Insect-killing parasites infection of South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on F 1 hybrid tomato crop

Insect-killing parasites infection of South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on F 1 hybrid tomato crop | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Insect-killing parasites infection of South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on F 1 hybrid tomato crop Indra Kumar Kasi, Mohinder Singh, Pratikshya lamichhane, Abaker M. Malik, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background A survey was conducted to determine the diversity and frequency of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in fruit orchards soils in Rajgadh Himachal Pradesh, India. The main aim of the survey was to obtain nematodes as biological control agents against tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta , an invasive pest of the tomato crop in India. Results From a total of 42 samples, 7 samples tested positive for the presence of EPN. EPNs & test insect sequencing and characterization of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 18S & 12S region were used to identify all nematode isolates and test insect species levels. Steinernema feltiae (isolate- HR1) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate- HR2) species dose (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 IJs/cm 2 ) are used in the laboratory bioassay. The third instar (percentage) ranges from 24.15 to 90.00 percent. HR1 and HR2 isolates demonstrated significant larvicidal activity with LD 50 , LD 75 , and LD 90 of all instars and pupa showing high mortality from 31.53 to 90.00 percent a and 72-hours exposure duration. The strain slows larval development in 48 to 72 hours of the exposure period, with LD 50 values ranging from 05.42 to 19.29, LD 75 values ranging from 20.29 to 83.12, and LD 90 values ranging from 26.03 to 78.89. Greenhouse test same isolates are foliar sprayed three times at a 14-day interval, with total findings revealing a 7.36 count range before spraying. The total treatment outcomes range from 1.64 to 1.74 for isolate HR2, and 1.88 and 2.03 for HR1. 4.15 percent was recorded in the control plot. Conclusions Invasive species pose a significant threat, as evidenced by this research. Traditional EPNs ( S. feltiae HR1, H. bacteriophora HR2) have been used as an active biocontrol agent in laboratory and greenhouse settings and the pathogen that infects T. absoluta . Genome Steinernema feltiae Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Invasive species Tuta absoluta Mortality Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Background Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an invasive tomato leaf miner, is endemic to South America. The pest was initially spotted outside of its native habitat in Spain in 2006 (Urbaneja et al., 2008 ), and it has since spread to 80 nations, including India (CABI, 2018). In the absence of regulatory measures, the insect feeds on leaves, fruits, shoots, and apical shoots of tomatoes, which can cause 100 percent damage to plants (Urbaneja et al., 2012 ; Ballal et al., 2016 ). The appearance of this bug in India was first traced to tomato cultivation in Pune and Bangalore in 2014 (Sridhar et al., 2014 ; Shashank et al., 2015 ), and it has since spread to practically every section of the country (Sridhar et al., 2014 ; Kalleshwaraswamy et al., 2015 ; Kumari et al., 2015 ; Shashank et al., 2015 ; Ballal et al., 2016 ; Sharma and Gavkare, 2017 ). T. absoluta was first discovered in Himachal Pradesh in 2015 in Nauni, Solan (Sharma and Gavkare, 2017 ). Previous findings indicate that T. absoluta swiftly developed a serious infestation in recent locations without the usage of drugs (Bielza, 2010 ; Desneux et al., 2010 ). Tuta absolute control, in particular, based on pesticides, was required, with insecticides being used up to 14 times during the growth season (Desneux et al., 2010 ). Because the larvae reside inside mines and fruits, where pesticides are difficult to come by, this bug is difficult to manage chemically. Biotic energy is high, and the ability to improve pesticide resistance keeps pests at bay is a difficulty (Desneux et al., 2010 ; Ingegno et al., 2013 ; Roditakis et al., 2013 ; Roditakis et al., 2015 ; Waiba et al., 2021 ). Global warming is occurring, and climate change is likely to significantly impact human energy and insect species. Temperature is the most essential element directly impacting insect development, survival, distribution, and abundance among climatic variables (Zhang et al., 2008 ; Ju et al., 2011 ; Gavkare and Sharma, 2017 ). As a result, it's critical to comprehend the file's temperature effect on the census. T. absoluta sees a rise in the spread of insect illnesses as a possibility. The impact of heat on insects is often quantified in terms of developmental state (Sreedevi et al., 2013 ; Liu et al., 2015 ). The earth-bound insecticides Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Kaya and Gaugler 1993 ; Kasi et al., 2021b ). These nematodes have developed to interact with viruses from the Photorhabdus and Heterorhabditis genera, which are carried in the intestines of infectious hairs (IJs) (Arthurs et al., 2004 ). Xenorhabdus is related to Steinernema spp. and is found in the intestines of IJs on a specific skin. Following insect directions, nematodes locate a location where they can be trapped (Lewis et al., 2006 ). Infect the culprit with an opening such as the mouth, skull, or edges, or by inserting a cuticle after I have discovered the culprit (especially in Heterorhabditis spp.). IJIreach their outer cuticle as soon as they enter the host (Sicard et al., 2004 ) and begin to absorb the hemolymph, causing the annotations to release ( Steinernema spp.) or to repeat ( Heterorhabditis spp). With septicemia or toxatoxemiamatodes - bacteria destroy the host in 24 to 48 hours (Forst and Clarke, 2002 ; Kasi et al., 2021). More than 100 varieties of EPNs have been identified globally, with steinernematid accounting for around 80% of these. Only 13% of these types have been commercialized (Abbas et al., 2021 ; Kasi et al., 2021a ). In the management of important biodiversity, EPNs are commonly used (Grewal et al., 2005 ). Several investigations have found that EPNs can be used to control T. absoluta . Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Tadele and Emana, 2017 ), entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Van Damme et al., 2016 ), and pesticides (Nilahyane et al., 2012 ) have all been extensively employed, although there have been few reports of their utilization in the field. Compared to white grubs in Rwanda (Kajuga et al., 2018 ), the geographical classification of EPNs (Yan et al., 2016 ) is effective, so more research into their efficiency in combatting other significant economic pests, such as T. absolute , is needed. In Rwanda, laboratory bioassays are being carried out to assess the performance of three types of environmental regulating agents: local EPNs, the sale of competing local plant products T. absoluta , and the sale of competing local plant products T. absoluta . Some agents have demonstrated excellent efficiency in each of the above groups. Because the most efficient laboratory can only be translated to specific outdoor settings (Lacey et al., 2015 ). The purpose of this study was to provide the necessary background knowledge for using local isolated EPNs strains as biological control agents. In both laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the pathogenicity of two nematode species, S. feltiae (isolate- HR1) and H. bacteriophora (isolate- HR2), infection in Tuta absoluta was investigated. Methods Soil sampling, trapping, and maintenance of nematodes Two isolates of S. feltiae (HR1) and H. bacteriophora (HR2) were used in this study. The local isolate was obtained from fruit orchards soil samples, collected from 1682 m above mean sea level with 30 o 53′ 15 N latitude and 77° 16′ 07 E longitude with the mid-hill zone (Fig. 1) of Western Himalayas, Rajgarh, Himachal Pradesh, India, using G. mellonella larvae as nematode traps. This isolate was cultured based on the method described (Woodring and Kaya, 1988; Singh, 1990; Benseddiq et al. 2020) at 21 ± 1 °C on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella . Infective juveniles (IJs) that emerged during the first ten days were collected from white traps stored at 4 °C in distilled water for up to 14 days (Woodring and Kaya, 1988; Abd-Elgawad 2021). The nematodes were acclimatized at room temperature for about 30 min before being used in the experiments. Morphological identification of nematodes Twenty specimens of infective juveniles and ten adult females from each locality were observed under a compound research microscope for their morphological characters and various measurements were done using an ocular micrometer. The selection of morphometric characters waswerene according to Singh, (1990); Nguyen and Smart, (1996); Ganguly and Singh, (2000). Molecular characterization of nematodes and test insect The procedure described by Miller et al. 1988, was followed for DNA extraction. About 1000-2000 sterilized IJs of each population were used separately for rDNA extraction (Phan et al., 2001). For tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta ribosomal DNA extraction procedure described by Marin et al., 2021 was followed. PCR Amplification of rDNA Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from total genomic rDNA of individual nematode strain was amplified with specific primers (Vrain et al . 1992). The sequence of this primer and expected amplicon size is given below; Primer Primer sequence 5’→3’ Length, bp 18S specific (ITS) primer (F) CGCGAATBGCTCATTACAACAGC 23 18S specific (ITS) primer (R) GGGCGGTATCTGATCGCC 18 12S primer LCO (F) GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTG G 25 12S primer HCO (R) TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA 26 The amplified with ITS specific primer Nem18S forward and Nem18S revers for nematodes and ITS universal primers 12S LOC forward, and HCO reverses primers for tomato pinworm. These primers were procured through the custom primer synthesis facility of Integrated rDNA Technologies, Inc. (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,). Characterization of PCR Products The PCR products were subjected to horizontal electrophoresis at 6 V/cm in 1% ( w / v ) Gel rose LE agarose gel (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,) in 1x TBE buffer (Tris Borate EDTA) containing 0.5 mg of ethidium bromide per liter at 5V/cm for 3.5h. The gel was visualized under UV light with an Alpha Image EP Gel documentation system (Alpha View, software version 2.0.0; Alpha Innotech Corporation, San Francisco, USA). Sequence analysis of 18S rDNA gene of nematode The PCR-amplified product was purified with a Quick PCR purification kit (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,). Purified rDNA was sequenced by rDNA sequencing services (Big Dye Terminator version 3.1) provided by BioKart Pvt. Ltd., and the primers used in this step were the 18S as described earlier (Vrain et al . 1992). Chromatograms provided by BioKart India Pvt. Ltd., were visually checked, consensus sequences were prepared using sequences obtained from forward and reverse primers, and sequences were aligned manually using a distance matrix generated using the Jukes-Cantor corrected distance model ( http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/teaching/CompleatCladist.pdf ). The sequence was then subjected to the BLASTn program at NCBI ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) to find the identity and similarity of each sequence compared with the GenBank database. BLASTn program 18S, 12S rDNA was performed using the BLASTn program from NCBI to identify species comparison of the partially edited nucleotide sequences. ClustalW aligned nucleotide sequences were given to construct a phylogenetic tree by using the Neighbor-Joining method with MEGA Version 11. ( www.megasoftware.net ) program (Tamura et al., 2021). Phylogenetic tree construction A phylogenetic tree was obtained by maximum parsimony using default parameters of ClustalW W (Thompson et al . 1997). Tree evaluation was made using a heuristic search (simple stepwise addition, tree bisection reconnection branch swapping). Branch support was estimated by bootstrap analysis performing 500 replicates (Felsenstein, 1993). Online software MEGA 11.0 (Kumar et al . 2018; Tamura et al . 2021) was used to construct the phylogenetic tree ( http://megasoftware.net ). Filter paper bioassays test The final instar larvae of test T. absoluta were used in this experiment. The experiments were carried out in Petri plates (9 cm diameter). Were lined with Whatman filter paper. Five nematode doses were evaluated i.e., 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 IJs /cm 2 . The dishes were sealed with parafilm to avoid dehydration and kept in an incubator at 25±1 °C temperature in the dark. Untreated controls were identical to the treatments except that no IJs were added. Insect mortality was observed at 24, 48, and 72 h, after treatment. The dead larvae were examined for the presence of nematodes inside to confirm nematode infection. For each insect stage and nematode species. Leaf bioassay test In this experiment, the leaves of respective host plants were used for test in bio efficacy of local strains of EPNs. Each leaf was sprayed with 2 ml of suspensions of H. bacteriophora or S. feltiae the nematodes concentrations as desired in the experiment i.e., 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 IJs/cm 2 were adjusted by diluting the suspensions with distilled water. A single treated leaf was placed in Petri dishes lined with wet filter paper. Ten larvae of insects were added to Petr the I plate. Larval mortality was determined after 24, 48, and 72 hrs of treatment. There were four replicates per treatment. Three days later, a random sample of 25% of the dead larvae was chosen analyzed using stereomicroscope image analysis software (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions) to confirm nematode infection. The tests were carried out twice. Greenhouse bioassay tests Study site and period: The experimental farm is located at an elevation of 1260 meters above mean sea level, with a latitude of 30 o 52'N and a longitude of 77 o 11'E, with a poly-house orientation of East-West, which symbolizes Himachal Pradesh's mid-hill zone. This is an excellent position for a poly-house with features like a single door, side, and top vent, drip irrigation, fogging capability, and internal shading with a 50 % green agro UV stabilized shade net. Plant material and treatments Two entomopathogenic nematodes S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora were evaluated against tomato pinworm T. absoluta under polyhouse conditions. The tomato germplasm F 1 hybrid (BSS-816) was used in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with four replications inside the modified naturally ventilated polyhouse (25 m × 10 m). Row to row and plant to plant spacing of 70´30 cm was maintained in the experiment. The nematodes were applied at 1, 00000; 2, 00000, and 4, 00000 IJs/m 2 with the help of a hand-operated sprayer. In control, water was sprayed. There was seen treatment patch that was replicated from times. The observations on leafminer infestation were observed before and 7 and 14 days of sprayon5 plants. The Disinfected leaves were brought to the laboratory to nanodiodes the infestation. The dead larvae were dissected under stereoscopic optic micro and scope observed for the presence of nematodes. Statistical analysis For the bioassay tests, the corrected percent mortalities were calculated from the mortality data by using Abbott’s formula (Abbott 1925): % Mortality in treatment-% mortality in the control Corrected mortality (%) =----------------------------------------------------------------×100 100 - % mortality in control The corrected percent mortality data were obtained from experiments on evaluated of EPNs against insect pests. Concentration-mortality response relations were worked for both nematodes & bacteria. Also, LSD ( p < 0.05) values were calculated to differentiate means among treatments. Were subjected to probit analysis as per the method given by Finney (1971). The one percent mortality data were subjected to angular transformation and analyzed on the pattern of one-factor design CRD/RBD. Results Isolation of nematodes species & test insect The Rajgarh populations of genera Steinernema , and Heterorhabditis were characterized as per their general body characteristics like slender body, tapering anteriorly from the base of the esophagus and posteriorly from the anal area to the tail terminus. Cuticular annulations intestate not. Luis p and going smooth the continuous with rest of the body, notes set off. The esophagus is long and narrow, occupying about one-third of body width, narrower at the level of the nerve ring, terminating in the valved bulb. Nerve ring distinct. Excretory pore located anterior to nerve ring. Cardia distinct. Rectum long and narrow. The anus is distinct. Tail tapering with pointed terminus. The Rajgarh population Steinernema and Heterorhabditis were morphologically characterized by earlier reported by Singh ( 1990 ) at the Rajgarh location in Sirmour district. As per the given for the classification of Steinernema spp. into four groups based on the body length of IJs, the referred population of Steinernema fathe ll in the ‘ feltiae ’ group. Specimens of infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rajgarh populatmeasuredre measure for the taxonomic characters used in the identification of these EPNs. Folpolytomouse polytomus key to Heterorhabditis spp. given by Stock and Hunt ( 2005 ) and compendium of Heterorhabditis spp. (Ganguly, 2003 ) based on type measurements of infective juveniles, the referred population of Heterorhabditis , has the een the bacteriophage ‘ bacteriophage ’ group. As per morphological characterized the study this Rajgarh population was conformed to be Steinernema feltiae (isolate- HR1) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate- HR2) based on keys given by character conform the same. We conforming further molecular character identification species conformation. The molecular identification of Rajgarh population genetic diversity based on rDNA amplification using 18S ITS primers, and genetic similarity among 2 genotypes of identified prevalent EPNs was estimated following coefficient using MEGA Version 11.0 (Tamura et al., 2021 ). The similarity coefficient was indicative of substantial diversity present in the isolate. The maximum similarity coefficient was observed between Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rajgarh population) and Steinerema feltiae (Rajgarh population). In recent years, larvae of TLM, have become resistant to insecticidal entomopathogenic nematodes like S. feltiae HR1, and H. bacteriophora HR2 serovar Israelis is predictable. Therefore, there is a requirement to search for new strains from our native environment to overcome the resistance. In the present study, 2 nematode strains were isolated from soil samples observed in fruit orchards, Rajgarh, Himachal Pradesh, India. For isolating the natives (HR1) and (HR2), each nematode isolate was carefully screened against larvae of TLM, and the nematodes were morphologically characterized. Hence, further assays were carried out only with these active nematodes. The two HR1 and H2 were further characterized through 18S rDNA sequencing. rDNA gene sequencing The selected four nematode isolates & test insects were molecularly characterized by 18S & 12S rDNA Gene Sequencing. The 18S & 12S rDNA gene was amplified with an (ITS) specific primer for the chosen nematode isolates having larvicidal activity. The amplified PCR product was a 2500 bp size DNA stands for all four strains. Further, the isolates were identified at the species level by using BLASTn analysis. The result indicated that these nematodes belonged to the genus Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. & the insect was Tuta absoluta Homology search against non-redundant nucleotide database identified the isolates to be Steinernema feltiae (OL470270), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (OL470273), and Tuta absoluta (OL601546) in reference for as per the 18S & 12S rDNA gene sequence and submitted to NCBI database. Phylogenic analysis The detection of homology towards closely related pest insect Tuta absolute , and bioagent, Steinernema (HR1) and Heterorhabditis (HR2) strain from the isolated soil strains were analyzed by constriction a phylogeny tree construction using MEGA 11.0 software ( www.megasoftware.net ). The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987). The optimal tree is shown. