Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions

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Ben-Caleb" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Itumeleng Ngowi" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Adebanji A.W. Ayeni" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Inegbedion Henry E." }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Egbide Ben-Caleb" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Understanding how entrepreneurship centres in developing economies shape students’ entrepreneurial capabilities, especially under difficult economic conditions, remains a key concern in higher education research. This study examines the role of entrepreneurship centres in Nigerian universities in fostering innovative business idea generation among undergraduates. Guided by Ecological Systems Theory, entrepreneurship centres are viewed as part of students’ immediate (microsystem) environment, while broader economic challenges such as inflation, insecurity, power instability, and high interest rates form the exosystem context. Methods A cross-sectional design was adopted, with data collected from 269 final-year students across selected Nigerian universities using a structured questionnaire. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to assess both direct effects and the moderating influence of economic conditions. Results The results show that active engagement with entrepreneurship centres significantly boosts students’ ability to generate innovative business ideas. However, adverse economic conditions not only influence idea generation on their own but also weaken the positive impact of entreprenuership centre engagement. The model demonstrated moderate explanatory power (R2 = 0.416) and strong predictive relevance (Q2 = 0.466), supported by robust reliability and validity metrics. Conclusions This study highlights the need for universities and policymakers to build more resilient entrepreneurship support systems capable of nurturing innovation despite economic headwinds. The findings point to the value of sustained investment in entrepreneurship centres and call for broader research across different contexts to enhance generalisability. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-7920 1 , Itumeleng Ngowi 2 , Adebanji A.W. Ayeni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-0835 1,3,4 , Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun 2 , Inegbedion Henry E. 1,5 , Egbide Ben-Caleb 6 Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-7920 1 , Itumeleng Ngowi 2 , [...] Adebanji A.W. Ayeni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-0835 1,3,4 , Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun 2 , Inegbedion Henry E. 1,5 , Egbide Ben-Caleb 6 PUBLISHED 03 Sep 2025 Author details Author details 1 Business Administration, Landmark University College of Business and Social Sciences, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Nigeria 2 Business Support Studies, Central University of Technology Free State Faculty of Management Sciences, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa 3 Business School, North West University Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa 4 Business Administration, Wigwe University, Isiokpo, Rivers State, Nigeria 5 Business Administration, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun, Nigeria 6 Accounting and Finance, Landmark University College of Business and Social Sciences, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Nigeria Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Itumeleng Ngowi Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Adebanji A.W. Ayeni Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Inegbedion Henry E. Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation Egbide Ben-Caleb Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Innovations and best practices in undergraduate education collection. Abstract Background Understanding how entrepreneurship centres in developing economies shape students’ entrepreneurial capabilities, especially under difficult economic conditions, remains a key concern in higher education research. This study examines the role of entrepreneurship centres in Nigerian universities in fostering innovative business idea generation among undergraduates. Guided by Ecological Systems Theory, entrepreneurship centres are viewed as part of students’ immediate (microsystem) environment, while broader economic challenges such as inflation, insecurity, power instability, and high interest rates form the exosystem context. Methods A cross-sectional design was adopted, with data collected from 269 final-year students across selected Nigerian universities using a structured questionnaire. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to assess both direct effects and the moderating influence of economic conditions. Results The results show that active engagement with entrepreneurship centres significantly boosts students’ ability to generate innovative business ideas. However, adverse economic conditions not only influence idea generation on their own but also weaken the positive impact of entreprenuership centre engagement. The model demonstrated moderate explanatory power (R 2 = 0.416) and strong predictive relevance (Q 2 = 0.466), supported by robust reliability and validity metrics. Conclusions This study highlights the need for universities and policymakers to build more resilient entrepreneurship support systems capable of nurturing innovation despite economic headwinds. The findings point to the value of sustained investment in entrepreneurship centres and call for broader research across different contexts to enhance generalisability. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Youth Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Centres, Economic Conditions, Higher Education, Social Innovation, Nigeria Corresponding Author(s) Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb ( [email protected] ) Itumeleng Ngowi ( [email protected] ) Adebanji A.W. Ayeni ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb, Itumeleng Ngowi, Adebanji A.W. Ayeni Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Ben-Caleb JO et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Ben-Caleb JO, Ngowi I, Ayeni AAW et al. Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 ) First published: 03 Sep 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 ) Latest published: 03 Sep 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 ) 1. Introduction Entrepreneurship education (EE) has increasingly become a strategic mechanism for promoting innovation, self-reliance, and youth employment across developing economies, particularly in Nigeria. 1 In response to persistent graduate unemployment and the saturation of the formal labour market, the Nigerian National Universities Commission (NUC) mandated the integration of entrepreneurship education into all tertiary curricula beginning in the 2007/2008 academic session. 2 , 3 Despite widespread adoption of this policy, outcomes have remained suboptimal, 4 estimates that approximately 33% of graduates remain unemployed, suggesting a disconnect between the policy objectives and the practical realities of graduate enterprise development. 5 , 6 To operationalise the EE agenda and enhance its efficacy, Nigerian universities have established entrepreneurship centres (ECs), also referred to as innovation hubs or idea laboratories, intended to offer experiential learning, mentorship, access to digital infrastructure, and startup incubation support. 7 – 9 These centres are designed to cultivate entrepreneurial competencies and promote ideation that addresses real-world problems through innovation. However, the performance of ECs cannot be assessed in isolation; their impact is shaped by the broader entrepreneurial ecosystem. Structural economic challenges such as inflation, power supply instability, insecurity, and fluctuating interest rates represent formidable constraints that may either suppress or stimulate entrepreneurial behaviour depending on the resilience of students and institutional capacity. 