A Generative Foundation Model for Antibody Design

Abstract Antibodies are indispensable components of the immune system, yet the design of high-affinity antibodies remains a time-consuming and experimentally intensive process. To address this challenge, we present IgGM, a novel generative foundation model designed to accelerate high-affinity antibody engineering. IgGM learns the complex relationships underlying the binding interactions between antigens and antibodies, as well as the mapping between antibody sequences and structures. By conditioning on different inputs, IgGM supports a wide range of antibody design tasks, including complex structure prediction, inverse design, affinity maturation, framework optimization, humanization, and de novo antibody design. It is compatible with both conventional antibodies and nanobodies, and allows user-defined CDR loop lengths for flexible design. To prioritize candidates, we introduce a frequency-based computational screening strategy that enhances design efficiency. Extensive evaluation through both in silico benchmarks and in vitro experiments across diverse antigens such as PD-L1, Protein A, TNF-α, IL-33, SARS-CoV-2 RBD and its variants demonstrates that IgGM consistently generates antibodies or nanobodies with high measured affinity. These results underscore IgGM’s versatility and effectiveness as a powerful tool for next-generation antibody discovery and optimization. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.