Evaluating Anatomy Learning Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of Multilingual Student Cohorts at the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Evaluating Anatomy Learning Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of Multilingual Student Cohorts at the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating Anatomy Learning Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of Multilingual Student Cohorts at the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Razvan Creteanu, Andrei-Nicolae Jolobai, Cristina Creteanu, Denisa Roxana Capras, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8185842/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Medical education requires a solid understanding of anatomy, which is essential across all medical specialties. This study investigates students’ performance and adaptation to academic demands, comparing outcomes across cohorts and departments, with particular emphasis on the impact of instruction in foreign languages. The importance of assessing anatomical competence is underscored as a determinant of patient care quality. Methods Data were collected over three semesters (2023/2024 and 2024/2025) from 551 students enrolled in general medicine (Romanian, French, and English departments). Assessments included written, practical, and continuous evaluations (oral and written). The final grade was calculated as follows: 40% practical examination, 50% written examination, and 10% average of continuous assessments. Statistical analysis was performed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test, Mann‒Whitney U test, and Student’s t test. Results Most assessment distributions deviated from normality. Statistically significant differences were identified between departments: Romanian students achieved higher scores than their French and English section peers did in practical examinations, written examinations, and overall final grades. Student performance varies considerably depending on the type of assessment, with outcomes in oral evaluations being superior to those in written evaluations. No significant differences were observed between the English and French sections in the written examinations. Conclusion This study highlights the necessity of employing multiple assessment methods to adequately evaluate competence. Language barriers may negatively impact the academic performance of international students. Standardization of oral examinations is recommended to reduce subjectivity and alleviate student anxiety. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing assessment practices and improving the quality of medical education. Medical education academic performance student adaptation anatomy assessment language barriers Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background It is essential to introduce the fundamental principles of anatomy at the beginning of medical education, providing a foundation upon which knowledge can be progressively built. These core concepts are optimally conveyed through dissection, complemented by supplementary visual aids to reinforce learning. Anatomy holds relevance across the majority, if not all, healthcare specialties—not solely within surgical disciplines. Consequently, healthcare professionals should undergo formal anatomical assessment as part of their degree requirements. Additionally, emphasis should be placed on mastering basic developmental anatomy to foster a comprehensive understanding of physiological origins and the processes underlying congenital abnormalities.(Sugand et al., 2010 ) Historical records indicate that as early as 1775, anatomy was taught at the Academic University College in Cluj-Napoca. Anatomy was the first discipline formally established within the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Franz Joseph in Cluj, which was later renamed King Ferdinand I University in 1919. Alongside the Departments of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, the Department of Anatomy and Embryology is housed within the 'Anatomy' Institute—the first and most extensive building constructed within the Cluj University Medical Campus, inaugurated in 1888. After 1990, the University of Medicine and Pharmacy was named after Professor and Rector Iuliu Hațieganu, one of the founders of Romanian medical education in Transylvania. In response to the increasing demand for medical education in Cluj, English and French study programs were introduced in 1998 and 2000, respectively, with courses and teaching activities conducted exclusively in these languages in the preclinical years. At the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, the anatomy curriculum is distributed across three consecutive semesters. The first semester is dedicated to the study of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the thoracic region. The second semester focuses on the head and neck, abdominal cavity, and pelvic region. The third semester encompasses the neuroanatomy and anatomy of the sensory organs. Medical education is widely recognized as both emotionally and physically demanding. The exposure of students to excessive workloads and psychosocial stressors—often regarded as inherent aspects of medical training—constitutes a significant source of anxiety, depression, and burnout.(Surti et al., 2024 ) Assessment plays a critical role in medical education by ensuring learner competence and serving as a measure of training quality. In anatomy education, assessment methods may include written and practical examinations in Romanian medical schools as a final exam or during the semester. Written examinations commonly include multiple choice questions and single best answer questions. Practical assessments involve evaluation in clinical contexts or the identification of anatomical structures via cadaveric specimens, models, or radiological images as alternatives. In the discipline of anatomy, competence may be assessed across several domains: anatomical knowledge (e.g., do students understand that the mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? ), anatomical skills (e.g., can students identify the mitral valve in a cadaveric specimen? ), and the application of anatomical knowledge (e.g., are students familiar with the surface landmarks of the mitral valve and able to determine its clinical site of auscultation?). The evidence supports the importance of ensuring that medical students attain competence in anatomical knowledge, as this competence has a direct effect on the quality of patient care and overall patient safety. A reliable examination is characterized by its ability to produce consistent results over time and across different cohorts of students. Multiple factors contribute to exam reliability, including intercase reliability, interexaminer reliability, and comprehensive sampling of the curriculum. Ensuring adequate sampling of students’ knowledge is essential, as evidence indicates that competence in one domain does not reliably predict competence in another (Choudhury and Freemont, 2017 ). Despite being classified as a low-level cognitive skill, identification is essential to anatomical education, which relies heavily on the recognition of structures and their spatial relationships. Proficiency in anatomy has been consistently linked to advanced spatial abilities, with anatomists demonstrating significantly greater spatial competence than controls.(Kingston et al., 2023 ) Methods The present study aims to explore several key aspects related to student performance and adaptation within the context of higher medical education. Specifically, the objectives include (1) examining the process of student adaptation to the academic and practical demands of medical higher education; (2) conducting a comparative analysis of academic outcomes both within cohorts of the same department and across different academic departments; (3) evaluating the academic progression of students over an 18-month period, corresponding to three consecutive semesters; and (4) adapting students from the English and French departments to instruction in a foreign language. This study analyzes the grades of students from the Romanian, English, and French departments, evaluating the average grades across all departments as well as within each department individually; the comparison between oral assessments during the semester and the practical exam; written assessments during the semester and the written exam; the average of all assessments during the semester and the final exam grade; the practical and written exams; and, last, the comparison of grades between departments. Data were collected during the first semester of the first year in the 2023/2024 academic year, as well as the second semester of the first year and the third semester of the second year in the 2024/2025 academic year. The analysis included results from the written examination, practical examination, and formative assessments conducted throughout the academic year, which were administered in both written (two assessments) and oral formats (one assessment). The final grade is composed of three components: 40% from the practical examination, 50% from