Four new species of Chlorociboria from Yunnan, China

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Hyde, Le Luo, K. W. Thilini Chethana This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Mycological Progress → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Chlorociboria , a commonly reported saprobic genus in Chlorociboriaceae , is characterized by discoid, blue-green, olivaceous, yellow or white apothecia, filiform or thin-clavate paraphyses, cylindric-clavate asci, and ascospores that are elliptic to fusiform, or allantoid, hyaline. According to our morphological and phylogenetic studies of nine Chlorociboria collections from southwest China, four new species ( C. ailaoense , C. bannaensis , C. laojunense and C. yulongense ) are proposed. Chlorociboria ailaoense is identified by its blue to dark blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae, along with medially and basally branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores. Chlorociboria bannaensis is recognized by light blue receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, black stipes, a degenerated medullary excipulum, thin-clavate, unbranched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and ellipsoid ascospores. For C. laojunense , distinctive characters include light blue discs, dark blue-green flanks without tomentum hyphae, asci without croziers, and fusiform ascospores. Chlorociboria yulongense is characterized by olive green to dark discs, white flanks without tomentum hyphae, filiform, branched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and elliptic to allantoid ascospores. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) data of Chlorociboriaceae , strongly support the establishment of the four new species. In addition, we have provided an updated key to distinguish species of Chlorociboria . Chlorociboriaceae Helotiales Morphology Phylogeny Taxonomy 4 new taxa Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Chlorociboriaceae is a family in Helotiales with a cosmopolitan distribution (Peterson and Pfister 2010 ; Zheng and Zhuang 2017 ; Haelewaters et al. 2021 ; Johnston et al. 2019 , 2021 ; Maggio et al. 2021 ) and is followed in the 2021 outline of the fungi (Wijayawardene et al. 2022 ). Chlorociboriaceae includes the genera Brahmaculus and Chlorociboria , with the latter being the type genus (Baral 2015 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ). Chlorociboria taxa display discoid to cupulate, blue-green, olivaceous, yellow, or white apothecia, blue-green, brown to yellow, or white flanks, filiform or thin-clavate paraphyses, cylindric-clavate asci, and elliptic to long fusiform, hyaline ascospores (Seaver 1936 , 1951 ; Kanouse 1947 ; Dennis 1956 , 1958 ; Ramamurthi et al. 1957 ; Dixon 1975 ; Ouellette and Korf 1979 ; Dougoud and Ayel 2003 ; Johnston and Park 2005 ; Huhtinen et al. 2010 ; Tudor et al. 2014 ; Pärtel et al. 2017 ; Zheng and Zhuang 2017 ; Ekanayaka et al. 2019 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ; Li et al. 2022 ). Brahmaculus species have macroscopically distinctive features and possess yellow apothecia, arranged with several apothecia on short branches at the tip of a long stipe, which distinguishes it from Chlorociboria species. In contrast to Brahmaculus species, most Chlorociboria members have hair-like elements, a character that is absent in Brahmaculus species (Johnston et al. 2021 ). Initially, Fries ( 1849 ) proposed Chlorosplenium with Chlorosplenium chlora (= Chlorosplenium schweinitzii ) as the type species. Later, De Notaris ( 1864 ) added Chlorosplenium aeruginosum and Chlorosplenium versiforme to Chlorosplenium witout examining the type species. Fries ( 1849 ) disagreed with De Notaris’s classification of C. aeruginosum and transferred C. aeruginosum into Helotium . Nannfeldt ( 1932 ) showed that C. schweinitzii and C. aeruginosum were not congeneric, and excluded C. aeruginosum from Chlorosplenium . Seaver ( 1936 ) acknowledged the differences between C. schweinitzii and C. aeruginosum and proposed to replace Chlorosplenium with Chlorociboria . Meanwhile, he designated Chlorociboria aeruginosa as the type species in Chlorociboria and accepted three Chlorociboria species, C. aeruginosa , C. strobilina and C. versiformis . Seaver ( 1951 ) transferred C. versiformis into Midotis based on their morphological observations. However, Ramamurthi et al. ( 1957 ) described C. versiformis as having a different tissue structure in the apothecium and amyloid reaction from Midotis species, returning M. versiformis to Chlorociboria . Similarly, they identified C. strobilina as having different apothecial structures and ascospores from other Chlorociboria species and excluded it from Chlorociboria . Subsequently, Kanouse ( 1947 ), Dennis ( 1956 , 1958 ), Ramamurthi et al. ( 1957 ), Dixon ( 1975 ), Ouellette and Korf ( 1979 ), Dougoud and Ayel ( 2003 ), Huhtinen et al. ( 2010 ) introduced four species ( C. argentinensis , C. lamellicola , C. musae and C. pteridicola ) and five combinations ( C. aeruginascens , C. aeruginella , C. omnivirens , C. rugipes and C. salviicolor ) into Chlorociboria based on their morphological studies. However, Dixon ( 1975 ) synonymized C. versiformis and C. rugipes as Chlorencoelia versiformis and Chlorencoelia torta based on their morphological studies, respectively. Johnston and Park ( 2005 ) used the morphology together with the neighbour-joining analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to introduce 13 species, including C. albohymenia , C. awakinoana , C. campbellensis , C. clavula , C. colubrosa , C. duriligna , C. halonata , C. macrospora , C. pardalota , C. poutoensis , C. procera , C. spathulata and C. spiralis , marking as the first study to combine morphology and phylogeny for Chlorociboria . Since then, Tudor et al. ( 2014 ), Pärtel et al. ( 2017 ), Zheng and Zhuang ( 2017 ), Ekanayaka et al. ( 2019 ), Johnston et al. ( 2021 ), Li et al. ( 2022 ) followed Johnston and Park ( 2005 ) and used both phylogeny and morphology for their studies. These studies synonymized Encoelia glauca with Chlorociboria glauca and introduced C. daliensis , C. herbicola , C. metrosideri , C. novae-zelandiae , C. olivaceous , C. solandri and C. subtilis . Up to now, 30 morphological species of Chlorociboria have been accepted, of which 23 possess validated sequences. In this study, we combined morphology and phylogeny generated from ITS and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) sequence data of Chlorociboriaceae to research the taxonomy of Chlorociboria species with validated sequences. As a result, we propose four new species from Yunnan, China. Material and methods Sample collection We collected nine samples from southwest China. When these fresh samples were found in the field, they were photographed, recorded, and then put in small boxes with silica gel to dry. After morphological and phylogenetic studies, they were deposited at the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS). Data from this study are contributed to the discomycetes.com database (Lestari et al. 2023 ). Morphological studies These nine collections were morphologically studied based on their field records, photographs of fresh apothecia and micromorphological studies of dry apothecia. We researched the micromorphology of these nine collections based on their free-hand sections. Free-hand sections were obtained using a C-PSN stereomicroscope (Nikon, Japan), observed and photographed their micromorphology with water as the suspending agent using a charge-coupled device SC 2000C attached to an ECLIPSE Ni-U compound microscope (Nikon, Japan). Then we measured their relevant dimensions in the Image Frame Work (Tarosoft (R), Thailand). Measurements were given as (a)b–c(d), where a denoted the minimum value, d the maximum value, and b–c the 90% confidence interval. x̅ indicated the average value of measurements. Ascospore measurements were given as [n/m/p], indicating that the n number of ascospores were measured from m ascomata of the p number of collections. The Q value indicated the length-to-width ratio of the ascospores, while Q indicated the average length-to-width ratios (Q) of all ascospores ± standard deviation (Calatayud et al. 2002 ). Moreover, iodine reactions were tested for these collections with Melzer’s Reagent, following Nylander ( 1868 ) and Krieglsteiner ( 2002a ). Finally, the morphological illustrations were prepared in Adobe Photoshop 2020 (Adobe system, USA). DNA extraction, PCR amplifications and sequencing Genomic DNA was extracted from these dried fungal tissues using a TSP101 DNA extraction kit (TSINGKE, China). Following Zheng and Zhuang ( 2017 ), Ekanayaka et al. ( 2019 ), Li et al. ( 2022 ), we used ITS and LSU to analyse the phylogenetic relationships of Chlorociboriaceae . The ITS and LSU genes were amplified using primers ITS1-F/ITS4 (White et al. 1990 ; Gardes and Bruns 1993 ) and LROR/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990 ; Moncalvo et al. 1993 ), respectively. The PCR reaction volume was 25 µL, consisting 12.5 µL of 2 × PCR G013 Taq MasterMix with Dye (abm, Canada), 1 µL forward primer (10 µM), 1 µL reverse primer (10 µM), 2 µL genomic DNA, and 8.5 µL double distilled water. The reaction conditions of PCR amplification are as follows: pre-denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 20 sec, annealing at 53°C (ITS)/56°C (LSU) for 10 sec, elongation at 72°C for 20 sec, and a final elongation at 72°C for 7 min. These PCR products were checked for positive PCR amplicons in 1% TAE gels with TSJ003 GoldView nucleic acid dye (TSINGKE, China) as the staining agent. Finally, these PCR products were sequenced at the Tsingke Biotech (Beijing, China). Phylogenetic analyses The quality of each sequence was tested by inspecting the respective chromatograms using BioEdit 7.0.9 (Hall 1999 ). Each pair of forward and reverse sequences were concatenated to obtain their corresponding consensus sequences in DNASTAR Lasergene SeqMan Pro 7.1.0 (44.1) (Swindell and Plasterer 1997 ). Every consensus sequence was searched in the GenBank with the BLASTn tool (Johnson et al. 2008 ). These newly generated sequences and the reference sequences from previous research are shown in Table 1. Cenangium ferruginosum (TAAM 198451), Chlorencoelia torta (KUS-F 52256) and Heyderia abietis (OSC 60392) were designated as outgroup taxa following Johnston et al. ( 2021 ). The dataset for each gene region was aligned using MAFFT 7.49, then was trimmed in TrimAl 1.3, the gapthreshold parameter of ITS was set to 0.6, and the gapthreshold parameter of LSU was set to 0.4 (Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009 ; Katoh and Standley 2013 ). The trimmed ITS and LSU regions were assembled into a matrix using SequenceMatrix 1.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011 ). The two trimmed files of each gene and the final alignment files combining ITS and LSU were converted to phylip and nexus formats using AliView 1.19 (Larsson 2014 ). The Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses of single-gene and multi-gene all were operated in the CIPRES Science Gateway 3.3 (Miller et al. 2010 ). The ML analyses utilized RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE 8.2.12 tool, with 1,000 replicates and other default parameters (Stamatakis 2014 ). The BI analyses were based on these best-fit evolutionary models of ITS and LSU, assessed in MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander et al. 2004 ). The evolutionary model GTR + I + G has resulted as the best model for both ITS and LSU genes (Nylander et al. 2004 ). The BI analyses were conducted in the XSEDE 3.2.7a tool, the trees were sampled at every 100th generation, and four Markov chains were run for 2 million generations (Ronquist et al. 2012 ). When the average standard deviation of the split frequencies 200, the results indicated convergence (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001 ). Phylogenetic trees were graphically manipulated and annotated in FigTree 1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018 ) and Adobe Illustrator CC 2018 (Adobe, USA). Decisions as to whether species are new followed the polyphasic approach recommended by Chethana et al. ( 2021 ). Dichotomous key A dichotomous key of all Chlorociboria known species was generated based on the published species descriptions (Ellis and Everhart 1893 ; Dixon 1975 ; Dumont 1976 ; Krieglsteiner 2002b ; Dougoud and Ayel 2003 ; Johnston and Park 2005 ; Huhtinen et al. 2010 ; Tudor et al. 2014 ; Pärtel et al. 2017 ; Zheng and Zhuang 2017 ; Ekanayaka et al. 2019 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ; Li et al. 2022 ). Results Phylogenetic analyses The phylogenetic relationships of these eight Chlorociboria collections were assessed based on 47 specimens, representing 31 species belonging to Chlorociboriaceae with Cenangium ferruginosum (TAAM 198451), Chlorencoelia torta (KUS-F52256) and Heyderia abietis (OSC60392) as the outgroup taxa (Table 1). The ITS dataset had 484 characters, the LSU dataset had 883 characters, and the combined dataset had a total of 1,368 characters (1–484 bp ITS; 485–1,368 bp LSU). The final likelihood value for the best-scoring ML tree based on the combine of ITS and LSU was − 9,529.381787 (Fig. 1 ). Besides, the final average standard deviation of the split frequencies in the BI analysis based on the combine of ITS and LSU was 0.008298. The topology of the multilocus ML tree was partly similar to the BI analysis and also to the previous study of Johnston et al. ( 2021 ) and Li et al. ( 2022 ). The two single-gene Bayesian phylogenetic trees and the two single-gene Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees all confirmed our eight specimens in this study constituted four monophyletic lineages, which were distant from other known species of Chlorociboria . The two Bayesian trees and the two Maximum likelihood trees are available in the supplementary material. Our multi-gene phylogenetic tree showed that Chlorociboria clustered into two sub-clades, clade I and clade II, which was same as the results from Johnston et al. ( 2021 ) and Li et al. ( 2022 ). Clade I includes 24 species, and clade II includes three species (Fig. 1 ). Our nine collections group in clade I, represented by four Chlorociboria species, C. ailaoense , C. bannaensis , C. laojunense and C. yulongense . Chlorociboria ailaoense (HKAS 131213 and HKAS 131214) clustered sister to C. daliensis with 81% maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (MLBS) and 0.94 Bayesian posterior probabilities support values (BPPS). Chlorociboria laojunense (HKAS 131217 and HKAS 131218) clustered basal to the clade comprising C. daliensis , C. ailaoense , C. poutoensis and C. pardalota with 99% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. Chlorociboria bannaensis (HKAS 131215 and HKAS 131216) and C. yulongense (HKAS 131219 and HKAS 131220) formed a distinct clade and separated from each other by 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. The clade comprising these two novel species separated from C. glauca with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. Taxonomy Chlorociboria ailaoense H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde & Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure 2 MycoBank: MB#851630 Typification : China, Yunnan: Yuxi City, Ailao Mountains, 2430 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 2 September 2021, Hongli Su SHL238 ( holotype HKAS 131213). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753790; LSU = OR768411. Etymology Referring to the type locality Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis : Chlorociboria ailaoense has blue to dark blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae, medially and basally branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores. Differing C. awakinoana in ascospores shape. Description : Sexual morph on the dead wood of an unidentified tree in the evergreen broadleaf forest. Apothecia discoid to cupulate, 5–8 mm in diameter, 2–5 mm high when fresh, 1–3 mm in diameter, 0.5–1.5 mm high when dry, superficial, gregarious, scattered, or cespitose, stipitate, leathery. Receptacle discoid to cupulate. Disc concave, surface slightly smooth, vivid blue when fresh, blue-green when dry. Margin flat to slightly involute, smooth. Flank blue when fresh, dark bluish-green to dark blue, darker than disc when dry. Stipe 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter, 0.7–1.2 mm long when dry, mostly solitary, sometimes cespitose with a common base, turbinate, with a thick apex and a thin base, dark blue, darker than receptacles, with marked longitudinal gullies and slightly rough surface. Hymenium 80–120 µm (x̅ = 100 µm, n = 10), flat to concave, surface slightly smooth, vivid blue when fresh, bluish green when dry. Medullary excipulum 110–380 µm (x̅ = 176 µm, n = 10) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of textura intricata , 1.2–2.1 µm (x̅ = 1.7 µm, n = 90) in diameter. Ectal excipulum 30–70 µm (x̅ = 46 µm, n = 38) thick, composed of hyaline (the inner layer) to dark bluish green (the outer layer), smooth, thick-walled cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa , 2.0–6.5 × 1.0–3.5 µm (x̅ = 4.0 × 2.0 µm, n = 132). Tomentum hyphae absent. Paraphyses 0.9–2.0 µm (x̅ = 1.4 µm, n = 61) in diameter, length longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight to slightly curved, branched in the middle and the base, hyaline, slightly rough, aseptate, thin-walled. Asci 80–100 × (5.1)5.4–8.0(8.2) µm (x̅ = 92 × 6.8 µm, n = 49), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight with slightly curved bases, hyaline, 8-spored. inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with amyloid apical pores and croziers at the basal septa. Ascospores (106/10/2) (9.8)10.3–12.3(13.3) × (2.2)2.4–3.1(3.3) µm, (x̅ = 11.3 × 2.8 µm), Q = 3.1–5.2, Q = 4.1 ± 0.43, uniseriate or partially biseriate, fusiform, with taper, obtuse ends, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled, bearing two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined. Habit, habitat, and known distribution Growing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China. Additional specimens examined : China, Yunnan: Yuxi, Ailao Mountains, 2400 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 19 August 2022, Hongli Su SHL897 ( paratype HKAS 131214). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753791; LSU = OR768412. Notes : Chlorociboria ailaoense is similar to C. awakinoana in apothecia with blue to blue-green discs, dark blue flanks and stipes, receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, clavate, amyloid asci and ascospores with similar sizes. However, these two species have ascospores of different shapes; C. awakinoana has oblong-elliptic or cylindric ascospores with rounded ends, while C. ailaoense has fusiform ascospores with relatively sharper ends (Johnston and Park 2005 ). More importantly, these two species have an apparently distant phylogenetic relationship, as shown in our phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1 ). Our phylogenetic tree shows that C. ailaoense is sister to C. daliensis with 81% MLBS and 0.94 BPPS, whereas C. awakinoana clustered with C. bannaensis , C. yulongense and C. glauca with 49% MLBS and 0.52 BPPS. Chlorociboria ailaoense differs from C. daliensis in the color of their dried discs, receptacles, tomentum hyphae and ascospores. Chlorociboria daliensis has mostly pale yellowish-green discs, which become white powder when dry, pustulate receptacles with tomentum hyphae, apically branched paraphyses and elongate to ellipsoidal ascospores with rounded ends, while C. ailaoense has blue-green discs which do not become white powder when dry, slightly smooth receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, medially branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores with relatively sharp ends (Li et al. 2022 ). Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence comparisons of C. daliensis (HKAS 122863) and C. ailaoense (HKAS 131207) show 14 bp differences across 475 bp (2.95%) (including 4 gaps) in the ITS region and 35 bp differences across 768 bp (4.56%) (including 8 gaps) in the LSU region (Jeewon and Hyde 2016 ). Chlorociboria bannaensis H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde & Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure 3 MycoBank MB#851631 Typification : China, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Gelanghe, 665 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 8 September 2022, Hongli Su SHL1625 ( holotype HKAS 131215). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753792; LSU = OR768413. Etymology Referring to the type locality Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis Differs from all other Chlorociboria species by light blue receptacles without tomentum hyphae, black stipes, thin-clavate, unbranched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and ellipsoid ascospores. Description : Sexual morph on dead wood of an unidentified tree in a broadleaf forest. Apothecia discoid, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, about 0.3 mm high when fresh, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, about 0.2 mm high when dry, superficial, gregarious to scattered, shortly stipitate to sessile, leathery. Receptacle discoid. Disc concave, surface slightly smooth, blue-green when fresh, dark blue-green when dry. Margin flat, involute or wavy, lighter than disc. Flank pale blue-green, lighter than disc. Stipe solitary, extremely short to absent, cylindric, black, if present. Hymenium 45–75 µm (x̅ = 55 µm, n = 25), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, blue-green when fresh, dark blue-green when dry. Medullary excipulum 20–45 µm (x̅ = 34 µm, n = 10) thick, hyaline, degenerated, confused, mixed with irregular-shaped, lightly brown materials. Ectal excipulum 45–70 µm (x̅ = 60 µm, n = 10) thick, pale brown, composed of hyaline to pale brown, rough, thick-walled cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa , 3.2–8.9 × 1.9–6.1 µm (x̅ = 5.6 × 3.5 µm, n = 80). Tomentum hyphae absent. Paraphyses 1.0–2.2 µm (x̅ = 1.4 µm, n = 63) in diameter, equal or longer than asci, thin-clavate, with obtuse apex, straight, unbranched, hyaline, rough, septate, thin-walled. Asci (35)40–50 × (2.8)3.0–4.3 µm (x̅ = 42 × 3.7 µm, n = 50), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight or naturally curved, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with inamyloid apical pores. Ascospores (105/4/2) (2.5)2.8–3.8(4.2) × (1.1)1.3–2.0(2.2) µm, (x̅ = 3.3 × 1.6 µm), Q = 1.6–2.4, Q = 2.1 ± 0.28, uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, rough, aseptate, thin-walled, obtuse ends, with two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined. Habit, habitat, and known distribution Growing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China. Additional specimens examined : China, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Gelanghe, 675 m asl., on a dead twig, 7 September 2022, Hongli Su SHL928 ( paratype HKAS 131216,). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753793; LSU = OR768414. Notes Based on our phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1 ), C. bannaensis separates from C. yulongense with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, C. bannaensis and C. yulongense significantly differ in their apothecia, excipulum and paraphyses characters. Chlorociboria bannaensis has blue discs, white flanks, black stipes, degenerated medullary excipulum, and thin-clavate, unbranched, rough paraphyses. In contrast, C. yulongense has apothecia with black discs, white flanks and stipes, well-developed medullary excipulum, filiform, branched, relatively smooth paraphyses. Besides, our phylogenetic analyses show that C. bannaensis and C. yulongense form a clade sister to C. glauca with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, C. bannaensis differs considerably from C. glauca in its macro features, asci iodine reactions and the size of ascospores (Pärtel et al. 2017 ). Chlorociboria bannaensis has blue (when fresh) to dark blue-green (when dry) discs and white flanks without tomentum hyphae or hairs, whereas C. glauca has whitish to pale yellowish-greyish (-glaucous) or beige, mustard-coloured discs, pale grey flanks with hairs. Chlorociboria bannaensis has inamyloid asci, while C. glauca has amyloid asci. Moreover, C. bannaensis and C. glauca have distinctly different ascospores; C. bannaensis has smaller ascospores (2.5–4.2 × 1.1–2.2 µm) than C. glauca (5.5–8.5 × 1.5–1.7 µm). Chlorociboria laojunense H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde & Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure 4 MycoBank MB#851632 Typification : China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Laojun Mountains, 3825 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 23 July 2022, Le Luo LY89 ( holotype HKAS 131217). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753794; LSU = OR768415. Etymology Referring to the type locality Laojun Mountains, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis : Chlorociboria laojunense has light blue discs, dark blue-green flanks lacking tomentum hyphae, asci without croziers, and fusiform ascospores. Differs from C. daliensis by apothecia without tomentum hyphae, medially and basally branched paraphyses. Differs from C. ailaoense in asci without croziers and larger ascospores. Description : Sexual morph on dead wood of an unidentified tree in coniferous forest. Apothecia 0.5–2 mm in diameter, about 1 mm high when dry, cupulate, superficial, gregarious to scattered, shortly stipitate, leathery. Receptacle cupulate. Disc flat to concave, surface slightly smooth, light blue-green to dark blue-green when dry. Margin visibly involute, dark blue-green, darker than the disc when dry, smooth. Flank dark bluish-green when dry, slightly rough surface with longitudinal gullies. Stipe about 0.5 mm in diameter, about 0.5 mm long when dry, solitary, cylindrical, dark blue, concolorous with flanks, slightly rough. Hymenium 100–130 µm (x̅ = 115 µm, n = 20), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, light blue-green to dark blue-green when dry. Medullary excipulum 210–350 µm (x̅ = 301 µm, n = 11) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of textura intricata , 1.8–3.0 µm (x̅ = 2.4 µm, n = 145) in diameter. Ectal excipulum 30–70 µm (x̅ = 50 µm, n = 25) thick, pale blue-green, composed of pale bluish green, smooth, thick-walled cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa , 2.6–15.6 × 2.0–6.2 µm (x̅ = 6.8 × 3.9 µm, n = 56). Tomentum hyphae absent. Paraphyses 0.9–2.5 µm (x̅ = 1.5 µm, n = 58) in diameter, length longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight to slightly curved, branched in the middle and the base, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled. Asci (80)90–110(115) × (6.2)6.4–8.5(10.0) µm (x̅ = 98.5 × 7.5 µm, n = 49), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight with slightly curved base, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with amyloid apical pores and croziers at the basal septa. Ascospores (174/13/2) (10.4)11.3–15.7(18.4) × (2.7)3.0–4.4(5.1) µm, (x̅ = 13.4 × 3.6 µm), Q = 2.8–5.2, Q = 3.7 ± 0.46, uniseriate or partially biseriate, fusiform, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled, with tapered, obtuse ends, a central bulge lean to one side, two large guttules and many little guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined. Habit, habitat, and known distribution Growing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China. Additional specimens examined : China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Laojun Mountains, 3720 m asl., on dead wood, 24 July 2022, Le Luo LY95 ( paratype HKAS 131218). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753795; LSU = OR768416. Notes In our phylogenetic tree, Chlorociboria laojunense forms a clade separated from the sub-clade comprising C. ailaoense , C. daliensis , C. pardalota and C. poutoensis with 99% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, C. laojunense is morphologically different from the other four species. Chlorociboria laojunense is considerably different from C. daliensis by the latter having apothecia with tomentum hyphae and paraphyses with apical branches (Li et al. 2022 ). Chlorociboria laojunense distinguishes from C. ailaoense in having asci without croziers and larger ascospores (10.4–18.4 × 2.7–5.1 µm vs. 9.8–13.3 × 2.2–3.3 µm). Chlorociboria laojunense differs from C. pardalota and C. poutoensis in its apothecial color; C. pardalota and C. poutoensis have bright yellow hymenium when dry, while C. laojunense has light blue to dark blue hymenium when dry. Furthermore, C. pardalota and C. poutoensis have tomentum hyphae, while C. laojunense lacks tomentum hyphae (Johnston and Park 2005 ). Chlorociboria yulongense H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde & Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure 5 MycoBank MB#851633 Typification : China, Yunnan: Lijiang City, Yulong Snow Mountain, 2330 m elev., on a dead twig, 19 June 2022, Hongli Su SHL1035 ( holotype HKAS 131219). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753796; LSU = OR768417. Etymology Referring to the type locality Yulong Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis Characterized by olive green to dark discs, white flanks without tomentum hyphae, filiform, branched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and elliptic to allantoid ascospores. Description : Sexual morph on a dead twig. Apothecia 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, 0.2–0.5 mm high when fresh, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, 0.1–0.3 mm high when dry, discoid, superficial, gregarious, scattered, or cespitose, sessile to shortly stipitate, leathery. Receptacle discoid. Disc concave, surface slightly smooth, olive green to dark when fresh, olive green when dry. Margin involute, white. Flank white. Stipe hardly absent, occasionally short, solitary, sometimes cespitose with a common base, cylindric or turbinate, white, concolorous with flanks. Hymenium 55–65 µm (x̅ = 60 µm, n = 10), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, deep olive green to dark when fresh, olive green when dry. Medullary excipulum 35–80 µm (x̅ = 47 µm, n = 10) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of textura intricata , 1.7–3.0 µm (x̅ = 2.4 µm, n = 25) in diameter. Ectal excipulum 45–95 µm (x̅ = 66 µm, n = 19) thick, pale brown, composed of pale brown, smooth, thick-walled cells of textura epidermoidea , 3.3–7.5 × 2.0–5.0 µm (x̅ = 5.2 × 3.3 µm, n = 90). Tomentum hyphae absent. Paraphyses 1.1–2.3 µm (x̅ = 1.7 µm, n = 107) in diameter, equal or longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight, branched, hyaline, slightly rough, septate, thin-walled. Asci 40–45(50) × (3.0)3.1–4.1(4.5) µm (x̅ = 43 × 3.6 µm, n = 42), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight or naturally curved, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with inamyloid apical pores and croziers at the base. Ascospores (100/9/2) (2.4)2.9–4.7(5.2) × 1.0–2.0(2.4) µm, (x̅ = 3.6 × 1.4 µm), Q = 1.9–3.6, Q = 2.7 ± 0.38, uniseriate or partially biseriate, elliptic, or allantoid, hyaline, rough, aseptate, thin-walled, with obtuse ends and two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined. Habit, habitat, and known distribution Growing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China. Additional specimens examined : China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Yulong Snow Mountain, 2380 m asl., on a dead twig, 4 May 2022, Hongli Su SHL392 ( paratype HKAS 131220). GenBank accession numbers: ITS = OR753797; LSU = OR768418. Notes Our phylogram shows that C. yulongense is placed sister to C. bannaensis with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. Furthermore, the clade, including C. bannaensis and C. yulongense , clusters sister to C. glauca with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS (Fig. 1 ). Chlorociboria yulongense differ from C. bannaensis and C. glauca in their macroscopic morphologies and asci iodine reactions. Chlorociboria yulongense has olive green to dark (when fresh), olive green (when dry) discs and white flanks without tomentum hyphae (or hairs), while C. bannaensis has blue to blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae (or hairs), and C. glauca has whitish to pale yellowish-greyish (-glaucous) or mustard-coloured discs, and pale grey flanks with hairs (Pärtel et al. 2017 ). Besides, C. yulongense and C. bannaensis have inamyloid asci, while C. glauca has amyloid asci (Pärtel et al. 2017 ). Chlorociboria yulongense and C. bannaensis differ in their excipulum and paraphyses characters; the former has a well-developed medullary excipulum, and filiform, branched, relatively smooth paraphyses, but the latter bears a degenerated medullary excipulum, and thin-clavate, unbranched, rough paraphyses. Furthermore, C. yulongense has smaller ascospores (2.4–5.2 × 1–2.4 µm) than C. glauca (5.5–8.5 × 1.5–1.7 µm). Discussion Chlorociboria was established, emphasizing the green or olivaceous apothecia (Seaver 1936 ). However, as more Chlorociboria species were added, the clarity of generic delimitation became compromised, as some later-added species lacked the characteristic green or olivaceous apothecia, such as C. spiralis , C. metrosideri , C. solandri , C. macrospora , C. clavula and C. albohymenia (Fig. 6 ) (Johnston and Park 2005 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ; Li et al. 2022 ). Some scholars studied Chlorociboria , neglecting Seaver’s original emphasis on green or olivaceous apothecia, leading to different taxonomic treatments for Chlorociboria (Seaver 1936 ; Johnston and Park 2005 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ). The resulting confusion was subsequently addressed by incorporating phylogenetic analyses (Johnston and Park 2005 ; Tudor et al. 2014 ; Pärtel et al. 2017 ; Zheng and Zhuang 2017 ; Ekanayaka et al. 2019 ; Johnston et al. 2021 ; Li et al. 2022 ). The current study contributes an updated key for identifying Chlorociboria species based on these morphological characters. KEY TO SPECIES OF CHLOROCIBORIA 1 Apothecia more than 7 mm in diameter...................................................................................................................2 1* Apothecia less than 7 mm in diameter...................................................................................................................3 2 Tomentum hyphae present............................................................................................................. C. aeruginascens 2* Tomentum hyphae absent......................................................................................................... C. novae-zelandiae 3 Stipe more than 1 cm in length.............................................................................................................. C. colubrosa 3* Stipe less than 1 cm in length.................................................................................................................................4 4 Tomentum hyphae absent........................................................................................................................................5 4* Tomentum hyphae present..................................................................................................................................21 5 Asci with negative iodine reactions in Melzer’s Reagent................................................................... C. aeruginella 5* Asci with positive iodine reactions in Melzer’s Reagent.......................................................................................6 6 Ascospores with septa.............................................................................................................................................7 6* Ascospores without septa......................................................................................................................................8 7 Receptacle blue-green............................................................................................................................... C. clavula 7* Receptacle orange brown........................................................................................................................ C. spiralis 8 Asci less than 60 µm in length.................................................................................................................................9 8* Asci more than 60 µm in length...........................................................................................................................12 9 Apothecia sessile................................................................................................................................ C. metrosideri 9* Apothecia short-stipitate.....................................................................................................................................10 10 Apothecia more than 1 mm in diameter.................................................................................................... C. glauca 10* Apothecia less than 1 mm in diameter................................................................................................................11 11 Paraphyses extending 20–30 µm beyond asci........................................................................................ C. solandri 11* Paraphyses equal or shorter than asci.............................................................................................. C. lamellicola 12 Ascospores more than 40 µm in length.................................................................................................... C. subtilis 12* Ascospores less than 40 µm in length................................................................................................................13 13 Hymenium sometimes with white gelatinous substance................................................................... C. aeruginosa 13* Hymenium without white gelatinous substance................................................................................................14 14 Paraphyses extending 10–15 µm beyond asci....................................................................................................15 14* Paraphyses about the same length as asci.........................................................................................................16 15 Disc surface often pruinose............................................................................................................. C. macrospora 15* Disc surface not pruinose............................................................................................................. C. albohymenia 16 Asci less than 70 µm in length...................................................................................................... C. campbellensis 16* Asci more than 70 µm in length.........................................................................................................................17 17 Receptacle when mature pale yellow.................................................................................................. C. pardalota 17* Receptacle dark blue-green...............................................................................................................................18 18 Fresh disc white to slightly greenish.................................................................................................. C. poutoensis 18* Fresh disc light blue-green to dark blue-green..................................................................................................19 19 Tomentum hyphae smooth................................................................................................................. C. spathulata 19* Tomentum hyphae rough..................................................................................................................................20 20 Ascospores less than 15 µm in length..................................................................................................... C. durilign 20* Ascospores more than 15 µm in length............................................................................................... C. halonata 21 Asci more than 50 µm in length...........................................................................................................................22 21* Asci more than 50 µm in length.........................................................................................................................31 22 Asci with negative iodine reactions in Melzer’s Reagent.................................................................. C. pteridicola 22* Asci with positive iodine reactions in Melzer’s Reagent...................................................................................23 23 Ascospores less than 5 µm in length.................................................................................................. C. olivaceous 23* Ascospores more than 5 µm in length................................................................................................................24 24 Ascospores sometimes with septate....................................................................................................................25 24* Ascospores without septa..................................................................................................................................26 25 Ascospores more than 11 µm in length.............................................................................................. C. omnivirens 25* Ascospores less than 11 µm in length.......................................................................................... C. argentinensis 26 Disc with white powder........................................................................................................................ C. daliensis 26* Disc without white powder................................................................................................................................27 27 Paraphyses longer than asci in length..................................................................................................................28 27* Paraphyses equal to asci in length.....................................................................................................................29 28 Apothecia more than 5 mm in diameter............................................................................................... C. ailaoense 28* Apothecia less than 2 mm in diameter.............................................................................................. C. laojunense 29 Dried disc surface orange with blue-green tint.................................................................................... C. herbicola 29* Dried disc black................................................................................................................................................30 30 Ascospores oblong-elliptic or cylindric, with rounded ends............................................................ C. awakinoana 30* Ascospores fusoid with more or less acute ends................................................................................... C. procera 31 Paraphyses occasionally with reddish brown, tiny granules especially observed in the lower portion........................................................................................................................................................... C. musae 31* Paraphyses occasionally with reddish brown, tiny granules especially observed in the lower portion.....................................................................................................................................................................32 32 Apothecia pruinose............................................................................................................................ C. salviicolor 32* Apothecia not pruinose outside contracted below into a short stipitate base…..................................................33 33 Flank white....................................................................................................................................... C. yulongense 33* Flank pale blue-green..................................................................................................................... C. bannaensis The morphological characters exhibited by Chlorociboria species, specifically the apothecial color and size, are known to change as water decreases in their dried stages (Fig. 6 ). This phenomenon has been widely observed and documented by Johnston and Park ( 2005 ), Zheng and Zhuang ( 2017 ), Li et al. (2021). Despite the common occurrence of this color change, some scholars have overlooked the discoloration of Chlorociboria and recorded the color of apothecia without specifying whether the specimens were fresh or dry, leading to significant challenges in morphological comparisons and adversely affecting the accuracy of the morphological studies (Johnston and Park 2005 ). These two conditions also highlighted the importance of real-time recording of the characteristics of Chlorociboria samples. By integrating morphology and phylogeny, differences among Chlorociboria taxa become more readily apparent. In Fig. 6 , Chlorociboria daliensis and C. ailaoense formed sister clades with 81% MLBS and 0.94 BPPS. Their similar apothecial color and size supported their close relationship, and the variation in the colors of their dry discs showed that they are distinct species. Chlorociboria pardalota clustered basal to the clade comprising C. ailaoense , C. daliensis and C. poutoensis with 80% MLBS and 0.97 BPPS. Despite the similar disc colors among these four species, C. pardalota displayed a significantly different colored flank. Chlorociboria bannaensis was identified as a sister species to C. yulongense with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS and exhibited similarities in disc color and apothecia size, but their flank colors differed. However, the phylogenetic position of many Chlorociboria species in our study was also unstable, similar to the phylogenetic affiliations shown in Johnston et al. ( 2021 ) and Li et al. ( 2022 ). In addition, seven species lacked reliable sequences, limiting the information obtained by combining morphology and phylogeny. Therefore, it is imperative to collect additional samples from a broader geographic area to ensure stable interspecific and intergeneric phylogenetic relationships within Chlorociboria , potentially identifying key taxa. Chlorociboria species hold significance for various industries as they serve as a source of xylindein, a natural, stable blue-green pigment utilized as a colorant and (opto) electronic materials (Giles et al. 1979 , 1990 ; Donner et al. 2012 ; Court et al. 2020 ). Currently, Chlorociboria aeruginascens is the most commonly used species for producing xylindein (Zschätzsch et al. 2020). The discovery of four new species ( C. ailaoense , C. laojunense , C. yulongense and C. bannaensis ) offers additional options for obtaining xylindein. It is plausible that some of these new species may yield higher amounts of xylindein than C. aeruginascens , but further experiments are required for confirmation. Declarations Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at ***. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University for its support in the tuition fee scholarship. This study is supported by Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006) and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant, entitled “Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology” (Grant No. N42A650547). Author contribution All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Hongli Su and Le Luo contributed to sample collection. Morphological characteristics were examined by Hongli Su. Molecular lab work and phylogenetic analyses were conducted by Hongli Su and K. W. Thilini Chethana. The frst draft of the manuscript was written by Hongli Su, which was then improved by changes, edits, suggestions, and comments from Qi Zhao, K. W. Thilini Chethana and Kevin D. Hyde. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This study is supported by Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006) and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant, entitled “Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology” (Grant No. N42A650547). Data availability The DNA sequences produced in this study are available on NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The combined DNA dataset used for phylogenetic analyses is available in a supplementary file. The vouchers are deposited in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS). Competing interests These authors declare no competing interests. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 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Database Volume 2014, bau061. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bau061 Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA, Chen W, Fungal Barcoding Consortium, Fungal Barcoding Consortium Author List, Bolchacova E, Voigt K (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. P Natl Acad Sci USA 109(16):6241–6246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109 Seaver FJ (1936) Photographs and descriptions of cup-fungi—XXIV. Chlorociboria Mycologia 28(4):390–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1936.12017152 Seaver FJ (1951) The North American Cup-fungi (Inoperculates). New York Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033 Swindell SR, Plasterer TN (1997) SEQMAN: Contig assembly. 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Am J Bot 92(9):1565–1574. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.9.1565 White TJ, Bruns T, Lee SJWT, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protoc 18(1):315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1 Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Dai DQ, Sánchez-García M, Goto BT, Saxena RK, Erdoðdu M, Selçuk F, Rajeshkumar KC, Aptroot A, Błaszkowski J (2022) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa–2021. Mycosphere 13:53–453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 Zheng HD, Zhuang WY (2017) A new species of Chlorociboria ( Helotiales , Ascomycota ) on herbaceous stems from China. Phytotaxa 312(1):111–117. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.9 Zschätzsch M, Steudler S, Reinhardt O, Bergmann P, Ersoy F, Stange S, Wagenführ A, Walther T, Berger RG, Werner A (2021) Production of natural colorants by liquid fermentation with Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Laetiporus sulphureus and prospective applications. Eng Life Sci 21(3–4):270–282. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202000079 Table 1 List of taxa included in the molecular analyses, with country, voucher specimen numbers of origin, GenBank accession numbers of ITS and LSU gene sequences, and references to literature. Voucher with t indicates type specimen. Accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences Tables Table 1 List of taxa included in the molecular analyses, with country, voucher specimen numbers of origin, GenBank accession numbers of ITS and LSU gene sequences, and references to literature. Voucher with t indicates type specimen. Accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. Species Country Voucher GenBank accession number References ITS LSU Brahmaculus moonlighticus New Zealand PDD 112225 t NR_172535 NG_075260 Johnston et al. (2021) B. osornoensis Chile PDD 116649 t NR_172552 - Johnston et al. (2021) B. packhamiae Australia PDD 117311 t NR_172548 - Johnston et al. (2021) B. magellanicus Chile PDD 116650 t NR_172549 NG_075421 Johnston et al. (2021) Chlorociboria aeruginascens China PDD 77804 AY755359 - Johnston and Park (2005) C . aeruginascens subsp. australis New Zealand PDD 74101 t NR_119520 NG_081274 Schoch et al. (2014) C. aeruginella France TAAM 198514 MH752067 - Johnston et al. (2019) C. aeruginosa Japan TNS: F13596 LC425047 LC429383 Johnston et al. (2019) C. aeruginosa USA OSC 100056 DQ491501 AY544669 Tudor et al. (2014) C. ailaoense China HKAS 131213 t OR753790 OR768411 This study C. ailaoense China HKAS 131214 OR753791 OR768412 This study C. albohymenia New Zealand PDD 70089 AY755347 - Johnston and Park (2005) C. argentinensis Argentina PDD 92027 EF520123 JN939930 Schoch et al. (2012); Liu et al. (2017) C. awakinoana New Zealand ICMP: 15631 JN943461 JN939921 Schoch et al. (2012) C. awakinoana New Zealand ICMP: 18767 JN943462 JN939922 Tudor et al. (2014) C. bannaensis China HKAS 131215 t OR753792 OR768413 This study C. bannaensis China HKAS 131216 OR753793 OR768414 This study C. campbellensis New Zealand PDD 74019 t NR_119521 - Schoch et al. (2014) C. clavula New Zealand ICMP: 15634 JN943465 JN939924 Schoch et al. (2012) C. clavula New Zealand ICMP: 15644 JN943466 JN939941 Zheng and Zhuang (2017) C. daliensis China HKAS 122863 t OM021876 OM283288 Li et al. (2022) C. daliensis China HKAS 122864 OM022017 OM283287 Li et al. (2022) C. daliensis China HKAS 122865 OM321599 OM283289 Li et al. (2022) C. duriligna New Zealand ICMP: 18763 t JN943468 JN939934 Schoch et al. (2012) C. glauca France TAAM 198458 LT158438 KX090821 Pärtel et al. (2017) C. halonata New Zealand ICMP: 18764 JN943471 JN939935 Schoch et al. (2012) C. halonata New Zealand ICMP: 15625 JN943469 JN939933 Tudor et al. (2014) C. herbicola China HMAS 273905 t KY498614 KY498616 Zheng and Zhuang (2017) C. laojunense China HKAS 131217 t OR753794 OR768415 This study C. laojunense China HKAS 131218 OR753795 OR768416 This study C. macrospora New Zealand PDD 73994 t AY755343 - Johnston and Park (2005) C. metrosideri New Zealand PDD 116740 t NR_172550 - Johnston et al. (2021) C. novae-zelandiae New Zealand ICMP: 18766 t NR_172528 NG_075175 Johnston et al. (2021) C. pardalota New Zealand PDD 71611 AY755353 - Johnston and Park (2005) C. poutoensis Thailand MFLU 18-0676 MK584968 MK591994 Ekanayaka et al. (2019) C. poutoensis China HMAS 266511 KC904943 KR094164 Liu et al. (2017) C. procera New Zealand PDD 74093 AY755345 - Johnston and Park (2005) C. solandri New Zealand PDD 58580 t NR_172551 - Johnston et al. (2021) C. spathulata New Zealand ICMP: 18761 JN943464 JN939942 Schoch et al. (2012) C. spathulata New Zealand ICMP: 18760 JN943463 JN939923 Tudor et al. (2014) C. spiralis New Zealand PDD 77771 t NR_119519 - Johnston and Park (2005) C. subtilis New Zealand PDD 112247 t NR_172534 - Johnston et al. (2021) C. yulongense China HKAS 131219 t OR753796 OR768417 This study C. yulongense China HKAS 131220 OR753797 OR768418 This study Cenangium ferruginosum Montenegro TAAM 198451 LT158471 KX090840 Pärtel et al. (2017) Chlorencoelia torta Korea KUS-F52256 JN033400 JN086703 Han et al. (2014) Heyderia abietis - OSC 60392 AY789290 AY789289 Wang et al. (2005) Abbreviations: HKAS : Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China; HMAS : Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Beijing, China; ICMP : International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Auckland, New Zealand; KUS : Korea University Herbarium, Seoul, Republic of Korea; MFLU: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium, Chiang Rai, Thailand; OSC : Oregon State University Herbarium, Oregon, USA; PDD : Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand; TAAM : Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; TNS : National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Mycological Progress → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Jun, 2024 Editor invited by journal 10 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 08 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4379775","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309661179,"identity":"c80cfe44-1718-4a9b-b089-b40be4738a21","order_by":0,"name":"HONGLI SU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNmaGBIOEH//r+xkOHyBOCx97w4OCjz3MjDMbjyUQp0WO5+CDjzPYmBk3HD5jQKTDJJITN/PwsDFLtp35eOMNg52cbgNBLWnJxjwWPGz8PGc3W85hSDY2O0BQS06aMQ+PBI/kjLPbpHkYDiRuI6wl//tvHjYDCYP7b54RqYXnQILhDLYEA4MDZ9iI1MLekGDwsedAgmTDMWPLOQZE+EW+GRyVBxL4GQ4/vPGmwk6OoBYUIMFDZNQgayFVxygYBaNgFIwIAAAqPURa2Z/CKgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-7635","institution":"MFU: Mae Fah Luang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"HONGLI","middleName":"","lastName":"SU","suffix":""},{"id":309661180,"identity":"aa27709d-0ecd-437f-85e9-7b583a4d4622","order_by":1,"name":"Qi Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIB: Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qi","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":309661181,"identity":"777fa6f5-3d6c-49b1-a4e7-8b83abc54115","order_by":2,"name":"Kevin D. Hyde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MFU: Mae Fah Luang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kevin","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Hyde","suffix":""},{"id":309661182,"identity":"30b55627-59d2-4eca-a9fb-a10977948418","order_by":3,"name":"Le Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MFU: Mae Fah Luang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Le","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":309661183,"identity":"c9d23a96-8f3f-402b-8799-f2f4736120a3","order_by":4,"name":"K. W. Thilini Chethana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MFU: Mae Fah Luang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K.","middleName":"W. Thilini","lastName":"Chethana","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-07 02:48:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-025-02046-7","type":"published","date":"2025-04-09T16:05:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58350170,"identity":"853882a8-1055-4a88-aceb-86069653f199","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:53","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":985988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree generated from the combined ITS and LSU sequences of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e. The MLBS ≥ 90% and BPPS ≥ 0.90 are shown at the nodes as MLBS/BPPS. MLBS \u0026lt; 90% and BPPS \u0026lt; 0.90 are expressed as a hyphen (“-”). The tree is rooted to \u003cem\u003eCenangium ferruginosum\u003c/em\u003e (TAAM 198451), \u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia torta \u003c/em\u003e(KUS-F52256) and \u003cem\u003eHeyderia abietis\u003c/em\u003e (OSC60392). Collections from the current study are in red, and type species are in bold.