The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study

The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study Lanling Chen, Shihai Zheng, Muhammad Fahad Tahir, Yuwei Wang, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Breastfeeding is widely recognized as beneficial for child health, yet the relationship between breastfeeding duration and long-term cardiovascular outcomes, particularly blood pressure (BP), remains incomplete. Objective This study investigated the correlation between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children in southwest China, with a focus on identifying the long-term effect of breastfeeding duration on blood pressure of school-aged children and the optimal breastfeeding duration for childhood cardiovascular health. Methods A cohort of 11,252 children aged 6–13 years was analyzed using data from the Chongqing Health Children Cohort, dividing them into two groups based on breastfeeding duration. Generalized linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP parameters, while multi-categorical logistic regression evaluated the risk of prehypertension and hypertension, adjusting confounding variables. Results Prolonged breast feeding (>10 months) was related to higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), particularly in males, children under 9.2 years old, and those with birth weight below 3000g or over 3600g (P<0.001). Breastfeeding for 5-7 months was proven to be the best effective durationfor maintaining optimal systolic blood pressure (SBP)and DBP levels (P<0.001). Breastfeeding affectedblood pressure differently depending on geographic location and gender. Urban children (P=0.016 for DBP) and males (P=0.033 for systolic blood pressure, P=0.001 for DBP) were more sensitive to breast feeding. Conclusion Extended breastfeeding for more than 10 months mighthave a critical impact on BP levelsin certain subpopulations, emphasizing the importance of personalized optimal breastfeeding duration guidance. Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics/Paediatric research Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition Health sciences/Diseases/Cardiovascular diseases/Hypertension Health sciences/Health care/Public health/Epidemiology breastfeeding blood pressure cohort study cardiovascular health children Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Breastfeeding holds immense significance in promoting the health and wellbeing of infants and young children( 1 , 2 ). It is widely recognized as the optimal source of nutrition for newborns and infants, providing a unique blend of nutrients, antibodies, and growth factors that were crucial for their growth, development, and protection against infections( 3 – 6 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous health organizations globally recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding alongside complementary foods up to two years of age or beyond, emphasizing the enduring benefits of this practice( 7 – 9 ). Despite the widespread acknowledgment of breastfeeding's numerous advantages( 10 – 12 ), the precise relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and specific aspects of long-term child health, particularly cardiovascular health, remains an area of ongoing research. One particular aspect that has garnered attention in recent years is the potential link between breastfeeding duration and childhood blood pressure (BP) levels, however, controversial evidence was generated from previous studies( 13 – 16 ). High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases later in life, and its origins can be traced back to early childhood( 17 ). Thus, understanding how breastfeeding may influence this vital health parameter holds significant implications for preventing chronic diseases and promoting lifelong health. However, current scientific evidence on the direct relationship between breastfeeding duration and childhood BP is inconclusive. A cohort study in northeast Brazil suggested that breastfeeding short than 40 days has an adverse effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP), but no evidence for the effect of longer breastfeeding duration( 18 ). Jieyu et al. performed a cross-sectional study from a cohort in China and the results suggested an optimal breastfeeding for BP was 6–12 months while no breastfeeding or prolonged duration over 12 months showed adverse effect 15 . However, the cross-sectional study from a cohort in the United States reported that the longer breastfeeding duration was better, the prolonged duration to 24 months, resulted an even lower SBP and DBP( 19 ). These inconsistencies suggested that underlying mediators may influence the long-term effect of breastfeeding in children and adolescents. Consequently, there is a pressing need for further research to clarify this relationship and identify the potential underlying mediators. The present study aimed to fill these gaps by investigating the relation between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children in southwest China, an area with unique sociodemographic and cultural features. Using data from the Chongqing Health Children Cohort, this study identified the optimal breastfeeding duration for cardiovascular health and explored potential impact aspects including gender, age, and birth weight. This study aimed to help deliver evidence-based breastfeeding advice for varied groups by considering region-specific insights. Method Participants The cross-sectional study and cohort study in the present manuscript were designed and carried out following the STROBE guideline for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional study( 20 ). The data analyzed in the present study were all from the subjects in the Chongqing Health Children Cohort (Fig. 1 .), initiated in 2014 (Visit 1) and reassessed in 2019 (Visit 2), with a follow-up of 3314 individuals (in grade 1 and grade 2 at baseline). Stratified cluster sampling was conducted in urban, suburban, and rural regions of Chongqing. A county was selected randomly from each region, and a street was marked to include all elementary schools. The main survey included 15,007 children aged 6 to 13 years. After eliminating individuals with insufficient information or breastfeeding duration ≤ 3 months (considering as not long enough), the final analysis data included 11,252 children. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No.2013-86), and informed consent was obtained from all participating children and their guardians. Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements Physical examinations were performed by trained pediatric nurses who underwent rigorous training on use of the operation manual, which summarized the anthropometric examination guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), passed an examination before performing the anthropometric examinations and strictly followed the operation manual during the examinations( 21 ). Height and weight were measured using a medical ultrasonic machine (model WS-H300D), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m²), serving as an indicator of general obesity. The waist circumference was measured twice, one centimeter above the navel, and the average was recorded. Adhering to the methods outlined in published literature( 22 ). BP was measured in a seated position using an OMRON (HEM7051) arm-type electronic sphygmomanometer with a cuff suitable for the individual's arm thickness. Participants were instructed to remain still during measurements and to rest for at least 10 minutes beforehand. The cuff was positioned at heart level, and BP was measured three times for the right upper arm. If the difference between any two of the three diastolic (DBP) or systolic (SBP) readings exceeded 10 mmHg, a fourth measurement was taken. The three readings with the smallest difference were recorded. If two BP readings differed by more than 10 mmHg, an additional measurement was taken, and the three closest readings were averaged. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was calculated as MAP = (SBP + 2 × DBP) / 3. Diagnostic Criteria The guidelines for hypertension diagnosis in our study have been described by Mi Jie and associates and were established in accordance with the features of growth and development of Chinese children and adolescents ( 23 ), where SBP or DBP ≥ 95th percentile considered as hypertension. Children diagnosed with hypertension were referred to a pediatrician or advised to undergo an ultrasound examination after 1–2 weeks to rule out secondary hypertension. Blood biochemistry tests Blood samples were collected after fasting and centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ℃. After separation and before testing, the serum samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃. An automatic biochemical analyzer, specifically the Mindray BS-800, was employed to measure the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr). Demographic, life style and socioeconomic indicators To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the survey, a standardized structured questionnaire was administered by trained and qualified investigators through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire encompassed various demographic and lifestyle factors, including gender, age, parental education level and occupation, family income, parental obesity status, breast feeding duration (categorized as ≤ 3 months, 4–10 months, > 10 months), maternal pregnancy complications (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), smoking and drinking habits, physical activity levels, and dietary habits. Dietary habits assessed using a food frequency questionnaire based on the "Chinese Residents Balanced Diet Pagoda", developed by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2007. Foods were classified into 15 main categories, and the frequency of consumption was recorded as daily, weekly (but not daily), monthly (but not weekly), or annual (but not monthly). Based on this, the average daily intake of various foods was calculated. The questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity. Statistical analysis Data were entered into a Microsoft Access database twice by two individuals and cross-checked for consistency. For normally distributed numerical variables, means ± standard deviations were used, with Student’s t test for breast feeding groups(4–10 months and > 10 months) comparisons. Non-parametric tests were applied to data not meeting normal distribution criteria. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. Covariance analysis was used to compare BP levels between breast feeding groups (4–10 months and > 10 months). A generalized linear regression model was utilized to assess the relationship between BP levels and breast feeding using data at baseline (2014). An ordinal multi-classification logistic regression model was employed to analyze the risk of breast feeding duration on the incidence of prehypertension and hypertension in children and adolescents. For the cohort data spanning 2014 to 2019, a mixed linear regression model was applied to examine the effect of breast feeding groups on BP levels, and a cumulative link mixed model with Laplace approximation was used to assess the risk of breast feeding groups on the development of prehypertension and hypertension. Three models were constructed: Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age, gender, and living environment), and Model 3 (further adjusted for exercise, children's education level, birth weight, maternal obesity, parental occupation, family income, and dietary intake of potato, poultry, milk and yogurt products, beans, pickles, nutritional supplements, and beverages). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05, and all analyses were performed using R 4.3.3 software. Results Characteristics of the participants This cohort study included 11252 school-aged children and adolescents at baseline, and Table S1 presents their demographic information, anthropometric factors, lifestyle indices, maternal, perinatal, and socioeconomic status (SES) features. The follow-up in 2019 contained 1,957 children (in grade 1 and 2 at baseline), which were divided into those who were breastfed for 4–10 months (1,304) and those who were breastfed for more than 10 months (653). Significant differences were seen in height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, region, father’s education duration, income, and parents' occupation (all P < 0.005). Children breastfed for more than 10 months had lower average height, weight, and waist measurements compared to those breastfed for 4–10 months (P < 0.001, P = 0.012, and P = 0.012). Furthermore, the BP parameters were higher in children who have been breastfed for more than 10 months compared to those who have been breastfed for 4 to 10 months. Children breastfed for over 10 months were more likely to live in rural areas (70.14%, P < 0.001). Other factors including as glycolipids, gender, age, parental obesity, and dietary variables do not indicate a significant association in Table 1 . Table 1 The baseline characteristics of participants for a cohort study [x±s, n(%)] \(\:\stackrel{-}{\text{x}}\) Variables Overall Brestfeeding for 4 ~ 10months Brestfeeding for > 10months P Sample size, n 1957 1304 653 Age, years 7.30 ± 0.62 7.31 ± 0.62 7.29 ± 0.63 0.534 Height, cm 123.40 ± 6.19 123.78 ± 6.28 122.64 ± 5.94 < 0.001 Weight, kg 25.00 ± 5.10 25.21 ± 5.05 24.59 ± 5.17 0.012 Waist circumference, cm 54.16 ± 6.42 54.46 ± 6.57 53.58 ± 6.09 0.004 Body Mass Index, kg/m 2 16.31 ± 2.35 16.32 ± 2.27 16.27 ± 2.51 0.656 Birth weight, g 3301.28 ± 466.41 3286.46 ± 440.40 3330.06 ± 512.32 0.073 Heart rate, n/min 98.04 ± 12.82 97.82 ± 12.88 98.48 ± 12.68 0.277 Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg 100.20 ± 8.33 99.85 ± 8.22 100.90 ± 8.52 0.009 Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg 62.29 ± 7.27 61.99 ± 7.24 62.91 ± 7.30 0.008 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure, mmHg 74.93 ± 6.93 74.60 ± 6.89 75.59 ± 6.98 0.003 Breastfeeding duration, month 9.41 ± 3.35 7.56 ± 1.82 13.08 ± 2.59 < 0.001 Exercise duration in school, minute/day 12.27 ± 10.82 12.56 ± 10.93 11.68 ± 10.58 0.089 Exercise duration at home, minute/day 38.04 ± 36.50 38.57 ± 37.15 37.00 ± 35.16 0.370 Total exercise duration, minute/week 53.89 ± 36.08 54.86 ± 36.23 51.96 ± 35.72 0.095 Hemoglobin, mmol/l 4.13 ± 0.67 4.11 ± 0.68 4.17 ± 0.67 0.296 Total cholesterol, mmol/l 3.57 ± 0.75 3.56 ± 0.79 3.58 ± 0.64 0.729 Triglycerides, mmol/l 0.99 ± 0.61 0.98 ± 0.63 1.03 ± 0.56 0.297 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l 1.17 ± 0.39 1.18 ± 0.39 1.16 ± 0.37 0.687 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l 1.74 ± 0.69 1.72 ± 0.69 1.80 ± 0.69 0.142 Cereals and potatoes, g/day 176.08 ± 129.12 175.24 ± 127.03 177.71 ± 133.16 0.703 Vegetables, g/day 183.99 ± 153.55 182.62 ± 151.78 186.66 ± 157.02 0.604 Fruit, g/day 166.12 ± 147.94 161.23 ± 138.65 175.57 ± 164.12 0.054 Red meat, g/day 94.46 ± 81.50 95.70 ± 84.45 92.09 ± 75.54 0.383 Poultry, g/day 50.34 ± 67.53 51.52 ± 69.97 48.06 ± 62.56 0.318 Fish, g/day 35.07 ± 64.89 36.44 ± 66.67 32.43 ± 61.29 0.218 Eggs, g/day 63.14 ± 70.43 64.88 ± 73.56 59.80 ± 63.90 0.151 Dairy products, ml/day 238.91 ± 146.40 241.42 ± 149.04 234.07 ± 141.19 0.316 Bean food, g/day 49.42 ± 72.19 48.50 ± 67.23 51.21 ± 80.91 0.453 Nuts, g/day 30.28 ± 52.50 29.69 ± 51.34 31.41 ± 54.70 0.514 Mushroom and algaefood, g/day 28.74 ± 60.63 30.51 ± 64.52 25.33 ± 52.23 0.090 Oils, g/day 68.70 ± 55.37 66.97 ± 53.03 72.07 ± 59.56 0.068 Salt, g/day 18.34 ± 39.48 17.86 ± 41.46 19.27 ± 35.40 0.476 Nutritional supplements, g/day 23.29 ± 70.12 23.47 ± 71.39 22.95 ± 67.68 0.884 Beverage, ml/day 37.17 ± 82.47 34.37 ± 74.27 42.45 ± 95.89 0.052 Solitude score, n 48.71 ± 6.00 48.55 ± 6.00 49.02 ± 5.99 0.097 Gender, n(%) 1.000 Male 1009(51.56) 672(51.53) 337(51.61) Female 948(48.44) 632(48.47) 316(48.39) Hypertension, n(%) 0.001 No 1411(72.10) 973(74.62) 438(67.08) Yes 546(27.90) 331(25.38) 215(32.92) Birth weight, n(%) 0.149 ≤ 3000g 508(26.05) 343(26.36) 165(25.42) 3000 ~ 3600g 907(46.51) 619(47.58) 288(44.38) > 3600g 535(27.44) 339(26.06) 196(30.20) Region, n(%) < 0.001 Urban 817(41.75) 622(47.70) 195(29.86) Rural 1140(58.25) 682(52.30) 458(70.14) Father’s education duration, year, n(%) 15 10(0.57) 7(0.61) 3(0.50) Income, Yuan, n(%) 3000 797(40.81) 601(46.20) 196(30.06) Medical insurance, n(%) 0.819 No 1514(85.73) 1000(85.91) 514(85.38) Yes 252(14.27) 164(14.09) 88(14.62) Mother’s occupation, n(%) < 0.001 Manager 66(3.76) 52(4.51) 14(2.33) Worker 432(24.64) 308(26.74) 124(20.63) Technicist/Researcher 41(2.34) 29(2.52) 12(2.00) Farmer 513(29.26) 341(29.60) 172(28.62) Others 701(39.99) 422(36.63) 279(46.42) Father’s occupation, n(%) 0.011 Manager 108(6.16) 79(6.86) 29(4.82) Worker 489(27.88) 335(29.08) 154(25.58) Technicist/Researcher 73(4.16) 54(4.69) 19(3.16) Farmer 375(21.38) 250(21.70) 125(20.76) Others 709(40.42) 434(37.67) 275(45.68) People live with child, n(%) 0.728 ~ 1 76(4.34) 49(4.25) 27(4.52) 2–3 834(47.63) 557(48.31) 277(46.32) > 3 841(48.03) 547(47.44) 294(49.16) Mother with obesity, n(%) 0.081 No 1754(90.60) 1178(91.46) 576(88.89) Yes 182(9.40) 110(8.54) 72(11.11) The relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP Parameters The relationship between breastfed and BP levels was investigated. The children were divided into two categories according to breastfed duration. Using group 1 (G1: breastfeeding for 4–10 months) as a reference, we examined the impact of longer breastfeeding group (G2: breastfeeding for > 10 months) on BP parameters (Table 2 , table S2 and table S3). After adjusting for risk covariates of BP, the G2 showed significantly higher DBP and MAP in Model 3 (P < 0.005). After adjustment, the SBP was no longer substantially associated with breastfeeding duration (Model 3). The sex-based analysis in Table 2 showed that for males, the connection between prolonged breastfeeding and increased BP remained significant even after adjusting covariates (SBP: β = 1.07, P = 0.033, DBP: β = 1.34, P = 0.001, MAP: β = 1.28, P = 0.001). However, the association for females was not statistically significant. Furthermore, After adjusting covariates, only urban areas had a significant relationship between breastfeeding duration and DBP (β = 1.28, P = 0.016), but rural areas did not. Children under the age of 9.2 had a significant association between breastfeeding duration and DBP/MAP (β = 0.82,0.78, P = 0.003,0.006). In children with birth weight ≤ 3000g, breastfeeding duration correlated with all blood pressure markers, while breastfeeding duration only correlated with DBP and MAP in children with birth weight > 3600g (P < 0.001). Table 2 The effect of breastfeeding duration on blood pressure levels for a cohort study (n = 1957) Model(ref. G1) SBP, mmHg DBP, mmHg MAP, mmHg β(95%CIs) P β(95%CIs) P β(95%CIs) P Qverall Model 1 0.71(0.07,1.35) 0.029 0.81(0.32,1.30) 0.001 0.78(0.29,1.27) 0.002 Model 2 0.36(-0.26,0.99) 0.252 0.66(0.17,1.15) 0.009 0.57(0.08,1.06) 0.023 Model 3 0.64(-0.07,1.35) 0.077 0.82(0.27,1.37) 0.003 0.78(0.22,1.33) 0.006 Male Model 1 1.02(0.12,1.92) 0.027 1.27(0.59,1.95) <0.001 1.20(0.51,1.89) 0.001 Model 2 0.72(-0.15,1.59) 0.107 1.16(0.47,1.84) 0.001 1.03(0.35,1.71) 0.003 Model 3 1.08(0.09,2.07) 0.033 1.34(0.58,2.11) 0.001 1.28(0.51,2.05) 0.001 Female Model 1 0.38(-0.53,1.29) 0.416 0.33(-0.36,1.01) 0.349 0.35(-0.35,1.05) 0.325 Model 2 0.01(-0.87,0.89) 0.986 0.12(-0.58,0.81) 0.743 0.08(-0.61,0.77) 0.822 Model 3 0.16(-0.86,1.17) 0.764 0.22(-0.57,1.00) 0.587 0.20(-0.59,0.99) 0.624 Urban Model 1 0.46(-0.70,1.61) 0.437 1.15(0.26,2.05) 0.012 0.92(0.03,1.81) 0.043 Model 2 0.35(-0.79,1.49) 0.553 1.21(0.31,2.10) 0.008 0.92(0.03,1.81) 0.044 Model 3 0.45(-0.93,1.83) 0.523 1.28(0.24,2.32) 0.016 1.01(-0.04,2.06) 0.060 Rural Model 1 0.36(-0.42,1.14) 0.371 0.43(-0.18,1.03) 0.167 0.42(-0.19,1.02) 0.177 Model 2 0.40(-0.36,1.16) 0.305 0.41(-0.19,1.01) 0.179 0.42(-0.18,1.02) 0.170 Model 3 0.65(-0.19,1.50) 0.130 0.64(-0.02,1.30) 0.059 0.65(-0.01,1.31) 0.053 Age < 9.2 Model 1 0.71(0.07,1.35) 0.029 0.81(0.32,1.30) 0.001 0.78(0.29,1.27) 0.002 Model 2 0.36(-0.26,0.98) 0.252 0.66(0.17,1.15) 0.009 0.57(0.08,1.06) 0.023 Model 3 0.64(-0.07,1.35) 0.077 0.82(0.27,1.37) 0.003 0.78(0.22,1.33) 0.006 Age ≥ 9.2 Model 1 0.15(-0.76,1.06) 0.747 0.68(0.02,1.35) 0.045 0.50(-0.19,1.18) 0.153 Model 2 -0.17(-1.08,0.73) 0.708 0.47(-0.20,1.14) 0.173 0.24(-0.44,0.92) 0.486 Model 3 0.20(-0.82,1.22) 0.702 0.75(-0.01,1.50) 0.053 0.55(-0.22,1.32) 0.160 Birth weight for ≤ 3000g Model 1 1.16(-0.13,2.45) 0.079 1.25(0.26,2.25) 0.014 1.23(0.23,2.24) 0.016 Model 2 1.04(-0.21,2.29) 0.103 1.06(0.06,2.06) 0.038 1.07(0.08,2.07) 0.035 Model 3 1.45(0.04,2.86) 0.044 1.45(0.36,2.54) 0.009 1.49(0.39,2.59) 0.008 Birth weight for 3000 ~ 3600g Model 1 0.47(-0.46,1.41) 0.323 -0.05(-0.77,0.67) 0.891 0.13(-0.59,0.85) 0.719 Model 2 0.09(-0.84,1.02) 0.847 -0.16(-0.89,0.57) 0.668 -0.08(-0.81,0.64) 0.825 Model 3 0.14(-0.93,1.22) 0.794 -0.20(-1.04,0.64) 0.642 -0.09(-0.93,0.75) 0.828 Birth weight for > 3600g Model 1 0.73(-0.52,1.99) 0.253 1.89(0.96,2.83) <0.001 1.52(0.57,2.47) 0.002 Model 2 0.43(-0.79,1.65) 0.487 1.76(0.83,2.70) 10months, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure Model1:Unadjusted Model2:Adjusted for age, gender, region Model3:Adjusted for age,gender,region,father’s education duration,income,exercise duration at home,cereals and potatoes,poultry,dairy products, bean food,salt, nutritional supplements, beverage,mother’s occupation,father’s occupation,mother with obesity ,birth weight Association Between Breastfeeding Duration and BP Trends in Childhood Differences in BP levels have been seen in relation to breastfeeding duration. Longer periods of breast feeding were associated with a gradual increase in SBP, with values ranging from 104.11 mmHg for 4 months to 104.53 mmHg for > 12 months (P < 0.001). Breast feeding for 5–7 months was shown to be the most protective for SBP, DBP, and MAP in school-aged children. Furthermore, both DBP and MAP showed significant increases with prolonged breast feeding (Table 3 ). Similarly, our findings (Fig. 2 ) showed that children breastfed for more than ten months (Group 2) had greater systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) than those breastfed for four to ten months (Group 1). Figure 3 , Fig. S1 , table S4, table S5 and table S6 showed that risk estimates for most subgroups were near to 1.0, indicating that there was no significant change in risk based on gender, socio - economic status, age, or birthweight for the results of this study. However, there was a slight increase in risk for specific subgroups (e.g., urban regions, children with lower birthweight, or those aged ≥ 9.2 years). Model 3 (in red colour) also displayed wider confidence intervals, indicating possible variability in estimates with additional variables or alteration. Table 3 Blood pressure levels of different breast feeding duration for a cross-sectional study (n = 11252) Model 4month 5month 6month 7month 8month 9month 10month 11month 12month > 12month P SBP,mmHg Model 1 103.0(102.2,103.9) 101.7(100.7,102.7) 102.3(101.9,102.8) 102.2(101.4,103.0) 103.0(102.5,103.4) 103.4(102.7,104.1) 102.9(102.5,103.4) 103.5(102.5,104.4) 104.1(103.7,104.5) 104.2(103.6,104.8) < 0.001 Model 2 103.3(102.5,104.1) 102.0(101.0,102.9) 102.6(102.1,103.0) 102.7(101.9,103.5) 103.1(102.6,103.5) 103.5(102.9,104.2) 102.9(102.4,103.3) 103.5(102.7,104.4) 103.7(103.3,104.1) 103.7(103.1,104.2) 0.001 Model 3 104.1(103.2,105.0) 102.3(101.3,103.4) 103.4(102.9,104.0) 103.2(102.4,104.1) 103.8(103.3,104.3) 104.5(103.7,105.2) 103.6(103.1,104.2) 104.2(103.3,105.2) 104.5(104.0,105.0) 104.5(103.9,105.2) < 0.001 DBP,mmHg Model 1 62.5(61.9,63.2) 62.4(61.6,63.2) 62.7(62.3,63.1) 62.8(62.2,63.4) 63.1(62.7,63.4) 62.7(62.1,63.2) 63.0(62.7,63.4) 63.8(63.0,64.5) 64.1(63.8,64.4) 63.9(63.5,64.4) < 0.001 Model 2 62.7(62.0,63.3) 62.5(61.7,63.3) 62.8(62.4,63.1) 62.9(62.3,63.6) 63.1(62.7,63.4) 62.8(62.2,63.3) 63.0(62.7,63.4) 63.8(63.1,64.6) 64.0(63.7,64.3) 63.8(63.4,64.3) < 0.001 Model 3 63.2(62.5,63.9) 62.6(61.7,63.5) 63.1(62.7,63.6) 63.2(62.5,63.9) 63.3(62.8,63.7) 63.2(62.5,63.8) 63.3(62.9,63.7) 64.1(63.3,64.9) 64.2(63.8,64.6) 64.1(63.6,64.7) < 0.001 MAP,mmHg Model 1 76.0(75.4,76.7) 75.5(74.7,76.3) 75.9(75.5,76.3) 75.9(75.3,76.6) 76.4(76.0,76.7) 76.2(75.7,76.8) 76.3(76.0,76.7) 77.0(76.3,77.7) 77.4(77.1,77.7) 77.4(76.9,77.8) < 0.001 Model 2 76.2(75.5,76.9) 75.7(74.9,76.4) 76.0(75.7,76.4) 76.2(75.6,76.8) 76.4(76.1,76.7) 76.4(75.8,76.9) 76.3(76.0,76.7) 77.1(76.4,77.8) 77.2(76.9,77.5) 77.1(76.7,77.5) < 0.001 Model 3 76.8(76.1,77.6) 75.8(75.0,76.7) 76.6(76.1,77.0) 76.5(75.9,77.2) 76.8(76.4,77.2) 76.9(76.3,77.5) 76.7(76.3,77.2) 77.5(76.7,78.2) 77.6(77.2,78.0) 77.6(77.1,78.1) < 0.001 SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure Model1:Unadjusted Model2:Adjusted for age, gender, region Model3:Adjusted for age,gender,region,father’s education duration,income,exercise duration at home,cereals and potatoes,poultry,dairy products, bean food,salt, nutritional supplements, beverage,mother’s occupation,father’s occupation,mother with obesity ,birth weight Graphic Abstract . The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study Discussion This study investigated the relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children, with the aim of establishing optimal breastfeeding duration to promote cardiovascular health. Our results indicated that breast feeding for more than 10 months was related to higher DBP and MAP in particular subpopulations, but 5–7 months of breastfeeding appears to be preferred for maintaining stable BP levels. Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival, thus the WHO and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) recommended the children should receive the breastfeeding exclusively in the first 6 months and continuing with complementary food up to 2 years or beyond. However, the breastfeeding duration met these criteria in only a few lactating women, especially in China, where most women need to participate work for income after the maternity leave. In the present study, the average breastfeeding duration for mothers who breastfed over 4 months was only 9.52 ± 3.42 months only. In another study performed by Jieyu Liu et al.( 15 ), only 22.53% children received breastfeeding over 12 months and over half of children received breastfeeding less than 6 months. In a meta-analysis which analyzed 11 studies from 1980 to 2009, the prevalence rate of breastfeeding up to 2 years was only 33%( 24 ). All these results suggested that most people cannot achieve the criterion of breastfeeding duration recommended by WHO. Moreover, the studies on children who were breastfed up to 2 years were scarce, the health benefit of prolonged breastfeeding need to be investigated. As shown in our study, prolonged breastfeeding primarily affected DBP of school-aged children. A previous literature has shown a non-significant trend toward lower DBP Z-scores in children who were breastfed for 3 to < 6 months and ≥ 6 months compared with those who were never breastfed( 25 ). Findings in the present study suggested that prolonged duration of breastfeeding had an even adverse effect on DBP. We observed that breastfeeding beyond 10 months was significantly associated with an increase in DBP compared with breastfeeding for 4 to 10 months. However, these findings contrasted with the widely held belief that breastfeeding was beneficial for BP outcomes. Previous studies reported that several factors, including body fluid concentration and salt intake, could influence the blood pressure in school-aged children( 26 – 29 ). In our study, prolonged breastfeeding beyond 10 months, might have led to changes in these factors, but the exact mechanisms remained unclear. Furthermore, the constituents and concentrations of nutrition changed longitudinally from lactation( 30 – 32 ), whether these changes could influence the long term BP or cardiovascular health was still unclear. The maternal occupational and environment exposure were demonstrated risk factors of health of infants, considering most lactating women only had limited maternity leave, the children received prolonged breastfeeding might face these risks since the influence of these exposures might transfer through breastmilk( 28 , 33 , 34 ). Future research needs to further explore these relationships and understand the potential mechanisms through which breastfeeding duration might affect DBP in school-aged children. In our study, we noticed a significant positive association between breastfeeding duration and BP of school-aged children, particularly among males and children with lower or larger birth weight. Notably, prolonged breastfeeding over 10 months was significantly associated with an increasing incidence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in children under 9.2 years old and those with either lower or larger birth weight. The differential impact of prolonged breastfeeding on BP between boys and girls might be attributed to the disparity in sex hormones. Multi studies have demonstrated that estrogen could modulate various physiological processes related to BP regulation and was generally acknowledged to possess a protective effect on BP levels( 28 , 35 – 37 ). After weaning, various factors such as lifestyle( 29 , 38 ), dietary habits( 39 – 43 ), family( 44 ), as well as socioeconomical( 45 , 46 ) and environmental( 44 , 47 – 49 ) influences, might affect BP during the growth process. Therefore, the results of this study showed that the impact of breastfeeding duration on BP ceased beyond 9.2 years old. Birth weight itself was a risk factor for BP in children( 50 , 51 ). Infants with low birth weight may experience difficulties in BP regulation during the neonatal period due to their underdeveloped kidneys( 52 ). Compared to those with a birth weight exceeding 2500 grams, individuals with low birth weight have a significantly increased risk of hypertension during childhood and adolescence, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart disease, in adulthood( 53 – 55 ). Significant differences of BP were found in infants with high birth weight over 4000 grams( 56 ). High birth weight was also associated with an increased risk of elevated BP during childhood and adolescence( 57 ) and could increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes even in adulthood( 58 ). In the present study, the prevalence of hypertension in children with abnormal birth weight were more sensitive to the prolonged duration of breastfeeding than those with normal birth weight (2500 ~ 4000 grams), these results might be due to that the low weight or overweight newborns themselves have some complications, such as adverse genetic factors, adverse pregnancy environment (habits, drugs) exposure, abnormal intrauterine development, organ function defects, or metabolic problems such as obesity, gestational sugar, pregnancy induced hypertension of pregnant women. However, the results of a recent study by Jieyu Liu, et al.( 15 ) from 7 provinces in China showed that breastfeeding presented a long-term impact on BP in children beyond 10-year-old but not the children younger than 10-year-old. Moreover, the results of Jieyu’s study showed that breastfeeding duration was more sensitive to children those with normal birth weight but did not significantly affect the children with either lower or larger birth weight. The difference between the results in Jieyu’s study and the results in the present study might be due to significant differences in lifestyle, particularly dietary patterns, which were risk factors of BP in different regions of China, and it might affect the sensitivity of children with different birth weight to breastfeeding duration in the subsequent growth. Previous evidences were from northern China, and our results provided data of southwest China, which might represent different cultures. The health benefits of breastfeeding in the first six months of life for infants as well as in childhood were well established( 59 ). However, the effects on BP of long-term breastfeeding for offspring had conflicting results across populations( 13 ). A study performed in Pelotas, Brazil suggested that the duration of lactation did not significantly affected BP in adolescents( 13 ). The study of Jieyu Liu et al.( 15 ) in Chinese children also suggested that the prolonged lactation, especially those beyond 12 months would increase the BP levels in childhood. However, another cross-sectional study from Shanghai, China, suggests that breastfeeding beyond 12 months might have a significant protective effect on diastolic BP in early school-age children( 60 ). And the protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on BP in school children was also reported in a cohort study from Japan( 61 ). These cross-country and cross-area variations in the health effects of breastfeeding underscore the complexity of generalizing findings from one context to another. Economic, cultural, and environmental differences necessitate tailored approaches rather than direct adoption of foreign models( 62 ). Specific considerations such as dietary shifts and changes in working patterns that might alter breast milk composition present unique challenges and opportunities for research. Understanding these contextual factors will be crucial for developing feasible and effective interventions tailored to the populations, especially those faced fast culture shift or social transformation such as populations in Bricks nation such as Brazil and middle- or west-China. Important aspects of the study are its longitudinal design, large sample size, and wide - ranging adjustments for confounders. However, because it is based on self-reported breastfeeding duration. Furthermore, the study focuses on southwest China, the findings are limited in their availability to other locations or people. Future studies should investigate the biochemical mechanisms that underlie these correlations and confirm findings across several cohorts. Conclusion This study illustrated the relationship between breastfeeding duration and pediatric blood pressure levels. Breastfeeding for 5–7 months is linked with optimal blood pressure outcomes, however prolonged breastfeeding (> 10 months) is associated with elevated DBP and MAP in special subpopulations, such as boy, younger children, and those with abnormal birth weights. These findings underscore the need for developing individualized breastfeeding duration interventions that take into consideration individual, social, and environmental characteristics. Continued research is needed to improve breastfeeding guidelines and increase cardiovascular health in a variety of situations. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval of this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No.2013-86) Consent for publication The informed consents were obtained from all participating children and their guardians. Availability of data and materials Data are available from the corresponding author Xiaohua Liang (Email: [email protected] , or [email protected] ) Competing interests All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Funding This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82373590), Chongqing Medical Scientific Research Project (Joint project of Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau, No. 2025ZDXM008, No. 2023MSXM036), National Key Research Project ((No. 2024YFC2707605), the Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine from Chongqing Medical University (No.W0088), the General Project of Clinical Medical Research from National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (No. NCRCCHD-2022-GP-01), the Young and Middle-aged Medical Outstanding Expert Project of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission (No. 78), the Major Health Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (No. CSTC2021jscx-gksb-N0001), Intelligent Medicine Project (No.ZHYX202109). The funders had no role in the whole study research process, including study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. 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Liang","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaohua","middleName":"","lastName":"Liang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-13 04:23:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91816608,"identity":"b4629055-7af1-4a28-bc6e-043f5923f1ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 06:52:10","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineSupplementaryfigure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/7fb62acf1c840cd8973562e7.png"},{"id":91444602,"identity":"e2836252-240c-41e5-87e5-92cf5f956271","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 14:31:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of participants’ inclusion and exclusion.