the written examination, and 10% from the average score of the three assessments administered during the semester. Students who do not pass the written exam are not allowed to take the practical exam. The study included students from the general medicine program, specifically Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian-taught section, Series 1 and 2 of the French-taught section, and Series 1 of the English-taught section, comprising a total of 551 participants. The data regarding the test results of the students included in the study were processed via the statistical software SPSS, version 20. For statistical processing, descriptive statistical methods were applied, including the calculation of means, medians, standard deviations, frequencies, graphical representations of data, correlation coefficients, and contingency coefficients [I1997], [ML1998]. For statistical analysis, appropriate statistical tests were employed (Student’s t test, chi-square test, normality tests such as the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test, and nonparametric tests such as the Kruskal‒Wallis test and binomial test) [R1995]. The threshold for statistical significance in the analyses was set at the conventional level used in biostatistical applications, p = 0.05 (5%). Results The last column of Table 1 presents the results of the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test, indicating that the evaluation scores do not follow a normal distribution. This observation is further illustrated by the subsequent graphical representations (Fig. 1 ). Table 1 Summary of the Anatomy Examination Results Analyzed in the Study N Mean grade Std. Error of Mean Median grade Std. Dev Skewness Kurtosis Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) p Valid Missing Assessment 1 (oral) 542 9 8.14 0.08 9.00 1.97 -1.267 1.601 0.000 Assessment 2 (oral) 542 9 7.06 0.11 7.80 2.49 − .602 − .691 0.000 Assessment 3 (written) 540 11 7.23 0.10 7.80 2.24 − .743 − .171 .000 Mean assessments 2 and 3 540 11 7.16 0.09 7.50 2.12 − .676 − .243 .000 Mean All assessments 546 5 7.41 0.08 7.67 1.98 − .977 .986 .000 Practical exam (oral) 484 67 7.76 0.09 8.50 2.04 − .715 − .790 0.000 Written exam 533 18 5.82 0.07 6.00 1.60 .264 − .070 .000 Exam grade 484 67 6.89 0.07 7.07 1.53 − .432 − .400 .034 Final grade 484 67 6.89 0.07 7.00 1.56 − .416 − .349 0.000 The subsequent sections present an individual analysis of each department, followed by a comparative assessment across departments. Academic evaluations of the Romanian Department Table 2 presents the summarized results for Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian section. The analysis conducted for both Series 3 and 4 via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test (K‒S test) revealed that all types of evaluations were not normally distributed, with the exception of the Exam grade. When Series 3 and Series 4 were compared via the nonparametric Mann‒Whitney test (M-W test), statistically significant differences were observed for exam grade and final grade. Additionally, Student's t test revealed a significant difference in exam grade (p = 0.021). Table 2 Summary of the results for Series 3 and 4 within the Romanian section Series N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean K-S test M-W test Assessment 1 (oral) 3 114 8.6272 1.53255 .14354 4 113 8.4381 1.88762 .17757 0.000 .832 Assessment 2 (oral) 3 114 8.039035 1.8187052 .1703373 4 113 7.730088 2.1339469 .2007448 .000 .431 Assessment 3 (written) 3 114 8.460526 1.2905284 .1208691 4 113 8.275044 1.7427083 .1639402 .000 .970 Mean assessments 2 and 3 3 114 8.2498 1.26916 .11887 4 113 8.0026 1.79321 .16869 .000 .799 Mean All assessments 3 114 8.375585 1.2049700 .1128558 4 113 8.149204 1.6912021 .1590949 .000 .841 Practical exam (oral) 3 110 8.350000 1.5848335 .1511079 4 100 8.780000 1.4165686 .1416569 .000 .030 Written exam 3 113 6.468761 1.4765447 .1389016 4 112 6.625000 1.5603476 .1474390 .000 .231 Exam grade 3 110 7.444379 1.2524768 .1194190 4 100 7.818113 1.0587591 .1058759 .850 .021 Final grade 3 110 7.43 1.302 .124 4 100 7.82 1.086 .109 .000 .014 The evaluations for each series are not normally distributed, except for the Exam grade in Series 4 and, in Series 3, Therefore, there are certain systematic influences within each series that lead to a nonnormal distribution of most evaluations (Fig. 2). Figure 2 shows that the Practical exam in both series deviates markedly from normal behavior. Table 3 shows that, by applying the paired samples t test to Series 3, among the four pairs analyzed, only the Assessment 1–Practical exam pair does not show a statistically significant difference between evaluations (p > 0.05). For the pairs Mean assessments 2 and 3–Written exam, Mean All assessments–Exam grade, and Practical exam–Written exam, there are statistically significant differences between evaluations (p < 0.05). Table 3 Analysis of the Romanian department Series 3 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Assessment 1 – Practical exam 0.273 1.786 0.170 109 .112 Pair 2 Mean assessments 2 and 3 – Written exam 1.790 1.434 0.135 112 .000 Pair 3 Mean All assessments – Exam grade 0.940 1.087 0.104 109 .000 Pair 4 Practical exam – Written exam 1.818 1.495 0.143 109 .000 This analysis focuses on several key comparisons for Romanian Department Series 3: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats. The same behavior is observed for Series 4, as shown in Table 4 . Table 4 Analysis of the Romanian department Series 4 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Assessment 1 – Practical exam − .195 1.986 .199 99 .329 Pair 2 Mean assessments 2 and 3 – Written exam 1.395 1.754 .166 111 .000 Pair 3 Mean All assessments – Exam grade .543 1.273 .127 99 .000 Pair 4 Practical exam – Written exam 1.840 1.699 .170 99 .000 This analysis focuses on several key comparisons for Romanian Department Series 4: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats. Academic evaluations of the French Department Table 5 presents the summarized results for Series 1 and 2 of the French section. On the basis of the analysis conducted on Series 1 and 2 via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test (K‒S test), all types of evaluations are not normally distributed, with the exception of the Exam grade and Mean All assessments. Table 5 Summary of the results for Series 1 and 2 within the French section Series 1 N Normal Parameters a,b Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Series 2 N Normal Parameters a,b Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) M-W test or T Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Assessment 1 (oral) 105 7.8103 2.00683 .002 Assessment 1 (oral) 107 8.2336 2.03775 .000 .067 Assessment 2 (oral) 105 6.624524 2.5912261 .025 Assessment 2 (oral) 107 6.870093 2.3638697 .072 .476 Assessment 3 (written) 105 6.500952 2.0798250 .012 Assessment 3 (written) 107 7.043738 2.1687635 .317 .073 Mean assessments 2 and 3 105 6.5627 2.18828 .029 Mean assessments 2 and 3 107 6.9569 1.94098 .818 .331 Mean All assessments 108 6.784738 2.1806665 .061 Mean All assessments 107 7.382492 1.7129906 .680 T 0.026 Practical exam (oral) 98 6.389286 2.3205631 .000 Practical exam (oral) 107 7.318224 2.3004654 .005 .004 Written exam 98 5.102653 1.3638556 .479 Written exam 107 5.604486 1.3508294 .983 T 0.009 Exam grade 98 5.812145 1.6340056 .043 Exam grade 107 6.467782 1.5935415 .248 .005 Final grade 98 5.82 1.671 .001 Final grade 107 6.42 1.602 .002 .011 Compared with the nonparametric Mann‒Whitney test (M-W test), which was applied to Series 1 and Series 2, statistically significant differences were found for practical exam, written exam, and final grade (p < 0.05), whereas Student's t test indicated a significant difference for exam grade (p = 0.050). In Table 6 , via the paired-samples t test for Series 1, all four analyzed pairs—Assessment 1—Practical exam; Mean assessments 2 and 3—Written exam; Mean All assessments—Exam grade; and Practical exam—Written exam—showed statistically significant differences between evaluations (p < 0.05). Table 6 Analysis of the French department Series 1 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Assessment 1 – Practical exam 1.515 2.324 0.235 97 .000 Pair 2 Mean assessments 2 and 3 – Written exam 1.522 1.836 0.185 97 .000 Pair 3 Mean All assessments – Exam grade 1.239 1.377 0.139 97 .000 Pair 4 Practical exam – Written exam 1.287 1.543 0.156 97 .000 This analysis focuses on several key comparisons for French Department Series 1: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and, finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats. The same pattern is also observed for Series 2, as shown in Table 7 . Table 7 Analysis of the French department Series 2 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Assessment 1 – Practical exam .9154 2.2887 .2213 106 .000 Pair 2 Mean assessments 2 and 3 – Written exam 1.3524 1.5026 .1453 106 .000 Pair 3 Mean All assessments – Exam grade .9147 1.1945 .1155 106 .000 Pair 4 Practical exam – Written exam 1.7137 1.6767 .1621 106 .000 This analysis focuses on several key comparisons for the French Department Series 