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/586a278021caf94a0c020b7f.png"},{"id":58350165,"identity":"0d8094cd-7f13-40aa-b8b2-d2315c1d3e7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:52","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3776883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131213, holotype). \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Habitat. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Fresh apothecia. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Dried apothecia. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of an apothecium. \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e Excipulum. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e Paraphyses. \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e Asci. \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e An apex of an ascus in Melzer’s Reagent. \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003eAscospores. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e = 1 cm; \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e = 1 mm; \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e = 500 μm; \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e= 50 μm; \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e = 10 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/159ca5daaeff65752497ebb2.png"},{"id":58350166,"identity":"c55c8d0d-1216-400b-be5c-711862e6a2db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3531548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131215, holotype). \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003eHabitat. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Fresh apothecia. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of the apothecium. \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e Ectal excipulum. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e Hymenium. \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e. Paraphyses.\u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003eAsci. \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e Apex of an ascus in Melzer’s Reagent. \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e. Ascospores. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e = 5 mm; \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e = 1 mm; \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003e= 100 μm; \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e= 20 μm; \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e = 5 μm; \u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e = 2 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/d5ade8c3c031f433da59bbce.png"},{"id":58350169,"identity":"df93f707-3312-4466-86c9-49fdff001a5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:52","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3305966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131217, holotype) \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003eHabitat. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e Dried apothecia.\u003cstrong\u003e e\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of an apothecium. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Excipulum. \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e Paraphyses. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e Asci. \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e An apex of an ascus in Melzer’s Reagent. \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e A base of an ascus. \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003eAscospores. Bars: \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003e= 1 mm; \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e = 500 μm; \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e= 50 μm; \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e = 20 μm; \u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e = 10 μm; \u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eo\u003c/strong\u003e= 5 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/ea2ed79bc972090d1769b839.png"},{"id":58350167,"identity":"e9286d4f-8555-4c55-9bdd-475e382d4ef5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:52","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3435298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131219, holotype) \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Habitat. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Fresh apothecia. \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e Dried apothecia. \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Vertical section of the apothecium. \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Excipulum. \u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e Asci and paraphyses. \u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e Paraphyses in Melzer’s Reagent. \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e Asci. \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003eAscospores. Bars:\u003cstrong\u003e b\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e = 1 mm; \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e = 200 μm;\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ek\u003c/strong\u003e = 20 μm; \u003cstrong\u003el\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e = 2 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/3b21e3de486f90476d6bd64a.png"},{"id":58350168,"identity":"6c570f55-b351-4702-8706-6deb3deaf783","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 08:43:52","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe left part shows the ML phylogenetic tree generated from combined ITS and LSU of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e. MLBS ≥75% and BPP ≥0.75 are shown at the nodes as MLBS/BPP. The MLBS \u0026lt; 75% and BPP \u0026lt; 0.75 are expressed as a hyphen (“-”). The right part is the morphological features that correspond to the species on the left part. The morphological features include the color of fresh discs, the color of dried discs, the color of flanks, and the diameter of apothecia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/85d29620738bde53624cb56d.png"},{"id":80558552,"identity":"1d06fb86-9993-4d26-a1cc-7329070a47ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 16:14:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":23029070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4379775/v1/5d4d06f2-88f8-450e-a3c2-90f6414cf581.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Four new species of Chlorociboria from Yunnan, China","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e is a family in \u003cem\u003eHelotiales\u003c/em\u003e with a cosmopolitan distribution (Peterson and Pfister \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng and Zhuang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Haelewaters et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Maggio et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and is followed in the 2021 outline of the fungi (Wijayawardene et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e includes the genera \u003cem\u003eBrahmaculus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e, with the latter being the type genus (Baral \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e taxa display discoid to cupulate, blue-green, olivaceous, yellow, or white apothecia, blue-green, brown to yellow, or white flanks, filiform or thin-clavate paraphyses, cylindric-clavate asci, and elliptic to long fusiform, hyaline ascospores (Seaver \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e; Kanouse \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1947\u003c/span\u003e; Dennis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Ramamurthi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Dixon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Ouellette and Korf \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Dougoud and Ayel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Huhtinen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Tudor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng and Zhuang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ekanayaka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eBrahmaculus\u003c/em\u003e species have macroscopically distinctive features and possess yellow apothecia, arranged with several apothecia on short branches at the tip of a long stipe, which distinguishes it from \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species. In contrast to \u003cem\u003eBrahmaculus\u003c/em\u003e species, most \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e members have hair-like elements, a character that is absent in \u003cem\u003eBrahmaculus\u003c/em\u003e species (Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, Fries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1849\u003c/span\u003e) proposed \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium chlora\u003c/em\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium schweinitzii\u003c/em\u003e) as the type species. Later, De Notaris (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1864\u003c/span\u003e) added \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium versiforme\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium\u003c/em\u003e witout examining the type species. Fries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1849\u003c/span\u003e) disagreed with De Notaris\u0026rsquo;s classification of \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e and transferred \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e into \u003cem\u003eHelotium\u003c/em\u003e. Nannfeldt (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e) showed that \u003cem\u003eC. schweinitzii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e were not congeneric, and excluded \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e from \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium\u003c/em\u003e. Seaver (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e) acknowledged the differences between \u003cem\u003eC. schweinitzii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosum\u003c/em\u003e and proposed to replace \u003cem\u003eChlorosplenium\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e. Meanwhile, he designated \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e as the type species in \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e and accepted three \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. strobilina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. versiformis\u003c/em\u003e. Seaver (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e) transferred \u003cem\u003eC. versiformis\u003c/em\u003e into \u003cem\u003eMidotis\u003c/em\u003e based on their morphological observations. However, Ramamurthi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e) described \u003cem\u003eC. versiformis\u003c/em\u003e as having a different tissue structure in the apothecium and amyloid reaction from \u003cem\u003eMidotis\u003c/em\u003e species, returning \u003cem\u003eM. versiformis\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e. Similarly, they identified \u003cem\u003eC. strobilina\u003c/em\u003e as having different apothecial structures and ascospores from other \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species and excluded it from \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e. Subsequently, Kanouse (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1947\u003c/span\u003e), Dennis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e), Ramamurthi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e), Dixon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e), Ouellette and Korf (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e), Dougoud and Ayel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), Huhtinen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) introduced four species (\u003cem\u003eC. argentinensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. lamellicola\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. musae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. pteridicola\u003c/em\u003e) and five combinations (\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. omnivirens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. rugipes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. salviicolor\u003c/em\u003e) into \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e based on their morphological studies. However, Dixon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e) synonymized \u003cem\u003eC. versiformis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. rugipes\u003c/em\u003e as \u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia versiformis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia torta\u003c/em\u003e based on their morphological studies, respectively. Johnston and Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) used the morphology together with the neighbour-joining analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to introduce 13 species, including \u003cem\u003eC. albohymenia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. campbellensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. clavula\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. colubrosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. duriligna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. halonata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. macrospora\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. spathulata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. spiralis\u003c/em\u003e, marking as the first study to combine morphology and phylogeny for \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e. Since then, Tudor et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), P\u0026auml;rtel et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Zheng and Zhuang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Ekanayaka et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Johnston et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) followed Johnston and Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) and used both phylogeny and morphology for their studies. These studies synonymized \u003cem\u003eEncoelia glauca\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria glauca\u003c/em\u003e and introduced \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. herbicola\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. metrosideri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. novae-zelandiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. olivaceous\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. solandri\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e. Up to now, 30 morphological species of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e have been accepted, of which 23 possess validated sequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we combined morphology and phylogeny generated from ITS and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) sequence data of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e to research the taxonomy of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species with validated sequences. As a result, we propose four new species from Yunnan, China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe collected nine samples from southwest China. When these fresh samples were found in the field, they were photographed, recorded, and then put in small boxes with silica gel to dry. After morphological and phylogenetic studies, they were deposited at the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS). Data from this study are contributed to the discomycetes.com database (Lestari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMorphological studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese nine collections were morphologically studied based on their field records, photographs of fresh apothecia and micromorphological studies of dry apothecia. We researched the micromorphology of these nine collections based on their free-hand sections. Free-hand sections were obtained using a C-PSN stereomicroscope (Nikon, Japan), observed and photographed their micromorphology with water as the suspending agent using a charge-coupled device SC 2000C attached to an ECLIPSE Ni-U compound microscope (Nikon, Japan). Then we measured their relevant