Visual Attention in The Fovea and The Periphery during Visual Search

Active vision requires coordinated attentional processing across both foveal and peripheral receptive fields (RFs), yet the underlying neural dynamics and computational mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous research has predominantly focused on attention in the visual periphery, leaving the role of foveal processing in naturalistic tasks largely unexplored. Here, we recorded neural activity from both foveal and peripheral RFs in areas V4 and IT of monkeys during free-gaze visual search among complex stimuli. We found robust feature-based attentional enhancements in foveal units, challenging the prevailing view that such modulation is predominantly peripheral. By integrating data from foveal and peripheral recordings, we revealed a non-uniform, dynamically distributed pattern of feature attention across the visual field. Behaviorally, foveal attentional enhancements promoted sustained or repeated fixations on targets, while peripheral attentional signals facilitated target detection and guidance of future saccades. These findings suggest that foveal and peripheral attention operate in a complementary fashion, and highlight the critical role of foveal feature attention in shaping global attention allocation and fixation behavior during active vision. This work advances our understanding of the neural computations that support complex visual search and underscores the need to account for foveal processing in models of attention.