2: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the mean of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the mean of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats. Academic Evaluations of the English Department Table 8 and Fig. 3 present the summary results for Series 1 from the English section. The analysis conducted via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test revealed that the evaluation types Assessment 1, Assessment 2, Written exam, and Final grade are not normally distributed, whereas the others—Assessment 3, Assessment 3, Mean All assessments, Practical exam, and Final grade—are normally distributed. Table 8 Summary of the results for Series 1 within the English section N Normal Parameters a,b Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Assessment 1 (oral) 103 7.5010 2.17204 .004 Assessment 2 (oral) 103 5.891262 2.9148742 .028 Assessment 3 (written) 101 5.640594 2.5030852 .059 Mean assessments 2 and 3 101 5.8213 2.34100 .432 Mean All assessments 104 6.247115 2.1823239 .311 Practical exam (oral) 69 7.960725 1.2785370 .345 Written exam 103 5.126214 1.5446277 .008 Exam grade 69 6.867527 .9925030 .321 Final grade 69 6.96 1.049 .011 In the following table, when the paired-samples t test was applied for Series 1, it was found that among the four analyzed pairs, only pair Assessment 1 (Practical exam) and Mean All assessments (Exam grade) did not significantly differ across evaluations (p > 0.05). For the mean assessments 2 and 3—written exam and practical exam—written exam, statistically significant differences were observed between evaluations (p < 0.05). Table 9 Analysis of the French department Series 1 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Assessment 1 – Practical exam .033 2.082 .251 68 .894 Pair 2 Mean assessments 2 and 3 – Written exam .663 2.035 .202 100 .001 Pair 3 Mean All assessments – Exam grade .037 1.382 .166 68 .823 Pair 4 Practical exam – Written exam 1.975 1.276 .154 68 .000 This analysis focuses on several key comparisons for English Department Series 1: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats. Comparisons between evaluations by departments Table 10 shows that there are statistically significant differences between the Romanian Department and the French Department in all three exams—Practical exam, Written exam, and Exam grade (p = 0.0009 < 0.05)—with the average score in the Romanian section being statistically significantly higher than that in the French section. Table 10 Comparative analysis of Romanian and French departments N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean T p value M-W p value Practical exam Romanian Department 210 8.55 1.52 0.10 0.0009 0.0009 French Department 205 6.87 2.35 0.16 Written exam Romanian Department 225 6.55 1.52 0.10 0.0009 0.0009 French Department 205 5.36 1.38 0.10 Exam grade Romanian Department 210 7.62 1.18 0.08 0.0009 0.0009 French Department 205 6.15 1.64 0.11 Table 11 indicates that there are statistically significant differences between the Romanian Department and the English Department across all three exams—Practical exam, Written exam, and Exam grade (p = 0.0009 < 0.05)—with the average score in the Romanian section being statistically significantly higher than that in the English section. Table 11 Comparative analysis of the Romanian and English departments N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean T p value M-W p value Practical exam Romanian Department 210 8.55 1.52 0.10 0.004 0.0009 English Department 69 7.96 1.28 0.15 Written exam Romanian Department 225 6.55 1.52 0.10 0.0009 0.0009 English Department 103 5.13 1.54 0.15 Exam grade Romanian Department 210 7.62 1.18 0.08 0.0009 0.0009 English Department 69 6.87 0.99 0.12 Table 12 shows that there are statistically significant differences between the French Department and the English Department only in the practical exam and exam grades (p < 0.006 < 0.05), with the average score in the French Department being statistically significantly lower than that in the English Department. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were detected between the two sections in the written exam (p > 0.05). Table 12 Comparative analysis of the Franch and English departments lang N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean T p value M-W p value Practical exam French Department 205 6.87 2.35 0.16 0.0009 0.006 English Department 69 7.96 1.28 0.15 Written exam French Department 205 5.36 1.38 0.10 0.17 0.193 English Department 103 5.13 1.54 0.15 Exam grade French Department 205 6.15 1.64 0.11 0.0009 0.006 English Department 69 6.87 0.99 0.12 Discussion Medical students, trainees, and specialists unanimously agreed that regular formative assessments, such as quizzes, support the learning of anatomy (Atwa et al., 2024 , Cowan et al., 2024 ). This is especially pertinent considering the extensive volume of knowledge medical students must acquire. The incorporation of regular formative assessments can aid in segmenting complex anatomical content into more digestible units, thereby enhancing comprehension and long-term retention (Verma et al., 2024 ). Moreover, the process of actively retrieving information during assessments reinforces memory consolidation, a cognitive phenomenon referred to as the testing effect(Chang and Wimmers, 2016 ). There was also a shared consensus on the importance of regularly evaluating medical students’ anatomical knowledge. Active and participatory learning approaches, such as oral presentations, have demonstrated effectiveness in anatomy education by enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. These strategies promote a shift from traditional teacher-centered instruction to student-centered knowledge construction.(Singh et al., 2019 ) In the survey conducted by Rowland et al., responses indicated a shift over the past two decades from practical and oral anatomy assessments toward increased use of written formats, including extended matching questions, single best answer questions, and short answer questions. Despite this trend, practical methods remain the most strongly recommended form of assessment for anatomy. (Rowland et al., 2011 ) The observed distribution of grades across all evaluated departments deviates from normality, a pattern that may be explained by the influence of multiple factors. These include the quality of the student cohorts, the quality of instruction, and the validity and reliability of the assessment tools employed. The overall mean final grade across all departments was 6.89 ± 1.56. Specifically, the Romanian department recorded mean final grades of 7.43 ± 1.30 for Series 3 and 7.82 ± 1.09 for Series 4. In the French department, the mean final grades were 5.82 ± 1.67 for Series 1 and 6.42 ± 1.60 for Series 2. The English department reported a mean final grade of 6.96 ± 1.05 for Series 1. Importantly, both Assessment 1 and the Practical Examination were conducted in an oral format, whereas the remaining assessments were written. This difference in examination modality may have contributed to the variability in student performance outcomes (Table 1 , Fig. 1 ). The overall mean practical exam grade across all departments was 7.76 ± 2.04. Specifically, the Romanian department recorded mean practical exam grades of 8.37 ± 1.20 for Series 3 and 8.14 ± 1.69 for Series 4. In the French department, the mean practical exam grade was 6.38 ± 2.32 for Series 1 and 7.31 ± 2.30 for Series 2. The English department reported a mean final grade of 7.96 ± 1.27 for Series 1. There were statistically significant differences between all departments in terms of practical exams, written exams, and final exam grades, with the exception of written exams, where no significant difference was found between the English and French departments (Tables 10 – 12 ). The differences between departments can be explained by the fact that students in the Romanian department are admitted through an entrance examination, whereas students in the other departments are admitted on the basis of their application files. The USA pioneered the use of admission tests for student selection, starting with the Moss test in 1928, with the current MCAT (introduced in 2007) widely used across North America. In contrast, Europe lacks standardized admission procedures, with each country implementing its own approach. For example, the UK and Austria introduced tests in 2006 (e.g., UKCAT), Ireland followed with HPAT in 2009, and France relies on academic performance during the first year rather than entrance exams (Migliaretti et al., 2017 ). Migliaretti et al. and Althewini et al. demonstrated that the admission test was an effective predictor of students' academic performance during their first year of study (Migliaretti et al., 2017 , Althewini and Al Baz, 2022 ). Additionally, in English and French departments, neither all students nor all instructors are native speakers of the language of instruction, which may result in language barriers. Language barriers in medical education—especially in countries where instruction is delivered in a foreign language—present major challenges for local students. These obstacles can negatively affect their academic performance, understanding of course material, and ability to communicate with patients, ultimately compromising the quality of healthcare delivery.