dimensions in the Image Frame Work (Tarosoft (R), Thailand). Measurements were given as (a)b\u0026ndash;c(d), where a denoted the minimum value, d the maximum value, and b\u0026ndash;c the 90% confidence interval. x̅ indicated the average value of measurements. Ascospore measurements were given as [n/m/p], indicating that the n number of ascospores were measured from m ascomata of the p number of collections. The Q value indicated the length-to-width ratio of the ascospores, while \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e indicated the average length-to-width ratios (Q) of all ascospores\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (Calatayud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, iodine reactions were tested for these collections with Melzer\u0026rsquo;s Reagent, following Nylander (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1868\u003c/span\u003e) and Krieglsteiner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002a\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, the morphological illustrations were prepared in Adobe Photoshop 2020 (Adobe system, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDNA extraction, PCR amplifications and sequencing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted from these dried fungal tissues using a TSP101 DNA extraction kit (TSINGKE, China). Following Zheng and Zhuang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Ekanayaka et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), we used ITS and LSU to analyse the phylogenetic relationships of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e. The ITS and LSU genes were amplified using primers ITS1-F/ITS4 (White et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Gardes and Bruns \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) and LROR/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Moncalvo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e), respectively. The PCR reaction volume was 25 \u0026micro;L, consisting 12.5 \u0026micro;L of 2 \u0026times; PCR G013 Taq MasterMix with Dye (abm, Canada), 1 \u0026micro;L forward primer (10 \u0026micro;M), 1 \u0026micro;L reverse primer (10 \u0026micro;M), 2 \u0026micro;L genomic DNA, and 8.5 \u0026micro;L double distilled water. The reaction conditions of PCR amplification are as follows: pre-denaturation at 95\u0026deg;C for 5 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95\u0026deg;C for 20 sec, annealing at 53\u0026deg;C (ITS)/56\u0026deg;C (LSU) for 10 sec, elongation at 72\u0026deg;C for 20 sec, and a final elongation at 72\u0026deg;C for 7 min. These PCR products were checked for positive PCR amplicons in 1% TAE gels with TSJ003 GoldView nucleic acid dye (TSINGKE, China) as the staining agent. Finally, these PCR products were sequenced at the Tsingke Biotech (Beijing, China).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhylogenetic analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of each sequence was tested by inspecting the respective chromatograms using BioEdit 7.0.9 (Hall \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Each pair of forward and reverse sequences were concatenated to obtain their corresponding consensus sequences in DNASTAR Lasergene SeqMan Pro 7.1.0 (44.1) (Swindell and Plasterer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Every consensus sequence was searched in the GenBank with the BLASTn tool (Johnson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). These newly generated sequences and the reference sequences from previous research are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1. \u003cem\u003eCenangium ferruginosum\u003c/em\u003e (TAAM 198451), \u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia torta\u003c/em\u003e (KUS-F 52256) and \u003cem\u003eHeyderia abietis\u003c/em\u003e (OSC 60392) were designated as outgroup taxa following Johnston et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The dataset for each gene region was aligned using MAFFT 7.49, then was trimmed in TrimAl 1.3, the gapthreshold parameter of ITS was set to 0.6, and the gapthreshold parameter of LSU was set to 0.4 (Capella-Guti\u0026eacute;rrez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Katoh and Standley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The trimmed ITS and LSU regions were assembled into a matrix using SequenceMatrix 1.8 (Vaidya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The two trimmed files of each gene and the final alignment files combining ITS and LSU were converted to phylip and nexus formats using AliView 1.19 (Larsson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses of single-gene and multi-gene all were operated in the CIPRES Science Gateway 3.3 (Miller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The ML analyses utilized RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE 8.2.12 tool, with 1,000 replicates and other default parameters (Stamatakis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The BI analyses were based on these best-fit evolutionary models of ITS and LSU, assessed in MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The evolutionary model GTR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;I\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;G has resulted as the best model for both ITS and LSU genes (Nylander et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The BI analyses were conducted in the XSEDE 3.2.7a tool, the trees were sampled at every 100th generation, and four Markov chains were run for 2\u0026nbsp;million generations (Ronquist et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). When the average standard deviation of the split frequencies\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and the effective sample size (ESS)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200, the results indicated convergence (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Phylogenetic trees were graphically manipulated and annotated in FigTree 1.4.4 (Rambaut \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Adobe Illustrator CC 2018 (Adobe, USA). Decisions as to whether species are new followed the polyphasic approach recommended by Chethana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDichotomous key\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA dichotomous key of all \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e known species was generated based on the published species descriptions (Ellis and Everhart \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1893\u003c/span\u003e; Dixon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Dumont \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Krieglsteiner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002b\u003c/span\u003e; Dougoud and Ayel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Huhtinen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Tudor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng and Zhuang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ekanayaka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhylogenetic analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic relationships of these eight \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e collections were assessed based on 47 specimens, representing 31 species belonging to \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eCenangium ferruginosum\u003c/em\u003e (TAAM 198451), \u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia torta\u003c/em\u003e (KUS-F52256) and \u003cem\u003eHeyderia abietis\u003c/em\u003e (OSC60392) as the outgroup taxa (Table\u0026nbsp;1). The ITS dataset had 484 characters, the LSU dataset had 883 characters, and the combined dataset had a total of 1,368 characters (1\u0026ndash;484 bp ITS; 485\u0026ndash;1,368 bp LSU). The final likelihood value for the best-scoring ML tree based on the combine of ITS and LSU was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9,529.381787 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, the final average standard deviation of the split frequencies in the BI analysis based on the combine of ITS and LSU was 0.008298. The topology of the multilocus ML tree was partly similar to the BI analysis and also to the previous study of Johnston et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The two single-gene Bayesian phylogenetic trees and the two single-gene Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees all confirmed our eight specimens in this study constituted four monophyletic lineages, which were distant from other known species of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e. The two Bayesian trees and the two Maximum likelihood trees are available in the supplementary material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur multi-gene phylogenetic tree showed that \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e clustered into two sub-clades, clade I and clade II, which was same as the results from Johnston et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Clade I includes 24 species, and clade II includes three species (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Our nine collections group in clade I, represented by four \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131213 and HKAS 131214) clustered sister to \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e with 81% maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (MLBS) and 0.94 Bayesian posterior probabilities support values (BPPS). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131217 and HKAS 131218) clustered basal to the clade comprising \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e with 99% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131215 and HKAS 131216) and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131219 and HKAS 131220) formed a distinct clade and separated from each other by 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. The clade comprising these two novel species separated from \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTaxonomy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/b\u003e H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde \u0026amp; Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoBank: MB#851630\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTypification\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Yuxi City, Ailao Mountains, 2430 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 2 September 2021, \u003cem\u003eHongli Su\u003c/em\u003e SHL238 (\u003cb\u003eholotype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131213). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753790; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768411.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEtymology\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferring to the type locality Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province, China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e has blue to dark blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae, medially and basally branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores. Differing \u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e in ascospores shape.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescription\u003c/em\u003e: Sexual morph on the dead wood of an unidentified tree in the evergreen broadleaf forest. \u003cem\u003eApothecia\u003c/em\u003e discoid to cupulate, 5\u0026ndash;8 mm in diameter, 2\u0026ndash;5 mm high when fresh, 1\u0026ndash;3 mm in diameter, 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 mm high when dry, superficial, gregarious, scattered, or cespitose, stipitate, leathery. \u003cem\u003eReceptacle\u003c/em\u003e discoid to cupulate. \u003cem\u003eDisc\u003c/em\u003e concave, surface slightly smooth, vivid blue when fresh, blue-green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMargin\u003c/em\u003e flat to slightly involute, smooth. \u003cem\u003eFlank\u003c/em\u003e blue when fresh, dark bluish-green to dark blue, darker than disc when dry. \u003cem\u003eStipe\u003c/em\u003e 0.4\u0026ndash;0.5 mm in diameter, 0.7\u0026ndash;1.2 mm long when dry, mostly solitary, sometimes cespitose with a common base, turbinate, with a thick apex and a thin base, dark blue, darker than receptacles, with marked longitudinal gullies and slightly rough surface. \u003cem\u003eHymenium\u003c/em\u003e 80\u0026ndash;120 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 100 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), flat to concave, surface slightly smooth, vivid blue when fresh, bluish green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMedullary excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 110\u0026ndash;380 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 176 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura intricata\u003c/em\u003e, 1.2\u0026ndash;2.1 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 1.7 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90) in diameter. \u003cem\u003eEctal excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 30\u0026ndash;70 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 46 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38) thick, composed of hyaline (the inner layer) to dark bluish green (the outer layer), smooth, thick-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura angularis\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003etextura globulosa\u003c/em\u003e, 2.0\u0026ndash;6.5 \u0026times; 1.0\u0026ndash;3.5 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 4.0 \u0026times; 2.0 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;132). \u003cem\u003eTomentum hyphae\u003c/em\u003e absent. \u003cem\u003eParaphyses\u003c/em\u003e 0.9\u0026ndash;2.0 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 1.4 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61) in diameter, length longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight to slightly curved, branched in the middle and the base, hyaline, slightly rough, aseptate, thin-walled. \u003cem\u003eAsci\u003c/em\u003e 80\u0026ndash;100 \u0026times; (5.1)5.4\u0026ndash;8.0(8.2) \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 92 \u0026times; 6.8 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight with slightly curved bases, hyaline, 8-spored. inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with amyloid apical pores and croziers at the basal septa. \u003cem\u003eAscospores\u003c/em\u003e (106/10/2) (9.8)10.3\u0026ndash;12.3(13.3) \u0026times; (2.2)2.4\u0026ndash;3.1(3.3) \u0026micro;m, (x̅ = 11.3 \u0026times; 2.8 \u0026micro;m), Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.1\u0026ndash;5.2, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43, uniseriate or partially biseriate, fusiform, with taper, obtuse ends, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled, bearing two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHabit, habitat, and known distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional specimens examined\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Yuxi, Ailao Mountains, 2400 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 19 August 2022, \u003cem\u003eHongli Su\u003c/em\u003e SHL897 (\u003cb\u003eparatype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131214). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753791; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768412.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e is similar to \u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e in apothecia with blue to blue-green discs, dark blue flanks and stipes, receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, clavate, amyloid asci and ascospores with similar sizes. However, these two species have ascospores of different shapes; \u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e has oblong-elliptic or cylindric ascospores with rounded ends, while \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e has fusiform ascospores with relatively sharper ends (Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). More importantly, these two species have an apparently distant phylogenetic relationship, as shown in our phylogenetic tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Our phylogenetic tree shows that \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e is sister to \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e with 81% MLBS and 0.94 BPPS, whereas \u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e clustered with \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e with 49% MLBS and 0.52 BPPS. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e in the color of their dried discs, receptacles, tomentum hyphae and ascospores. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria daliensis\u003c/em\u003e has mostly pale yellowish-green discs, which become white powder when dry, pustulate receptacles with tomentum hyphae, apically branched paraphyses and elongate to ellipsoidal ascospores with rounded ends, while \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e has blue-green discs which do not become white powder when dry, slightly smooth receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, medially branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores with relatively sharp ends (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence comparisons of \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 122863) and \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e (HKAS 131207) show 14 bp differences across 475 bp (2.95%) (including 4 gaps) in the ITS region and 35 bp differences across 768 bp (4.56%) (including 8 gaps) in the LSU region (Jeewon and Hyde \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/b\u003e H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde \u0026amp; Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoBank MB#851631\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTypification\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Gelanghe, 665 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 8 September 2022, \u003cem\u003eHongli Su\u003c/em\u003e SHL1625 (\u003cb\u003eholotype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131215). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753792; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768413.