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein, 1985). The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method (Nei and Kumar, 2000) and are in the units of the number of base differences per site. The proportion of sites where at least 1 unambiguous base is present in at least 1 sequence for each descendent clade is shown next to each internal node in the tree. This analysis involved 35 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated, i.e., fewer than 5% alignment gaps, missing data, and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position (partial deletion option). There was a total of 531 positions in the final dataset. For Tuta absoluta there were a total of 605 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021). The phylogenetic relationships between species of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are presented in Figures 1 and 2. Detailed phylogeny of the feltiae groubacteriophage ophora group inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Fig. 1, 2) showed a similar general topology as the Bayesian ITS tree, with two well supported main clades and S. feltiae (HR1), H. bacteriophora (HR2) occupying a basal position. However, some relationships within the clades were not well resolved. The conforms to the status of S. feltiae (and HR1), Hand. bacteriophora (HR2) species donned on according to the phylogenetic and evolutionary species concept (Adams, 1998). Efficacy of Filter paper bioassays There was no larval mortality observed in the untreated control. The larval mortality (%)ranged from 29.87 to 90.00 %. After 72 h of treatment, the treatment S. feltiae at160 IJs/cm 2 (90.00 %) recorded the highest larval mortality of 2 nd instar T. absoluta larvae and was found to be the most superior treatment. Which was followed by H. bacteriophora at 160 IJs/cm 2 (80.76 %). The next best treatments in order of their efficacies were S. feltiae at 80 IJs/cm 2 (78.73 %), and H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (72.08 %). The larval mortality ranging from 24.15 to 90.00 % (Fig 5). The (%) pupa mortality was ran from 31.53 to 85.38 %. Recorded the recorded Arval mortality of pupa stage of T. absoluta larvae was the most superior treatment. The highest % larval mortality was recorded in treatment with H. bacteriophora at 160 IJs/cm 2 (85.38 %) larval mortality was recorded which was followed by S. feltiae at 160 IJs/cm 2 were 80.76 %. The next best treatments in order of their efficacies were H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (69.50 %), S. feltiae at 80 IJs/cm 2 (67.47%) (Fig 5 & 6). Efficacy of Leaf bioassay The largest larval mortality was recorded in the 3 rd insof tar T. absoluta larvae, the treatment with H. bacteriophora at 160 IJs/cm2 resulted in the highest percent larvae mortality, with 90.00 percent larval mortality, followed by S. feltiae at 160 IJs/cm 2 (85.38 percent). The next best treatments, in order of efficacy, were H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (74.12 percent), S. feltiae at 80 IJs/cm 2 (69.50 percent), and H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (74.12 percent) (Table 2). The mortality rate of larvae ranged from 31.53 to 90.00 percent (Fig 7). The highest larval mortality of 4 th instar T. absoluta larvae was the most superior treatment. The treatment with S. feltiae at 160 IJs/cm 2 resulted in the highest percent larvae mortality, with 90.00 percent larval mortality, followed by H. bacteriophora at 160 IJs/cm 2 (80.76 percent) (Fig 4). The next best treatments, in order of efficacy, were S. feltiae at 80 IJs/cm 2 (74.12 percent), H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (67.84 percent), and H. bacteriophora at 80 IJs/cm 2 (67.84 percent) (Table 2) (Fig 7 & 8). Bioassay of larvicidal activity The lethal concentrations of EPNs to different larval instars of T. absoluta reflect the bioassay of two isolated nematode strains S. feltiae (HR1) and H. bacteriophora (HR2), against T. absoluta second instar and pupa mortality (Table 1) and third & fourth instars larvae are summarized in (Table 3). Entomopathogenic nematodes applied dose at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 IJs/cm 2 caused T. absoluta is recorded when the entomopathogenic nematodes at lethal doses (LD 50 , LD 75 , LD 90 ), were applied at 48 and 72 hrs after EPNs treatments either LD 50 level LD 75 level and LD 90 level (Table 1 & 3) (Fig 6). An effect was observed when entomopathogenic nematodes were applied at the best larvicidal activity inclined during the 72 hrs of exposure. Isolate HR2 and followed by isolate HR1 (EPNs) strains showed potent larvicidal activity at content concentrations within 4within 8 and 72 hrs of exposure time (Table 1 & 3). T. absoluta third and fourth instar larvae significant differences from control are indicated ( P < 0.01; P < 0.05). (Table 1 & 3) (Fig 8). Table 1. Log probit analysis of virulence assays larvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm TLM larvae instars and pupa stage Stage of Insect Nematode sp. Exposure Time (hrs) LD 50 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL LD 75 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL LD 90 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL Intercept Slope± SE χ 2 value P -value 2- instar S. feltiae 48 14.27 (09.98 - 20.40) 48.42 (33.87 - 69.22) 45.40 (17.71 - 20.87) -1.46 02±0.24 2.30 0.004** 72 07.05 (04.81 - 10.33) 22.85 (15.60 - 33.46) 65.81 (44.93 - 96.37) -1.12 1.2±0.26 1.83 0.013* 2- instar H. bacteriophora 48 13.47 (08.98 - 20.20) 55.26 (36.85 - 82.86) 76.81 (31.24 - 82.13) -1.24 01±0.23 0.83 0.006** 72 07.61 (05.02 - 11.53) 29.39 (19.40 - 44.53) 65.14 (65.44 - 50.21) -1.01 1.5±0.25 0.86 0.015* Pupa S. feltiae 48 09.10 (05.82 - 14.23) 41.75 (26.71 - 65.28) 78.47 (15.21 - 57.11) -0.97 1.3±0.23 2.57 0.015* 72 08.83 (05.88 - 13.26) 33.89 (22.57 - 50.88) 60.68 (75.72 - 64.66) -1.09 02±0.24 1.66 0.011* Pupa H. bacteriophora 48 13.90 (09.16 - 21.10) 60.10 (39.60 - 91.20) 81.43 (47.89 - 40.56) -1.21 01±0.23 2.18 0.007** 72 09.23 (06.35 - 13.43) 31.11 (21.40 - 45.24) 72.83 (63.84 - 34.98) -1.23 1.5±0.25 5.12 0.008** EPNs suspensions were administered at a concentration of (IJs/cm 2 ). Lethal Concentration is calculated by Probit Methods. Significant differences from control are indicated (** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05). Table 2. Larvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm 3 rd and 4 th instar larva stage mortality (%) mean performance 3 rd Instar of Tuta absoluta (4 th ) Final instar of Tuta absoluta Tuta absolute mortality (%) 24 hrs after treatment Tuta absolute mortality (%) 24 hrs after treatment Treatment Steinernema feltiae Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Mean Steinernema feltiae Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Mean 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (0.00)* (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 10 IJs/cm 2 17.50 37.50 57.50 30.00 55.00 65.00 43.75 30.00 50.00 60.00 27.50 42.50 52.50 43.75 (24.15) (37.64) (49.30) (33.04) (47.86) (53.75) (40.95) (33.04) (44.98) (50.87) (31.53) (40.59) (46.42) (41.23) 20 IJs/cm 2 27.50 50.00 70.00 40.00 62.50 72.50 53.75 42.50 62.50 77.50 42.50 57.50 67.50 58.33 (31.38) (44.98) (56.92) (39.15) (52.31) (58.58) (47.22) (40.65) (52.25) (61.74) (40.59) (49.30) (55.26) (49.96) 40 IJs/cm 2 45.00 65.00 82.50 50.00 75.00 82.50 66.66 50.00 75.00 85.00 50.00 67.50 77.50 67.50 (42.03) (53.75) (65.44) (44.98) (60.61) (68.76) (55.92) (44.98) (60.24) (67.47) (44.98) (55.26) (61.74) (55.77) 80 IJs/cm 2 55.00 75.00 87.50 62.50 80.00 90.00 75.00 57.50 80.00 90.00 60.00 75.00 85.00 74.58 (47.86) (60.08) (69.50) (52.31) (63.78) (74.12) (61.27) (49.37) (66.73) (74.12) (50.81) (60.24) (67.84) (61.51) 160 IJs/cm 2 65.00 82.50 97.50 75.00 92.50 100.00 85.41 67.50 87.50 100.00 72.50 87.50 95.00 85.00 (53.91) (65.44) (85.38) (60.08) (76.15) (90.00) (71.82) (55.26) (72.46) (90.00) (58.42) (69.50) (80.76) (71.06) Mean 35.00 51.66 65.83 42.91 60.83 68.33 41.21 59.16 68.75 42.08 55.00 62.91 (33.22) (43.65) (54.42) (38.26) (50.12) (57.53) (37.21) (49.44) (57.36) (37.72) (45.81) (52.00) LSD (p< 0.05) 9.03 6.68 7.56 6.66 9.55 12.59 6.05 13.76 8.77 6.08 6.28 9.03 *Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values Table 3. Log probit analysis of the larvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm instars, 3 rd, and 4 th stage Stage of Insect Nematode sp. Exposure Time (hr) LD 50 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL LD 75 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL LD 90 (IJs/cm 2 ) 95% LCL-UCL Intercept Slope χ 2 value P -value III- instar S. feltiae 48 19.29 (12.83 - 29.01) 83.12 (55.28 - 24.99) 50.44 (25.79 - 65.31) -1.36 0.23 0.27 0.004** 72 07.52 (05.11 - 11.07) 25.42 (17.27 - 37.41) 26.03 (51.66 - 11.89) -1.11 0.25 2.06 0.012* III- instar H. bacteriophora 48 08.55 (05.42 - 13.51) 40.47 (25.63 - 63.90) 78.89 (10.79 - 58.77) -0.93 0.23 1.99 0.018* 72 05.42 (03.51 - 08.36) 20.70 (13.41 - 31.97) 69.19 (44.81 - 17.83) -0.85 0.26 1.85 0.032* IV- instar S. feltiae 48 09.32 (05.80 - 14.98) 48.17 (29.98 - 77.41) 74.18 (31.42 - 39.34) -0.91 0.23 0.46 0.018* 72 05.89 (03.92 - 08.85) 20.29 (13.51 - 30.47) 61.71 (41.09 - 92.68) -0.96 0.26 1.53 0.022* IV- instar H. bacteriophora 48 13.90 (09.16 - 21.10) 60.10 (39.60 - 91.20) 76.43 (47.89 - 40.56) -1.21 0.23 2.18 0.007** 72 08.92 (06.01 - 13.24) 32.61 (21.98 - 48.38) 56.63 (70.52 - 55.23) -1.14 0.24 1.02 0.010* EPNs suspensions were administered at a concentration of (IJs/cm2). Lethal Concentration is calculated by Probit Methods. Significant differences from control are indicated (**P < 0.01; *P < 0.05). Efficacy of Greenhouse Tests The survival population of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta on tomato one day before, three, seven, ten, and fourteen days after the first spray was presented in Table 2. The average number of T. absoluta larvae that survived one day before being sprayed ranged from 5.77 to 7.36 larvae per plant. The pre-treatment data was determined to be non-significant, indicating that the pest population in the experimental plot was uniform. A small increase in the larval population was seen in all treated plots 14 days after the first spray. The average number of larvae that survived each plant ranged from 1.31 to 2.13. The maximum number of larvae per plant was found in the untreated control plot, which had 4.09 larvae per plant. Treatment with H. bacteriophora at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.31 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against T. absolute , followed by treatment with H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.42 larvae/plant). Treatments with S. feltiae at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.59 larvae/plant) and S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.68 larvae/plant) were the next in order of efficacy, with no significant differences between them (Fig 9). Overall, the efficacy results showed that H. bacteriophora at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.78 larvae/plant) was the most successful treatment in lowering the T. absolute population when compared to other treatments. The next most successful treatment was S. feltiae at a rate of 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.97 larvae/plant). In order of efficacy, H. bacteriophora was next with 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (2.00 larvae/plant). A small increase in the larval population was seen in all of the treated plots 14 days after the second spray. The average number of larvae survival populations per plant ranged from 1.18 to 1.51. It was found to be the highest in the untreated control plot, with 4.24 larvae per plant (Fig 9). Treatment with H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.18 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against T. absolute , as was treatment with S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.38 larvae/plant). Treatments with H. bacteriophora at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.45 larvae/plant), H. bacteriophora at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.48 larvae/plant), and H. bacteriophora at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.48 larvae/plant) were the next in order of efficacy, and there were no significant differences in the remaining treatments. Thus, the treatment with H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.60 larvae/plant) was shown to be superior than H. bacteriophora at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.66 larvae/plant) and H. bacteriophora at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.77 larvae/plant) in terms of overall performance. S. feltiae at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.84 larvae/plant), S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.85 larvae/plant), and S. feltiae at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (2.06 larvae/plant) were all shown to be similarly effective in lowering the T. absoluta population. A small increase in the larval population was seen in all of the treated plots at 14 DAS of the third spray. The average number of larvae survival populations per plant ranged from 1.02 to 1.98. The maximum number of larvae per plant was found in the untreated control plot, at 4.92. Treatment with H. bacteriophora at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.02 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against T. absoluta , as did treatment with H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.09 larvae/plant) (Fig 9). Treatments with S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.17 larvae/plant), S. feltiae at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.34 larvae/plant), and S. feltiae at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.53 larvae/plant) were found to be equally successful, as were treatments with H. bacteriophora at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 the treatments, on the other hand, produced 4.92 larvae per plant compared to 4.92 larvae per plant in the untreated control. After the third spray, the overall performance of the various treatments revealed that the H. bacteriophora treatment at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 was consistently most effective and superior to the other treatments, with the lowest larval population (1.17 larvae/plant) compared to 4.48 larvae/plant in the untreated control (Fig 9). The next most effective treatment was H. bacteriophora at a concentration of 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.34 larvae/plant). Significant differences between the treatments were not identified, with S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.60 larvae/plant) and S. feltiae at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.65 larvae/plant) being at par with S. feltiae at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (1.83 larvae/plant) and H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 (2.25 larvae/plant) treatments and were shown to be somewhat efficient in lowering the surviving T. absoluta population. After three sprayings, the overall results of the current experiment demonstrated that among the entomopathogenic agents, H. bacteriophora at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 was consistently effective against T. absoluta , with the lowest larvae population (1.64 Larvae/plant). H. bacteriophora at 4,00,000 IJs/cm 2 and S. feltiae at 1,00,000 IJs/cm 2 , as well as S. feltiae at 2,00,000 IJs/cm 2 , produced greater results against T. absoluta (Fig 9). Table 4. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode against Tuta absoluta in tomato crop (overall effect of three sprays). Sr. No Treatments Dose IJs/m 2 Pre count 1 st Spray Mean 2 nd Spray Mean 3 rd Spray Mean Mean survival population of Tuta absoluta larvae/plant Mean survival population of Tuta absoluta larvae/plant Mean survival population of Tuta absoluta larvae/plant 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS 1 S. feltiae 1,00,000 5.77 2.417 2.16 1.72 1.59 1.97 2.15 1.92 1.79 1.51 1.84 2.66 1.70 1.63 1.34 1.83 (2.60)* (1.84) (1.77) (1.64) (1.60) (1.71) (1.77) (1.70) (1.67) (1.58) (1.68) (1.91) (1.64) (1.62) (1.53) (1.67) 2 S. feltiae 2,00,000 6.52 2.677 2.36 2.05 1.68 2.19 2.12 2.10 1.80 1.38 1.85 1.83 1.76 1.64 1.17 1.60 (2.74) (1.91) (1.83) (1.74) (1.63) (1.77) (1.76) (1.76) (1.67) (1.54) (1.68) (1.68) (1.66) (1.62) (1.47) (1.60) 3 S. feltiae 4,00,000 6.90 2.74 2.40 2.34 2.07 2.38 2.17 2.12 2.12 1.83 2.06 1.58 1.74 1.77 1.53 1.65 (2.80) (1.93) (1.84) (1.82) (1.75) (1.83) (1.78) (1.76) (1.76) (1.68) (1.74) (1.60) (1.65) (1.66) (1.59) (1.62) 4 H. bacteriophora 1,00,000 7.20 2.317 2.06 1.44 1.31 1.78 1.87 1.56 1.77 1.45 1.66 2.59 2.31 2.12 1.98 2.25 (2.85) (1.82) (1.75) (1.56) (1.51) (1.66) (1.69) (1.60) (1.66) (1.56) (1.62) (1.89) (1.82) (1.76) (1.72) (1.79) 5 H. bacteriophora 2,00,000 6.51 2.577 2.19 1.84 1.42 2.00 1.74 1.81 1.68 1.18 1.60 1.64 1.43 1.23 1.09 1.34 (2.73) (1.89) (1.78) (1.68) (1.55) (1.72) (1.65) (1.67) (1.63) (1.47) (1.60) (1.62) (1.56) (1.49) (1.44) (1.52) 6 H. bacteriophora 4,00,000 6.21 2.64 2.26 2.14 2.13 2.29 1.74 1.83 2.05 1.48 1.77 1.41 1.17 1.08 1.02 1.17 (2.68) (1.90) (1.80) (1.77) (1.76) (1.80) (1.65) (1.68) (1.74) (1.57) (1.66) (1.55) (1.42) (1.44) (1.42) (1.45) 7 Control Water Spray 7.36 3.53 3.87 4.08 4.09 3.89 3.79 4.03 4.28 4.24 4.08 4.16 4.23 4.61 4.92 4.48 (2.88) (2.12) (2.20) (2.25) (2.25) (2.20) (2.19) (2.24) (2.29) (2.28) (2.25) (2.27) (2.28) (2.37) (2.43) (2.33) SE± N/A 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.007 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 CD at 5% 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.14 0.16 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 DAS = Days after spray *Figures in parentheses are transformed values Öx+ 0.5 Table 5. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode against Tuta absoluta in tomato crop (overall effect of three sprays). Sr. No Treatments Dose (IIm 2 ) Pre count 1 st Sprays means 2 nd Sprays means 3 rd Spray mean Overall mean 1 S. feltiae 1,00,000 5.77 1.97 1.84 1.83 1.88 (2.60) * (1.71) (1.68) (1.67) (1.68) 2 S. feltiae 2,00,000 6.52 2.19 1.85 1.60 1.88 (2.74) (1.77) (1.68) (1.60) (1.68) 3 S. feltiae 4,00,000 6.90 2.38 2.06 1.65 2.03 (2.80) (1.83) (1.74) (1.62) (1.73) 4 H. bacteriophora 1,00,000 7.20 1.78 1.66 2.25 1.89 (2.85) (1.66) (1.62) (1.79) (1.69) 5 H. bacteriophora 2,00,000 6.51 2.00 1.60 1.34 1.64 (2.73) (1.72) (1.60) (1.52) (1.61) 6 H. bacteriophora 4,00,000 6.21 2.29 1.77 1.17 1.74 (2.68) (1.80) (1.66) (1.45) (1.63) 7 Control Water Spray 7.36 3.89 4.08 4.48 4.15 (2.88) (2.20) (2.25) (2.33) (2.26) SE± N/A 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.05 CD at 5% 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.16 DAS = Days after spray *Figures in parentheses are transformed values Öx+ 0.5 Discussion Possibility of using with a stand, entomopathogenic to T. absoluta . Because laboratory operations do not have to take care of the field of work, workplace validation was discussed in the next section (Lacey et al., 2015 ; Ndereyimana et al., 2019a , 2019b , c ). EPNs can detect and kill larvae in tomato leaves as well. A high level of worm infection (77.1–91.7 percent) was recorded in a leaf bioassay produced in laboratory circumstances (Batalla-Carrera et al., 2010 ), showing the agents' capacity to kill worms within the plant. This is because all leaf litter larvae contain holes through which EPNs can enter and kill the larvae. A molecular study of present research findings reveals that S. abbasi (Godjo et al., 2018 ; Srivastava et al., 2022) is much close to S. feltiae and tree sequences of S. feltiae populations and this pair was outgroup to the C. elegans , and H. bacteriophora population and this was outgroup with A. xianyangenisis (Nguyen et al., 2007 ; Godjo et al., 2018 ; Srivastava et al., 2022). However, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora showed clear demarcation from the S. abbasi in the D2 – D3 regi, n, and similar results were obtained in the ITS region also. Thuthethe basis of molecular data supplemented with ITS rDNA gene sequencing provided the positions of two isolates HR1, and HR2 species of S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora according to the phylogenetic and Neighbor-Joining method species concept (Adams 1998 ; Tamura et al., 2021 ; Heena et al., 2021; Trinh et al., 2021 ). Under field conditions, EPN field performance was produced and compared to T. absolute (Shams-al-Din et al., 2014; Gozel and Kasap, 2015 ). (Batla-Carella et al., 2010) Furthermore, EPN is already in use as a paper application in other factories. A variety of other insects (Mahmud, 2016). The capabilities of recognized EPNs can be connected to their performance. T. absoluta , where they are protected from the harsh environment (Batala-carella et al., 2010; Kamali et al., 2018 ). It appears to be T. absoluta larvae. EP IJs have been shown to have the ability to survive and reproduce in a variety of conditions (Gozel and Kasap, 2015 ). Furthermore, the suitable Steinernema EPNs' efficiency can be related to their genetic variants (Xenorhabdus) and deceptive catchers, the Ambusher Strategy, which patiently awaits their manager (Mahmoud, 2016 ). The involvement of T. absoluta at Steinernema monticolum Stock, Choo & Kaya, and H. bacteriophora (HP88) was determined in the laboratory and the field in another series of research (Shamseldean et al., 2014 ). Laboratory-operated leaves of both nematodes display high levels of aggression in bioassays (80–100 percent mortality). For field testing done over three years, foliar spraying of two types of EPNs demonstrated a death rate of 60–80 