Can pharmacological enhancement of the placebo effect be a novel therapy for working memory impairments?

Working memory is considered as a core aspect of cognitive function and its impairment in a wide range of mental disorders has resulted in it being considered as an important transdiagnostic feature. To date pharmacological and behavioural strategies for augmenting working memory have achieved only moderate success. Here we have taken a different approach by combining expectancy effects with intranasal oxytocin as an adjunct given previous evidence that it may enhance placebo effects. In a randomised controlled clinical trial we demonstrate that while working memory performance is not influenced by expectancy per se when it is given in conjunction with oxytocin performance in terms of accuracy can be significantly enhanced following positive expectancy induction (placebo effect) and impaired following negative expectancy induction (nocebo effect). Thus combining expectancy effects with intranasal oxytocin may represent a radical new approach for improving working memory function in mental disorders.