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEtymology\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferring to the type locality Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiffers from all other \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species by light blue receptacles without tomentum hyphae, black stipes, thin-clavate, unbranched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and ellipsoid ascospores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescription\u003c/em\u003e: Sexual morph on dead wood of an unidentified tree in a broadleaf forest. \u003cem\u003eApothecia\u003c/em\u003e discoid, 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 mm in diameter, about 0.3 mm high when fresh, 0.2\u0026ndash;0.5 mm in diameter, about 0.2 mm high when dry, superficial, gregarious to scattered, shortly stipitate to sessile, leathery. \u003cem\u003eReceptacle\u003c/em\u003e discoid. Disc concave, surface slightly smooth, blue-green when fresh, dark blue-green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMargin\u003c/em\u003e flat, involute or wavy, lighter than disc. \u003cem\u003eFlank\u003c/em\u003e pale blue-green, lighter than disc. \u003cem\u003eStipe\u003c/em\u003e solitary, extremely short to absent, cylindric, black, if present. \u003cem\u003eHymenium\u003c/em\u003e 45\u0026ndash;75 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 55 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, blue-green when fresh, dark blue-green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMedullary excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 20\u0026ndash;45 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 34 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) thick, hyaline, degenerated, confused, mixed with irregular-shaped, lightly brown materials. \u003cem\u003eEctal excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 45\u0026ndash;70 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 60 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) thick, pale brown, composed of hyaline to pale brown, rough, thick-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura angularis\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003etextura globulosa\u003c/em\u003e, 3.2\u0026ndash;8.9 \u0026times; 1.9\u0026ndash;6.1 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 5.6 \u0026times; 3.5 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80). \u003cem\u003eTomentum hyphae\u003c/em\u003e absent. \u003cem\u003eParaphyses\u003c/em\u003e 1.0\u0026ndash;2.2 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 1.4 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63) in diameter, equal or longer than asci, thin-clavate, with obtuse apex, straight, unbranched, hyaline, rough, septate, thin-walled. \u003cem\u003eAsci\u003c/em\u003e (35)40\u0026ndash;50 \u0026times; (2.8)3.0\u0026ndash;4.3 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 42 \u0026times; 3.7 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight or naturally curved, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with inamyloid apical pores. \u003cem\u003eAscospores\u003c/em\u003e (105/4/2) (2.5)2.8\u0026ndash;3.8(4.2) \u0026times; (1.1)1.3\u0026ndash;2.0(2.2) \u0026micro;m, (x̅ = 3.3 \u0026times; 1.6 \u0026micro;m), Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.6\u0026ndash;2.4, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28, uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, rough, aseptate, thin-walled, obtuse ends, with two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHabit, habitat, and known distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional specimens examined\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Gelanghe, 675 m asl., on a dead twig, 7 September 2022, \u003cem\u003eHongli Su\u003c/em\u003e SHL928 (\u003cb\u003eparatype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131216,). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753793; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768414.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNotes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on our phylogenetic analyses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e separates from \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e significantly differ in their apothecia, excipulum and paraphyses characters. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e has blue discs, white flanks, black stipes, degenerated medullary excipulum, and thin-clavate, unbranched, rough paraphyses. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e has apothecia with black discs, white flanks and stipes, well-developed medullary excipulum, filiform, branched, relatively smooth paraphyses. Besides, our phylogenetic analyses show that \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e form a clade sister to \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e differs considerably from \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e in its macro features, asci iodine reactions and the size of ascospores (P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e has blue (when fresh) to dark blue-green (when dry) discs and white flanks without tomentum hyphae or hairs, whereas \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e has whitish to pale yellowish-greyish (-glaucous) or beige, mustard-coloured discs, pale grey flanks with hairs. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e has inamyloid asci, while \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e has amyloid asci. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e have distinctly different ascospores; \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e has smaller ascospores (2.5\u0026ndash;4.2 \u0026times; 1.1\u0026ndash;2.2 \u0026micro;m) than \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e (5.5\u0026ndash;8.5 \u0026times; 1.5\u0026ndash;1.7 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/b\u003e H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde \u0026amp; Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoBank MB#851632\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTypification\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Laojun Mountains, 3825 m asl., on dead wood of an unidentified tree, 23 July 2022, \u003cem\u003eLe Luo\u003c/em\u003e LY89 (\u003cb\u003eholotype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131217). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753794; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768415.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEtymology\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferring to the type locality Laojun Mountains, Yunnan Province, China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e has light blue discs, dark blue-green flanks lacking tomentum hyphae, asci without croziers, and fusiform ascospores. Differs from \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e by apothecia without tomentum hyphae, medially and basally branched paraphyses. Differs from \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e in asci without croziers and larger ascospores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescription\u003c/em\u003e: Sexual morph on dead wood of an unidentified tree in coniferous forest. \u003cem\u003eApothecia\u003c/em\u003e 0.5\u0026ndash;2 mm in diameter, about 1 mm high when dry, cupulate, superficial, gregarious to scattered, shortly stipitate, leathery. \u003cem\u003eReceptacle\u003c/em\u003e cupulate. \u003cem\u003eDisc\u003c/em\u003e flat to concave, surface slightly smooth, light blue-green to dark blue-green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMargin\u003c/em\u003e visibly involute, dark blue-green, darker than the disc when dry, smooth. \u003cem\u003eFlank\u003c/em\u003e dark bluish-green when dry, slightly rough surface with longitudinal gullies. \u003cem\u003eStipe\u003c/em\u003e about 0.5 mm in diameter, about 0.5 mm long when dry, solitary, cylindrical, dark blue, concolorous with flanks, slightly rough. \u003cem\u003eHymenium\u003c/em\u003e 100\u0026ndash;130 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 115 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, light blue-green to dark blue-green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMedullary excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 210\u0026ndash;350 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 301 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura intricata\u003c/em\u003e, 1.8\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 2.4 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;145) in diameter. \u003cem\u003eEctal excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 30\u0026ndash;70 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 50 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25) thick, pale blue-green, composed of pale bluish green, smooth, thick-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura angularis\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003etextura globulosa\u003c/em\u003e, 2.6\u0026ndash;15.6 \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;6.2 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 6.8 \u0026times; 3.9 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56). \u003cem\u003eTomentum hyphae\u003c/em\u003e absent. \u003cem\u003eParaphyses\u003c/em\u003e 0.9\u0026ndash;2.5 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 1.5 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;58) in diameter, length longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight to slightly curved, branched in the middle and the base, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled. \u003cem\u003eAsci\u003c/em\u003e (80)90\u0026ndash;110(115) \u0026times; (6.2)6.4\u0026ndash;8.5(10.0) \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 98.5 \u0026times; 7.5 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight with slightly curved base, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with amyloid apical pores and croziers at the basal septa. \u003cem\u003eAscospores\u003c/em\u003e (174/13/2) (10.4)11.3\u0026ndash;15.7(18.4) \u0026times; (2.7)3.0\u0026ndash;4.4(5.1) \u0026micro;m, (x̅ = 13.4 \u0026times; 3.6 \u0026micro;m), Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.8\u0026ndash;5.2, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46, uniseriate or partially biseriate, fusiform, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, thin-walled, with tapered, obtuse ends, a central bulge lean to one side, two large guttules and many little guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHabit, habitat, and known distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional specimens examined\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Laojun Mountains, 3720 m asl., on dead wood, 24 July 2022, \u003cem\u003eLe Luo\u003c/em\u003e LY95 (\u003cb\u003eparatype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131218). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753795; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768416.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNotes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our phylogenetic tree, \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e forms a clade separated from the sub-clade comprising \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e with 99% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. However, \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e is morphologically different from the other four species. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e is considerably different from \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e by the latter having apothecia with tomentum hyphae and paraphyses with apical branches (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e distinguishes from \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e in having asci without croziers and larger ascospores (10.4\u0026ndash;18.4 \u0026times; 2.7\u0026ndash;5.1 \u0026micro;m vs. 9.8\u0026ndash;13.3 \u0026times; 2.2\u0026ndash;3.3 \u0026micro;m). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria laojunense\u003c/em\u003e differs from \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e in its apothecial color; \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e have bright yellow hymenium when dry, while \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e has light blue to dark blue hymenium when dry. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e have tomentum hyphae, while \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e lacks tomentum hyphae (Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/b\u003e H.L. Su, K.D. Hyde \u0026amp; Q. Zhao, sp. nov. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoBank MB#851633\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTypification\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Lijiang City, Yulong Snow Mountain, 2330 m elev., on a dead twig, 19 June 2022, Hongli Su SHL1035 (\u003cb\u003eholotype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131219). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753796; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768417.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEtymology\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferring to the type locality Yulong Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province, China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacterized by olive green to dark discs, white flanks without tomentum hyphae, filiform, branched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and elliptic to allantoid ascospores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDescription\u003c/em\u003e: Sexual morph on a dead twig. \u003cem\u003eApothecia\u003c/em\u003e 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 mm in diameter, 0.2\u0026ndash;0.5 mm high when fresh, 0.2\u0026ndash;0.5 mm in diameter, 0.1\u0026ndash;0.3 mm high when dry, discoid, superficial, gregarious, scattered, or cespitose, sessile to shortly stipitate, leathery. \u003cem\u003eReceptacle\u003c/em\u003e discoid. \u003cem\u003eDisc\u003c/em\u003e concave, surface slightly smooth, olive green to dark when fresh, olive green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMargin\u003c/em\u003e involute, white. \u003cem\u003eFlank\u003c/em\u003e white. \u003cem\u003eStipe\u003c/em\u003e hardly absent, occasionally short, solitary, sometimes cespitose with a common base, cylindric or turbinate, white, concolorous with flanks. \u003cem\u003eHymenium\u003c/em\u003e 55\u0026ndash;65 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 60 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), flat to slightly concave, surface slightly smooth, deep olive green to dark when fresh, olive green when dry. \u003cem\u003eMedullary excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 35\u0026ndash;80 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 47 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) thick, hyaline, composed of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura intricata\u003c/em\u003e, 1.7\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 2.4 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25) in diameter. \u003cem\u003eEctal excipulum\u003c/em\u003e 45\u0026ndash;95 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 66 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19) thick, pale brown, composed of pale brown, smooth, thick-walled cells of \u003cem\u003etextura epidermoidea\u003c/em\u003e, 3.3\u0026ndash;7.5 \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;5.0 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 5.2 \u0026times; 3.3 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90). \u003cem\u003eTomentum hyphae\u003c/em\u003e absent. \u003cem\u003eParaphyses\u003c/em\u003e 1.1\u0026ndash;2.3 \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 1.7 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;107) in diameter, equal or longer than asci, filiform, with obtuse apex, straight, branched, hyaline, slightly rough, septate, thin-walled. \u003cem\u003eAsci\u003c/em\u003e 40\u0026ndash;45(50) \u0026times; (3.0)3.1\u0026ndash;4.1(4.5) \u0026micro;m (x̅ = 43 \u0026times; 3.6 \u0026micro;m, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42), clavate, obtuse, bearing tapered apexes and bases, straight or naturally curved, hyaline, 8-spored, inoperculate, slightly rough, unitunicate, apically thick-walled, laterally thin-walled, with inamyloid apical pores and croziers at the base. \u003cem\u003eAscospores\u003c/em\u003e (100/9/2) (2.4)2.9\u0026ndash;4.7(5.2) \u0026times; 1.0\u0026ndash;2.0(2.4) \u0026micro;m, (x̅ = 3.6 \u0026times; 1.4 \u0026micro;m), Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.9\u0026ndash;3.6, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38, uniseriate or partially biseriate, elliptic, or allantoid, hyaline, rough, aseptate, thin-walled, with obtuse ends and two large guttules. Asexual morph: undetermined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHabit, habitat, and known distribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowing on the dead wood of an unidentified tree. Currently known from southwest China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAdditional specimens examined\u003c/em\u003e: China, Yunnan: Lijiang, Yulong Snow Mountain, 2380 m asl., on a dead twig, 4 May 2022, \u003cem\u003eHongli Su\u003c/em\u003e SHL392 (\u003cb\u003eparatype\u003c/b\u003e HKAS 131220). GenBank accession numbers: ITS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR753797; LSU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;OR768418.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNotes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur phylogram shows that \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e is placed sister to \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS. Furthermore, the clade, including \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e, clusters sister to \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e with 71% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/em\u003e differ from \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e in their macroscopic morphologies and asci iodine reactions. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/em\u003e has olive green to dark (when fresh), olive green (when dry) discs and white flanks without tomentum hyphae (or hairs), while \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e has blue to blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae (or hairs), and \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e has whitish to pale yellowish-greyish (-glaucous) or mustard-coloured discs, and pale grey flanks with hairs (P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e have inamyloid asci, while \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e has amyloid asci (P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e differ in their excipulum and paraphyses characters; the former has a well-developed medullary excipulum, and filiform, branched, relatively smooth paraphyses, but the latter bears a degenerated medullary excipulum, and thin-clavate, unbranched, rough paraphyses. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e has smaller ascospores (2.4\u0026ndash;5.2 \u0026times; 1\u0026ndash;2.4 \u0026micro;m) than \u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e (5.5\u0026ndash;8.5 \u0026times; 1.5\u0026ndash;1.7 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e was established, emphasizing the green or olivaceous apothecia (Seaver \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e). However, as more \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species were added, the clarity of generic delimitation became compromised, as some later-added species lacked the characteristic green or olivaceous apothecia, such as \u003cem\u003eC. spiralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. metrosideri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. solandri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. macrospora\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. clavula\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. albohymenia\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) (Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Some scholars studied \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e, neglecting Seaver\u0026rsquo;s original emphasis on green or olivaceous apothecia, leading to different taxonomic treatments for \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e (Seaver \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1936\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The resulting confusion was subsequently addressed by incorporating phylogenetic analyses (Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Tudor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; P\u0026auml;rtel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng and Zhuang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ekanayaka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Johnston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The current study contributes an updated key for identifying \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species based on these morphological characters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKEY TO SPECIES OF CHLOROCIBORIA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Apothecia more than 7 mm in diameter...................................................................................................................2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1* Apothecia less than 7 mm in diameter...................................................................................................................3\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 Tomentum hyphae present.............................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2* Tomentum hyphae absent.........................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. novae-zelandiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 Stipe more than 1 cm in length..............................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. colubrosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3* Stipe less than 1 cm in length.................................................................................................................................4\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 Tomentum hyphae absent........................................................................................................................................5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4* Tomentum hyphae present..................................................................................................................................21\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 Asci with negative iodine reactions in Melzer\u0026rsquo;s Reagent...................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5* Asci with positive iodine reactions in Melzer\u0026rsquo;s Reagent.......................................................................................6\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 Ascospores with septa.............................................................................................................................................7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6* Ascospores without septa......................................................................................................................................8\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 Receptacle blue-green...............................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. clavula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7* Receptacle orange brown........................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. spiralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 Asci less than 60 \u0026micro;m in length.................................................................................................................................9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8* Asci more than 60 \u0026micro;m in length...........................................................................................................................12\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 Apothecia sessile................................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. metrosideri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9* Apothecia short-stipitate.....................................................................................................................................10\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 Apothecia more than 1 mm in diameter....................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10* Apothecia less than 1 mm in diameter................................................................................................................11\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 Paraphyses extending 20\u0026ndash;30 \u0026micro;m beyond asci........................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. solandri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11* Paraphyses equal or shorter than asci..............................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. lamellicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 Ascospores more than 40 \u0026micro;m in length....................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12* Ascospores less than 40 \u0026micro;m in length................................................................................................................13\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 Hymenium sometimes with white gelatinous substance...................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13* Hymenium without white gelatinous substance................................................................................................14\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 Paraphyses extending 10\u0026ndash;15 \u0026micro;m beyond asci....................................................................................................15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14* Paraphyses about the same length as asci.........................................................................................................16\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 Disc surface often pruinose.............................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. macrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15* Disc surface not pruinose.............................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. albohymenia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 Asci less than 70 \u0026micro;m in length......................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. campbellensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16* Asci more than 70 \u0026micro;m in length.........................................................................................................................17\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 Receptacle when mature pale yellow..................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17* Receptacle dark blue-green...............................................................................................................................18\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 Fresh disc white to slightly greenish..................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18* Fresh disc light blue-green to dark blue-green..................................................................................................19\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 Tomentum hyphae smooth.................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. spathulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19* Tomentum hyphae rough..................................................................................................................................20\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 Ascospores less than 15 \u0026micro;m in length.....................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. durilign\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20* Ascospores more than 15 \u0026micro;m in length...............................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. halonata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 Asci more than 50 \u0026micro;m in length...........................................................................................................................22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21* Asci more than 50 \u0026micro;m in length.........................................................................................................................31\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 Asci with negative iodine reactions in Melzer\u0026rsquo;s Reagent..................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. pteridicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22* Asci with positive iodine reactions in Melzer\u0026rsquo;s Reagent...................................................................................23\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 Ascospores less than 5 \u0026micro;m in length..................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. olivaceous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23* Ascospores more than 5 \u0026micro;m in length................................................................................................................24\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 Ascospores sometimes with septate....................................................................................................................25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24* Ascospores without septa..................................................................................................................................26\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 Ascospores more than 11 \u0026micro;m in length..............................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. omnivirens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25* Ascospores less than 11 \u0026micro;m in length..........................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. argentinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 Disc with white powder........................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26* Disc without white powder................................................................................................................................27\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 Paraphyses longer than asci in length..................................................................................................................28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27* Paraphyses equal to asci in length.....................................................................................................................29\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 Apothecia more than 5 mm in diameter...............................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28* Apothecia less than 2 mm in diameter..............................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 Dried disc surface orange with blue-green tint....................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. herbicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29* Dried disc black................................................................................................................................................30\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 Ascospores oblong-elliptic or cylindric, with rounded ends............................................................\u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30* Ascospores fusoid with more or less acute ends...................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 Paraphyses occasionally with reddish brown, tiny granules especially observed in the lower portion...........................................................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. musae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e31* Paraphyses occasionally with reddish brown, tiny granules especially observed in the lower portion.....................................................................................................................................................................32\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 Apothecia pruinose............................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. salviicolor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32* Apothecia not pruinose outside contracted below into a short stipitate base\u0026hellip;..................................................33\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 Flank white.......................................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33* Flank pale blue-green.....................................................................................................................\u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphological characters exhibited by \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species, specifically the apothecial color and size, are known to change as water decreases in their dried stages (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon has been widely observed and documented by Johnston and Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), Zheng and Zhuang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Li et al. (2021). Despite the common occurrence of this color change, some scholars have overlooked the discoloration of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e and recorded the color of apothecia without specifying whether the specimens were fresh or dry, leading to significant challenges in morphological comparisons and adversely affecting the accuracy of the morphological studies (Johnston and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). These two conditions also highlighted the importance of real-time recording of the characteristics of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy integrating morphology and phylogeny, differences among \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e taxa become more readily apparent. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria daliensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e formed sister clades with 81% MLBS and 0.94 BPPS. Their similar apothecial color and size supported their close relationship, and the variation in the colors of their dry discs showed that they are distinct species. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria pardalota\u003c/em\u003e clustered basal to the clade comprising \u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e with 80% MLBS and 0.97 BPPS. Despite the similar disc colors among these four species, \u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e displayed a significantly different colored flank. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e was identified as a sister species to \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e with 97% MLBS and 1.00 BPPS and exhibited similarities in disc color and apothecia size, but their flank colors differed. However, the phylogenetic position of many \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species in our study was also unstable, similar to the phylogenetic affiliations shown in Johnston et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, seven species lacked reliable sequences, limiting the information obtained by combining morphology and phylogeny. Therefore, it is imperative to collect additional samples from a broader geographic area to ensure stable interspecific and intergeneric phylogenetic relationships within \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e, potentially identifying key taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e species hold significance for various industries as they serve as a source of xylindein, a natural, stable blue-green pigment utilized as a colorant and (opto) electronic materials (Giles et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Donner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Court et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria aeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e is the most commonly used species for producing xylindein (Zsch\u0026auml;tzsch et al. 2020). The discovery of four new species (\u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e) offers additional options for obtaining xylindein. It is plausible that some of these new species may yield higher amounts of xylindein than \u003cem\u003eC. aeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e, but further experiments are required for confirmation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe online version contains supplementary material available at ***.