percent T. Death rate of H. As a result, the authors conclude that H. bacteriophora (HP88) was more potent than S. Monticolum in both the lab and in the field than T. absolute (Shamseldean et al., 2014 ). Application of EPN to the soil to suppress last instar larvae as they drop from leaves to pupae, as well as adults emerging from buried pupae, may be a complementing technique to the foliar treatment of T. absoluta . soil treatment efficacy T. absoluta larvae, pupae, and adults were tested in the laboratory against three native entomopathogenic nematodes ( S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae , and H. bacteriophora ) (Garcia-del-Pino et al., 2013 ). T-ground EPN applications have a lot of power. It is critical to fully manage and comprehend the effects of various substrates often used to grow tomatoes. Although outcomes may vary with EPN types, it is known that soil type and texture might affect EPN performance and persistence (Kaya, 1990 ). (Koppenhofer and Fuzy 2006 ). Unavailability was found to diminish as the amount of carved soil was reduced in various investigations (Campos-Herrera and Gutierrez, 2009 ; Hassani Kakhki et al., 2012). However, both forms of EPN induced more depth in our sample than fertile sand (89%) and sandy loam (17%); such a substantial variation was not predicted given the differing perceptions of composition, pH, and carbon content. In earlier research, several types of EPNs species, notably H. bacteriophora, have shown excellent performance on the highest substrate, as in our study (sand soil, 93 percent) (Koppenhofer and Fuzy, 2006 ). Overall, the product appears to fit the requirements of these EPNs to achieve large levels of Tuta absoluta infection due to the natural conditions of tomatoes keeping them warm. With 50% control of both species, our thermal study indicated the strong inclination of caterpillar T. absolute and, H. bacteriophora . It is strongly suggested if you consider the high relative humidity level required by EPN for spray treatments (Portman et al., 2016 ). Before insect infestation reaches these high altitudes, EPNs biocontrol agents should be used. The findings of this investigation reveal that H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae are both comparable to H. bacteriophora (Ebssa et al., 2004 , Rezaei et al., 2015 ). Conclusions Invasive species pose a significant threat, as evidenced by this research. Traditional EPNs ( S. feltiae HR-1, H. bacteriophora HR-2) have been used as an active biocontrol agent in laboratory and greenhouse settings and the pathogen that infects T. absoluta . Overall, the natural conditions of heat-retaining tomatoes appear to match the EPA’s requirements for achieving high T. absolute infection levels. The T. absoluta steep inclination was confirmed in our greenhouse testing. With 50% control over both EPNs strains, S. feltiae HR-1 and H. bacteriophora HR-2 were used. Accession Numbers The genome sequence and ITS annotations are available at NCBI under the accession numbers OL470270; OL470273 & OL601546. Abbreviations EPNs: Entomopathogenic nematodes; L.S.D.: Least significant difference; T. absolute : Tuta absoluta ; S. feltiae : Steinernema feltiae ; H. bacteriophora : Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; DAS: Days after spray; IJs: Infective Juveniles; cm 2 : Centimetre square; ITS: Internal transcribed spacers; DNA: Deoxyribose nucleic acid; MEGA: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis; LC: Lethal concentration; OBSTAT: Operational Status; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; hrs: Hour; HR1: Isolate number one; HR2: Isolate number two. Declarations Acknowledgments. This work was financed by grants from the All India Coordinated Research Project HCR-193-07 (AICRP on Nematodes). We are grateful to Nematology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India-173230. And the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for granting access to laboratory facilities. Author contributions Indra Kumar Kasi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Mohinder Singh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing. Pratikshya lamichhane: International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review & editing. Abaker M. Malik: International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review & editing. Elahe Rostami: International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review & editing. Kanchhi Maya Waiba: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing. Funding Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data are available at the end of the article and the materials used in this work are of high quality and grade. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable, because our manuscript report neither study involving. Human participants nor human data or human tissue. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Abbas, W., Javed, N., Haq, I.U., Ahmed, S., 2021. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes against cabbage butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in laboratory conditions. Int J Trop Insect Sci, 41, 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00236-2 . Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18, 265-267. Abd-Elgawad, M.M.M., 2021. Optimizing sampling and extraction methods for plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes. Plants 10, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040629 Adams, B.J., 1998. Species concept and evolutionary paradigm in modern nematology. J Nematol 30, 1–21 Arthurs, S., Heinz, K.M., Prasifka, J.R., 2004. An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematodes against above-ground pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003309 . Ballal, C.R., Gupta, A., Mohan, M., Lalitha, Y., Verghese, A., 2016. The new invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India and its natural enemies along with evaluation of Trichogrammatids for its biological control. Curr Sci, 110, 2155-2159. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i11/2155-2159 . Batalla-Carrera, L., Morton, A., Garcia-del-Pino, F., 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Biocontrol l55, 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-010-9284-z Belien, T., 2018. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests in orchards. CAB Rev 13. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201813058 , 058. Benseddiq, Y., Benseddik, Y., Joutei, A.B., Blenzar, A., Dababat, A.A., 2020. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Morocco. Biocontrol Science and Technology 30, 1060–1072. Bielza, P., 2010. Resistance to insecticides in Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Phytoma Espana 217, 103-106. CABI., 2018. Tuta absoluta . In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from: www.cabi.org/isc . Campos-Herrera, R., Gutierrez, C., 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. J. Invertebr. Pathol, 100, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2008.11.009 . Desneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wyckhuys, K.A.G., Burgio, G., Arpaia, S., Narva ‘ez-Vasquez, C.A, Gonza ‘lez., Cabrera, J., Catala n Ruescas, D., Tabone, E., Frandon, J., Pizzol, J., Poncet, C., Cabello, T., Urbaneja, A., 2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta : ecology, history of invasion and prospects for biological control. J Pest Sci, 83, 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6 . Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C., Poehling, H.M., 2004. Effectiveness of different species/strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) at various concentrations, host densities, and temperatures. Biol Control, 29, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00132-4 . Felsenstein, J., 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783-791. Felsenstein, J., 1993. Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). Version 3.5. University of Washington, Seattle. Finney, D.J., 1971. Statistical Analysis. Cambridge University Press. Forst, S., Clarke, D., 2002. Bacteria–nematode symbiosis. In: Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing, New York, USA, pp. 57–77. Ganguly, S., 2003. Taxonomy of entomopathogenic nematodes and work done in India. Hussaini SS, Rabindra RJ and Nagesh M. (eds.). In: Current Status of Research on Entomopathogenic nematodes in PDBC, Bangalore, ICAR. Pp 69-108. Garcia-del-Pino, F., Alabern, X., Morton, A., 2013. Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae, and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect. Biocontrol 58, 723–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9525-z . Gadkari, O., Sharma, P.L., 2017. Influence of temperature on the development of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Recruiter) preying on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on tomato. Entomol News 127, 230-41. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.127.0306 Godjo A, Afouda L, Baimey H, Couvreur M, Zadji L, Houssou G (2018) Steinernema kandii n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from northern Benin. Nematology 21:1–22. Gozel, C., Kasap, I., 2015. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the tomato field. Turk. Entomol. Derg, 39, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.84972 . Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., 2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Hassani-Kakhki, M., Karimi, J., Hosseini, M., 2012. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under laboratory conditions. Biocontrol, Sci. Tech. 23, 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2012.745481 . Heena., Rana, A., Bhat, A.H., Chaubey, A.K., 2021. Morpho-taxometrical and molecular characterization of Steinernema abbasi (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and its pathogenicity and generative potential against lepidopteran pests. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00359-1 Ingegno, B.L., Feracini, C., Gallinotti, D., Alma, A., Tavella, L., 2013. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Dicyphus errands (Wolff) as a predator of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Biol Control, 67, 246-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.08.002 . Ju, R.T., Wang, F., Li, B., 2011. effects of temperature on the development and population growth of the Sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata . J Insect Sci, 11, 16. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.011.0116 . Kajuga, J., Hategekimana, A., Yan, X., Waweru, B.W., Li, H., Li, K., 2018. Management of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes in Rwanda. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co. 28, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-017-0003-2 Kalleshwaraswamy, C.M., Murthy, S., Viraktamath, C.A., Krishna, N.K., 2015. Occurrence of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Malnad and Hyderabad-Karnataka regions of Karnataka, India. Fla Entomol, 98, 970-971. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0326 . Kamali, S., Karimi, J., Koppenhofer, A.M., 2018. New insight into the management of the Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 111, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox332 . Kasi, I.K., Singh, M., Waiba, K.M., Monika, S., Waseem, M.A., Archie, D., Gilhotra, H., 2021a. Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against the Cabbage butterfly ( Pieris brassicae [L.]) under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, 125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00469-4 Kasi, I.K., Singh, M., Waiba, K.M., Monika., 2021b. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in soils of Solan and Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology 14, 393-397. https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.03.2021.16 . Kaya, H.K., 1990. Soil ecology, pp. 93–115. In R. Gaugler (eds.), Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Kaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annual Review of Entomology , 38, 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145 Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., 2006. Effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei , Steinernema Glaser , Heterorhabditis zealandica , and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora . J. Invertebr. Pathol 92, 11−22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.02.003 . Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., Tamura, K., 2018. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35, 1547-1549. Kumari, D.A., Anitha, G., Anitha, V., Lakshmi, B.K.M., Vennila, S., Rao, N.H.P., 2015. New record of leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Tomato. Insect Environ, 20, 136- 138. Lacey, L.A., Grzywacz, D., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Frutos, R., Brownbridge, M., Goettel, M.S., 2015. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. J. Invertebr. Pathol, 132, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009 . Lewis, E.E., Campbell, J.C., Griffin, C., Kaya, H.K., Peters, A., 2006. Behavioral ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biolog Control 38, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.007 . Liu, J.F., Yang, M.F., Hu, J.F., Han, C., 2015. Effects of temperature on development and survival of Orthopygia glaucinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reared on Platycarya stobilacea . J Econ Entomol 108, 504-514. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov003 . Mahmoud, M.F., 2016. Biology and use of entomopathogenic nematodes in insect pests biocontrol, a generic view. Circ. Agron. Mold 49, 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0039 . Marín, D.V., Castillo, D.K., López-Lavalle, L.A.B., Chalarca, J.R., Pérez, C.R., 2021. An optimized high-quality DNA isolation protocol for Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). MethodsX, 8, 101255. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2021.101255 Ndereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019a. Bioactivity of plant extracts against tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Appl. Hortic 21, 146–150. Ndereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019b. Pathogenicity of some commercial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi on the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co 29, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0184-y . Ndereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019c. Potential of entomopathogenic nematode isolates from Rwanda to control the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co 29, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0163-3 . Nei, M., and Kumar, S., 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics . Oxford University Press, New York. Nguyen KB, Hunt DJ, Mracek Z (2007) Steinernematidae: species descriptions. In Nguyen, KB., Hunt DJ. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, Phylogeny, and Bacterial Symbionts. Brill, Leiden-Boston, pp 121-609. Nguyen, K.B., Smart, G.C., 1996. Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Journal of Nematology 28, 286 - 300. Nilahyane, A., Bouharroud, R., Hormatallah, A., Taadaouit, N.A., 2012. Larvicidal effect of plant extracts on Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). IOBC/WPRS Bull 80, 305–310. Phan, K.L., Terry, L., Mones, M., 2005. Pathogenic potential of six isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditidia: Steinernematidae) from Vietnam. Biocontrol 50, 477–491 Portman, S., Sindhu, M., Reddy, G.V.P., 2016. Entomopathogenic nematodes combined with adjuvants present a new potential biological control method for managing the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS One , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169022. Rezaei, N., Karimi, J.M., Hosseini, M., Goldani., Campos-Herrera, R., 2015. Pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. J. Nematol 47, 60–66. Roditakis, E., Skarmoutsou, C., Staurakaki, M., 2013. Toxicity of insecticides to populations of tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) from Greece. Pest Manage Sci 69, 834-840. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3442 . Roditakis, E., Vasakis, E.A., Grispou, M., Stavrakaki, M., Nauen, R., Gravouil, M., Bassi, A., 2015. First report of Tuta absolute resistance to diamide insecticides. J Pest Sci 88, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0643-5 Saitou, N., Nei, M., 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4, 406-425. Shamseldean, M.S.M., Abd-Elbary, N.A., Shalaby, H., Ibraheem, H.I.H., 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 24, 503–513. Shams-El-Din, M.M., Abdel-Bari, N.A., Shalaby, H., Ibrahim, H.E., 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co 24. Sharma, P.L., Gavkare, O., 2017. new distributional record of invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Nat Acad Sci Lett 40, 217- 220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0526-1 . Shashank, P.R., Chandrashekar, K., Naresh, M.M., Sreedevi, K., 2015. Occurrence of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) an invasive pest from India. Indian J Ent 77, 323-329. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974- 8172.2015.00070.X . Sicard, M., Brugirard-Ricaud, K., Pages, S., Lanois, A., Boemare, N.E., Brehelin, M., Givaudan, A., 2004. Stages of infection during the tripartite interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila , its nematode vector, and insect hosts. Apple and Environ Microb 70, 6473–6480. https://doi.org10.1128/AEM.70.11.6473-6480.2004 . Singh, M., 1990. Studies on insect parasitic nematodes. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Entomology and Apiculture. Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry. Solan 140p. Sreedevi, G., Prasad, Y.G., Prabhakar, M., Rao, G.R., Vennila, S., Venkatswarlu, B., 2013. Bioclimatic thresholds, thermal constants, and survival of mealybug, Phenacoccus Solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in response to constant temperature on hibiscus. PLoS One 8, e75636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075636 . Sridhar, V., Chakravarthy, A.K., Asokan, R., Vinesh, L.S., Rebijith, K.B., Vennila, S., 2014. New record of the invasive South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India. Pest Manage Hort Ecosys 20, 148-154 Srivastava S, Heena, Chaubey AK (2022) Studies on biological control potential of Steinernema abbasi CS-39 against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by adopting the regression probit model. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 32:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-022-00510-0 . Stock, S.P., Hunt, D.J., 2005. Morphology and systematics of Nematodes used in Biocontrol. In: Grewal PS, Ehlers RU, and Shapiro-Ilan DI. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. Tadele, S., Emana, G., 2017. Entomopathogenic effect of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae under laboratory and glasshouse conditions in Ethiopia. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol 8, 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000411 . Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S., 2021. MEGA 11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 . Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 4876–4882. Trinh, P.Q., Nguyen, D.T., Le, L.T.M., Nguyen, T.H., 2021. First report of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema surkhetense and its pathogenic potential to larvae of the Greater Wax Moth ( Galleria mellonella L.) in Vietnam. Egypt J Biol Pest Control 31 , 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00496-1 Urbaneja, A., Gonzalez-Cabrera, J., Arno, J., Gabarra, R., 2012. Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin . Pest Manage Sci 68, 1215-1222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3344 . Urbaneja, A.R., Vercher, V., Navarro, F., Mari, G., Porcuna, J.L., 2008. La polilla del tomato, Tuta absoluta . Phytoma Espana, 194, 16-23. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11939/4087 . Van Damme, V.M., Beck, B.K., Berckmoes, E., Moerkens, R., Wittemans, L., De Vis, R., 2016. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of Tuta absoluta in the laboratory. Pest Manag. Sci 72, 1702–1709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4195 . Vrain, T.C., Wakarchuk, D.A., Levesque, A.C., Hamilton, R.I., 1992. Intraspecific rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in the Xiphinema American group. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15, 563-74. Waiba, K.M., Sharma, P., Kasi, I.K., Chauhan, S., 2021. Studies of Genetic Variability of Tomato ( Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Hybrids under Protected Environment. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, 264-270. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2211 . Woodring, J.L., Kaya, H.K., 1988. Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes: A handbook of biology and techniques. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 331: 30p. Yan, X., Waweru, B., Qiu, X., Hategekimana, A., Kajuga, J., Li, H., 2016. New entomopathogenic nematodes from semi-natural and small-holder farming habitats of Rwanda. Biocontrol Sci. Technol 26, 820–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2016.1159658 . Zhang, G., Zong, L., Duan, H., Xiong, J., Lu, R., Lu, F., 2008. Spatial distribution of the flower bug, Orius similis and its interaction with the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton fields. Int J Pest Manage 40, 309-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371905 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 5Graphicalabstract.docx Graphical abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1681042","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":108034651,"identity":"9c71638d-6d27-4532-b3b1-9a3074d92a4e","order_by":0,"name":"Indra Kumar Kasi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Indra","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Kasi","suffix":""},{"id":108034652,"identity":"0b5aeabd-a45b-4602-8a5c-77867db5530f","order_by":1,"name":"Mohinder Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohinder","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":108034654,"identity":"eff683a7-7061-4831-94c2-d8de35575136","order_by":2,"name":"Pratikshya lamichhane","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Mahendra Ratna multiple campus, Illam, Nepal.","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pratikshya","middleName":"","lastName":"lamichhane","suffix":""},{"id":108034656,"identity":"3ebd3936-13f8-409a-bdd1-836fa3c25cec","order_by":3,"name":"Abaker M. Malik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Plant Protection Directorate, Gezira, Sudan","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abaker","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Malik","suffix":""},{"id":108034658,"identity":"c7a22640-fd9a-4ae3-b4c4-773f036074ec","order_by":4,"name":"Elahe Rostami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bu-Ali Sina University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elahe","middleName":"","lastName":"Rostami","suffix":""},{"id":108034660,"identity":"cb67ba2c-b716-40ca-91fa-bebce1990b9f","order_by":5,"name":"Kanchhi Maya Waiba","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCSBmZmyQgHINDjDwg+iEAlK0SDaAtBgQ1ALnHwDpAunFrUWy/ezBz4U7LKL5ZyQ/k/hRcEfe+PzqxA8PDBjk+cUOYNUizZOXLD3zjETujBtpZpI9Bs8Mt914u1kC6DDDmbMTsGqRY8gxY+Ztk8htuJFgdoPH4DDjthtnN4C0JBjcxqGF/w1Ey/wb6d9u/jE4bL95xtnNP/BpkZaA2rLhRo7ZbaAtiRv4e7fhtUVyxhtjaZCWjWfelP+WMXiWPOMG7zaLBAMJnH6ROJ9j+Jm3rS533vH0zYZv/tyx7e8/u/nmjwobeX5p7FoQQACmQALMkMCpEAH4D6AzRsEoGAWjYBRAAAAYgGZewpS4VAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Banaras Hindu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kanchhi","middleName":"Maya","lastName":"Waiba","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-05-22 06:44:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":21795881,"identity":"261f1d0e-afe2-4988-b422-7402e05a6ff9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":311678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOccurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in fruit orchards of Western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh, India.\u0026nbsp;(ArcMap 10.4.1)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/d8fd91f74f224e4be94ccfdb.jpeg"},{"id":21795878,"identity":"0f05b5f2-117a-4dad-9a59-64de25b4a154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic relationships of the one \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e isolate (\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (OL470270)) were found during the survey baseman d onan analysis of ITS rDNA region numbersbers indeed threpresentpresents bootstrap proportion values (50% or more, 500 replications). Numbers after each species and isolate indicate the GenBank Accession numbers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/2c3d3c9a7d0afae7a6fa2975.png"},{"id":21795887,"identity":"bd169cc3-c5e9-45a3-9688-18941e4bc67c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":136051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic relationships of the one \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e isolate (\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (OL470273)) were found during the survey based on analysis of ITS rDNA regions. Numbers indicated the nrerepresentantsotstrap proportion values (50% or more, 500 replications). Numbers after each species and isolate indicate the GenBank Accession numbers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/321e1a3a14cab580fe04a13d.png"},{"id":21796202,"identity":"9cf561e0-3520-4b5a-a2aa-f4fd68ab94f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 19:03:30","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic relationships of the one \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e isolate (\u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e (OL601546)) were found during the survey baseman dnaN analysis of ITS rDNA region numbers Bers innated at three present presents bootstrap proportion values (50% or more, 500 replications). Numbers after each species and isolate indicate the GenBank Accession numbers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/ef5f534ace685f306cb7774c.png"},{"id":21796528,"identity":"5a37dd43-0ed0-4feb-9841-f7f41183587d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 19:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":531630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFilter paper bioassays of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory condition, \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Bioassays of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Test plate with leafminer insects, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Infested \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e body dissections show inside EPN population, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Juvenile’s stage of EPNs under microscopic images.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/a3e8481cd1257f21e983e07e.png"},{"id":21796527,"identity":"cf108a72-8c8b-4084-9b98-0d629b33c212","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 19:08:30","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e infection of 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e instar of \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/50b377df00e9fd79e0183147.png"},{"id":21795885,"identity":"41f76be6-7d34-4988-b84e-5db567e2f109","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":467251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLeaf bioassays of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory condition, \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Bioassays of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e Test plate with leafminer insects, \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e Infested \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e body dissections show inside EPN population, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Juvenile’s stage of EPNs under microscopic images.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/e4210093afa0af15b49e8c35.png"},{"id":21795879,"identity":"0354cca6-a2b2-4265-8fc1-6169a80f12c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e infection of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e pupa\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/54487839a53dea2d998be879.png"},{"id":21796204,"identity":"26964763-9d01-4263-8222-599355f71616","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 19:03:30","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4684092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGreenhouse bioassays of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e under field condition, \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Bioassays of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eSpraying application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs),\u003cstrong\u003e c\u003c/strong\u003e Test leaf with leafminer insects, \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infested by \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e f\u003c/strong\u003e Infested \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e body dissections show inside EPN population, and juvenile’s stage of EPNs under microscopic images.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/e86e0359d150db9d1e1ab5c1.png"},{"id":24335566,"identity":"85b49fc2-8f9b-4499-b6d0-cb8bc8ff6116","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-26 10:14:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4006087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/a8282f72-ce8d-4c70-83ee-128a6df0f6ca.pdf"},{"id":21795886,"identity":"a390ef92-2998-455f-8f07-97349169d878","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-23 18:58:30","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1447617,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical abstract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5Graphicalabstract.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1681042/v1/3ce0157d23d402df91b1507b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Insect-killing parasites infection of South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on F 1 hybrid tomato crop","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an invasive tomato leaf miner, is endemic to South America. The pest was initially spotted outside of its native habitat in Spain in 2006 (Urbaneja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and it has since spread to 80 nations, including India (CABI, 2018). In the absence of regulatory measures, the insect feeds on leaves, fruits, shoots, and apical shoots of tomatoes, which can cause 100 percent damage to plants (Urbaneja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Ballal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The appearance of this bug in India was first traced to tomato cultivation in Pune and Bangalore in 2014 (Sridhar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Shashank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and it has since spread to practically every section of the country (Sridhar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kalleshwaraswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kumari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Shashank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ballal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma and Gavkare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e was first discovered in Himachal Pradesh in 2015 in Nauni, Solan (Sharma and Gavkare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Previous findings indicate that \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e swiftly developed a serious infestation in recent locations without the usage of drugs (Bielza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Desneux et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eTuta absolute\u003c/em\u003e control, in particular, based on pesticides, was required, with insecticides being used up to 14 times during the growth season (Desneux et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Because the larvae reside inside mines and fruits, where pesticides are difficult to come by, this bug is difficult to manage chemically. Biotic energy is high, and the ability to improve pesticide resistance keeps pests at bay is a difficulty (Desneux et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ingegno et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Roditakis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Roditakis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Waiba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal warming is occurring, and climate change is likely to significantly impact human energy and insect species. Temperature is the most essential element directly impacting insect development, survival, distribution, and abundance among climatic variables (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Ju et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Gavkare and Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, it's critical to comprehend the file's temperature effect on the census. \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e sees a rise in the spread of insect illnesses as a possibility. The impact of heat on insects is often quantified in terms of developmental state (Sreedevi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe earth-bound insecticides Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Kaya and Gaugler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Kasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). These nematodes have developed to interact with viruses from the \u003cem\u003ePhotorhabdus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e genera, which are carried in the intestines of infectious hairs (IJs) (Arthurs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eXenorhabdus\u003c/em\u003e is related to \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e spp. and is found in the intestines of IJs on a specific skin. Following insect directions, nematodes locate a location where they can be trapped (Lewis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Infect the culprit with an opening such as the mouth, skull, or edges, or by inserting a cuticle after I have discovered the culprit (especially in \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp.). IJIreach their outer cuticle as soon as they enter the host (Sicard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and begin to absorb the hemolymph, causing the annotations to release (\u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e spp.) or to repeat (\u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp). With septicemia or toxatoxemiamatodes - bacteria destroy the host in 24 to 48 hours (Forst and Clarke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kasi et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 100 varieties of EPNs have been identified globally, with steinernematid accounting for around 80% of these. Only 13% of these types have been commercialized (Abbas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). In the management of important biodiversity, EPNs are commonly used (Grewal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Several investigations have found that EPNs can be used to control \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Tadele and Emana, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Van Damme et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), and pesticides (Nilahyane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) have all been extensively employed, although there have been few reports of their utilization in the field. Compared to white grubs in Rwanda (Kajuga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the geographical classification of EPNs (Yan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) is effective, so more research into their efficiency in combatting other significant economic pests, such as \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e, is needed. In Rwanda, laboratory bioassays are being carried out to assess the performance of three types of environmental regulating agents: local EPNs, the sale of competing local plant products \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, and the sale of competing local plant products \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. Some agents have demonstrated excellent efficiency in each of the above groups. Because the most efficient laboratory can only be translated to specific outdoor settings (Lacey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to provide the necessary background knowledge for using local isolated EPNs strains as biological control agents. In both laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the pathogenicity of two nematode species, \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR1) and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR2), infection in \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e was investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil sampling, trapping, and maintenance of nematodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo isolates of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(HR1) and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(HR2) were used in this study. The local isolate was obtained from fruit orchards soil samples, collected from 1682\u0026nbsp;m above mean sea level with 30\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 53\u0026prime; 15 N latitude and 77\u0026deg; 16\u0026prime; 07 E longitude with the mid-hill zone (Fig. 1) of Western Himalayas, Rajgarh, Himachal Pradesh, India, using \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elarvae as nematode traps. This isolate was cultured based on the method described (Woodring and Kaya, 1988; Singh, 1990; Benseddiq et al. 2020) at 21 \u0026plusmn; 1\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C on the last instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e. Infective juveniles (IJs) that emerged during the first ten days were collected from white traps stored at 4\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C in distilled water for up to 14 days (Woodring and Kaya, 1988; Abd-Elgawad 2021). The nematodes were acclimatized at room temperature for about 30 min before being used in the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological identification of nematodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwenty specimens of infective juveniles and ten adult females from each locality were observed under a compound research microscope for their morphological characters and various measurements were done using an ocular micrometer. The selection of morphometric characters waswerene according to Singh, (1990); Nguyen and Smart, (1996); Ganguly and Singh, (2000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular characterization of nematodes and test insect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The procedure described by Miller \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 1988, was followed for DNA extraction. About 1000-2000 sterilized IJs of each population were used separately for rDNA extraction (Phan et al., 2001). For tomato pinworm \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e ribosomal DNA extraction procedure described by\u0026nbsp;Marin et al., 2021 was followed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePCR Amplification of rDNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from total genomic rDNA of individual nematode strain was amplified with specific primers (Vrain \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 1992). The sequence of this primer and expected amplicon size is given below;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"596\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.46218487394958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.2436974789916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimer sequence 5\u0026rsquo;\u0026rarr;3\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength, bp\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.46218487394958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18S specific (ITS) primer (F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.2436974789916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCGCGAATBGCTCATTACAACAGC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.46218487394958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18S specific (ITS) primer (R)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.2436974789916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGGGCGGTATCTGATCGCC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.46218487394958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12S\u0026nbsp;primer\u0026nbsp;LCO (F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.2436974789916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTG G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"35.46218487394958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12S primer\u0026nbsp;HCO (R)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49.2436974789916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amplified with ITS specific primer Nem18S forward and Nem18S revers for nematodes and ITS universal primers 12S LOC forward, and HCO reverses primers for tomato pinworm. These primers were procured through the custom primer synthesis facility of Integrated rDNA Technologies, Inc. (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacterization of PCR Products\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PCR products were subjected to horizontal electrophoresis at 6 V/cm in 1% (\u003csup\u003ew\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e) Gel rose LE agarose gel (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,) in 1x TBE buffer (Tris Borate EDTA) containing 0.5 mg of ethidium bromide per liter at 5V/cm for 3.5h. The gel was visualized under UV light with an Alpha Image EP Gel documentation system (Alpha View, software version 2.0.0; Alpha Innotech Corporation, San Francisco, USA).