Patterns and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights into the current state of diabetes management in Nigeria

Patterns and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights into the current state of diabetes management in Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Patterns and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights into the current state of diabetes management in Nigeria Jamila Abubakar Mohammed, Bruno Basil, Izuchukwu Nnachi Mba, Myke-Mbata Blessing Kenechi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the pattern and determinants of CVD risk in these settings is essential to improving diabetes care and reducing CVD-related morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the patterns and determinants of CVD risk among T2DM patients receiving specialized diabetes care in Nigeria, with the aim of informing effective risk evaluation and management strategies. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 T2DM patients in Nigeria selected via systematic random sampling. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were collected using structured research proforma. A 10-year CVD risk was assessed using updated World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory-based CVD risk assessment chart. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Chi-square and analysis of variances (ANOVA) were used to compare variables across risk groups while ordinal logistic regression was employed to identify significant determinants of CVD risk. Results: Among the study participants, 13.3% (n=20) had a very low CVD risk (<5%), 34.0% (n=51) had a low risk (5 – <10%), 30.7% (n=46) had a moderate risk (10–<20%), and 22.0% (n=33) were classified as high risk (≥20%). Elevated diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.131, 95% CI: 1.068 – 1.198; p < 0.001), longer diabetes duration (OR = 1.151, 95% CI: 1.076 – 1.231; p < 0.001), and anti-hypertensive therapy (AOR = 2.645, 95% CI: 1.194 – 5.860; p = 0.016) were the significant determinants of CVD risk status in the study population. Conclusions: This study reveals that while a substantial proportion of Nigerian T2DM patients in specialized care are in the lower CVD risk categories, significant number remain at moderate to high risk. Diastolic hypertension, diabetes duration, and antihypertensive therapy were identified as key determinants. These findings emphasize the need for improved CVD risk assessment and early intervention in similar clinical settings. Cardiovascular disease risk Type 2 diabetes mellitus WHO CVD risk chart Determinants Diabetes duration Nigeria Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5754393","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401463462,"identity":"c71bcd9e-adf0-4d8f-9dbf-5f6960c0ade2","order_by":0,"name":"Jamila Abubakar Mohammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jamila","middleName":"Abubakar","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""},{"id":401463463,"identity":"60a12e62-a220-414e-8047-44f12a392c4d","order_by":1,"name":"Bruno Basil","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIie2PMQrCQBBFJwRis2qrSO4QWEgUxLO4CLGxFsutrIK13mIrsRwIxEa0FSw0WGhhoV06nWhnsSSdyD4YGAYe8z+AwfCDeDSYyq4lbXTygyULKUKGlnT6JRQQMi6hBJV1imK1c1XC/DSDrquwGl91SicaeSg2B05KwBmEXGEtbGuD4Yi6TA9CHSO/BRALhcz3tMruciJlK/JgzQyeBZR9n4JN8a00GH0khZ+0Xea3vMuALxJn3GIeLTHzdQYE9eH5/lj13FliL5vZhJZ1xO9a5ysnjQ1Oo4TywS7zxWAwGP6fF5m4VN0JQjDuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"International Institute of Pathology and Forensic Science Research, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bruno","middleName":"","lastName":"Basil","suffix":""},{"id":401463464,"identity":"76b47936-b9ae-462e-91cf-e42c6166c0a7","order_by":2,"name":"Izuchukwu Nnachi Mba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nile University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Izuchukwu","middleName":"Nnachi","lastName":"Mba","suffix":""},{"id":401463465,"identity":"d38aa74a-445a-4304-8551-d4085b2eaf05","order_by":3,"name":"Myke-Mbata Blessing Kenechi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Benue State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Myke-Mbata","middleName":"Blessing","lastName":"Kenechi","suffix":""},{"id":401463466,"identity":"b7817829-618d-4f7c-99f2-fb1151d5afa7","order_by":4,"name":"Ngozi Ijeoma Okoro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Enugu State University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ngozi","middleName":"Ijeoma","lastName":"Okoro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-03 00:53:07","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Patterns and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights into the current state of diabetes management in Nigeria","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cardiovascular disease risk, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, WHO CVD risk chart, Determinants, Diabetes duration, Nigeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBackground: \u003c/em\u003eCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the pattern and determinants of CVD risk in these settings is essential to improving diabetes care and reducing CVD-related morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the patterns and determinants of CVD risk among T2DM patients receiving specialized diabetes care in Nigeria, with the aim of informing effective risk evaluation and management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods: \u003c/em\u003eA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 T2DM patients in Nigeria selected via systematic random sampling. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were collected using structured research proforma. A 10-year CVD risk was assessed using updated World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory-based CVD risk assessment chart. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Chi-square and analysis of variances (ANOVA) were used to compare variables across risk groups while ordinal logistic regression was employed to identify significant determinants of CVD risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResults:\u003c/em\u003e Among the study participants, 13.3% (n=20) had a very low CVD risk (\u0026lt;5%), 34.0% (n=51) had a low risk (5 – \u0026lt;10%), 30.7% (n=46) had a moderate risk (10–\u0026lt;20%), and 22.0% (n=33) were classified as high risk (≥20%). Elevated diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.131, 95% CI: 1.068 – 1.198; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), longer diabetes duration (OR = 1.151, 95% CI: 1.076 – 1.231; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), and anti-hypertensive therapy (AOR = 2.645, 95% CI: 1.194 – 5.860; p = 0.016) were the significant determinants of CVD risk status in the study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConclusions:\u003c/em\u003e This study reveals that while a substantial proportion of Nigerian T2DM patients in specialized care are in the lower CVD risk categories, significant number remain at moderate to high risk. Diastolic hypertension, diabetes duration, and antihypertensive therapy were identified as key determinants. These findings emphasize the need for improved CVD risk assessment and early intervention in similar clinical settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Patterns and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights into the current state of diabetes management in Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-04-28 13:21:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-13 12:01:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5754393/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9685c7cf-3f7d-4912-8e76-f8727330cad3","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-07T06:08:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-28 13:21:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-5754393","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5754393","identity":"rs-5754393","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}