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/4aaa00da258f5c29ec44d669.jpg"},{"id":91444601,"identity":"d46b7d2a-0a23-43ed-8b86-94c450bd730b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 14:31:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe blood pressure growth curves by the breastfeeding groups. a. the systolic blood pressure(SBP) growth curves by the breastfeeding groups; b. the diastolic blood pressure(DBP) growth curves by the breastfeeding groups; c. the mean arterial pressure(MAP) growth curves by the breastfeeding groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/dad27cd5d527a9edf714db7a.jpg"},{"id":91443160,"identity":"45f6fb9e-8c89-4199-96a9-d588ca8a3d70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 14:23:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe increased risk of breastfeeding groups on the incidence of prehypertension and hypertension in the cohort participants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/71e59a6b94aa7ac6cd243dc0.jpg"},{"id":91817656,"identity":"278d823d-1afb-49e9-a79e-76f4ccc2728b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 07:00:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1993876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/b55df927-56cc-448a-ba81-847d1d2df85d.pdf"},{"id":91443168,"identity":"591244e4-995a-4f1a-b294-cb103c66847c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 14:23:12","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":423166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphic Abstract\u003c/strong\u003e. The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Abstractgraph.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/5dd35f0e93bf5efa5517d37f.jpg"},{"id":91444605,"identity":"820fa16f-8ebc-45b0-944e-da8c9fd03dbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 14:31:12","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":358822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTablesandFigures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6437199/v1/1062b689d3a983f8b6b2063a.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding holds immense significance in promoting the health and wellbeing of infants and young children(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is widely recognized as the optimal source of nutrition for newborns and infants, providing a unique blend of nutrients, antibodies, and growth factors that were crucial for their growth, development, and protection against infections(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous health organizations globally recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding alongside complementary foods up to two years of age or beyond, emphasizing the enduring benefits of this practice(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the widespread acknowledgment of breastfeeding's numerous advantages(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), the precise relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and specific aspects of long-term child health, particularly cardiovascular health, remains an area of ongoing research. One particular aspect that has garnered attention in recent years is the potential link between breastfeeding duration and childhood blood pressure (BP) levels, however, controversial evidence was generated from previous studies(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases later in life, and its origins can be traced back to early childhood(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, understanding how breastfeeding may influence this vital health parameter holds significant implications for preventing chronic diseases and promoting lifelong health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, current scientific evidence on the direct relationship between breastfeeding duration and childhood BP is inconclusive. A cohort study in northeast Brazil suggested that breastfeeding short than 40 days has an adverse effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP), but no evidence for the effect of longer breastfeeding duration(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Jieyu et al. performed a cross-sectional study from a cohort in China and the results suggested an optimal breastfeeding for BP was 6\u0026ndash;12 months while no breastfeeding or prolonged duration over 12 months showed adverse effect\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the cross-sectional study from a cohort in the United States reported that the longer breastfeeding duration was better, the prolonged duration to 24 months, resulted an even lower SBP and DBP(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). These inconsistencies suggested that underlying mediators may influence the long-term effect of breastfeeding in children and adolescents. Consequently, there is a pressing need for further research to clarify this relationship and identify the potential underlying mediators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to fill these gaps by investigating the relation between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children in southwest China, an area with unique sociodemographic and cultural features. Using data from the Chongqing Health Children Cohort, this study identified the optimal breastfeeding duration for cardiovascular health and explored potential impact aspects including gender, age, and birth weight. This study aimed to help deliver evidence-based breastfeeding advice for varied groups by considering region-specific insights.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional study and cohort study in the present manuscript were designed and carried out following the STROBE guideline for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional study(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The data analyzed in the present study were all from the subjects in the Chongqing Health Children Cohort (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.), initiated in 2014 (Visit 1) and reassessed in 2019 (Visit 2), with a follow-up of 3314 individuals (in grade 1 and grade 2 at baseline). Stratified cluster sampling was conducted in urban, suburban, and rural regions of Chongqing. A county was selected randomly from each region, and a street was marked to include all elementary schools. The main survey included 15,007 children aged 6 to 13 years. After eliminating individuals with insufficient information or breastfeeding duration\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3 months (considering as not long enough), the final analysis data included 11,252 children. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No.2013-86), and informed consent was obtained from all participating children and their guardians.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical examinations were performed by trained pediatric nurses who underwent rigorous training on use of the operation manual, which summarized the anthropometric examination guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), passed an examination before performing the anthropometric examinations and strictly followed the operation manual during the examinations(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Height and weight were measured using a medical ultrasonic machine (model WS-H300D), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m\u0026sup2;), serving as an indicator of general obesity. The waist circumference was measured twice, one centimeter above the navel, and the average was recorded. Adhering to the methods outlined in published literature(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBP was measured in a seated position using an OMRON (HEM7051) arm-type electronic sphygmomanometer with a cuff suitable for the individual's arm thickness. Participants were instructed to remain still during measurements and to rest for at least 10 minutes beforehand. The cuff was positioned at heart level, and BP was measured three times for the right upper arm. If the difference between any two of the three diastolic (DBP) or systolic (SBP) readings exceeded 10 mmHg, a fourth measurement was taken. The three readings with the smallest difference were recorded. If two BP readings differed by more than 10 mmHg, an additional measurement was taken, and the three closest readings were averaged. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was calculated as MAP = (SBP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026times; DBP) / 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDiagnostic Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe guidelines for hypertension diagnosis in our study have been described by Mi Jie and associates and were established in accordance with the features of growth and development of Chinese children and adolescents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), where SBP or DBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;95th percentile considered as hypertension. Children diagnosed with hypertension were referred to a pediatrician or advised to undergo an ultrasound examination after 1\u0026ndash;2 weeks to rule out secondary hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBlood biochemistry tests\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected after fasting and centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ℃. After separation and before testing, the serum samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃. An automatic biochemical analyzer, specifically the Mindray BS-800, was employed to measure the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDemographic, life style and socioeconomic indicators\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure the accuracy and reliability of the survey, a standardized structured questionnaire was administered by trained and qualified investigators through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire encompassed various demographic and lifestyle factors, including gender, age, parental education level and occupation, family income, parental obesity status, breast feeding duration (categorized as \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3 months, 4\u0026ndash;10 months, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 months), maternal pregnancy complications (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), smoking and drinking habits, physical activity levels, and dietary habits. Dietary habits assessed using a food frequency questionnaire based on the \"Chinese Residents Balanced Diet Pagoda\", developed by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2007. Foods were classified into 15 main categories, and the frequency of consumption was recorded as daily, weekly (but not daily), monthly (but not weekly), or annual (but not monthly). Based on this, the average daily intake of various foods was calculated. The questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were entered into a Microsoft Access database twice by two individuals and cross-checked for consistency. For normally distributed numerical variables, means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations were used, with Student\u0026rsquo;s t test for breast feeding groups(4\u0026ndash;10 months and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 months) comparisons. Non-parametric tests were applied to data not meeting normal distribution criteria. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. Covariance analysis was used to compare BP levels between breast feeding groups (4\u0026ndash;10 months and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 months). A generalized linear regression model was utilized to assess the relationship between BP levels and breast feeding using data at baseline (2014). An ordinal multi-classification logistic regression model was employed to analyze the risk of breast feeding duration on the incidence of prehypertension and hypertension in children and adolescents. For the cohort data spanning 2014 to 2019, a mixed linear regression model was applied to examine the effect of breast feeding groups on BP levels, and a cumulative link mixed model with Laplace approximation was used to assess the risk of breast feeding groups on the development of prehypertension and hypertension. Three models were constructed: Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age, gender, and living environment), and Model 3 (further adjusted for exercise, children's education level, birth weight, maternal obesity, parental occupation, family income, and dietary intake of potato, poultry, milk and yogurt products, beans, pickles, nutritional supplements, and beverages). Statistical significance was set at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and all analyses were performed using R 4.3.3 software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of the participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cohort study included 11252 school-aged children and adolescents at baseline, and Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e presents their demographic information, anthropometric factors, lifestyle indices, maternal, perinatal, and socioeconomic status (SES) features. The follow-up in 2019 contained 1,957 children (in grade 1 and 2 at baseline), which were divided into those who were breastfed for 4\u0026ndash;10 months (1,304) and those who were breastfed for more than 10 months (653). Significant differences were seen in height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, region, father\u0026rsquo;s education duration, income, and parents' occupation (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005). Children breastfed for more than 10 months had lower average height, weight, and waist measurements compared to those breastfed for 4\u0026ndash;10 months (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, and P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012). Furthermore, the BP parameters were higher in children who have been breastfed for more than 10 months compared to those who have been breastfed for 4 to 10 months. Children breastfed for over 10 months were more likely to live in rural areas (70.14%, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Other factors including as glycolipids, gender, age, parental obesity, and dietary variables do not indicate a significant association in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe baseline characteristics of participants for a cohort study [x\u0026plusmn;s, n(%)]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{\\text{x}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrestfeeding for 4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBrestfeeding for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample size, n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge, years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeight, cm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaist circumference, cm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index, kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBirth weight, g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3301.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;466.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3286.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;440.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3330.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;512.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart rate, n/min\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure, mmHg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Arterial Blood Pressure, mmHg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding duration, month\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise duration in school, minute/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise duration at home, minute/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal exercise duration, minute/week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemoglobin, mmol/l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal cholesterol, mmol/l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.729\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTriglycerides, mmol/l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCereals and potatoes, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;129.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;127.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;133.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVegetables, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;153.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;151.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;157.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruit, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;147.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;138.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;164.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed meat, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;64.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEggs, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDairy products, ml/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;146.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;149.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;141.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBean food, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;72.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;80.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNuts, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMushroom and algaefood, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;64.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOils, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;59.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalt, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutritional supplements, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeverage, ml/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;82.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolitude score, n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1009(51.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e672(51.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e337(51.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e948(48.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e632(48.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e316(48.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1411(72.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e973(74.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e438(67.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e546(27.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e331(25.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215(32.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBirth weight, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3000g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e508(26.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e343(26.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(25.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3000\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3600g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e907(46.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e619(47.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e288(44.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3600g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e535(27.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339(26.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196(30.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e817(41.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e622(47.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195(29.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1140(58.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e682(52.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e458(70.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education duration, year, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e934(53.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536(46.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e398(66.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e632(36.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e472(40.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160(26.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177(10.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137(11.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(6.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7(0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3(0.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome, Yuan, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133(6.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71(5.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62(9.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223(11.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118(9.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105(16.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392(20.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e228(17.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164(25.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;3000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408(20.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283(21.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(19.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e797(40.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e601(46.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196(30.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical insurance, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1514(85.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000(85.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e514(85.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252(14.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164(14.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88(14.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s occupation, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManager\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66(3.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(4.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14(2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e432(24.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308(26.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124(20.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnicist/Researcher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(2.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(2.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e513(29.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341(29.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172(28.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e701(39.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e422(36.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279(46.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s occupation, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManager\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108(6.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(6.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e489(27.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335(29.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154(25.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnicist/Researcher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(4.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(4.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19(3.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e375(21.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250(21.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(20.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e709(40.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e434(37.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275(45.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeople live with child, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(4.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(4.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(4.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e834(47.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e557(48.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277(46.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e841(48.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547(47.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294(49.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMother with obesity, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1754(90.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1178(91.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e576(88.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182(9.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(8.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72(11.