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence analysis of 18S rDNA gene of nematode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PCR-amplified product was purified with a Quick PCR purification kit (BioKart India Pvt. Ltd.,). Purified rDNA was sequenced by rDNA sequencing services (Big Dye Terminator version 3.1) provided by BioKart Pvt. Ltd., and the primers used in this step were the 18S as described earlier (Vrain \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 1992). Chromatograms provided by BioKart India Pvt. Ltd., were visually checked, consensus sequences were prepared using sequences obtained from forward and reverse primers, and sequences were aligned manually using a distance matrix generated using the Jukes-Cantor corrected distance model (\u003ca href=\"http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/teaching/CompleatCladist.pdf\"\u003ehttp://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/teaching/CompleatCladist.pdf\u003c/a\u003e). The sequence was then subjected to the BLASTn program at NCBI (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\"\u003ewww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u003c/a\u003e) to find the identity and similarity of each sequence compared with the GenBank database.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBLASTn program\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18S, 12S rDNA was performed using the BLASTn program from NCBI to identify species comparison of the partially edited nucleotide sequences. ClustalW aligned nucleotide sequences were given to construct a phylogenetic tree by using the Neighbor-Joining method with MEGA Version 11. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.megasoftware.net\"\u003ewww.megasoftware.net\u003c/a\u003e) program (Tamura et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylogenetic tree construction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA phylogenetic tree was obtained by maximum parsimony using default parameters of ClustalW W (Thompson \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 1997). Tree evaluation was made using a heuristic search (simple stepwise addition, tree bisection reconnection branch swapping). Branch support was estimated by bootstrap analysis performing 500 replicates (Felsenstein, 1993). Online software MEGA 11.0 (Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2018; Tamura \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2021) was used to construct the phylogenetic tree (\u003ca href=\"http://megasoftware.net\"\u003ehttp://megasoftware.net\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilter paper bioassays test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final instar larvae of test\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e were\u0026nbsp;used in this experiment. The experiments were carried out in Petri plates (9 cm diameter). Were lined with Whatman filter paper. Five nematode doses were evaluated i.e., 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 IJs /cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The dishes were sealed with parafilm to avoid dehydration and kept in an incubator at 25\u0026plusmn;1\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C\u0026nbsp;temperature in the dark. Untreated controls were identical to the treatments except that no IJs were added. Insect mortality was observed at 24, 48, and 72 h, after treatment. The dead larvae were examined for the presence of nematodes inside to confirm nematode infection. For each insect stage and nematode species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf bioassay test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the leaves of respective host plants were used for test in bio efficacy of local strains of EPNs. Each leaf was sprayed with 2 ml of suspensions of \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e the nematodes concentrations as desired in the experiment i.e., 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were adjusted by diluting the suspensions with distilled water. A single treated leaf was placed in Petri dishes lined with wet filter paper. Ten larvae of insects were added to Petr the I plate. Larval mortality was determined after 24, 48, and 72 hrs of treatment. There were four replicates per treatment.\u0026nbsp;Three days later, a random sample of 25% of the dead larvae was chosen analyzed using stereomicroscope image analysis software (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions) to confirm nematode infection. The tests were carried out twice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGreenhouse\u0026nbsp;bioassay tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy site and period: The experimental farm is located at an elevation of 1260 meters above mean sea level, with a latitude of 30\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 52\u0026apos;N and a longitude of 77\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 11\u0026apos;E, with a poly-house orientation of East-West, which symbolizes Himachal Pradesh\u0026apos;s mid-hill zone. This is an excellent position for a poly-house with features like a single door, side, and top vent, drip irrigation, fogging capability, and internal shading with a 50 % green agro UV stabilized shade net.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant material and treatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo entomopathogenic nematodes \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e were evaluated against tomato pinworm \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e under polyhouse conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tomato germplasm F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e hybrid (BSS-816) was used in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with four replications inside the modified naturally ventilated polyhouse (25 m\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;10 m). Row to row and plant to plant spacing of 70\u0026acute;30 cm was maintained in the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nematodes were applied at 1, 00000; 2, 00000, and 4, 00000 IJs/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with the help of a hand-operated sprayer. In control, water was sprayed. There was seen treatment patch that was replicated from times. The observations on leafminer infestation were observed before and 7 and 14 days of sprayon5 plants. The Disinfected leaves were brought to the laboratory to nanodiodes the infestation. The dead larvae were dissected under stereoscopic optic micro and scope observed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;for the presence of nematodes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the bioassay tests, the corrected percent mortalities were calculated from the mortality data by using Abbott\u0026rsquo;s formula (Abbott 1925):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; % Mortality in treatment-% mortality in the control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Corrected mortality (%) =----------------------------------------------------------------\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;100 - % mortality in control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe corrected percent mortality data were obtained from experiments on evaluated of EPNs against insect pests. Concentration-mortality response relations were worked for both nematodes \u0026amp; bacteria.\u0026nbsp;Also, LSD (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) values were calculated to differentiate means among treatments. Were subjected to probit analysis as per the method given by Finney (1971). The one percent mortality data were subjected to angular transformation and analyzed on the pattern of one-factor design CRD/RBD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIsolation of nematodes species \u0026amp; test insect\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rajgarh populations of genera \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e were characterized as per their general body characteristics like slender body, tapering anteriorly from the base of the esophagus and posteriorly from the anal area to the tail terminus. Cuticular annulations intestate not. Luis p and going smooth the continuous with rest of the body, notes set off. The esophagus is long and narrow, occupying about one-third of body width, narrower at the level of the nerve ring, terminating in the valved bulb. Nerve ring distinct. Excretory pore located anterior to nerve ring. Cardia distinct. Rectum long and narrow. The anus is distinct. Tail tapering with pointed terminus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rajgarh population \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e were morphologically characterized by earlier reported by Singh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) at the Rajgarh location in Sirmour district. As per the given for the classification of \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e spp. into four groups based on the body length of IJs, the referred population of \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e fathe ll in the \u003cb\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003efeltiae\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e group. Specimens of infective juveniles of \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (Rajgarh populatmeasuredre measure for the taxonomic characters used in the identification of these EPNs. Folpolytomouse polytomus key to \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. given by Stock and Hunt (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) and compendium of Heterorhabditis spp. (Ganguly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) based on type measurements of infective juveniles, the referred population of \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e, has the een the bacteriophage \u003cb\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ebacteriophage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per morphological characterized the study this Rajgarh population was conformed to be \u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR1) and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR2) based on keys given by character conform the same. We conforming further molecular character identification species conformation. The molecular identification of Rajgarh population genetic diversity based on rDNA amplification using 18S ITS primers, and genetic similarity among 2 genotypes of identified prevalent EPNs was estimated following coefficient using MEGA Version 11.0 (Tamura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The similarity coefficient was indicative of substantial diversity present in the isolate. The maximum similarity coefficient was observed between \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (Rajgarh population) and \u003cem\u003eSteinerema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (Rajgarh population).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, larvae of TLM, have become resistant to insecticidal entomopathogenic nematodes like \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e HR1, and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e HR2 serovar Israelis is predictable. Therefore, there is a requirement to search for new strains from our native environment to overcome the resistance. In the present study, 2 nematode strains were isolated from soil samples observed in fruit orchards, Rajgarh, Himachal Pradesh, India. For isolating the natives (HR1) and (HR2), each nematode isolate was carefully screened against larvae of TLM, and the nematodes were morphologically characterized. Hence, further assays were carried out only with these active nematodes. The two HR1 and H2 were further characterized through 18S rDNA sequencing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erDNA gene sequencing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected four nematode isolates \u0026amp; test insects were molecularly characterized by 18S \u0026amp; 12S rDNA Gene Sequencing. The 18S \u0026amp; 12S rDNA gene was amplified with an (ITS) specific primer for the chosen nematode isolates having larvicidal activity. The amplified PCR product was a 2500 bp size DNA stands for all four strains. Further, the isolates were identified at the species level by using BLASTn analysis. The result indicated that these nematodes belonged to the genus \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e spp. \u0026amp; the insect was \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e Homology search against non-redundant nucleotide database identified the isolates to be \u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (OL470270), \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (OL470273), and \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (OL601546) in reference for as per the 18S \u0026amp; 12S rDNA gene sequence and submitted to NCBI database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylogenic analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detection of homology towards closely related pest insect \u003cem\u003eTuta absolute\u003c/em\u003e, and bioagent, \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(HR1) and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(HR2) strain from the isolated soil strains were analyzed by constriction a phylogeny tree construction using MEGA 11.0 software (\u003ca href=\"http://www.megasoftware.net\"\u003ewww.megasoftware.net\u003c/a\u003e). The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987). The optimal tree is shown. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches (Felsenstein, 1985). The evolutionary distances were computed using the p-distance method (Nei and Kumar, 2000) and are in the units of the number of base differences per site. The proportion of sites where at least 1 unambiguous base is present in at least 1 sequence for each descendent clade is shown next to each internal node in the tree. This analysis involved 35 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated, i.e., fewer than 5% alignment gaps, missing data, and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position (partial deletion option). There was a total of 531 positions in the final dataset. For \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e there were a total of 605 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic relationships between species of \u003cem\u003eSteinernema\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis\u003c/em\u003e are presented in Figures 1 and 2. Detailed phylogeny of the \u003cem\u003efeltiae\u003c/em\u003e groubacteriophage\u003cem\u003eophora\u003c/em\u003e group inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Fig. 1, 2) showed a similar general topology as the Bayesian ITS tree, with two well supported main clades and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (HR1), \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (HR2) occupying a basal position. However, some relationships within the clades were not well resolved. The conforms to the status of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(and HR1), \u003cem\u003eHand. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (HR2) species donned on according to the phylogenetic and evolutionary species concept (Adams, 1998).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilter paper bioassays\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no larval mortality observed in the untreated control. The larval mortality (%)ranged from 29.87 to 90.00 %. After 72 h of treatment, the treatment \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(90.00 %) recorded the highest larval mortality of 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e instar \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae and was found to be the most superior treatment. Which was followed by \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (80.76 %). The next best treatments in order of their efficacies were \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (78.73 %), and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(72.08 %). The larval mortality ranging from 24.15 to 90.00 % (Fig 5). The (%) pupa mortality was ran from 31.53 to 85.38 %. \u0026nbsp;Recorded the recorded Arval mortality of pupa stage of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae was the most superior treatment. The highest % larval mortality was recorded in treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (85.38 %) larval mortality was recorded which was followed by \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were 80.76 %. The next best treatments in order of their efficacies were \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (69.50 %), \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (67.47%) (Fig 5 \u0026amp; 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf bioassay\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe largest larval mortality was recorded in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e insof tar \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae, the treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm2 resulted in the highest percent larvae mortality, with 90.00 percent larval mortality, followed by \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (85.38 percent). The next best treatments, in order of efficacy, were \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (74.12 percent), \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (69.50 percent), and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (74.12 percent) (Table 2). The mortality rate of larvae ranged from 31.53 to 90.00 percent (Fig 7). The highest larval mortality of 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae was the most superior treatment. The treatment with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eresulted in the highest percent larvae mortality, with 90.00 percent larval mortality, followed by \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (80.76 percent) (Fig 4). The next best treatments, in order of efficacy, were \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (74.12 percent), \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (67.84 percent), and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (67.84 percent) (Table 2) (Fig 7 \u0026amp; 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioassay of larvicidal activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe lethal concentrations of EPNs to different larval instars of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e reflect the bioassay of two isolated nematode strains \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (HR1) and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (HR2), against \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e second instar and pupa mortality (Table 1) and third \u0026amp; fourth instars larvae are summarized in (Table 3). Entomopathogenic nematodes applied dose at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e caused \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e is recorded when the entomopathogenic nematodes at lethal doses (LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e, LD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e), were applied at 48 and 72 hrs after EPNs treatments either LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e level LD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e level and LD\u003csub\u003e90\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003elevel (Table 1 \u0026amp; 3) (Fig 6). An effect was observed when entomopathogenic nematodes were applied at the best larvicidal activity inclined during the 72 hrs of exposure. Isolate HR2 and followed by isolate HR1 (EPNs) strains showed potent larvicidal activity at content concentrations within 4within 8 and 72 hrs of exposure time (Table 1 \u0026amp; 3). \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e third and fourth instar larvae significant differences from control are indicated (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). (Table 1 \u0026amp; 3) (Fig 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLog probit analysis of virulence assays\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003elarvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm TLM larvae instars and pupa stage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"953\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStage of Insect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNematode sp.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExposure Time (hrs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlope\u0026plusmn; SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.27 (09.98 - 20.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.42 (33.87 - 69.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.40 (17.71 - 20.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07.05 (04.81 - 10.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.85 (15.60 - 33.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.81 (44.93 - 96.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.47 (08.98 - 20.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.26 (36.85 - 82.