10 – 12 Theoretically, entrepreneurship centres function as institutional catalysts located within the microsystem of the educational environment. However, their effectiveness is modulated by distal contextual variables that lie within the exosystem, namely, macroeconomic and structural conditions. Overlooking these contextual factors may lead to an inflated perception of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education interventions. Prior research underscores this concern, highlighting that although tens of thousands of Nigerian students participated in EE between 2006 and 2010, the rate of startup formation remained minimal, largely due to insufficient stimulation of innovative thinking and limited ecosystemic support. 13 Recent studies call for a paradigmatic re-evaluation of EE structures in Nigeria, particularly those institutional components such as ECs that hold potential to drive engagement, creativity, and entrepreneurial agency. 14 , 15 Despite some recognition of their value, the complex interdependence between ECs and contextual constraints remains underexplored in Nigerian higher education research. Against this backdrop, this study examines how engagement with entrepreneurship centres influences innovative business idea generation among university students, with a specific focus on the moderating role of general economic conditions (GEC). Anchored in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (EST), the study conceptualises entrepreneurship centres as proximal institutional environments (microsystems) and general economic conditions as distal structural influences (exosystems), offering a multi-layered lens through which to understand entrepreneurial development in higher education. 2. Literature review and hypotheses development 2.1 Entrepreneurship centres as learning ecosystems Entrepreneurship centres (ECs) are increasingly embedded in higher education systems as institutional mechanisms to foster entrepreneurial mindsets and facilitate the transition from ideation to venture creation. 16 These centres provide experiential learning platforms where students engage in practical activities such as design thinking, opportunity recognition, mentorship programmes, and business incubation. Within the Nigerian context, ECs are a direct response to national directives, particularly the NUC’s entrepreneurship education mandate, aimed at equipping graduates with market-responsive skills. 17 Empirical studies highlight a positive association between student engagement in EC activities and entrepreneurial intention. 18 , 19 However, institutional barriers such as infrastructural deficiencies, inadequate funding, and uneven access continue to challenge the scalability and impact of ECs on students’ entrepreneurial initiatives. 20 , 21 In light of these, this study proposes the following hypothesis: H1: Engagement with entrepreneurship centres significantly and positively influences innovative business idea generation among university students. 2.2 Innovative business idea generation Innovative business idea generation refers to the capacity of individuals to conceptualise original, context-sensitive, and feasible business ventures. This process is both cognitive and environmental, relying on creativity, problem-solving, and access to supportive ecosystems. 22 , 23 Research suggests that students exposed to dynamic and resource-rich entrepreneurial environments demonstrate higher levels of ideation and entrepreneurial activity. 24 As such, entrepreneurship centres act as enabling ecosystems where idea generation is cultivated through immersion, feedback, and risk-taking. 2.3 General economic conditions as a moderating variable General economic conditions (GECs), within the EST framework, are situated in the exosystem encompassing external forces that indirectly influence the individual by shaping institutional contexts and behavioural norms. 25 In Nigeria, these include macroeconomic stressors such as high inflation, volatile interest rates, erratic power supply, and chronic insecurity. 26 Although ECs offer students resources and learning environments conducive to entrepreneurship, the broader economic landscape can either enable or inhibit their application. For example, inflationary pressures may deter startup investments, while unstable electricity may hinder operational capacity. Conversely, GEC may also induce necessity-driven entrepreneurship, whereby students innovate out of compulsion rather than opportunity. 27 The dual nature of GEC suggests a moderating influence on the efficacy of institutional interventions like ECs. 28 Drawing on this understanding, two hypotheses were advanced: H2: General economic conditions significantly influence innovative business idea generation among students. H3: General economic conditions significantly moderate the relationship between entrepreneurship centre engagement and innovative business idea generation. 3. Theoretical framework: Ecological Systems Theory (EST) This study adopts Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) Ecological Systems Theory (EST) to conceptualize the multilevel interaction between institutional supports and contextual constraints in shaping entrepreneurial outcomes. 25 EST posits that human development occurs within nested systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem) that interact dynamically. In this framework, entrepreneurship centres are conceptualised as microsystem-level interventions, providing direct engagement, mentorship, and ideation infrastructure to students. Conversely, general economic conditions function within the exosystem, indirectly shaping students’ entrepreneurial capacity through macroeconomic realities such as resource availability, inflation, and regulatory stability. 29 , 30 The macrosystem encompasses national educational and economic policy orientations, such as the NUC entrepreneurship education directive, which frames institutional priorities and societal expectations. 31 By embedding EC engagement and GEC within this theoretical structure, the study offers a comprehensive model to investigate how institutional interventions interact with structural constraints to influence innovative business idea generation in higher education. Figure 1 shows the conceptual model that outlines the hypothesised relationships examined in the study. It proposes that engagement with entrepreneurship centres (EnCen) has a direct positive effect on innovative business idea generation (IdGen) among university students. The model incorporates general economic conditions (GEC), captured through indicators such as inflation, insecurity, power instability, and high interest rates as a moderating variable. Specifically, it is hypothesised that GEC moderate the relationship between entrepreneurship centre engagement and innovative business idea generation. Figure 1. Conceptual framework. N.B: EnCen = Entrepreneurship centre; IdGen = Innovative business idea generation. This figure shows the conceptual model that outlines the hypothesised relationships examined in the study. 4. Methodology 4.1 Research design and paradigm This study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional research design to investigate the influence of Entrepreneurship Centre Engagement (EnCen) on Innovative Business Idea Generation (IdGen) among students in Nigerian higher education institutions, with general economic conditions (GEC) assessed as a potential moderating variable. The research is anchored in the positivist paradigm, emphasising objective measurement, hypothesis testing, and the generalizability of findings across similar educational contexts in emerging economies. This paradigm supports the validation of theoretical propositions through empirical data and statistical inference. 