartmann M, Grebitus C. Analyzing Parental Influence on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. In Freising‐Weihenstephan, Germany: European Association of Agricultural Economists; 2010. Available from: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116413\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSzczebyło A, Rejman K, Halicka E, Laskowski W. Towards More Sustainable Diets\u0026mdash;Attitudes, Opportunities and Barriers to Fostering Pulse Consumption in Polish Cities. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 June [cited 2025 June 1];12(6):1589. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1589\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasan B, Thompson WG, Almasri J, Wang Z, Lakis S, Prokop LJ, et al. The effect of culinary interventions (cooking classes) on dietary intake and behavioral change: a systematic review and evidence map. BMC Nutr [Internet]. 2019 May 10 [cited 2025 June 23];5(1):29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0293-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChege PM, Kimiywe JO, Ndungu ZW. Influence of culture on dietary practices of children under five years among Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado, Kenya. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [Internet]. 2015 Oct 8 [cited 2025 Aug 11];12(1):131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0284-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Murphy K. Definition of the Mediterranean Diet: A Literature Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2015 Nov 5 [cited 2025 May 26];7(11):9139\u0026ndash;53. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663587/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRavitsemus Suomessa : FinRavinto 2017 -tutkimus [Internet]. THL; 2018 [cited 2025 Sept 29]. Available from: https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/137433\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePartearroyo T, Samaniego-Vaesken M de L, Ruiz E, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gil \u0026Aacute;, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Gross M, et al. Current Food Consumption amongst the Spanish ANIBES Study Population. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Nov [cited 2025 Sept 29];11(11):2663. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/11/2663\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJanowska-Miasik E, Waśkiewicz A, Witkowska AM, Drygas W, Markhus MW, Zujko ME, et al. Diet quality in the population of Norway and Poland: differences in the availability and consumption of food considering national nutrition guidelines and food market. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021 Feb 9 [cited 2025 Sept 29];21(1):319. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10361-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDorrance Hall E, Ma M, Azimova D, Campbell N, Ellithorpe M, Plasencia J, et al. The Mediating Role of Family and Cultural Food Beliefs on the Relationship between Family Communication Patterns and Diet and Health Issues across Racial/Ethnic Groups. Health Commun [Internet]. 2021 Apr 16 [cited 2024 Oct 21];36(5):593\u0026ndash;605. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1733213\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePiscopo S. Socio-ecological factors influencing food choices and behaviours of Maltese primary schoolchildren [Internet]. [UK]: The University of Birmingham; 2004. Available from: https://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/861/1/Piscopo04PhD.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePuska P, Jaini P. The North Karelia Project: Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Finland Through Population-Based Lifestyle Interventions. Am J Lifestyle Med [Internet]. 2020;14(5):495\u0026ndash;9. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/32922234/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlomhoff R, Andersen R, Arnesen EK, Christensen JJ, Eneroth H, Erkkola M, et al. Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 : Integrating Environmental Aspects [Internet]. Nordisk Ministerr\u0026aring;d; 2023 [cited 2025 June 1]. Available from: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-12891\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuosmanen S, Niva M, Pajari AM, Korhonen K, Muilu T, Konttinen H. Barriers associated with pulse and plant-based meat alternative consumption across sociodemographic groups: a Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour model approach. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Aug 29 [cited 2025 June 1];10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1186165/full\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlszanka P. Eating Our Way to Authenticity: Polish Food Culture \u0026amp; the Post-Socialist \u0026lsquo;Transformation.\u0026rsquo; Soc Sci [Internet]. 2022 Feb [cited 2025 Aug 15];11(2):44. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/2/44\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHistory of Polish food and cuisine - Old Polish traditions [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.tastingpoland.com/food/old_polish_cuisine.html\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolnicka K, Taraszewska AM, Jaczewska-Schuetz J, Jarosz M. Factors within the family environment such as parents\u0026rsquo; dietary habits and fruit and vegetable availability have the greatest influence on fruit and vegetable consumption by Polish children. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. 2015 Oct [cited 2025 Aug 15];18(15):2705\u0026ndash;11. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/factors-within-the-family-environment-such-as-parents-dietary-habits-and-fruit-and-vegetable-availability-have-the-greatest-influence-on-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-by-polish-children/811810BD63CDB7551CD7DFC6E1645413\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnderstanding Polish Culture Through Food \u0026ndash; POLSKA KULTURA [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://polskakultura.com/understanding-polish-culture-through-food/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMudryj AN, Yu N, Aukema HM. Nutritional and health benefits of pulses. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab [Internet]. 2014 Nov;39(11):1197\u0026ndash;204. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/25061763/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang X, Cheng Z. Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations. Chest [Internet]. 2020 July 1 [cited 2025 June 23];158(1, Supplement):S65\u0026ndash;71. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369220304621\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHebert JR, Clemow L, Pbert L, Ockene IS, Ockene JK. Social Desirability Bias in Dietary Self-Report May Compromise the Validity of Dietary Intake Measures. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 1995 Apr 1 [cited 2025 June 25];24(2):389\u0026ndash;98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.2.389\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson FE, Subar AF. Chapter 1 - Dietary Assessment Methodology. In: Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, Ferruzzi MG, Delahanty LM, editors. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease (Fourth Edition) [Internet]. Academic Press; 2017 [cited 2025 June 30]. p. 5\u0026ndash;48. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128029282000011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeufel N. Development of culturally competent food-frequency questionnaires. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1997 Apr 1 [cited 2025 June 23];65(4):1173S-1178S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652317732X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLycett K, Miller A, Knox A, Dunn S, Kerr JA, Sung V, et al. \u0026lsquo;Nudge\u0026rsquo; interventions for improving children\u0026rsquo;s dietary behaviors in the home: A systematic review. Obes Med [Internet]. 2017 Sept 1 [cited 2025 June 25];7:21\u0026ndash;33. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451847617300222\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBekelman TA, Bellows LL, Johnson SL. Are Family Routines Modifiable Determinants of Preschool Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating, Dietary Intake, and Growth? A Review of Intervention Studies. Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2017 June 1 [cited 2025 June 25];6(2):171\u0026ndash;89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-017-0207-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, et al. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res [Internet]. 