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between breastfed and BP levels was investigated. The children were divided into two categories according to breastfed duration. Using group 1 (G1: breastfeeding for 4\u0026ndash;10 months) as a reference, we examined the impact of longer breastfeeding group (G2: breastfeeding for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 months) on BP parameters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, table S2 and table S3). After adjusting for risk covariates of BP, the G2 showed significantly higher DBP and MAP in Model 3 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005). After adjustment, the SBP was no longer substantially associated with breastfeeding duration (Model 3). The sex-based analysis in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e showed that for males, the connection between prolonged breastfeeding and increased BP remained significant even after adjusting covariates (SBP: β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.07, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033, DBP: β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.34, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, MAP: β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.28, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, the association for females was not statistically significant. Furthermore, After adjusting covariates, only urban areas had a significant relationship between breastfeeding duration and DBP (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.28, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016), but rural areas did not. Children under the age of 9.2 had a significant association between breastfeeding duration and DBP/MAP (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82,0.78, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003,0.006). In children with birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3000g, breastfeeding duration correlated with all blood pressure markers, while breastfeeding duration only correlated with DBP and MAP in children with birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3600g (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of breastfeeding duration on blood pressure levels for a cohort study (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1957)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel(ref. G1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSBP, mmHg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDBP, mmHg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMAP, mmHg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ(95%CIs)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ(95%CIs)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ(95%CIs)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQverall\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71(0.07,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81(0.32,1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78(0.29,1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36(-0.26,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66(0.17,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57(0.08,1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64(-0.07,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82(0.27,1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78(0.22,1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02(0.12,1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27(0.59,1.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20(0.51,1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72(-0.15,1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16(0.47,1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03(0.35,1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08(0.09,2.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34(0.58,2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28(0.51,2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38(-0.53,1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33(-0.36,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35(-0.35,1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01(-0.87,0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12(-0.58,0.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08(-0.61,0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16(-0.86,1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22(-0.57,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20(-0.59,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrban\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46(-0.70,1.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15(0.26,2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92(0.03,1.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35(-0.79,1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21(0.31,2.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92(0.03,1.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45(-0.93,1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28(0.24,2.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01(-0.04,2.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRural\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36(-0.42,1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43(-0.18,1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42(-0.19,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40(-0.36,1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41(-0.19,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42(-0.18,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65(-0.19,1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64(-0.02,1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65(-0.01,1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71(0.07,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81(0.32,1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78(0.29,1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36(-0.26,0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66(0.17,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57(0.08,1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64(-0.07,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82(0.27,1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78(0.22,1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15(-0.76,1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68(0.02,1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50(-0.19,1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17(-1.08,0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47(-0.20,1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24(-0.44,0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20(-0.82,1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75(-0.01,1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55(-0.22,1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth weight for \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3000g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16(-0.13,2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25(0.26,2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23(0.23,2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04(-0.21,2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06(0.06,2.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07(0.08,2.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45(0.04,2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45(0.36,2.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49(0.39,2.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth weight for 3000\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3600g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47(-0.46,1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05(-0.77,0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13(-0.59,0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09(-0.84,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16(-0.89,0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.08(-0.81,0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14(-0.93,1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.20(-1.04,0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09(-0.93,0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth weight for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3600g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73(-0.52,1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89(0.96,2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52(0.57,2.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43(-0.79,1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76(0.83,2.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34(0.39,2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57(-0.78,1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79(0.78,2.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40(0.36,2.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eG1\u003c/em\u003e Brestfeeding for 4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;10months, \u003cem\u003eG2\u003c/em\u003e Brestfeeding for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10months, \u003cem\u003eSBP\u003c/em\u003e systolic blood pressure, \u003cem\u003eDBP\u003c/em\u003e diastolic blood pressure, \u003cem\u003eMAP\u003c/em\u003e mean arterial pressure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel1:Unadjusted\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel2:Adjusted for age, gender, region\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel3:Adjusted for age,gender,region,father\u0026rsquo;s education duration,income,exercise duration at home,cereals and potatoes,poultry,dairy products, bean food,salt, nutritional supplements, beverage,mother\u0026rsquo;s occupation,father\u0026rsquo;s occupation,mother with obesity ,birth weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAssociation Between Breastfeeding Duration and BP Trends in Childhood\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences in BP levels have been seen in relation to breastfeeding duration. Longer periods of breast feeding were associated with a gradual increase in SBP, with values ranging from 104.11 mmHg for 4 months to 104.53 mmHg for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12 months (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Breast feeding for 5\u0026ndash;7 months was shown to be the most protective for SBP, DBP, and MAP in school-aged children. Furthermore, both DBP and MAP showed significant increases with prolonged breast feeding (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, our findings (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) showed that children breastfed for more than ten months (Group 2) had greater systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) than those breastfed for four to ten months (Group 1). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e, table S4, table S5 and table S6 showed that risk estimates for most subgroups were near to 1.0, indicating that there was no significant change in risk based on gender, socio - economic status, age, or birthweight for the results of this study. However, there was a slight increase in risk for specific subgroups (e.g., urban regions, children with lower birthweight, or those aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9.2 years). Model 3 (in red colour) also displayed wider confidence intervals, indicating possible variability in estimates with additional variables or alteration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood pressure levels of different breast feeding duration for a cross-sectional study (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11252)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e10month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12month\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSBP,mmHg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.0(102.2,103.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.7(100.7,102.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.3(101.9,102.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.2(101.4,103.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.0(102.5,103.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.4(102.7,104.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.9(102.5,103.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.5(102.5,104.