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.81 (31.24 - 82.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07.61 (05.02 - 11.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.39 (19.40 - 44.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.14 (65.44 - 50.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePupa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09.10 (05.82 - 14.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.75 (26.71 - 65.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.47 (15.21 - 57.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08.83 (05.88 - 13.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.89 (22.57 - 50.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.68 (75.72 - 64.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePupa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90 (09.16 - 21.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.10 (39.60 - 91.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.43 (47.89 - 40.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09.23 (06.35 - 13.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.11 (21.40 - 45.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.83 (63.84 - 34.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEPNs suspensions were administered at a concentration of (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLethal Concentration is calculated by Probit Methods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant differences from control are indicated (**\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01; *\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e and 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larva stage mortality (%) mean performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"989\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" width=\"54.09504550050556%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Instar of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"44.388270980788676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e) Final instar of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.323886639676113%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTuta absolute\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;mortality (%) 24 hrs after treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.364372469635628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5182186234817814%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"38.96761133603239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTuta absolute\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;mortality (%) 24 hrs after treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.364372469635628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.49241658240647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.11021233569262%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.40242669362993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.806875631951467%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.551528878822197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.002265005662514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.0385050962627407%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.002265005662514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.795016987542469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.607021517553793%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.6987542468856172%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.002265005662514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.380520951302378%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.22876557191393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.0385050962627407%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.22876557191393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.22876557191393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.607021517553793%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72 hrs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(37.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(33.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(47.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(53.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(33.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(50.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(31.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(46.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(41.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(31.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(56.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(39.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(58.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(47.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(42.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(53.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(65.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(67.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(44.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(47.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(69.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(63.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(74.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(66.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(74.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(50.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(67.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(61.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(53.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(65.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(85.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(76.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(90.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(71.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(55.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(72.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(90.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(58.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(69.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(80.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(71.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(33.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(43.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(54.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(38.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(50.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(57.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(37.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(57.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(37.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(45.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.31344792719919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p\u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.066734074823054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.5166835187057635%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482305358948433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.820020222446916%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5611729019211324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.684529828109201%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.358948432760364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLog probit analysis of the larvicidal activity of tested nematode strain against tomato pinworm instars, 3\u003csup\u003erd,\u003c/sup\u003e and 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e stage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"949\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStage of Insect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNematode sp.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExposure Time (hr)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e (IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% LCL-UCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlope\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.29 (12.83 - 29.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.12 (55.28 - 24.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.44 (25.79 - 65.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.533333333333335%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07.52 (05.11 - 11.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.466666666666665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.42 (17.27 - 37.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.933333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.03 (51.66 - 11.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.266666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.2%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.466666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08.55 (05.42 - 13.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.47 (25.63 - 63.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.89 (10.79 - 58.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.533333333333335%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05.42 (03.51 - 08.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.466666666666665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.70 (13.41 - 31.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.933333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.19 (44.81 - 17.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.266666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.2%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.466666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09.32 (05.80 - 14.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.17 (29.98 - 77.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.18 (31.42 - 39.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.533333333333335%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05.89 (03.92 - 08.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.466666666666665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.29 (13.51 - 30.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.933333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.71 (41.09 - 92.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.266666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.2%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.466666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV- instar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90 (09.16 - 21.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.10 (39.60 - 91.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.43 (47.89 - 40.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.533333333333335%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08.92 (06.01 - 13.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.466666666666665%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.61 (21.98 - 48.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.933333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.63 (70.52 - 55.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.266666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.2%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.466666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.8%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEPNs suspensions were administered at a concentration of (IJs/cm2).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLethal Concentration is calculated by Probit Methods.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant differences from control are indicated (**P \u0026lt; 0.01; *P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGreenhouse\u0026nbsp;Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survival population of the tomato leafminer \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e on tomato one day before, three, seven, ten, and fourteen days after the first spray was presented in Table 2. The average number of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae that survived one day before being sprayed ranged from 5.77 to 7.36 larvae per plant. The pre-treatment data was determined to be non-significant, indicating that the pest population in the experimental plot was uniform. A small increase in the larval population was seen in all treated plots 14 days after the first spray. The average number of larvae that survived each plant ranged from 1.31 to 2.13. The maximum number of larvae per plant was found in the untreated control plot, which had 4.09 larvae per plant. Treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.31 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e, followed by treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.42 larvae/plant). Treatments with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.59 larvae/plant) and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.68 larvae/plant) were the next in order of efficacy, with no significant differences between them (Fig 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the efficacy results showed that \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.78 larvae/plant) was the most successful treatment in lowering the \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e population when compared to other treatments. The next most successful treatment was \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at a rate of 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.97 larvae/plant). In order of efficacy, \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e was next with 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (2.00 larvae/plant). A small increase in the larval population was seen in all of the treated plots 14 days after the second spray. The average number of larvae survival populations per plant ranged from 1.18 to 1.51. It was found to be the highest in the untreated control plot, with 4.24 larvae per plant (Fig 9). Treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.18 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e, as was treatment with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.38 larvae/plant). Treatments with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.45 larvae/plant), \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.48 larvae/plant), and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.48 larvae/plant) were the next in order of efficacy, and there were no significant differences in the remaining treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, the treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.60 larvae/plant) was shown to be superior than \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.66 larvae/plant) and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.77 larvae/plant) in terms of overall performance. \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.84 larvae/plant), \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.85 larvae/plant), and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (2.06 larvae/plant) were all shown to be similarly effective in lowering the \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e population. A small increase in the larval population was seen in all of the treated plots at 14 DAS of the third spray. The average number of larvae survival populations per plant ranged from 1.02 to 1.98. The maximum number of larvae per plant was found in the untreated control plot, at 4.92. Treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.02 larvae/plant) was shown to be consistently effective against \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, as did treatment with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.09 larvae/plant) (Fig 9). Treatments with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(1.17 larvae/plant), \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.34 larvae/plant), and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.53 larvae/plant) were found to be equally successful, as were treatments with \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e the treatments, on the other hand, produced 4.92 larvae per plant compared to 4.92 larvae per plant in the untreated control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the third spray, the overall performance of the various treatments revealed that the \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e treatment at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was consistently most effective and superior to the other treatments, with the lowest larval population (1.17 larvae/plant) compared to 4.48 larvae/plant in the untreated control (Fig 9). The next most effective treatment was \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at a concentration of 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(1.34 larvae/plant). Significant differences between the treatments were not identified, with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.60 larvae/plant) and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.65 larvae/plant) being at par with \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.83 larvae/plant) and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (2.25 larvae/plant) treatments and were shown to be somewhat efficient in lowering the surviving \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter three sprayings, the overall results of the current experiment demonstrated that among the entomopathogenic agents, \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was consistently effective against \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, with the lowest larvae population (1.64 Larvae/plant). \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e at 4,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 1,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, as well as \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e at 2,00,000 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, produced greater results against \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Fig 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of entomopathogenic nematode against \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e in tomato crop (overall effect of three sprays).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"953\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"3.777544596012592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSr. No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.653725078698846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"5.456453305351522%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDose IJs/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.3022035676810075%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.30115424973767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Spray\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.3022035676810075%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.30115424973767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Spray\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.3022035676810075%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.30115424973767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Spray\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.3022035676810075%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean survival population of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae/plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean survival population of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae/plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean survival population of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae/plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.755775577557756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.910891089108912%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.60)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"5.473684210526316%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Spray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.008908685968819%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.244988864142538%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.565701559020044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.565701559020044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.565701559020044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.233853006681515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.013363028953229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.565701559020044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.7854889589905363%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.247108307045215%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.3478260869565215%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.51207729468599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD at 5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.951690821256038%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.676328502415459%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.789473684210526%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAS = Days after spray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.947368421052632%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.684210526315789%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.315789473684211%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"3.7854889589905363%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.12092534174553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Figures in parentheses are transformed values\u0026nbsp;\u0026Ouml;x+ 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.942166140904312%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.678233438485805%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.311251314405888%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEfficacy of entomopathogenic nematode against \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e in tomato crop (overall effect of three sprays).