2007 Apr;22(2):203\u0026ndash;26. Available from: https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy.helsinki.fi/16861362/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnson SL. Developmental and Environmental Influences on Young Children\u0026rsquo;s Vegetable Preferences and Consumption. Adv Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2024 June 27];7(1):220S-231S. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S216183132300159X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRagelienė T, Gr\u0026oslash;nh\u0026oslash;j A. The influence of peers\u0026prime; and siblings\u0026prime; on children\u0026rsquo;s and adolescents\u0026prime; healthy eating behavior. A systematic literature review. Appetite [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2024 Dec 22];148:104592. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666319306865\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJongenelis MI, Budden T. The Influence of Grandparents on Children\u0026rsquo;s Dietary Health: A Narrative Review. Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 June 30];12(3):395\u0026ndash;406. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10444634/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Factors extracted from PCA of the variables related to parental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and dietary intake of parents of children aged 6-12 years in Finland, Spain, and Poland (n=720).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 606px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Rotated Component Matrix\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Knows what healthy eating is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnows that eating plenty fruit and vegetables is healthy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnows that eating a variety of fruits and vegetables is healthy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Health conscious\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRich in vegetables concept is important when meal planning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn important concept of healthiness while meal planning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would like to eat healthy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI would like to eat more fruit and vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot being interested in healthy eating prevents from healthy eating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Knowledge about the eating frequency of fruit/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about the eating frequency of vegetables/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about the eating frequency of pulses/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eknowledge about daily fruit intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eknowledge about daily veg intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumption of fruits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumption of vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumption of pulses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily servings of fruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily servings of vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsider health concepts important while choosing food products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncluding fruit at snacking time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncluding vegetable drinks at snaking time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeliberately consuming fruit and vegetables as an example for child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould like to receive info about dietary guidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 354px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould like to receive info about food impact on health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participating families and consumption frequencies of vegetables, fruit, and pulses in children aged 6-12 years in Finland, Spain and Poland (n=720)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental age, years, mean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Parent\u0026rsquo;s gender, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (62.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (74.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edoesn\u0026apos;t want to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge of children, years, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 or older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (40.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 2200 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2200-5100 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 5100 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 1600 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600-4400 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 4400 \u0026euro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 4000 zł (\u0026lt;951.92\u0026euro;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4000-7600 zł (951.92-1808.65\u0026euro;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 7600 zł (\u0026gt; 1808.65\u0026euro;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental education, highest degree, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Primary/low level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Secondary/medium level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (49.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (34.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;University education/high level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (52.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParental employment, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;housework\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;student\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (85.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; unable to work owing to sickness or \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; disability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren\u0026rsquo;s weekly consumption, median (IQR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit weekly servings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evegetables weekly servings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epulses on days/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Differences between the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) patterns in (n=720) parents of children aged 6-12 years across Finland, Spain, and Poland.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"656\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKAB patterns\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value⁕\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth conscious\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge but no action\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth by habit, not choice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e⁕\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOne-way ANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Regression analysis for associations between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior patterns and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6-12 year-old\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003echildren\u0026rsquo;s fruit, vegetable and pulse consumption, (n=720).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"645\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Coefficients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKAB Patterns\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Model 1*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Model 2*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFruit \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.4, 3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.1, 3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge but no action (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.3, 1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.6, 1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth by habit, not choice (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.0, 9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.6, 8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetables \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1.8, 2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.9, 3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge but no action (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.1, 3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.8, 2.9)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth by habit, not choice (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.7, 8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.6, 8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePulses\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.2, 0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.1,0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge but, no action (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.3, -0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.3,-0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 .00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth by habit not choice (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(0.7, 0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(0.7, 0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKAB; knowledge, attitude, and behavior\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.Dependent Variable: total servings per week of fruits. Calculated as consumption days per week \u0026times; daily servings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eDependent Variable: children\u0026rsquo;s total servings per week of vegetables. Calculated as consumption days per week \u0026times; daily servings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec.\u003c/sup\u003eDependent Variable: children\u0026apos;s pulse consumption frequency (days per week)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;*Model 1: Unadjusted model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;*Model 2: Adjusted for gender, parental employment, parental highest education, income, and country.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Country-specific associations between parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) patterns and 6-12 year-old children\u0026rsquo;s vegetable, fruit and pulse consumption in Spain, Poland, and Finland (n=720).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"714\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKAB patterns\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Spain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Poland \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Finland \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eFruit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e(\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal servings per week)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.6,4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.1, 3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.3, 3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge but no action (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.5,3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.4,1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(- 0.4, 1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth by habit not choice (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.0,9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.9, 9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.9, 8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eVegetable\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e(\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal servings per week)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.4,3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.8, 2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.6, 4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge but no action (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.6,2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.6, 3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.4, 3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth by habit not choice (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.1,8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.5,10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.7, 8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePulses\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e( consumption days per /week)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth conscious (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0,0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0, 0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(0.2,0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge but no action (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.2,0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.4,0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(- 0.5,-0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth by habit not choice (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.4,0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.6, 1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(0.6, 1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*KAB = knowledge, attitudes and behavior\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Model adjusted for parents\u0026rsquo; gender, income level, employment status, and education level.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Children, Vegetable, Fruit, Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, Cross sectional studies, Pulses, Caregivers, Diet","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe home food environment plays an important role in shaping food preferences and food consumption of children. While extensive research has explored the role of home food environment on children\u0026rsquo;s intake of fruit and vegetable, limited attention has been given specifically to the role of parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, particularly regarding pulse consumption, across different cultural settings. This is important, as many European children consume fewer fruits, vegetables, and pulses than recommended. This study aims to examine and compare the relationship between parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) and children\u0026rsquo;s intake of fruits, vegetables, and pulses in Finland, Spain, and Poland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 2023 among 720 families in Finland, Poland, and Spain, with quota sampling by household income tertiles to ensure socioeconomic variation. Eligible participants were caregivers aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years, responsible or partly responsible for household food purchasing, and with at least one child aged 6\u0026ndash;12 years. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) patterns, and linear regression was used to assess their associations with children\u0026rsquo;s vegetable, fruit, and pulse intake.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree KAB patterns were identified: \u003cem\u003eHealth Conscious, Knowledge but No Action\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHealth by Habit, Not Choice\u003c/em\u003e. All were positively associated with consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulse, except for Knowledge but No Action, which showed a negative association with pulse consumption in Finland (B = -1.63, 95% CI: (-0.284, -0.042)). \u003cem\u003eHealth by Habit, Not Choice\u003c/em\u003e had the strongest positive association with consumption of vegetable, fruit, and pulses across the three countries (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The \u003cem\u003eKnowledge but No Action\u003c/em\u003e pattern was linked to frequent servings of vegetable in all three countries, and with frequent servings of fruit in Spain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, knowledge alone is insufficient to ensure healthy eating. Parental habits and the cultural food environment are key factors associated with children\u0026rsquo;s dietary intake. Interventions should combine nutrition education with practical, culturally appropriate strategies to build healthy routines, with particular focus on increasing pulse consumption for both health and sustainability benefits.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge alone is not enough: Parental factors associated with children's vegetable, fruit, and pulse consumption across three European countries","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-20 08:19:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8016929/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"328145254038779722841394480597666762351","date":"2026-01-21T15:21:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T03:40:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T18:27:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T10:46:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T10:44:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-11-03T08:46:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c292ecb-a2cc-4537-8551-883a7085e23b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-20T08:19:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-20 08:19:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8016929","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8016929","identity":"rs-8016929","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}