(Hamad et al., 2025 ) The overall mean scores obtained across different types of assessments vary considerably, ranging from 5.82 (± 1.60) for the Written exam to 8.14 (± 1.97) for the Assessment1. This variability suggests that students perform differently depending on the type of evaluation, with significantly better results observed in oral assessments (Assessment1 and Practical Exam) than in written assessments. This aspect warrants further in-depth analysis, as it may reflect either differentiated student preparation for various assessment formats or particular characteristics inherent to the assessment methods themselves. No significant differences were observed between the grades obtained in the Assessment1 (oral test) and the practical exam for Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian department (Tables 3 and 4 ) or for Series 1 of the English department (Table 9 ). However, this correlation was not observed in Series 1 and 2 of the French department (Tables 6 and 7 ). This discrepancy may be attributed to the lack of overlap in teaching staff across the different departments. Notably, no significant differences were found between the means of all the assessments and the exam grades within the English department (Table 9 ). Formative assessments are typically administered regularly—daily, weekly, or at intervals throughout the semester. Daily testing is believed to encourage a more pedagogical approach to learning. Research indicates that students who participate in formative assessments tend to perform better in final examinations, regardless of the number of assessments undertaken. Regardless of whether students complete one or multiple formative assessments, performance outcomes appear similar. These assessments are usually accompanied by feedback to help students recognize their strengths and identify areas needing improvement. However, providing feedback solely on final exam scores has not shown additional benefits.(Choudhury and Freemont, 2017 , Kingston et al., 2023 ) The negative skewness observed in most assessments (with the exception of the written exam) indicates a distribution concentrated toward higher values, suggesting that the majority of students achieve above-average grades. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in Assessment1 (skewness = -1.267), indicating a clear tendency toward awarding higher grades in this test. In contrast, the written exam results in positive skewness (0.264), suggesting a concentration of grades toward lower values, which likely reflects a higher level of difficulty or more stringent evaluation criteria. This difference of approximately 2 points between oral and written assessments can be explained by the findings of Shenwai and Patil, who highlighted that traditional oral examinations may suffer from a lack of standardization, objectivity, and reliability. A substantial portion of the variability in oral performance ratings arises from the tendency of some evaluators to be lenient, whereas others adopt a more stringent approach. Adjusting for these rating biases could alter the pass/fail outcomes for approximately 6% of the examinees.(Shenwai and K, 2013 ) Huxham et al. conducted a study involving two student cohorts to compare performance in oral versus written assessments. In the first, larger cohort (n = 99), students were randomly assigned to either an oral or a written assessment group, and their scores on identical biology questions were compared. In the second, smaller cohort (n = 29), all the students were assessed via both oral and written formats, covering both scientific and personal development topics. In both cohorts, students performed significantly better in the oral assessments,(Huxham et al., 2012 ) An important aspect is the relationship between anxiety and performance in oral examinations. A study by Surti et al. evaluated anxiety levels among medical and dental students during oral examinations in anatomy and physiology. The study revealed that anxiety levels were significantly higher during anatomy oral exams than during physiology oral exams.(Surti et al., 2024 ) This aspect is particularly relevant in the context of anatomy assessment, where the complexity of the subject matter and the three-dimensional nature of the structures may intensify student anxiety. Limitations of the study: The results cannot be generalized, as it is a single-center study. Conclusion For an adequate assessment, it is necessary to employ multiple examination methods, each with its own specific advantages and disadvantages. In the future, standardizing oral assessments would be advisable to reduce the subjectivity and anxiety associated with this type of examination. Teaching in a foreign language may negatively affect students’ academic performance due to language barriers. In conclusion, our study provides valuable insight into the complexity of assessment in medical education, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for improving educational practices. Integrating these findings with data from the literature allows for the formulation of evidence-based recommendations aimed at optimizing the assessment process and, consequently, enhancing the quality of medical education in both local and global contexts. Declarations Abbreviations Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca (Registration No. DEP250/30.07.2025). The need for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy due to the retrospective nature of the study. This study is conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 2024 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' information RC, DRC, IZ, and SMN are research assistants in the Department of Anatomy at the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. ANJ and TMM are doctoral candidates at the same institution. CC is a pharmacist at an independent pharmacy. ST is a Professor in the Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics at the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. His current research interests include stochastic approaches to multicriteria evaluation and ranking in the medical field, as well as applied biostatistics. Funding This study did not receive any financial support. Author Contribution RC was the principal author and contributed to the concept, design, and acquisition of the data. ANJ contributed to the literature search, interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript and provided technical support.CC, DRC, IZ, SMN, and TMM contributed to the acquisition of the data, interpretation of the data and revision of the manuscript. ST contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data, study concept and revision of the manuscript andprovided important intellectual content. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the students who participated in this research. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Andrei-Nicolae Jolobai, email: [ [email protected] ](mailto: [email protected] ) ) on reasonable request. References ALTHEWINI A, AL BAZ N. Prediction of Admission Tests for Medical Students' Academic Performance. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2022;13:1287–92. ATWA HS, POTU BK, FATIMA FADELRADEIFALLAAS, OTHMAN A, M. A., SARWANI, N. A. L., NASR EL-DIN WA. Implementing Formative Assessment in Human Anatomy Practical Sessions: Medical Students' Perception and Effect on Final Exam Performance. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2024;15:551–63. CHANG E, WIMMERS P. 2016. Effect of Repeated/Spaced Formative Assessments On Medical School Final Exam Performance. Health Professions Educ, 3. CHOUDHURY B, FREEMONT A. Assessment of anatomical knowledge: Approaches taken by higher education institutions. Clin Anat. 2017;30:290–9. COWAN E, ALTSCHAFL B, BARNES D, LASAREV M, RANHEIM E, PELLEY E. 2024. To Grade or Not to Grade (the Quiz): The Impact of Two Formative Assessment Grading Approaches on Summative Assessment Outcomes in an Integrated Pre-clinical Curriculum. Med Sci Educ, 34. HAMAD AA, MUSTAFFA DB, AMRO ALNAJJARAZ, AMIN RDEAMEHMG, B., ALKHAWALDEH IM. Decolonizing medical education: a systematic review of educational language barriers in countries using foreign languages for instruction. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:701. HUXHAM M, FIONA C, AND WESTWOOD. Oral versus written assessments: a test of student performance and attitudes. Assess Evaluation High Educ. 2012;37:125–36. KINGSTON AK, GAROFALO EM, CARDOZA, K., FISHER RE. Designing formative assessments to improve anatomy exam performance. Anat Sci Educ. 2023;16:989–1003. MIGLIARETTI G, BOZZARO S, STURA SILIQUINIR, COSTA I, G., CAVALLO F. Is the admission test for a course in medicine a good predictor of academic performance? A case-control experience at the school of medicine of Turin. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017417. ROWLAND S, AHMED K, DAVIES DC, ASHRAFIAN H, PATEL V, DARZI A, PARASKEVA, P. A., ATHANASIOU T. Assessment of anatomical knowledge for clinical practice: perceptions of clinicians and students. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33:263–9. SHENWAI MR, K BP. Introduction of Structured Oral Examination as A Novel Assessment tool to First Year Medical Students in Physiology. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:2544–7. SINGH K, BHARATHA A, SA, B., ADAMS, O. P., MAJUMDER MAA. Teaching anatomy using an active and engaging learning strategy. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19:149. SUGAND K, ABRAHAMS P, KHURANA A. The anatomy of anatomy: a review for its modernization. Anat Sci Educ. 2010;3:83–93. SURTI A, USMANI A, SARFRAZ MR, SHAKOOR S. Is Anxiety related to oral examination scores of Anatomy and Physiology? A study of pre-clinical MBBS and BDS Students. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40:2011–6. VERMA A, PASRICHA N, STHAPAK CHAUDHARYABHATNAGARR, E., GAHARWAR A. Interactive Quiz-Based Anatomy Teaching for Medical Undergraduate Students. Cureus. 2024;16:e52353. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 28 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8185842","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":566462687,"identity":"121e591d-0401-4d1c-883e-2b4f77cf3fff","order_by":0,"name":"Razvan Creteanu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Razvan","middleName":"","lastName":"Creteanu","suffix":""},{"id":566462688,"identity":"f14d2e33-73ec-4641-aed7-71da6d06e7ae","order_by":1,"name":"Andrei-Nicolae 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09:26:57","extension":"html","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8185842/v1/0655b6f8b96ab89f140430fd.html"},{"id":99219291,"identity":"13dd0b43-0320-431f-940c-4a98e3c9b11b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 09:26:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2039335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of grades for Assessment1 (A), Assessment2 (B), Assessment3 (C), Mean assessments 2 and 3 (D), All assessments Mean (E), Practical exam (F), Written exam (G), Exam grade (H) and Final grade (I)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8185842/v1/aac4c5aa20a07f2b7f88498d.jpg"},{"id":99219296,"identity":"9d92aeb0-0e10-44b9-979c-69a131847795","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 09:26:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1869110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of grades for practical exam series 3 (A), written exam series 3 (B), exam grade series 3 (C), final grade series 3 (D), practical exam series 4 (E), written exam series 4 (F), exam grade series 4 (G), and final grade series 4 (H) in the Romanian Department\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8185842/v1/dc19caa1b36de1bc073ff0c6.jpg"},{"id":99219300,"identity":"bec80509-f496-4636-8171-4e97225e80e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 09:26:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2106665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of grades within the English department for Assessment1 (A), Assessment2 (B), Assessment3 (C), Mean assessments 2 and 3 (D), Mean all assessments (E), Practical exam (F), Written exam (G), Exam grade (H) and Final grade (I)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8185842/v1/5436f3482a6c80066790f7fa.jpg"},{"id":99323866,"identity":"4387ee9f-ddaf-4414-ba53-08c0f11c64f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:46:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6233234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8185842/v1/063d2c0e-ed40-43b1-8d56-3eec8061fead.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating Anatomy Learning Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of Multilingual Student Cohorts at the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is essential to introduce the fundamental principles of anatomy at the beginning of medical education, providing a foundation upon which knowledge can be progressively built. These core concepts are optimally conveyed through dissection, complemented by supplementary visual aids to reinforce learning. Anatomy holds relevance across the majority, if not all, healthcare specialties\u0026mdash;not solely within surgical disciplines. Consequently, healthcare professionals should undergo formal anatomical assessment as part of their degree requirements. Additionally, emphasis should be placed on mastering basic developmental anatomy to foster a comprehensive understanding of physiological origins and the processes underlying congenital abnormalities.(Sugand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical records indicate that as early as 1775, anatomy was taught at the Academic University College in Cluj-Napoca. Anatomy was the first discipline formally established within the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Franz Joseph in Cluj, which was later renamed King Ferdinand I University in 1919. Alongside the Departments of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, the Department of Anatomy and Embryology is housed within the 'Anatomy' Institute\u0026mdash;the first and most extensive building constructed within the Cluj University Medical Campus, inaugurated in 1888.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 1990, the University of Medicine and Pharmacy was named after Professor and Rector Iuliu Hațieganu, one of the founders of Romanian medical education in Transylvania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response to the increasing demand for medical education in Cluj, English and French study programs were introduced in 1998 and 2000, respectively, with courses and teaching activities conducted exclusively in these languages in the preclinical years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, the anatomy curriculum is distributed across three consecutive semesters. The first semester is dedicated to the study of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the thoracic region. The second semester focuses on the head and neck, abdominal cavity, and pelvic region. The third semester encompasses the neuroanatomy and anatomy of the sensory organs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical education is widely recognized as both emotionally and physically demanding. The exposure of students to excessive workloads and psychosocial stressors\u0026mdash;often regarded as inherent aspects of medical training\u0026mdash;constitutes a significant source of anxiety, depression, and burnout.(Surti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment plays a critical role in medical education by ensuring learner competence and serving as a measure of training quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn anatomy education, assessment methods may include written and practical examinations in Romanian medical schools as a final exam or during the semester. Written examinations commonly include multiple choice questions and single best answer questions. Practical assessments involve evaluation in clinical contexts or the identification of anatomical structures via cadaveric specimens, models, or radiological images as alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the discipline of anatomy, competence may be assessed across several domains: anatomical knowledge (e.g., do students understand that the mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? ), anatomical skills (e.g., can students identify the mitral valve in a cadaveric specimen? ), and the application of anatomical knowledge (e.g., are students familiar with the surface landmarks of the mitral valve and able to determine its clinical site of auscultation?). The evidence supports the importance of ensuring that medical students attain competence in anatomical knowledge, as this competence has a direct effect on the quality of patient care and overall patient safety. A reliable examination is characterized by its ability to produce consistent results over time and across different cohorts of students. Multiple factors contribute to exam reliability, including intercase reliability, interexaminer reliability, and comprehensive sampling of the curriculum. Ensuring adequate sampling of students\u0026rsquo; knowledge is essential, as evidence indicates that competence in one domain does not reliably predict competence in another (Choudhury and Freemont, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite being classified as a low-level cognitive skill, identification is essential to anatomical education, which relies heavily on the recognition of structures and their spatial relationships. Proficiency in anatomy has been consistently linked to advanced spatial abilities, with anatomists demonstrating significantly greater spatial competence than controls.(Kingston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aims to explore several key aspects related to student performance and adaptation within the context of higher medical education. Specifically, the objectives include (1) examining the process of student adaptation to the academic and practical demands of medical higher education; (2) conducting a comparative analysis of academic outcomes both within cohorts of the same department and across different academic departments; (3) evaluating the academic progression of students over an 18-month period, corresponding to three consecutive semesters; and (4) adapting students from the English and French departments to instruction in a foreign language.