4.2 Sampling procedure and data collection Data were collected between February and March 2025 from undergraduate students enrolled in Business Administration, Accounting, and Economics programmes at a university within Nigeria’s North-Central geopolitical zone. These disciplines were purposively selected based on prior empirical evidence indicating a high propensity for entrepreneurial ideation among students in business-related fields. 23 , 32 A total of 269 valid responses were obtained from students who had been exposed to both entrepreneurship education and institutional entrepreneurial infrastructure, such as entrepreneurship centres. The sample comprised 105 males (39.03%) and 164 females (60.97%), all aged between 20 and 25 years, reflecting the typical age range for undergraduate students in Nigerian universities. The demographic breakdown is presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Sample characteristics. Variable Frequency Percentage (%) Gender Male 105 39.03% Female 164 60.97% Age 25 years 0 0% Department Business Administration 108 40.15% Accounting 98 36.43% Economics 63 23.42% A purposive sampling technique was employed to target students with exposure to entrepreneurship development studies (EDS). Participation was voluntary and anonymous, with informed consent obtained prior to questionnaire administration. Given the minimal risk involved and the observational nature of the study, formal institutional ethical clearance was not mandated under prevailing university guidelines. Ethical approval This study received ethical clearance from the Landmark University Institutional Research Ethics Committee (LMUIREC) under Ref. No: LMUIREC/HS/031/2025, dated 09–06–2025. The protocol was reviewed and approved under the oversight of the Landmark University Centre for Research Innovations and Discoveries (LUCRID). All data collection procedures adhered to the university’s ethical guidelines, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. 4.3 Instruments and measures Data were collected via a structured, self-administered questionnaire adapted from previously validated scales and modified for contextual relevance. It measured three latent constructs where EnCen is the independent variable, IdGen (dependent variable) and GEC (moderating variable). Entrepreneurship Centre Engagement (EnCen): Captured students’ exposure to training, access to digital tools, and frequency of interaction with the centre. 8 , 18 A sample statement is “I regularly participate in training sessions offered by the entrepreneurship centre”. Innovative Business Idea Generation (IdGen) : Assessed creative thinking, confidence in idea development, and novelty frequency. 33 , 34 A sample statement is “I frequently come up with new business ideas”. General Economic Conditions (GEC): Measured students’ perceptions of macroeconomic factors such as inflation, insecurity, power instability, and interest rates. 26 , 35 , 36 A sample statement is “Rising inflation and the cost of living make it difficult to finance a business idea”. All items were rated using a five-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). A pilot study involving 25 students was conducted to assess clarity, internal consistency, and contextual appropriateness, leading to minor refinements. Details of the scale items are presented in Appendix A. 4.4 Data analysis procedure Data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4.0. 37 This method was selected for its suitability in handling small-to-moderate sample sizes, tolerance for non-normal data, and its robustness in modeling complex relationships including moderation. 38 , 39 Moreover, PLS-SEM is appropriate for exploratory theory development and prediction when using reflective measurement models. Model evaluation proceeded in two stages, as recommended by Ref. 39 . In the first stage, the measurement model was evaluated to ensure the reliability and validity of the reflective constructs. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and Composite Reliability (CR), both of which confirmed acceptable levels of reliability. Convergent validity was examined through the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), ensuring that each construct explained a substantial portion of the variance in its indicators. To establish discriminant validity, the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio was employed, following the threshold guidelines proposed by Ref. 40 , and results confirmed adequate distinction between the constructs. In the second stage, the structural model was assessed to test the hypothesised relationships. This involved a bootstrapping procedure with 5,000 resamples to estimate the path coefficients, effect sizes (f 2 ), and statistical significance of each relationship. The model’s explanatory power was then evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) to determine the proportion of variance explained in the dependent variable, and predictive relevance (Q 2 ) was assessed to confirm the model’s capability in forecasting outcomes. The study utilised eighteen indicators across the three constructs, with all statistical thresholds meeting acceptable benchmarks for reliability and validity. To enhance the predictive robustness of the structural model, the PLSpredict algorithm was applied to generate out-of-sample predictive performance. The model’s Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were benchmarked against linear regression and mean-based models. Results confirmed the model’s adequate predictive capability for the endogenous construct. 41 , 42 5. Results 5.1 Preliminary data diagnostics The final dataset consisted of 269 valid responses with no missing values. Descriptive analysis confirmed that the data distribution met acceptable thresholds for PLS-SEM analysis. Two measurement indicators, EnCen1 (loading = 0.188) and IdGen3 (loading = 0.596), were excluded from the analysis due to factor loadings below the acceptable threshold of 0.60. These adjustments, along with the final indicator loadings and R 2 values, are presented in Figure 2 . In addition, the removal decision was primarily to improve the model’s quality, as recommended by Refs. 39 and 41 . Figure 2. Measurement model showing indicator loadings and R 2 values. This figure presents the final measurement model after excluding EnCen1 and IdGen3 due to low factor loadings (< 0.60). Indicator loadings and R 2 values are shown to reflect the model’s construct reliability and explanatory power. 5.2 Measurement model evaluation The measurement model was assessed to determine the reliability and validity of the constructs using standard PLS-SEM criteria. These assessments are presented in Table 2 . Table 2. Reliability and validity outcome. Variable Cronbach’s alpha (α) Rho_a Rho_c AVE HTMT EnCen 0.952 0.954 0.961 0.806 IdGen 0.836 0.876 0.875 0.541 0.664 Threshold >0.70 >0.70 >0.70 >0.50 <0.85 Internal consistency reliability was evaluated through Cronbach‘s alpha (α) and composite reliability (ρc), as recommended by. 41 While Cronbach’s alpha has known limitations, the use of ρc helps address underestimation concerns. Both EnCen and IdGen demonstrated high reliability, with α values of 0.952 and 0.836 respectively, and ρc values of 0.961 and 0.875, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. Convergent validity was confirmed through the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), which exceeded the 0.50 benchmark for both constructs. EnCen recorded an AVE of 0.806, while IdGen had 0.541, indicating that the indicators accounted for more than half of the variance in their respective constructs, confirming convergent validity. Discriminant validity was further assessed using the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio, which is considered a more robust