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University for its support in the tuition fee scholarship. This study is supported by Major science and technology projects and key R\u0026amp;D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006) and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant, entitled \u0026ldquo;Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology\u0026rdquo; (Grant No. N42A650547).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Hongli Su and Le Luo contributed to sample collection. Morphological characteristics were examined by Hongli Su. Molecular lab work and phylogenetic analyses were conducted by Hongli Su and K. W. Thilini Chethana. The frst draft of the manuscript was written by Hongli Su, which was then improved by changes, edits, suggestions, and comments from Qi Zhao, K. W. Thilini Chethana and Kevin D. Hyde. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study is supported by Major science and technology projects and key R\u0026amp;D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006) and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant, entitled \u0026ldquo;Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology\u0026rdquo; (Grant No. N42A650547).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe DNA sequences produced in this study are available on NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The combined DNA dataset used for phylogenetic analyses is available in a supplementary file. The vouchers are deposited in the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThese authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access\u003c/strong\u003e This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaral HO (2015) Nomenclatural novelties \u003cem\u003eArachnopezizaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChaetomellaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGodroniaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHelicogoniaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMarthamycetaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTympanidaceae\u003c/em\u003e. Index Fungorum 225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCalatayud V, Navarro-Rosin\u0026eacute;s P, Hafellner J (2002) A synopsis of \u003cem\u003eLichenostigma\u003c/em\u003e subgen. \u003cem\u003eLichenogramma\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eArthoniales\u003c/em\u003e), with a key to the species. Mycol Res 106:1230\u0026ndash;1242. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620200655X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S095375620200655X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCapella-Guti\u0026eacute;rrez S, Silla-Mart\u0026iacute;nez JM, Gabald\u0026oacute;n T (2009) trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. 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Eng Life Sci 21(3\u0026ndash;4):270\u0026ndash;282. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202000079\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/elsc.202000079\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Table 1 List of taxa included in the molecular analyses, with country, voucher specimen numbers of origin, GenBank accession numbers of ITS and LSU gene sequences, and references to literature. Voucher with t indicates type specimen. Accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eList of taxa included in the molecular analyses, with country, voucher specimen numbers of origin, GenBank accession numbers of ITS and LSU gene sequences, and references to literature. Voucher with t indicates type specimen. Accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"728\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVoucher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.997248968363134%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenBank accession number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.264550264550266%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.735449735449734%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrahmaculus moonlighticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 112225 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG_075260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. osornoensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 116649 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. packhamiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 117311 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. magellanicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 116650 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG_075421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorociboria aeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 77804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY755359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eaeruginascens\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003eaustralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 74101 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_119520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG_081274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAM 198514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH752067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNS: F13596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC425047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC429383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOSC 100056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDQ491501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY544669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTudor et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131213 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753790\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768411\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131214\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753791\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768412\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. albohymenia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 70089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY755347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. argentinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArgentina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 92027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEF520123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939930\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012); Liu et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 15631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. awakinoana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTudor et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131215 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753792\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768413\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131216\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753793\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768414\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. campbellensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 74019 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_119521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. clavula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 15634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. clavula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 15644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Zhuang (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHKAS 122863 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM021876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM283288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHKAS 122864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM022017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM283287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. daliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHKAS 122865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM321599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOM283289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. duriligna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18763 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. glauca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAM 198458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLT158438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKX090821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026auml;rtel et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. halonata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. halonata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 15625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTudor et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. herbicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMAS 273905 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKY498614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKY498616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Zhuang (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131217 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753794\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768415\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131218\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753795\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768416\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. macrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 73994 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY755343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. metrosideri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 116740 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. novae-zelandiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18766 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG_075175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. pardalota\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 71611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY755353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMFLU 18-0676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMK584968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMK591994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEkanayaka et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. poutoensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHMAS 266511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKC904943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR094164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiu et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. procera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 74093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY755345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. solandri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 58580 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. spathulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoch et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. spathulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICMP: 18760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN943463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN939923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTudor et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. spiralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 77771 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_119519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston and Park (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Zealand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDD 112247 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR_172534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnston et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131219 \u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753796\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768417\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHKAS 131220\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR753797\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR768418\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCenangium ferruginosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMontenegro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAM 198451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLT158471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKX090840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026auml;rtel et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorencoelia torta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKorea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKUS-F52256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN033400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJN086703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHan et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.235213204951858%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeyderia abietis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.15680880330124%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOSC 60392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.067400275103164%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY789290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.929848693259972%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAY789289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.305364511691884%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWang et al. (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: \u003cstrong\u003eHKAS\u003c/strong\u003e: Cryptogamic Herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China; \u003cstrong\u003eHMAS\u003c/strong\u003e: Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Beijing, China; \u003cstrong\u003eICMP\u003c/strong\u003e: International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Auckland, New Zealand; \u003cstrong\u003eKUS\u003c/strong\u003e: Korea University Herbarium, Seoul, Republic of Korea; MFLU: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium, Chiang Rai, Thailand; \u003cstrong\u003eOSC\u003c/strong\u003e: Oregon State University Herbarium, Oregon, USA; \u003cstrong\u003ePDD\u003c/strong\u003e: Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand; \u003cstrong\u003eTAAM\u003c/strong\u003e: Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; \u003cstrong\u003eTNS\u003c/strong\u003e: National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"mycological-progress","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mypr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Mycological Progress](https://www.springer.com/journal/11557)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/mypr/default.aspx","title":"Mycological Progress","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Chlorociboriaceae, Helotiales, Morphology, Phylogeny, Taxonomy, 4 new taxa","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e, a commonly reported saprobic genus in \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e, is characterized by discoid, blue-green, olivaceous, yellow or white apothecia, filiform or thin-clavate paraphyses, cylindric-clavate asci, and ascospores that are elliptic to fusiform, or allantoid, hyaline. According to our morphological and phylogenetic studies of nine \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e collections from southwest China, four new species (\u003cem\u003eC. ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. yulongense\u003c/em\u003e) are proposed. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria ailaoense\u003c/em\u003e is identified by its blue to dark blue-green receptacles without tomentum hyphae, along with medially and basally branched paraphyses, and fusiform ascospores. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria bannaensis\u003c/em\u003e is recognized by light blue receptacles lacking tomentum hyphae, black stipes, a degenerated medullary excipulum, thin-clavate, unbranched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and ellipsoid ascospores. For \u003cem\u003eC. laojunense\u003c/em\u003e, distinctive characters include light blue discs, dark blue-green flanks without tomentum hyphae, asci without croziers, and fusiform ascospores. \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria yulongense\u003c/em\u003e is characterized by olive green to dark discs, white flanks without tomentum hyphae, filiform, branched paraphyses, inamyloid asci, and elliptic to allantoid ascospores. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) data of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboriaceae\u003c/em\u003e, strongly support the establishment of the four new species. In addition, we have provided an updated key to distinguish species of \u003cem\u003eChlorociboria\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Four new species of Chlorociboria from Yunnan, China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-14 08:43:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4379775/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-06-03T14:29:57+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-02T18:05:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Mycological Progress","date":"2024-05-10T10:28:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-08T10:21:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Mycological Progress","date":"2024-05-06T22:47:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"mycological-progress","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mypr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Mycological Progress](https://www.springer.com/journal/11557)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/mypr/default.aspx","title":"Mycological Progress","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9221bc56-8dd5-49fe-9fe7-b8e5a9bb2255","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-14T16:08:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4379775","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-025-02046-7","journal":{"identity":"mycological-progress","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Mycological Progress"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-09 16:05:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 9th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-14 08:43:48","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11557-025-02046-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-025-02046-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4379775","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4379775","identity":"rs-4379775","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}