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"609\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(IIm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Sprays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emeans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Sprays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emeans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpray\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.60) *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,00,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Spray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.704918032786885%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.049180327868854%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.639344262295081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.655737704918034%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.147540983606557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.717569786535304%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.94581280788177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD at 5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.16584564860427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.658456486042693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.673234811165846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.673234811165846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.16584564860427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.717569786535304%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48.11165845648604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAS = Days after spray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.658456486042693%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.673234811165846%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.673234811165846%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.16584564860427%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.717569786535304%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" width=\"81.11658456486043%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Figures in parentheses are transformed values \u0026Ouml;x+ 0.5 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.16584564860427%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePossibility of using with a stand, entomopathogenic to \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. Because laboratory operations do not have to take care of the field of work, workplace validation was discussed in the next section (Lacey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ndereyimana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e). EPNs can detect and kill larvae in tomato leaves as well. A high level of worm infection (77.1\u0026ndash;91.7 percent) was recorded in a leaf bioassay produced in laboratory circumstances (Batalla-Carrera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), showing the agents' capacity to kill worms within the plant. This is because all leaf litter larvae contain holes through which EPNs can enter and kill the larvae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA molecular study of present research findings reveals that \u003cem\u003eS. abbasi\u003c/em\u003e (Godjo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Srivastava et al., 2022) is much close to \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and tree sequences of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e populations and this pair was outgroup to the \u003cem\u003eC. elegans\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e population and this was outgroup with \u003cem\u003eA. xianyangenisis\u003c/em\u003e (Nguyen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Godjo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Srivastava et al., 2022). However, \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e showed clear demarcation from the \u003cem\u003eS. abbasi\u003c/em\u003e in the D2 \u0026ndash; D3 regi, n, and similar results were obtained in the ITS region also. Thuthethe basis of molecular data supplemented with ITS rDNA gene sequencing provided the positions of two isolates HR1, and HR2 species of \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e according to the phylogenetic and Neighbor-Joining method species concept (Adams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Tamura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Heena et al., 2021; Trinh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder field conditions, EPN field performance was produced and compared to \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e (Shams-al-Din et al., 2014; Gozel and Kasap, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). (Batla-Carella et al., 2010) Furthermore, EPN is already in use as a paper application in other factories. A variety of other insects (Mahmud, 2016). The capabilities of recognized EPNs can be connected to their performance. \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, where they are protected from the harsh environment (Batala-carella et al., 2010; Kamali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). It appears to be \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae. EP IJs have been shown to have the ability to survive and reproduce in a variety of conditions (Gozel and Kasap, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the suitable Steinernema EPNs' efficiency can be related to their genetic variants (Xenorhabdus) and deceptive catchers, the Ambusher Strategy, which patiently awaits their manager (Mahmoud, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe involvement of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e at \u003cem\u003eSteinernema monticolum\u003c/em\u003e Stock, Choo \u0026amp; Kaya, and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (HP88) was determined in the laboratory and the field in another series of research (Shamseldean et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Laboratory-operated leaves of both nematodes display high levels of aggression in bioassays (80\u0026ndash;100 percent mortality). For field testing done over three years, foliar spraying of two types of EPNs demonstrated a death rate of 60\u0026ndash;80 percent T. Death rate of H. As a result, the authors conclude that \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (HP88) was more potent than S. Monticolum in both the lab and in the field than \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e (Shamseldean et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of EPN to the soil to suppress last instar larvae as they drop from leaves to pupae, as well as adults emerging from buried pupae, may be a complementing technique to the foliar treatment of \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. soil treatment efficacy \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e larvae, pupae, and adults were tested in the laboratory against three native entomopathogenic nematodes (\u003cem\u003eS. carpocapsae, S. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e) (Garcia-del-Pino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-ground EPN applications have a lot of power. It is critical to fully manage and comprehend the effects of various substrates often used to grow tomatoes. Although outcomes may vary with EPN types, it is known that soil type and texture might affect EPN performance and persistence (Kaya, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). (Koppenhofer and Fuzy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Unavailability was found to diminish as the amount of carved soil was reduced in various investigations (Campos-Herrera and Gutierrez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Hassani Kakhki et al., 2012). However, both forms of EPN induced more depth in our sample than fertile sand (89%) and sandy loam (17%); such a substantial variation was not predicted given the differing perceptions of composition, pH, and carbon content. In earlier research, several types of EPNs species, notably H. bacteriophora, have shown excellent performance on the highest substrate, as in our study (sand soil, 93 percent) (Koppenhofer and Fuzy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the product appears to fit the requirements of these EPNs to achieve large levels of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e infection due to the natural conditions of tomatoes keeping them warm. With 50% control of both species, our thermal study indicated the strong inclination of caterpillar \u003cem\u003eT. absolute and, H. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e. It is strongly suggested if you consider the high relative humidity level required by EPN for spray treatments (Portman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Before insect infestation reaches these high altitudes, EPNs biocontrol agents should be used. The findings of this investigation reveal that \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e are both comparable to H. bacteriophora (Ebssa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, Rezaei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eInvasive species pose a significant threat, as evidenced by this research. Traditional EPNs (\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e HR-1, \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e HR-2) have been used as an active biocontrol agent in laboratory and greenhouse settings and the pathogen that infects \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. Overall, the natural conditions of heat-retaining tomatoes appear to match the EPA\u0026rsquo;s requirements for achieving high \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e infection levels. The \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e steep inclination was confirmed in our greenhouse testing. With 50% control over both EPNs strains, \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e HR-1 and \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e HR-2 were used.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Accession Numbers","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genome sequence and ITS annotations are available at NCBI under the accession numbers OL470270; OL470273 \u0026amp; OL601546.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEPNs: Entomopathogenic nematodes; L.S.D.: Least significant difference; \u003cem\u003eT. absolute\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e;\u0026nbsp;DAS: Days after spray;\u0026nbsp;IJs: Infective Juveniles; cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e: Centimetre square; ITS: Internal transcribed spacers; DNA: Deoxyribose nucleic acid; MEGA: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis; LC: Lethal concentration; OBSTAT: Operational Status; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; hrs: Hour; HR1: Isolate number one; HR2: Isolate number two.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was financed by grants from the All India Coordinated Research Project HCR-193-07 (AICRP on Nematodes). We are grateful to\u0026nbsp;Nematology Laboratory,\u0026nbsp;Department of Entomology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India-173230. And the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for granting access to laboratory facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndra Kumar Kasi:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMohinder Singh:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ePratikshya lamichhane:\u003c/strong\u003e International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAbaker M. Malik:\u003c/strong\u003e International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eElahe Rostami:\u003c/strong\u003e International collaboration with Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eKanchhi Maya Waiba:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are available at the end of the article and the materials used in this work are of high quality and grade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable, because our manuscript report neither study involving. Human participants nor human data or human tissue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAbbas, W., Javed, N., Haq, I.U., Ahmed, S., 2021. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes against cabbage butterfly (\u003cem\u003ePieris brassicae\u003c/em\u003e) Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in laboratory conditions.\u0026nbsp;Int J Trop Insect Sci,\u0026nbsp;41,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e525\u0026ndash;531.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00236-2\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00236-2\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbott, W.S., 1925.\u0026nbsp;A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18, 265-267.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbd-Elgawad, M.M.M., 2021. Optimizing sampling and extraction methods for plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes. Plants 10, 629.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040629\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040629\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdams, B.J., 1998. Species concept and evolutionary paradigm in modern nematology. J Nematol 30, 1\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArthurs, S., Heinz, K.M., Prasifka, J.R., 2004. An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematodes against above-ground pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, 297\u0026ndash;306.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003309\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1079/BER2003309\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBallal, C.R., Gupta, A., Mohan, M., Lalitha, Y., Verghese, A., 2016. The new invasive pest \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India and its natural enemies along with evaluation of Trichogrammatids for its biological control.\u0026nbsp;Curr Sci, 110, 2155-2159.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i11/2155-2159\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i11/2155-2159\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBatalla-Carrera, L., Morton, A., Garcia-del-Pino, F., 2010.\u0026nbsp;Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against tomato leafminer \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Biocontrol l55, 523\u0026ndash;530.\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-010-9284-z\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-010-9284-z\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBelien, T., 2018. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests in orchards. CAB Rev 13.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201813058\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201813058\u003c/a\u003e, 058.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenseddiq, Y., Benseddik, Y., Joutei, A.B., Blenzar, A., Dababat, A.A., 2020. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Morocco. Biocontrol Science and Technology 30, 1060\u0026ndash;1072.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBielza, P., 2010. Resistance to insecticides in \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick). Phytoma Espana 217, 103-106.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCABI., 2018. \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from:\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"http://www.cabi.org/isc\"\u003ewww.cabi.org/isc\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCampos-Herrera, R., Gutierrez, C., 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. J. Invertebr. Pathol, 100, 100\u0026ndash;105.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2008.11.009\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2008.11.009\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wyckhuys, K.A.G., Burgio, G., Arpaia, S., Narva \u0026lsquo;ez-Vasquez, C.A, Gonza \u0026lsquo;lez., Cabrera, J., Catala n Ruescas, D., Tabone, E., Frandon, J., Pizzol, J., Poncet, C., Cabello, T., Urbaneja, A., 2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e: ecology, history of invasion and prospects for biological control.\u0026nbsp;J Pest Sci, 83, 197-215.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEbssa, L., Borgemeister, C., Poehling, H.M., 2004.\u0026nbsp;Effectiveness of different species/strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) at various concentrations, host densities, and temperatures. Biol Control, 29, 145\u0026ndash;154.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00132-4\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00132-4\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelsenstein, J., 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. \u003cem\u003eEvolution\u003c/em\u003e 39,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e783-791.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFelsenstein, J., 1993. Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). Version 3.5. University of Washington, Seattle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinney, D.J., 1971. Statistical Analysis. Cambridge University Press.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForst, S., Clarke, D., 2002. Bacteria\u0026ndash;nematode symbiosis. In: Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing, New York, USA, pp. 57\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGanguly, S., 2003. Taxonomy of entomopathogenic nematodes and work done in India. Hussaini SS, Rabindra RJ and Nagesh M. (eds.). In: Current Status of Research on Entomopathogenic nematodes in PDBC, Bangalore, ICAR. Pp 69-108.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGarcia-del-Pino, F., Alabern, X., Morton, A., 2013. Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae, and adults of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect. Biocontrol 58, 723\u0026ndash;731.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9525-z\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9525-z\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGadkari, O., Sharma, P.L., 2017. Influence of temperature on the development of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Recruiter) preying on \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e (Westwood) on tomato. Entomol News 127, 230-41.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.3157/021.127.0306\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3157/021.127.0306\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGodjo A, Afouda L, Baimey H, Couvreur M, Zadji L, Houssou G (2018) \u003cem\u003eSteinernema kandii\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from northern Benin. Nematology 21:1\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGozel, C., Kasap, I., 2015. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the Tomato leafminer, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the tomato field. Turk. Entomol. Derg, 39, 229\u0026ndash;237.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.84972\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.16970/ted.84972\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., 2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHassani-Kakhki, M., Karimi, J., Hosseini, M., 2012. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against potato tuber moth, \u003cem\u003ePhthorimaea operculella\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under laboratory conditions. Biocontrol, Sci. Tech. 23, 146\u0026ndash;159.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2012.745481\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2012.745481\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeena., Rana, A., Bhat, A.H., Chaubey, A.K., 2021. Morpho-taxometrical and molecular characterization of \u003cem\u003eSteinernema abbasi\u003c/em\u003e (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and its pathogenicity and generative potential against lepidopteran pests.\u0026nbsp;Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, 21.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00359-1\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00359-1\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIngegno, B.L., Feracini, C., Gallinotti, D., Alma, A., Tavella, L., 2013.