approach than traditional methods such as the Fornell-Larcker criterion and cross-loadings. The HTMT value of 0.664 fell well below the conservative threshold of 0.85, suggesting no discriminant validity issues, in line with the criteria established by. 41 , 43 5.3 Structural model evaluation To examine the hypothesised relationships among constructs, the structural model was evaluated using the bootstrapping technique with 5,000 resamples. Figure 3 and Figure 4 present the structural models for both the direct and moderated relationships, respectively. Figure 3. Structural model evaluating direct effects. This figure illustrates the direct relationship between entrepreneurship centre engagement and innovative business idea generation, using PLS-SEM with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. Figure 4. Structural model showing the moderating effect of general economic conditions. This figure displays the structural model incorporating the moderating role of general economic conditions on the link between entrepreneurship centre engagement and idea generation, tested using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. Table 3 presents the coefficient of determination(R 2) and effect size (F 2 ). The model’s explanatory power was determined using the coefficient of determination (R 2 ). The R 2 value for IdGen was 0.416, indicating that approximately 41.6% of the variance in innovative business idea generation was explained by the main effects and the interaction term. According to Ref. 38 , this represents a moderate level of explanatory power. Furthermore, the effect size (f 2 ) for EnCen was 0.711, signifying a substantial effect on IdGen. Table 3. Coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and effect size (F 2 ). R 2 R 2 Adjusted F 2 0.416 0.413 0.711 5.4 Out-of-sample predictive power (Q 2 ) via PLSpredict To evaluate the predictive validity of the model, the PLSpredict procedure was employed using 10-fold cross-validation, as proposed by Refs. 37 , 42 and 44 . The predictive accuracy of the PLS model was benchmarked against two reference models: the individual-mean (IA) model and the linear (LM) model. Assessment metrics included Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and average prediction loss differences. The Q 2 value for IdGen was 0.466, indicating moderate-to-strong predictive relevance ( Table 4 ). The PLS model significantly outperformed the individual-mean (IA) model (p < 0.001) but did not demonstrate superiority over the linear model (LM) in this context. Table 4. Out-of-sample predictive assessment using PLSpredict (Q 2 ). Construct Q 2 _predict RMSE (PLS) MAE (PLS) PLS Loss IA Loss LM Loss Avg Loss Diff (PLS–IA) t-value (IA) p-value (IA) Avg Loss Diff (PLS–LM) t-value (LM) p-value (LM) IdGen 0.466 0.736 0.563 1.069 1.447 1.068 -0.378 4.223 0.000 0.001 0.034 0.973 5.5 Structural path coefficients and hypothesis testing The structural model was employed to test the proposed hypotheses, with the results presented in Table 5 . All three hypothesised relationships were statistically significant. Engagement with the Entrepreneurship Centre (EnCen) exerted a strong positive effect on Innovative Business Idea Generation (IdGen), reflected by a path coefficient (β) of 0.645. General Economic Conditions (GEC) also demonstrated a significant positive impact on IdGen (β = 0.193). Interestingly, the interaction effect between EnCen and GEC on IdGen was negative and significant (β = –0.148), suggesting a dampening moderation effect of economic challenges on the positive influence of entrepreneurship centre engagement among students. Table 5. Structural model outcome and test of hypotheses. Hypothesis Path β t-value p-value Result H 1 EnCen -> IdGen 0.645 17.921 0.000 Supported H 2 GEC-> IdGen 0.193 3.369 0.001 Supported H 3 EnCen × GEC-> IdGen -0.148 3.252 0.001 Supported The moderation analysis showed that general economic challenges (GEC) significantly moderated the relationship between entrepreneurship centre engagement (EnCen) and innovative business idea generation (IdGen) (β = -0.148, t = 3.252, p = 0.001). Given that both the direct effect of EnCen on IdGen and the interaction effect were statistically significant, this result reflects a partial moderation. This implies that while EnCen positively influences innovative idea generation, its effect is weakened in the presence of adverse economic conditions. 6. Discussion This study examined how engagement with entrepreneurship centres influences innovative business idea generation among students in Nigerian higher education institutions, with general economic conditions (GEC) serving as a moderating variable. The findings provide empirical validation for the critical role of university-based entrepreneurship centres in enhancing student entrepreneurial capacity, particularly in a context where traditional education is often critiqued for its limited alignment with labour market demands. The significant positive relationship between entrepreneurship centre engagement and innovative business idea generation supports the ecological systems theory by highlighting the influence of immediate institutional environments on individual outcomes. In a country like Nigeria, where the formal education system often struggles with outdated curricula, inadequate practical exposure, and limited access to entrepreneurship-specific infrastructure, the value-added services offered by entrepreneurship centres, such as hands-on training, digital tools, mentorship, and networking, fill a vital gap. These centres function as innovation catalysts within a system still grappling with systemic constraints. However, the moderation analysis adds a layer of nuance. The interaction between entrepreneurship centre engagement and GEC was negative and significant (β = –0.148, t = 3.252, p = 0.001), suggesting a partial moderation. This implies that although engagement with entrepreneurship centres remains a robust predictor of innovative idea generation, its positive effect diminishes in the face of harsh macroeconomic realities. These realities, including inflation, power instability, insecurity, and restricted access to funding, can undermine even the most well-intentioned institutional efforts. The implications are critical. While entrepreneurship centres are proving effective, their impact is not immune to the prevailing socio-economic environment. This underlines the interdependence between educational innovation and national development conditions. It also signals the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure that institutional support is complemented by broader policy and infrastructural reforms. These findings are consistent with prior scholarship, yet they offer a context-specific contribution by showcasing how exosystemic factors, such as economic challenges, exert constraining effects on innovation potential within Nigerian universities. 