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study analyzes the grades of students from the Romanian, English, and French departments, evaluating the average grades across all departments as well as within each department individually; the comparison between oral assessments during the semester and the practical exam; written assessments during the semester and the written exam; the average of all assessments during the semester and the final exam grade; the practical and written exams; and, last, the comparison of grades between departments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected during the first semester of the first year in the 2023/2024 academic year, as well as the second semester of the first year and the third semester of the second year in the 2024/2025 academic year. The analysis included results from the written examination, practical examination, and formative assessments conducted throughout the academic year, which were administered in both written (two assessments) and oral formats (one assessment).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final grade is composed of three components: 40% from the practical examination, 50% from the written examination, and 10% from the average score of the three assessments administered during the semester. Students who do not pass the written exam are not allowed to take the practical exam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included students from the general medicine program, specifically Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian-taught section, Series 1 and 2 of the French-taught section, and Series 1 of the English-taught section, comprising a total of 551 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data regarding the test results of the students included in the study were processed via the statistical software SPSS, version 20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor statistical processing, descriptive statistical methods were applied, including the calculation of means, medians, standard deviations, frequencies, graphical representations of data, correlation coefficients, and contingency coefficients [I1997], [ML1998]. For statistical analysis, appropriate statistical tests were employed (Student\u0026rsquo;s t test, chi-square test, normality tests such as the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test, and nonparametric tests such as the Kruskal‒Wallis test and binomial test) [R1995].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe threshold for statistical significance in the analyses was set at the conventional level used in biostatistical applications, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 (5%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe last column of Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test, indicating that the evaluation scores do not follow a normal distribution. This observation is further illustrated by the subsequent graphical representations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the Anatomy Examination Results Analyzed in the Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error of Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003egrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed) p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 2 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 3 (written)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe subsequent sections present an individual analysis of each department, followed by a comparative assessment across departments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcademic evaluations of the Romanian Department\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the summarized results for Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian section. The analysis conducted for both Series 3 and 4 via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test (K‒S test) revealed that all types of evaluations were not normally distributed, with the exception of the Exam grade. When Series 3 and Series 4 were compared via the nonparametric Mann‒Whitney test (M-W test), statistically significant differences were observed for exam grade and final grade. Additionally, Student's t test revealed a significant difference in exam grade (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the results for Series 3 and 4 within the Romanian section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK-S test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-W test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 2 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.039035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8187052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1703373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.730088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1339469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.2007448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 3 (written)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.460526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2905284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1208691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.275044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7427083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1639402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.375585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2049700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1128558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.149204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6912021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1590949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.350000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5848335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1511079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.780000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4165686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1416569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.030\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.468761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4765447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1389016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.625000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5603476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1474390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.444379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2524768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1194190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.818113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0587591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1058759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evaluations for each series are not normally distributed, except for the Exam grade in Series 4 and, in Series 3,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, there are certain systematic influences within each series that lead to a nonnormal distribution of most evaluations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 2 shows that the Practical exam in both series deviates markedly from normal behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that, by applying the paired samples t test to Series 3, among the four pairs analyzed, only the Assessment 1\u0026ndash;Practical exam pair does not show a statistically significant difference between evaluations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the pairs Mean assessments 2 and 3\u0026ndash;Written exam, Mean All assessments\u0026ndash;Exam grade, and Practical exam\u0026ndash;Written exam, there are statistically significant differences between evaluations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the Romanian department Series 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 \u0026ndash; Practical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.112\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3 \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments \u0026ndash; Exam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis analysis focuses on several key comparisons for Romanian Department Series 3: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same behavior is observed for Series 4, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the Romanian department Series 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 \u0026ndash; Practical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.329\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3 \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments \u0026ndash; Exam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis analysis focuses on several key