Strategic Planning for Sustainable Urban Park Vitality: Spatiotemporal Typologies and Land Use Implications in Hangzhou’s Gongshu District via Multi-Source Big Data

Urban park vitality serves as a critical metric for assessing park service performance, drawing substantial scholarly interest. However, existing studies often neglect the temporal variability in vitality patterns and thus failing to accurately reflect actual park performance. This study constructs a "temporal behavior-spatial attributes-park typology" framework using high-precision (50m) mobile signaling data to capture hourly vitality fluctuations in 59 parks of Hangzhou’s Gongshu District. By applying dynamic time warping-optimized K-means clustering, the research identifies vitality types and employs geographical detectors to analyze multivariate interaction effects influencing park vitality. We find there were three vitality types based on visitor temporal patterns: Morning Exercise-Dominated, All-Day Balanced and Evening Aggregation. Community parks show weekday morning dominance, while comprehensive parks demonstrate weekend all-day equilibrium. These vitality types show varying degrees of correlation with spatial attributes at different times: weekend morning vitality is synergistically driven by park area and surrounding POI density, whereas weekday evening vitality is primarily influenced by interactions between park service facility density and surrounding residential population density. The three vitality types highlight transportation accessibility and commercial amenities regulate temporal vitality, and time-specific management can enhance park recreational performance. Findings offer references for optimizing urban park vitality in other regions.