\u0026nbsp;Evaluation of the effectiveness of \u003cem\u003eDicyphus errands\u003c/em\u003e (Wolff) as a predator of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick). Biol Control, 67, 246-52.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.08.002\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.08.002\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJu, R.T., Wang, F., Li, B., 2011. effects of temperature on the development and population growth of the Sycamore lace bug, \u003cem\u003eCorythucha ciliata\u003c/em\u003e. J Insect Sci, 11, 16.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1673/031.011.0116\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1673/031.011.0116\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKajuga, J., Hategekimana, A., Yan, X., Waweru, B.W., Li, H., Li, K., 2018. Management of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes in Rwanda. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co. 28, 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-017-0003-2\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-017-0003-2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKalleshwaraswamy, C.M., Murthy, S., Viraktamath, C.A., Krishna, N.K., 2015. Occurrence of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Malnad and Hyderabad-Karnataka regions of Karnataka, India. Fla Entomol, 98, 970-971.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0326\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0326\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKamali, S., Karimi, J., Koppenhofer, A.M., 2018. New insight into the management of the Tomato Leaf Miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 111, 112\u0026ndash;119.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox332\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox332\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKasi, I.K., Singh, M., Waiba, K.M., Monika, S., Waseem, M.A., Archie, D., Gilhotra, H., 2021a. Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes, \u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e against the Cabbage butterfly (\u003cem\u003ePieris brassicae\u003c/em\u003e [L.]) under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, 125.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00469-4\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00469-4\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKasi, I.K., Singh, M., Waiba, K.M., Monika., 2021b. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in soils of Solan and Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology 14, 393-397.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.03.2021.16\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.03.2021.16\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKaya, H.K., 1990. Soil ecology, pp. 93\u0026ndash;115. In R. Gaugler (eds.), Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, 38, 181\u0026ndash;206.\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKoppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., 2006. Effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes \u003cem\u003eSteinernema scarabaei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSteinernema Glaser\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis zealandica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;J. Invertebr. Pathol 92, 11\u0026minus;22.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.02.003\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.02.003\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., Tamura, K., 2018.\u0026nbsp;MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35, 1547-1549.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKumari, D.A., Anitha, G., Anitha, V., Lakshmi, B.K.M., Vennila, S., Rao, N.H.P., 2015. New record of leaf miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) in Tomato. Insect Environ, 20, 136- 138.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLacey, L.A., Grzywacz, D., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Frutos, R., Brownbridge, M., Goettel, M.S., 2015. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. J. Invertebr. Pathol, 132, 1\u0026ndash;41.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLewis, E.E., Campbell, J.C., Griffin, C., Kaya, H.K., Peters, A., 2006. Behavioral ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes. \u003cem\u003eBiolog Control\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e38, 66\u0026ndash;79.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.007\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.007\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiu, J.F., Yang, M.F., Hu, J.F., Han, C., 2015. Effects of temperature on development and survival of \u003cem\u003eOrthopygia glaucinalis\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reared on \u003cem\u003ePlatycarya stobilacea\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;J Econ Entomol 108, 504-514.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov003\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov003\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMahmoud, M.F., 2016.\u0026nbsp;Biology and use of entomopathogenic nematodes in insect pests biocontrol, a generic view. Circ. Agron. Mold 49, 85\u0026ndash;105.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0039\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0039\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMar\u0026iacute;n, D.V., Castillo, D.K., L\u0026oacute;pez-Lavalle, L.A.B., Chalarca, J.R., P\u0026eacute;rez, C.R., 2021. An optimized high-quality DNA isolation protocol for \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJ. E. smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). MethodsX, 8, 101255. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2021.101255\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNdereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019a. Bioactivity of plant extracts against tomato leaf miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Appl. Hortic 21, 146\u0026ndash;150.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNdereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019b. Pathogenicity of some commercial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi on the tomato leaf miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co 29, 70.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0184-y\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0184-y\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNdereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., Gaidashova, S., 2019c. Potential of entomopathogenic nematode isolates from Rwanda to control the tomato leaf miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). \u003cem\u003eEgypt. J. Biol. Pest Co\u003c/em\u003e 29, 57.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0163-3\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0163-3\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNei, M., and Kumar, S.,\u0026nbsp;2000.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eMolecular Evolution and Phylogenetics\u003c/em\u003e. Oxford University Press, New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNguyen KB, Hunt DJ, Mracek Z (2007) Steinernematidae: species descriptions. In Nguyen, KB., Hunt DJ. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, Phylogeny, and Bacterial Symbionts. Brill, Leiden-Boston, pp 121-609.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNguyen, K.B., Smart, G.C., 1996. Identification of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Journal of Nematology\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e28, 286 - 300.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNilahyane, A., Bouharroud, R., Hormatallah, A., Taadaouit, N.A., 2012. Larvicidal effect of plant extracts on \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). IOBC/WPRS Bull 80, 305\u0026ndash;310.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhan, K.L., Terry, L., Mones, M., 2005. Pathogenic potential of six isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditidia: Steinernematidae) from Vietnam. Biocontrol 50, 477\u0026ndash;491\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePortman, S., Sindhu, M., Reddy, G.V.P., 2016. Entomopathogenic nematodes combined with adjuvants present a new potential biological control method for managing the wheat stem sawfly, \u003cem\u003eCephus cinctus\u003c/em\u003e (Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS One\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169022.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRezaei, N., Karimi, J.M., Hosseini, M., Goldani., Campos-Herrera, R., 2015. Pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the greenhouse whitefly, \u003cem\u003eTrialeurodes vaporariorum\u003c/em\u003e (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. J. Nematol 47, 60\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoditakis, E., Skarmoutsou, C., Staurakaki, M., 2013. Toxicity of insecticides to populations of tomato borer \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) from Greece. Pest Manage Sci 69, 834-840.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3442\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3442\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoditakis, E., Vasakis, E.A., Grispou, M., Stavrakaki, M., Nauen, R., Gravouil, M., Bassi, A., 2015. First report of \u003cem\u003eTuta absolute\u003c/em\u003e resistance to diamide insecticides. J Pest Sci 88, 9-16.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0643-5\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0643-5\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaitou, N., Nei, M.,\u0026nbsp;1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution\u0026nbsp;4, 406-425.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShamseldean, M.S.M., Abd-Elbary, N.A., Shalaby, H., Ibraheem, H.I.H., 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of the tomato leaf miner \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 24, 503\u0026ndash;513.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShams-El-Din, M.M., Abdel-Bari, N.A., Shalaby, H., Ibrahim, H.E., 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of the tomato leaf miner \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co 24.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSharma, P.L., Gavkare, O., 2017. new distributional record of invasive pest \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Nat Acad Sci Lett 40, 217- 220.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0526-1\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0526-1\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShashank, P.R., Chandrashekar, K., Naresh, M.M., Sreedevi, K., 2015. Occurrence of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) an invasive pest from India. Indian J Ent 77, 323-329.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-%208172.2015.00070.X\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5958/0974- 8172.2015.00070.X\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSicard, M., Brugirard-Ricaud, K., Pages, S., Lanois, A., Boemare, N.E., Brehelin, M., Givaudan, A., 2004. Stages of infection during the tripartite interaction between \u003cem\u003eXenorhabdus nematophila\u003c/em\u003e, its nematode vector, and insect hosts. Apple and Environ Microb\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e70, 6473\u0026ndash;6480.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org10.1128/AEM.70.11.6473-6480.2004\"\u003ehttps://doi.org10.1128/AEM.70.11.6473-6480.2004\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingh, M., 1990. \u003cem\u003eStudies on insect parasitic nematodes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePh.D. Thesis. Department of Entomology and Apiculture. Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry. Solan 140p.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSreedevi, G., Prasad, Y.G., Prabhakar, M., Rao, G.R., Vennila, S., Venkatswarlu, B., 2013. Bioclimatic thresholds, thermal constants, and survival of mealybug, \u003cem\u003ePhenacoccus Solenopsis\u003c/em\u003e (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in response to constant temperature on hibiscus. PLoS One 8, e75636.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075636\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075636\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSridhar, V., Chakravarthy, A.K., Asokan, R., Vinesh, L.S., Rebijith, K.B., Vennila, S., 2014. New record of the invasive South American tomato leaf miner, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India. Pest Manage Hort Ecosys 20, 148-154\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSrivastava S, Heena, Chaubey AK (2022) Studies on biological control potential of \u003cem\u003eSteinernema abbasi\u003c/em\u003e CS-39 against \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by adopting the regression probit model. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 32:9\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-022-00510-0\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-022-00510-0\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStock, S.P., Hunt, D.J., 2005. Morphology and systematics of Nematodes used in Biocontrol. In: Grewal PS, Ehlers RU, and Shapiro-Ilan DI. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTadele, S., Emana, G., 2017. Entomopathogenic effect of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) on \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae under laboratory and glasshouse conditions in Ethiopia. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol 8, 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000411\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000411\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S., 2021. MEGA 11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. \u003cem\u003eMolecular Biology and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 4876\u0026ndash;4882.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrinh, P.Q., Nguyen, D.T., Le, L.T.M., Nguyen, T.H., 2021. First report of entomopathogenic nematode \u003cem\u003eSteinernema surkhetense\u003c/em\u003e and its pathogenic potential to larvae of the Greater Wax Moth (\u003cem\u003eGalleria mellonella\u003c/em\u003e L.) in Vietnam.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEgypt J Biol Pest Control\u003c/em\u003e 31\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e147.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00496-1\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00496-1\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrbaneja, A., Gonzalez-Cabrera, J., Arno, J., Gabarra, R., 2012.\u0026nbsp;Prospects for the biological control of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e in tomatoes of the \u003cem\u003eMediterranean basin\u003c/em\u003e. Pest Manage Sci 68, 1215-1222.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3344\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3344\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrbaneja, A.R., Vercher, V., Navarro, F., Mari, G., Porcuna, J.L., 2008. La polilla del tomato, \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e. Phytoma Espana, 194, 16-23.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11939/4087\"\u003ehttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11939/4087\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVan Damme, V.M., Beck, B.K., Berckmoes, E., Moerkens, R., Wittemans, L., De Vis, R., 2016. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e in the laboratory. Pest Manag. Sci 72, 1702\u0026ndash;1709.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4195\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4195\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVrain, T.C., Wakarchuk, D.A., Levesque, A.C., Hamilton, R.I., 1992. Intraspecific rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in the \u003cem\u003eXiphinema American\u003c/em\u003e group. Fundamental and Applied Nematology\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e15, 563-74.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaiba, K.M., Sharma, P., Kasi, I.K., Chauhan, S., 2021. Studies of Genetic Variability of Tomato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum Lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) Hybrids under Protected Environment. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, 264-270.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2211\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2211\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWoodring, J.L., Kaya, H.K., 1988. Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes: A handbook of biology and techniques. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 331: 30p.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYan, X., Waweru, B., Qiu, X., Hategekimana, A., Kajuga, J., Li, H., 2016. New entomopathogenic nematodes from semi-natural and small-holder farming habitats of Rwanda. Biocontrol Sci. Technol 26, 820\u0026ndash;834. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2016.1159658\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2016.1159658\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhang, G., Zong, L., Duan, H., Xiong, J., Lu, R., Lu, F., 2008. Spatial distribution of the flower bug, \u003cem\u003eOrius similis\u003c/em\u003e and its interaction with the pink bollworm, \u003cem\u003ePectinophora gossypiella\u003c/em\u003e in cotton fields. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pest Manage\u003c/em\u003e 40, 309-312.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371905\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371905\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Genome, Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Invasive species, Tuta absoluta, Mortality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA survey was conducted to determine the diversity and frequency of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in fruit orchards soils in Rajgadh Himachal Pradesh, India. The main aim of the survey was to obtain nematodes as biological control agents against tomato leafminer \u003cem\u003eTuta absoluta\u003c/em\u003e, an invasive pest of the tomato crop in India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a total of 42 samples, 7 samples tested positive for the presence of EPN. EPNs \u0026amp; test insect sequencing and characterization of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 18S \u0026amp; 12S region were used to identify all nematode isolates and test insect species levels. \u003cem\u003eSteinernema feltiae\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR1) and \u003cem\u003eHeterorhabditis bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e (isolate- HR2) species dose (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 IJs/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) are used in the laboratory bioassay. The third instar (percentage) ranges from 24.15 to 90.00 percent. HR1 and HR2 isolates demonstrated significant larvicidal activity with LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e, and LD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of all instars and pupa showing high mortality from 31.53 to 90.00 percent a and 72-hours exposure duration. The strain slows larval development in 48 to 72 hours of the exposure period, with LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values ranging from 05.42 to 19.29, LD\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e values ranging from 20.29 to 83.12, and LD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e values ranging from 26.03 to 78.89. Greenhouse test same isolates are foliar sprayed three times at a 14-day interval, with total findings revealing a 7.36 count range before spraying. The total treatment outcomes range from 1.64 to 1.74 for isolate HR2, and 1.88 and 2.03 for HR1. 4.15 percent was recorded in the control plot.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive species pose a significant threat, as evidenced by this research. Traditional EPNs (\u003cem\u003eS. feltiae\u003c/em\u003e HR1, \u003cem\u003eH. bacteriophora\u003c/em\u003e HR2) have been used as an active biocontrol agent in laboratory and greenhouse settings and the pathogen that infects \u003cem\u003eT. absoluta\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Insect-killing parasites infection of South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), on F 1 hybrid tomato crop","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-05-23 18:58:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1681042/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2505d14d-a426-4caa-8e6e-daeb9f22dc38","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 23rd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-07-26T10:14:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-05-23 18:58:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1681042","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1681042","identity":"rs-1681042","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}