comparisons for Romanian Department Series 4: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcademic evaluations of the French Department\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the summarized results for Series 1 and 2 of the French section. On the basis of the analysis conducted on Series 1 and 2 via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test (K‒S test), all types of evaluations are not normally distributed, with the exception of the Exam grade and Mean All assessments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the results for Series 1 and 2 within the French section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Parameters\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Parameters\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-W\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etest or T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 2 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.624524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5912261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 2 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.870093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3638697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 3 (written)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.500952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0798250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 3 (written)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.043738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1687635\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.784738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1806665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.382492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7129906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT 0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.389286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3205631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.318224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3004654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.102653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3638556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.604486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3508294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT 0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.812145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6340056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.467782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5935415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with the nonparametric Mann‒Whitney test (M-W test), which was applied to Series 1 and Series 2, statistically significant differences were found for practical exam, written exam, and final grade (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas Student's t test indicated a significant difference for exam grade (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.050).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, via the paired-samples t test for Series 1, all four analyzed pairs\u0026mdash;Assessment 1\u0026mdash;Practical exam; Mean assessments 2 and 3\u0026mdash;Written exam; Mean All assessments\u0026mdash;Exam grade; and Practical exam\u0026mdash;Written exam\u0026mdash;showed statistically significant differences between evaluations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the French department Series 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 \u0026ndash; Practical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3 \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments \u0026ndash; Exam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis analysis focuses on several key comparisons for French Department Series 1: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and, finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same pattern is also observed for Series 2, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the French department Series 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 \u0026ndash; Practical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.9154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.2213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3 \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments \u0026ndash; Exam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.9147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.1621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis analysis focuses on several key comparisons for the French Department Series 2: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the mean of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the mean of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and finally, the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcademic Evaluations of the English Department\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e present the summary results for Series 1 from the English section. The analysis conducted via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov normality test revealed that the evaluation types Assessment 1, Assessment 2, Written exam, and Final grade are not normally distributed, whereas the others\u0026mdash;Assessment 3, Assessment 3, Mean All assessments, Practical exam, and Final grade\u0026mdash;are normally distributed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the results for Series 1 within the English section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Parameters\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 2 (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.891262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9148742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.028\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 3 (written)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.640594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5030852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.247115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1823239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam (oral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.960725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2785370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.126214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5446277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.867527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.9925030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the following table, when the paired-samples t test was applied for Series 1, it was found that among the four analyzed pairs, only pair Assessment 1 (Practical exam) and Mean All assessments (Exam grade) did not significantly differ across evaluations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). For the mean assessments 2 and 3\u0026mdash;written exam and practical exam\u0026mdash;written exam, statistically significant differences were observed between evaluations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the French department Series 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Differences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment 1 \u0026ndash; Practical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.894\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean assessments 2 and 3 \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean All assessments \u0026ndash; Exam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.823\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePair 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam \u0026ndash; Written exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis analysis focuses on several key comparisons for English Department Series 1: Assessment 1 and the Practical Exam, which together reflect the oral evaluation; the means of Assessments 2 and 3; the Written Exam, which represents the written evaluation; the means of all assessments compared with the Exam Grade, which evaluates the semester assessment in relation to the final evaluation; and the Practical Exam versus the Written Exam, which highlights the differences between oral and written examination formats.