7. Conclusion and implications This study set out to examine the influence of entrepreneurship centre engagement on innovative business idea generation in Nigerian higher education, with general economic conditions introduced as a moderating variable. The findings reaffirm that entrepreneurship centres play a critical role in bridging the gap between theoretical education and practical entrepreneurial capability. They provide students with resources, mentorship, and real-world exposure that are often lacking in conventional academic programmes. However, the significant negative interaction between entrepreneurship centre engagement and general economic challenges indicates a partial moderation effect. While entrepreneurship centres have a positive and statistically significant impact on idea generation, their effectiveness is dampened in the face of economic hardship. In the Nigerian context, this is particularly relevant, given the persistent macroeconomic instability that young entrepreneurs face, ranging from high inflation to unreliable power supply and insecurity. These systemic issues hinder the translation of entrepreneurial intent into viable ventures, even when institutional support exists. Theoretical implications By integrating ecological systems theory into the analysis, the study highlights the significance of both institutional (microsystem) and economic (exosystem) influences on students’ entrepreneurial development. The finding of partial moderation provides empirical support for the idea that institutional innovation must be contextualised within its broader socio-economic setting. It contributes to entrepreneurship literature by underscoring the contingent effectiveness of university-based interventions in economically strained environments. Practical and institutional implications For higher education leaders, this study highlights the urgency of institutional resilience. Entrepreneurship centres must go beyond offering standardised training to develop adaptive, resource-efficient models that are responsive to the realities of Nigeria’s economic environment. Institutions should also build stronger linkages with industry, financial institutions, and government agencies to buffer the external shocks that limit student ventures. University managements should invest in digital infrastructure, mentorship networks, and incubator platforms while lobbying for greater policy alignment and funding from government bodies such as the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). By aligning centre activities with national development goals, entrepreneurship centres can also become more strategic and better positioned to attract external funding. Policy implications From a policy perspective, this study underscores the need for a coherent entrepreneurship development framework that integrates educational reform with macroeconomic support. Government agencies must recognise that entrepreneurship development in universities cannot thrive in isolation from broader socio-economic reforms. This includes expanding access to credit facilities, reducing the cost of doing business, and providing stable infrastructure to support student-led enterprises. Contextual limitations and transferability While the study draws from a representative sample of Nigerian university students, the findings may not be directly generalizable to other developing countries with differing educational and economic conditions. However, the underlying theoretical framework remains applicable, and replication studies in other African or global south contexts (typically low- and middle-income nations facing systemic economic and institutional challenges) could help establish broader relevance and comparative insights. In conclusion, this study affirms that university-based entrepreneurship centres are instrumental in promoting innovation and venture readiness among students in Nigeria. However, their impact is moderated, though not negated, by prevailing economic challenges. Thus, a dual strategy that reinforces institutional interventions with economic policy support is essential for fostering sustainable student entrepreneurship and national development. Limitations and suggestions for further research This study offers meaningful contributions to the discourse on entrepreneurship development in higher education; however, certain limitations must be acknowledged. First, the study is contextually bound to Nigeria, a country with distinct institutional, economic, and infrastructural characteristics. As such, while the findings highlight the importance of entrepreneurship centre engagement and the influence of general economic conditions within this context, caution should be exercised in generalising the results to other countries. Differences in policy environments, institutional support systems, and economic stability may yield different outcomes in other settings. Second, the cross-sectional research design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships. Future studies adopting longitudinal or experimental designs could provide deeper insights into how sustained entrepreneurship centre engagement influences innovative behaviour over time. Third, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce social desirability bias or inaccuracies in respondent perceptions. Complementary qualitative methods, such as focus group discussions or case studies, could enrich the findings and offer more context-sensitive interpretations. Additionally, future research should consider exploring other moderating or mediating variables, such as digital literacy, institutional trust, or access to financial support, to uncover broader dynamics that affect idea generation. Studies comparing multiple Nigerian regions or institutions may also provide more localised insights, while comparative studies across countries with similar socio-economic contexts could test the transferability of these findings. Consent to participate All participants voluntarily consented to participate in the study after being informed about its purpose and their rights. No personally identifiable data was collected, and confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout. Declaration of funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Copyright © 2025 Ben-Caleb et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license . Data availability The dataset and extended materials supporting the findings of this study are openly available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16403311 . 45 under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license . The upload includes the DATASHARE information file, the structured questionnaire and measurement items used during data collection (Appendix A), as well as supplementary materials comprising the measurement model output tables, including the Fornell-Larcker Criterion and cross-loadings. These materials are sufficient to reproduce the key analyses and support the transparency and replicability of the study. 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Ben-Caleb JO, Ngowi I, Ayeni AAW, et al. : Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions.Jul. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Business Administration, Landmark University College of Business and Social Sciences, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Nigeria 2 Business Support Studies, Central University of Technology Free State Faculty of Management Sciences, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa 3 Business School, North West University Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa 4 Business Administration, Wigwe University, Isiokpo, Rivers State, Nigeria 5 Business Administration, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun, Nigeria 6 Accounting and Finance, Landmark University College of Business and Social Sciences, Omu-Aran, Kwara, Nigeria Jane Ogochukwu. Ben-Caleb Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Itumeleng Ngowi Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Adebanji A.W. Ayeni Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun Roles: Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review & Editing Inegbedion Henry E. Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation Egbide Ben-Caleb Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 03 Sep 2025, 14:867 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 Copyright © 2025 Ben-Caleb JO et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Ben-Caleb JO, Ngowi I, Ayeni AAW et al. Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167767.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Sep 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Peña AR. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461226 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461226 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 09 Mar 2026 Antonio Rodríguez Peña , Ean University, Bogotá, Colombia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461226 Thank you for the opportunity to review this manuscript. The paper tackles a relevant and timely question, and it offers useful empirical evidence on how university entrepreneurship centres may influence innovative idea generation, particularly in contexts shaped by economic constraints. ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you for the opportunity to review this manuscript. The paper tackles a relevant and timely question, and it offers useful empirical evidence on how university entrepreneurship centres may influence innovative idea generation, particularly in contexts shaped by economic constraints. The study is clearly structured, the empirical strategy is generally appropriate, and the results are presented in a transparent way. That said, there are several areas where the manuscript could be strengthened in order to sharpen its theoretical contribution. First, the theoretical framing would benefit from further development. While Ecological Systems Theory provides an interesting overarching lens, its explanatory role in the model remains somewhat implicit. It would be helpful to clarify more explicitly why this framework is the most suitable choice for the research question and to articulate the specific mechanisms through which the different “systems” influence idea generation. Bringing in complementary perspectives—such as institutional theory, entrepreneurial agency, or resilience—could also help deepen the interpretation of the findings. Second, the measurement of General Economic Conditions (GEC) deserves additional discussion. Measuring economic conditions through perceptions is defensible, but the manuscript would be stronger with a clearer conceptual justification for privileging subjective assessments over objective macroeconomic indicators. It would also be useful to reflect briefly on potential common method concerns associated with perceptual measures collected from a single survey. Third, although the PLS-SEM analysis is competently executed, the methodological section could be reinforced through additional robustness checks. For example, explicitly addressing common method bias, discussing possible endogeneity issues, and providing a graphical illustration of the moderating effect would increase confidence in the stability and interpretation of the results. Fourth, the discussion section could engage more deeply with entrepreneurship theory. The negative moderation effect of economic conditions is a particularly interesting result, and it would benefit from a richer theoretical conversation about how environmental constraints shape entrepreneurial agency, opportunity perception, and action. This would elevate the contribution beyond the immediate empirical setting. Finally, given the context-specific nature of the sample, a more explicit reflection on the limits of generalizability would strengthen the manuscript. Clarifying how the findings might (or might not) extend to other emerging economies would help situate the contribution more clearly. Overall, the manuscript rests on a solid empirical foundation and addresses a meaningful research question. With a more fully developed theoretical articulation and some additional methodological clarification, it has clear potential to make a stronger contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship and higher education. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Corporate entrepreneurship Sustainable Project Management Sustainable Development Goals PLS-SEM I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Peña AR. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461226 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461226 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mohd Noor NH. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461228 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461228 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 Feb 2026 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461228 The authors do a good job explaining key statistics related to unemployment. However, the discussion would be strengthened by clearly adding a problem statement that highlights the link between unemployment and the importance of entrepreneurship. This addition ... Continue reading READ ALL The authors do a good job explaining key statistics related to unemployment. However, the discussion would be strengthened by clearly adding a problem statement that highlights the link between unemployment and the importance of entrepreneurship. This addition would help frame the analysis more effectively and underscore why entrepreneurship is a critical response to the unemployment challenge. Could you please explain or provide examples of some entrepreneurship centers in Nigerian universities and describe the activities they undertake? Including specific centers and what they do would help illustrate how entrepreneurship is being supported in the academic context. The introduction lacks critical discussion of the problem statement. In addition, the authors fail to clearly identify the research gaps and adequately discuss the significance of the study. The Introduction section primarily focuses on entrepreneurship centres. However, it does not introduce or discuss other key variables that are central to the study, such as Innovative Business Idea Generation and General Economic Conditions as a moderating variable. Including these elements in the introduction would provide a clearer context for the research framework and the rationale behind the study. Additionally, it would strengthen the section if the authors could list the research objectives or research questions at the end of the introduction, providing readers with a clear understanding of the study’s focus and scope. The manuscript lacks in-depth discussion of each proposed hypothesis. Most of the discussion is too descriptive and does not provide sufficient critical analysis or supporting evidence from prior studies. The authors are encouraged to expand the discussion, critically examining each hypothesis and providing relevant empirical or theoretical support to strengthen the manuscript. The manuscript does not explain how the sample size was determined. The authors should provide a clear justification or calculation method for the sample size, including any assumptions, formulas, or references used, to ensure the study’s validity and reliability. The manuscript requires further elaboration on the sampling technique and data collection process. The authors should clearly describe the sampling method used, inclusion/exclusion criteria, recruitment procedures, and data collection steps to ensure transparency and reproducibility of the study. In the section on measuring the variables, the authors need to clearly state the sources of the measurement instruments, including references to prior validated scales or studies. This will help establish the reliability and validity of the measurements used in the study. In the Discussion section, the manuscript fails to adequately support the findings with past studies. The authors are encouraged to integrate relevant literature to critically compare their results with previous research, which will strengthen the credibility and scholarly contribution of the study. The manuscript lacks a discussion of practical implications. The authors should clearly explain how the findings can be applied in real-world contexts, such as in policy, entrepreneurship education, or business practice, to enhance the study’s relevance and impact. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: entrepreneurship, policy studies, gender studies, and management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mohd Noor NH. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461228 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461228 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Shawon AH. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r413971 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-413971 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Sep 2025 Abid Hossain Shawon , Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r413971 The topic is timely and important: university entrepreneurship centers and the boundary role of macroeconomic conditions in shaping student idea generation is of clear interest to educators, policy makers and entrepreneurship scholars. The paper contains promising empirical work and useful ... Continue reading READ ALL The topic is timely and important: university entrepreneurship centers and the boundary role of macroeconomic conditions in shaping student idea generation is of clear interest to educators, policy makers and entrepreneurship scholars. The paper contains promising empirical work and useful policy discussion. However, substantial weaknesses in methodological transparency, measurement reporting, theoretical integration, and presentation prevent acceptance in its current form. The authors should revise following the points below and submit a full, tracked-changes revision with a point-by-point response. 1.Provide full details of the sampling frame (universities, selection criteria, why North-Central only), response rate, and inclusion criteria. Justify sample size (power analysis or SEM rules) and discuss potential sampling bias. 2.Clarify the novelty of the study, sharpen research questions and hypotheses, and explain why Ecological Systems Theory is the right lens. Strengthen the literature review by identifying clear gaps and linking hypotheses to EST propositions. The following articles will enhance your literature review parts (refer to 1,2,3) 3. Report a full measurement model table (all loadings, α, CR, AVE, rho_A). Include Fornell–Larcker, cross-loadings, and exact item wording (appendix). Explain why indicators were removed and discuss implications. 4.Justify use of student perceptions as a GEC measure. Provide validity evidence, source, and rationale. Consider alternative specifications (formative vs reflective) and note limitations vs objective macro indicators. 5.Test for common method variance (Harman’s, VIF, marker variable) and discuss endogeneity concerns. Avoid causal claims from cross-sectional data. 6.Report exact p-values, confidence intervals, effect sizes (f²), SRMR, and model fit indices. Revise Table 5 criteria (align with standard p < .05 unless justified otherwise). Provide robustness checks (alternative interaction methods, controls such as gender, prior experience). 7.Plot and interpret the interaction (simple slopes at low/medium/high GEC). Discuss substantive meaning and nuanced policy implications. 8.Limitations & future research: Expand to include self-report bias, single-region sample, and cross-sectional design. Suggest multi-university or longitudinal studies and objective GEC indicators. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Abid Hossain Shawon: Analyzing the Contribution of Social Microfinance to Rural Financial Progress: Entrepreneurial and Social Dimensions in a Developing Nation. Indus Journal of Social Sciences . 2025; 3 (1): 505-525 Publisher Full Text 2. Ayoungman F, Shawon A, Sohail A: Analyzing the impact of financial development, human capital and industrial structure on ecological footprints: a PMG-ARDL approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications . 2025; 12 (1). Publisher Full Text 3. Ayoungman F, Shawon A, Sohail A: Assessing the Impact of Institutional Entrepreneurship, Social Innovation, and Social Enterprise on Poverty Alleviation: Insights From South Asian Economies. Sustainable Development . 2025; 33 (4): 5528-5544 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: National Economics, Social Entrepreneurship, Poverty Alleviation, Corporate Governance, SDGs and ESGs I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Shawon AH. Reviewer Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r413971 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-413971 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 03 Sep 25 read read read Abid Hossain Shawon , Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Malaysia Antonio Rodríguez Peña , Ean University, Bogotá, Colombia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Peña A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 Mar 2026 | for Version 1 Antonio Rodríguez Peña , Ean University, Bogotá, Colombia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Peña A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for the opportunity to review this manuscript. The paper tackles a relevant and timely question, and it offers useful empirical evidence on how university entrepreneurship centres may influence innovative idea generation, particularly in contexts shaped by economic constraints. The study is clearly structured, the empirical strategy is generally appropriate, and the results are presented in a transparent way. That said, there are several areas where the manuscript could be strengthened in order to sharpen its theoretical contribution. First, the theoretical framing would benefit from further development. While Ecological Systems Theory provides an interesting overarching lens, its explanatory role in the model remains somewhat implicit. It would be helpful to clarify more explicitly why this framework is the most suitable choice for the research question and to articulate the specific mechanisms through which the different “systems” influence idea generation. Bringing in complementary perspectives—such as institutional theory, entrepreneurial agency, or resilience—could also help deepen the interpretation of the findings. Second, the measurement of General Economic Conditions (GEC) deserves additional discussion. Measuring economic conditions through perceptions is defensible, but the manuscript would be stronger with a clearer conceptual justification for privileging subjective assessments over objective macroeconomic indicators. It would also be useful to reflect briefly on potential common method concerns associated with perceptual measures collected from a single survey. Third, although the PLS-SEM analysis is competently executed, the methodological section could be reinforced through additional robustness checks. For example, explicitly addressing common method bias, discussing possible endogeneity issues, and providing a graphical illustration of the moderating effect would increase confidence in the stability and interpretation of the results. Fourth, the discussion section could engage more deeply with entrepreneurship theory. The negative moderation effect of economic conditions is a particularly interesting result, and it would benefit from a richer theoretical conversation about how environmental constraints shape entrepreneurial agency, opportunity perception, and action. This would elevate the contribution beyond the immediate empirical setting. Finally, given the context-specific nature of the sample, a more explicit reflection on the limits of generalizability would strengthen the manuscript. Clarifying how the findings might (or might not) extend to other emerging economies would help situate the contribution more clearly. Overall, the manuscript rests on a solid empirical foundation and addresses a meaningful research question. With a more fully developed theoretical articulation and some additional methodological clarification, it has clear potential to make a stronger contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship and higher education. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Corporate entrepreneurship Sustainable Project Management Sustainable Development Goals PLS-SEM I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Peña AR. Peer Review Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461226) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461226 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Nurul Hidayana Mohd Noor , Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mohd Noor N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors do a good job explaining key statistics related to unemployment. However, the discussion would be strengthened by clearly adding a problem statement that highlights the link between unemployment and the importance of entrepreneurship. This addition would help frame the analysis more effectively and underscore why entrepreneurship is a critical response to the unemployment challenge. Could you please explain or provide examples of some entrepreneurship centers in Nigerian universities and describe the activities they undertake? Including specific centers and what they do would help illustrate how entrepreneurship is being supported in the academic context. The introduction lacks critical discussion of the problem statement. In addition, the authors fail to clearly identify the research gaps and adequately discuss the significance of the study. The Introduction section primarily focuses on entrepreneurship centres. However, it does not introduce or discuss other key variables that are central to the study, such as Innovative Business Idea Generation and General Economic Conditions as a moderating variable. Including these elements in the introduction would provide a clearer context for the research framework and the rationale behind the study. Additionally, it would strengthen the section if the authors could list the research objectives or research questions at the end of the introduction, providing readers with a clear understanding of the study’s focus and scope. The manuscript lacks in-depth discussion of each proposed hypothesis. Most of the discussion is too descriptive and does not provide sufficient critical analysis or supporting evidence from prior studies. The authors are encouraged to expand the discussion, critically examining each hypothesis and providing relevant empirical or theoretical support to strengthen the manuscript. The manuscript does not explain how the sample size was determined. The authors should provide a clear justification or calculation method for the sample size, including any assumptions, formulas, or references used, to ensure the study’s validity and reliability. The manuscript requires further elaboration on the sampling technique and data collection process. The authors should clearly describe the sampling method used, inclusion/exclusion criteria, recruitment procedures, and data collection steps to ensure transparency and reproducibility of the study. In the section on measuring the variables, the authors need to clearly state the sources of the measurement instruments, including references to prior validated scales or studies. This will help establish the reliability and validity of the measurements used in the study. In the Discussion section, the manuscript fails to adequately support the findings with past studies. The authors are encouraged to integrate relevant literature to critically compare their results with previous research, which will strengthen the credibility and scholarly contribution of the study. The manuscript lacks a discussion of practical implications. The authors should clearly explain how the findings can be applied in real-world contexts, such as in policy, entrepreneurship education, or business practice, to enhance the study’s relevance and impact. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise entrepreneurship, policy studies, gender studies, and management I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mohd Noor NH. Peer Review Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r461228) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-461228 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shawon A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Abid Hossain Shawon , Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 0 Views copyright © 2025 Shawon A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The topic is timely and important: university entrepreneurship centers and the boundary role of macroeconomic conditions in shaping student idea generation is of clear interest to educators, policy makers and entrepreneurship scholars. The paper contains promising empirical work and useful policy discussion. However, substantial weaknesses in methodological transparency, measurement reporting, theoretical integration, and presentation prevent acceptance in its current form. The authors should revise following the points below and submit a full, tracked-changes revision with a point-by-point response. 1.Provide full details of the sampling frame (universities, selection criteria, why North-Central only), response rate, and inclusion criteria. Justify sample size (power analysis or SEM rules) and discuss potential sampling bias. 2.Clarify the novelty of the study, sharpen research questions and hypotheses, and explain why Ecological Systems Theory is the right lens. Strengthen the literature review by identifying clear gaps and linking hypotheses to EST propositions. The following articles will enhance your literature review parts (refer to 1,2,3) 3. Report a full measurement model table (all loadings, α, CR, AVE, rho_A). Include Fornell–Larcker, cross-loadings, and exact item wording (appendix). Explain why indicators were removed and discuss implications. 4.Justify use of student perceptions as a GEC measure. Provide validity evidence, source, and rationale. Consider alternative specifications (formative vs reflective) and note limitations vs objective macro indicators. 5.Test for common method variance (Harman’s, VIF, marker variable) and discuss endogeneity concerns. Avoid causal claims from cross-sectional data. 6.Report exact p-values, confidence intervals, effect sizes (f²), SRMR, and model fit indices. Revise Table 5 criteria (align with standard p < .05 unless justified otherwise). Provide robustness checks (alternative interaction methods, controls such as gender, prior experience). 7.Plot and interpret the interaction (simple slopes at low/medium/high GEC). Discuss substantive meaning and nuanced policy implications. 8.Limitations & future research: Expand to include self-report bias, single-region sample, and cross-sectional design. Suggest multi-university or longitudinal studies and objective GEC indicators. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Abid Hossain Shawon: Analyzing the Contribution of Social Microfinance to Rural Financial Progress: Entrepreneurial and Social Dimensions in a Developing Nation. Indus Journal of Social Sciences . 2025; 3 (1): 505-525 Publisher Full Text 2. Ayoungman F, Shawon A, Sohail A: Analyzing the impact of financial development, human capital and industrial structure on ecological footprints: a PMG-ARDL approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications . 2025; 12 (1). Publisher Full Text 3. Ayoungman F, Shawon A, Sohail A: Assessing the Impact of Institutional Entrepreneurship, Social Innovation, and Social Enterprise on Poverty Alleviation: Insights From South Asian Economies. Sustainable Development . 2025; 33 (4): 5528-5544 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise National Economics, Social Entrepreneurship, Poverty Alleviation, Corporate Governance, SDGs and ESGs I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Shawon AH. Peer Review Report For: Innovative Business Idea Generation in Higher Education: The Interplay between Entrepreneurship Centres and Economic Conditions [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :867 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184908.r413971) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-867/v1#referee-response-413971 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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