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.1(103.7,104.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.2(103.6,104.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.3(102.5,104.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.0(101.0,102.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.6(102.1,103.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.7(101.9,103.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.1(102.6,103.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.5(102.9,104.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.9(102.4,103.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.5(102.7,104.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.7(103.3,104.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.7(103.1,104.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.1(103.2,105.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.3(101.3,103.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.4(102.9,104.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.2(102.4,104.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.8(103.3,104.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.5(103.7,105.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.6(103.1,104.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.2(103.3,105.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.5(104.0,105.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.5(103.9,105.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDBP,mmHg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5(61.9,63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.4(61.6,63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7(62.3,63.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.8(62.2,63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.1(62.7,63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7(62.1,63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.0(62.7,63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.8(63.0,64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.1(63.8,64.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.9(63.5,64.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7(62.0,63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5(61.7,63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.8(62.4,63.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.9(62.3,63.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.1(62.7,63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.8(62.2,63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.0(62.7,63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.8(63.1,64.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.0(63.7,64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.8(63.4,64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.2(62.5,63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.6(61.7,63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.1(62.7,63.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.2(62.5,63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.3(62.8,63.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.2(62.5,63.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.3(62.9,63.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.1(63.3,64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.2(63.8,64.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.1(63.6,64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMAP,mmHg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.0(75.4,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.5(74.7,76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.9(75.5,76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.9(75.3,76.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.4(76.0,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.2(75.7,76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.3(76.0,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.0(76.3,77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.4(77.1,77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.4(76.9,77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.2(75.5,76.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.7(74.9,76.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.0(75.7,76.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.2(75.6,76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.4(76.1,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.4(75.8,76.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.3(76.0,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.1(76.4,77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.2(76.9,77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.1(76.7,77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.8(76.1,77.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.8(75.0,76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.6(76.1,77.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.5(75.9,77.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.8(76.4,77.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.9(76.3,77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.7(76.3,77.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.5(76.7,78.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.6(77.2,78.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.6(77.1,78.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSBP\u003c/em\u003e systolic blood pressure, \u003cem\u003eDBP\u003c/em\u003e diastolic blood pressure, \u003cem\u003eMAP\u003c/em\u003e mean arterial pressure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel1:Unadjusted\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel2:Adjusted for age, gender, region\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel3:Adjusted for age,gender,region,father\u0026rsquo;s education duration,income,exercise duration at home,cereals and potatoes,poultry,dairy products, bean food,salt, nutritional supplements, beverage,mother\u0026rsquo;s occupation,father\u0026rsquo;s occupation,mother with obesity ,birth weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGraphic Abstract\u003c/b\u003e. The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children, with the aim of establishing optimal breastfeeding duration to promote cardiovascular health. Our results indicated that breast feeding for more than 10 months was related to higher DBP and MAP in particular subpopulations, but 5\u0026ndash;7 months of breastfeeding appears to be preferred for maintaining stable BP levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival, thus the WHO and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) recommended the children should receive the breastfeeding exclusively in the first 6 months and continuing with complementary food up to 2 years or beyond. However, the breastfeeding duration met these criteria in only a few lactating women, especially in China, where most women need to participate work for income after the maternity leave. In the present study, the average breastfeeding duration for mothers who breastfed over 4 months was only 9.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.42 months only. In another study performed by Jieyu Liu et al.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), only 22.53% children received breastfeeding over 12 months and over half of children received breastfeeding less than 6 months. In a meta-analysis which analyzed 11 studies from 1980 to 2009, the prevalence rate of breastfeeding up to 2 years was only 33%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). All these results suggested that most people cannot achieve the criterion of breastfeeding duration recommended by WHO. Moreover, the studies on children who were breastfed up to 2 years were scarce, the health benefit of prolonged breastfeeding need to be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in our study, prolonged breastfeeding primarily affected DBP of school-aged children. A previous literature has shown a non-significant trend toward lower DBP Z-scores in children who were breastfed for 3 to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6 months and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6 months compared with those who were never breastfed(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Findings in the present study suggested that prolonged duration of breastfeeding had an even adverse effect on DBP. We observed that breastfeeding beyond 10 months was significantly associated with an increase in DBP compared with breastfeeding for 4 to 10 months. However, these findings contrasted with the widely held belief that breastfeeding was beneficial for BP outcomes. Previous studies reported that several factors, including body fluid concentration and salt intake, could influence the blood pressure in school-aged children(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27 CR28\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, prolonged breastfeeding beyond 10 months, might have led to changes in these factors, but the exact mechanisms remained unclear. Furthermore, the constituents and concentrations of nutrition changed longitudinally from lactation(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e), whether these changes could influence the long term BP or cardiovascular health was still unclear. The maternal occupational and environment exposure were demonstrated risk factors of health of infants, considering most lactating women only had limited maternity leave, the children received prolonged breastfeeding might face these risks since the influence of these exposures might transfer through breastmilk(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Future research needs to further explore these relationships and understand the potential mechanisms through which breastfeeding duration might affect DBP in school-aged children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we noticed a significant positive association between breastfeeding duration and BP of school-aged children, particularly among males and children with lower or larger birth weight. Notably, prolonged breastfeeding over 10 months was significantly associated with an increasing incidence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in children under 9.2 years old and those with either lower or larger birth weight. The differential impact of prolonged breastfeeding on BP between boys and girls might be attributed to the disparity in sex hormones. Multi studies have demonstrated that estrogen could modulate various physiological processes related to BP regulation and was generally acknowledged to possess a protective effect on BP levels(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). After weaning, various factors such as lifestyle(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), dietary habits(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR40 CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), family(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e), as well as socioeconomical(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e) and environmental(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e) influences, might affect BP during the growth process. Therefore, the results of this study showed that the impact of breastfeeding duration on BP ceased beyond 9.2 years old. Birth weight itself was a risk factor for BP in children(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Infants with low birth weight may experience difficulties in BP regulation during the neonatal period due to their underdeveloped kidneys(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e). Compared to those with a birth weight exceeding 2500 grams, individuals with low birth weight have a significantly increased risk of hypertension during childhood and adolescence, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart disease, in adulthood(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR54\" citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e). Significant differences of BP were found in infants with high birth weight over 4000 grams(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e). High birth weight was also associated with an increased risk of elevated BP during childhood and adolescence(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e) and could increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes even in adulthood(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the prevalence of hypertension in children with abnormal birth weight were more sensitive to the prolonged duration of breastfeeding than those with normal birth weight (2500\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4000 grams), these results might be due to that the low weight or overweight newborns themselves have some complications, such as adverse genetic factors, adverse pregnancy environment (habits, drugs) exposure, abnormal intrauterine development, organ function defects, or metabolic problems such as obesity, gestational sugar, pregnancy induced hypertension of pregnant women. However, the results of a recent study by Jieyu Liu, et al.