EccDNA formation is dependent on MMEJ, repressed by c-NHEJ pathway, and stimulated by DNA double-strand break

ABSTRACT Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNA) are widespread in normal and cancer cells and are known to amplify oncogenic genes. However, the mechanisms that form eccDNA have never been fully elucidated due to the complex interactions of DNA repair pathways and lack of a method to quantify eccDNA abundance. Through the development of a sensitive and quantitative assay for eccDNA we show that the formation of eccDNA is through resection dependent repair of double-strand DNA breaks, especially micro-homology mediated end joining, and through mismatch repair. The most significant decreases in eccDNA levels occurred in cells lacking PARP1, POLQ, NBS1, RAD54, and FAN1. Further, a significant increase in eccDNA occurred in cells lacking c-NHEJ proteins DNA-PKcs, XRCC4, XLF, LIG4 and 53BP1. This suggests that when alt-NHEJ pathways are utilized to repair DNA breaks by necessity, the formation of eccDNA is increased. Induced and site-directed double-strand DNA breaks increase eccDNA formation, even from a single break. Additionally, we find that eccDNA levels accumulate as cells undergo replication in S-phase and that levels of eccDNA are decreased if DNA synthesis is prevented. Together, these results show that the bulk of eccDNA form by resection based alt-NHEJ pathways, especially during DNA replication and the repair of double-strand breaks.