Natural convection of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in an inclined porous trapezoidal enclosure

Natural convection of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in an inclined porous trapezoidal enclosure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Natural convection of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in an inclined porous trapezoidal enclosure Nepal Chandra Roy, Ioan Pop This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4998539/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Engineering Mathematics → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study reveals the flow and heat transfer of natural convection flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid in an inclined trapezoidal cavity embedded in a porous medium. The left inclined wall of the enclosure is isothermally heated while the right inclined wall is cold. The top and bottom walls are adiabatic. Using variable transformations, the governing equations of the problem are transformed into a dimensionless system of equations. For numerical simulations, a coordinate transformation is utilized which converts the physical domain to computational domain. The equations of computational domain are solved using the finite difference method. The effects of volume fractions of nanoparticles (φ1, φ2, φ3), Rayleigh number (Ra), enclosure inclination (γ) and inclined walls' inclination (Ω) are elucidated with streamlines, isotherms and average Nusselt number. Intensity of stream function gradually increases with the increase of enclosure inclination, Rayleigh number, and nanoparticles' volume fractions. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number exponentially augments for increasing volume fractions of nanoparticles and Rayleigh number, however, it shows a parabolic pattern for an increase in the inclination angles of the enclosure and inclined walls. Moreover, Al2O3-water nanofluid's heat transfer is higher than pure water and Cu-Al2O3-water hybrid nanofluid's heat transfer is higher than that of the nanofluid. It is also found that the average Nusselt number for ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher than nanofluid's and hybrid nanofluid's average Nusselt number, although the total nanoparticles' volume fraction for ternary hybrid nanofluid is lower than for those. Natural convection Ternary hybrid nanofluid Inclined trapezoidal enclosure Porous medium Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Engineering Mathematics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 20 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 29 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4998539","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":354162979,"identity":"22f5d26e-78e5-4eb5-9da3-c3b734a0ae67","order_by":0,"name":"Nepal Chandra Roy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBxXMYJqZgY1YLQlnSNaS2EaKFnP23oMfEudZJzawH37AXFBGhBbLnnPJEonb0hMbeNIMmGecI0KLwY0cA6CWw4kNDDkMzLxtxGi5/8b4R+IcoBb+N8RqucFjJpHYANQiQbQtZ/LSLBKOpRu3STwzOEycX46fPXzjQ421bD9/8sPHRIUYAwMPhALFyAGiNMC1jIJRMApGwSjACQD90DRVUxd6WgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nepal","middleName":"Chandra","lastName":"Roy","suffix":""},{"id":354162980,"identity":"2fd291c7-8850-4c53-898a-f17a49c0c464","order_by":1,"name":"Ioan Pop","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Babeş-Bolyai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioan","middleName":"","lastName":"Pop","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-29 14:44:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4998539/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4998539/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10665-024-10419-2","type":"published","date":"2024-12-24T15:57:01+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":72640820,"identity":"35103bd2-9af2-4f90-850f-f87753d1468f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-30 16:10:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1517340,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4998539/v1_covered_0c4ab462-3526-4b8d-94c1-a0b51a8a24a3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Natural convection of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in an inclined porous trapezoidal enclosure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-engineering-mathematics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"engi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Engineering Mathematics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10665)","snPcode":"10665","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10665/3","title":"Journal of Engineering Mathematics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Natural convection, Ternary hybrid nanofluid, Inclined trapezoidal enclosure, Porous medium","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4998539/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4998539/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This study reveals the flow and heat transfer of natural convection flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid in an inclined trapezoidal cavity embedded in a porous medium. 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