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) from 7 provinces in China showed that breastfeeding presented a long-term impact on BP in children beyond 10-year-old but not the children younger than 10-year-old. Moreover, the results of Jieyu\u0026rsquo;s study showed that breastfeeding duration was more sensitive to children those with normal birth weight but did not significantly affect the children with either lower or larger birth weight. The difference between the results in Jieyu\u0026rsquo;s study and the results in the present study might be due to significant differences in lifestyle, particularly dietary patterns, which were risk factors of BP in different regions of China, and it might affect the sensitivity of children with different birth weight to breastfeeding duration in the subsequent growth. Previous evidences were from northern China, and our results provided data of southwest China, which might represent different cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe health benefits of breastfeeding in the first six months of life for infants as well as in childhood were well established(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e). However, the effects on BP of long-term breastfeeding for offspring had conflicting results across populations(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). A study performed in Pelotas, Brazil suggested that the duration of lactation did not significantly affected BP in adolescents(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The study of Jieyu Liu et al.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) in Chinese children also suggested that the prolonged lactation, especially those beyond 12 months would increase the BP levels in childhood. However, another cross-sectional study from Shanghai, China, suggests that breastfeeding beyond 12 months might have a significant protective effect on diastolic BP in early school-age children(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e). And the protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on BP in school children was also reported in a cohort study from Japan(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e). These cross-country and cross-area variations in the health effects of breastfeeding underscore the complexity of generalizing findings from one context to another. Economic, cultural, and environmental differences necessitate tailored approaches rather than direct adoption of foreign models(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e). Specific considerations such as dietary shifts and changes in working patterns that might alter breast milk composition present unique challenges and opportunities for research. Understanding these contextual factors will be crucial for developing feasible and effective interventions tailored to the populations, especially those faced fast culture shift or social transformation such as populations in Bricks nation such as Brazil and middle- or west-China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportant aspects of the study are its longitudinal design, large sample size, and wide - ranging adjustments for confounders. However, because it is based on self-reported breastfeeding duration. Furthermore, the study focuses on southwest China, the findings are limited in their availability to other locations or people. Future studies should investigate the biochemical mechanisms that underlie these correlations and confirm findings across several cohorts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study illustrated the relationship between breastfeeding duration and pediatric blood pressure levels. Breastfeeding for 5\u0026ndash;7 months is linked with optimal blood pressure outcomes, however prolonged breastfeeding (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 months) is associated with elevated DBP and MAP in special subpopulations, such as boy, younger children, and those with abnormal birth weights. These findings underscore the need for developing individualized breastfeeding duration interventions that take into consideration individual, social, and environmental characteristics. Continued research is needed to improve breastfeeding guidelines and increase cardiovascular health in a variety of situations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval of this study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No.2013-86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe informed consents were obtained from all participating children and their guardians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are available from the corresponding author Xiaohua Liang (Email: [email protected], or [email protected])\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82373590), Chongqing Medical Scientific Research Project (Joint project of Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau, No. 2025ZDXM008, No. 2023MSXM036), National Key Research Project ((No. 2024YFC2707605), the Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine from Chongqing Medical University (No.W0088), the General Project of Clinical Medical Research from National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (No. NCRCCHD-2022-GP-01), the Young and Middle-aged Medical Outstanding Expert Project of Chongqing Municipal Health Commission (No. 78), the Major Health Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (No. CSTC2021jscx-gksb-N0001), Intelligent Medicine Project (No.ZHYX202109). The funders had no role in the whole study research process, including study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLanling C: Drafted the manuscript, Methodology, Formal analysis. XA, SZ and MFT: Drafted the manuscript, Investigation. SL, HZ, Lijing C: Investigation. YW, DH: Resources, Data curation. XA and XL: Conceptualization, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. XL: Resources, Project administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge all of the children and the staffs of the 10 schools in Chongqing. The authors would like to thank all the participating medical staff and graduate students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKamal, S. et al. Comprehensive Analysis of Breastfeeding's Influence on Child Health Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study. \u003cem\u003eCureus\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e (7), e64194 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith, J. P. et al. A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset. \u003cem\u003eBull. World Health Organ.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e102\u003c/b\u003e (5), 336\u0026ndash;343 (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrenmoehl, J., Ohde, D., Wirthgen, E. \u0026amp; Hoeflich, A. Cytokines in milk and the role of TGF-beta. \u003cem\u003eBest Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. 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Breastfeeding leads to lower blood pressure in 7-year-old Japanese children: Tohoku Study of Child Development. \u003cem\u003eHypertens. Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e (2), 117\u0026ndash;122 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrentice, A. M. Breastfeeding in the Modern World. \u003cem\u003eAnn. Nutr. Metab.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e78\u003c/b\u003e (Suppl 2), 29\u0026ndash;38 (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"breastfeeding, blood pressure, cohort study, cardiovascular health, children","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003eBreastfeeding is widely recognized as beneficial for child health, yet the relationship between breastfeeding duration and long-term cardiovascular outcomes, particularly blood pressure (BP), remains incomplete.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e This study investigated the correlation between breastfeeding duration and BP in school-aged children in southwest China, with a focus on identifying the long-term effect of breastfeeding duration on blood pressure of school-aged children and the optimal breastfeeding duration for childhood cardiovascular health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003eA cohort of 11,252 children aged 6–13 years was analyzed using data from the Chongqing Health Children Cohort, dividing them into two groups based on breastfeeding duration. Generalized linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and BP parameters, while multi-categorical logistic regression evaluated the risk of prehypertension and hypertension, adjusting confounding variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e Prolonged breast feeding (\u0026gt;10 months) was related to higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), particularly in males, children under 9.2 years old, and those with \u0026nbsp;birth weight below 3000g or over 3600g (P\u0026lt;0.001). Breastfeeding for 5-7 months was proven to be the best effective durationfor maintaining optimal systolic blood pressure (SBP)and DBP levels (P\u0026lt;0.001). Breastfeeding affectedblood pressure differently depending on geographic location and gender. Urban children (P=0.016 for DBP) and males (P=0.033 for systolic blood pressure, P=0.001 for DBP) were more sensitive to breast feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u003c/strong\u003eExtended breastfeeding for more than 10 months mighthave a critical impact on BP levelsin certain subpopulations, emphasizing the importance of personalized optimal breastfeeding duration guidance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Effect of Optimal Breastfeeding Duration on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: from a Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-16 14:23:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6437199/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208141786437075298201621544833453307517","date":"2026-05-18T15:48:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-15T14:19:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"190356403924956255692654419249869394181","date":"2026-05-06T06:56:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T01:38:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"339768851466455024573568185863673577421","date":"2025-10-29T00:09:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T08:22:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T04:23:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T04:30:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-18T07:07:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-04-18T07:06:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cb715025-f491-40ce-a77d-43a835845d65","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208141786437075298201621544833453307517","date":"2026-05-18T15:48:50+00:00","index":163,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-15T14:19:21+00:00","index":143,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"190356403924956255692654419249869394181","date":"2026-05-06T06:56:35+00:00","index":140,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":54689120,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics/Paediatric research"},{"id":54689121,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition"},{"id":54689122,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases/Cardiovascular diseases/Hypertension"},{"id":54689123,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Public health/Epidemiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-16T14:23:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-16 14:23:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6437199","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6437199","identity":"rs-6437199","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}