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComparisons between evaluations by departments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows that there are statistically significant differences between the Romanian Department and the French Department in all three exams\u0026mdash;Practical exam, Written exam, and Exam grade (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u0026mdash;with the average score in the Romanian section being statistically significantly higher than that in the French section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of Romanian and French departments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-W p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e indicates that there are statistically significant differences between the Romanian Department and the English Department across all three exams\u0026mdash;Practical exam, Written exam, and Exam grade (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u0026mdash;with the average score in the Romanian section being statistically significantly higher than that in the English section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of the Romanian and English departments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-W p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRomanian Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e shows that there are statistically significant differences between the French Department and the English Department only in the practical exam and exam grades (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with the average score in the French Department being statistically significantly lower than that in the English Department. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were detected between the two sections in the written exam (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of the Franch and English departments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-W p value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten exam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExam grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrench Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnglish Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedical students, trainees, and specialists unanimously agreed that regular formative assessments, such as quizzes, support the learning of anatomy (Atwa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Cowan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This is especially pertinent considering the extensive volume of knowledge medical students must acquire. The incorporation of regular formative assessments can aid in segmenting complex anatomical content into more digestible units, thereby enhancing comprehension and long-term retention (Verma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the process of actively retrieving information during assessments reinforces memory consolidation, a cognitive phenomenon referred to as the testing effect(Chang and Wimmers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). There was also a shared consensus on the importance of regularly evaluating medical students\u0026rsquo; anatomical knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive and participatory learning approaches, such as oral presentations, have demonstrated effectiveness in anatomy education by enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. These strategies promote a shift from traditional teacher-centered instruction to student-centered knowledge construction.(Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the survey conducted by Rowland et al., responses indicated a shift over the past two decades from practical and oral anatomy assessments toward increased use of written formats, including extended matching questions, single best answer questions, and short answer questions. Despite this trend, practical methods remain the most strongly recommended form of assessment for anatomy. (Rowland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed distribution of grades across all evaluated departments deviates from normality, a pattern that may be explained by the influence of multiple factors. These include the quality of the student cohorts, the quality of instruction, and the validity and reliability of the assessment tools employed. The overall mean final grade across all departments was 6.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56. Specifically, the Romanian department recorded mean final grades of 7.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30 for Series 3 and 7.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09 for Series 4. In the French department, the mean final grades were 5.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67 for Series 1 and 6.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60 for Series 2. The English department reported a mean final grade of 6.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 for Series 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, both Assessment 1 and the Practical Examination were conducted in an oral format, whereas the remaining assessments were written. This difference in examination modality may have contributed to the variability in student performance outcomes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The overall mean practical exam grade across all departments was 7.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.04. Specifically, the Romanian department recorded mean practical exam grades of 8.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 for Series 3 and 8.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 for Series 4. In the French department, the mean practical exam grade was 6.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.32 for Series 1 and 7.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30 for Series 2. The English department reported a mean final grade of 7.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27 for Series 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were statistically significant differences between all departments in terms of practical exams, written exams, and final exam grades, with the exception of written exams, where no significant difference was found between the English and French departments (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe differences between departments can be explained by the fact that students in the Romanian department are admitted through an entrance examination, whereas students in the other departments are admitted on the basis of their application files. The USA pioneered the use of admission tests for student selection, starting with the Moss test in 1928, with the current MCAT (introduced in 2007) widely used across North America. In contrast, Europe lacks standardized admission procedures, with each country implementing its own approach. For example, the UK and Austria introduced tests in 2006 (e.g., UKCAT), Ireland followed with HPAT in 2009, and France relies on academic performance during the first year rather than entrance exams (Migliaretti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Migliaretti et al. and Althewini et al. demonstrated that the admission test was an effective predictor of students' academic performance during their first year of study (Migliaretti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Althewini and Al Baz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, in English and French departments, neither all students nor all instructors are native speakers of the language of instruction, which may result in language barriers. Language barriers in medical education\u0026mdash;especially in countries where instruction is delivered in a foreign language\u0026mdash;present major challenges for local students. These obstacles can negatively affect their academic performance, understanding of course material, and ability to communicate with patients, ultimately compromising the quality of healthcare delivery.(Hamad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall mean scores obtained across different types of assessments vary considerably, ranging from 5.82 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60) for the Written exam to 8.14 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97) for the Assessment1. This variability suggests that students perform differently depending on the type of evaluation, with significantly better results observed in oral assessments (Assessment1 and Practical Exam) than in written assessments. This aspect warrants further in-depth analysis, as it may reflect either differentiated student preparation for various assessment formats or particular characteristics inherent to the assessment methods themselves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant differences were observed between the grades obtained in the Assessment1 (oral test) and the practical exam for Series 3 and 4 of the Romanian department (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) or for Series 1 of the English department (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). However, this correlation was not observed in Series 1 and 2 of the French department (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This discrepancy may be attributed to the lack of overlap in teaching staff across the different departments. Notably, no significant differences were found between the means of all the assessments and the exam grades within the English department (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormative assessments are typically administered regularly\u0026mdash;daily, weekly, or at intervals throughout the semester. Daily testing is believed to encourage a more pedagogical approach to learning. Research indicates that students who participate in formative assessments tend to perform better in final examinations, regardless of the number of assessments undertaken. Regardless of whether students complete one or multiple formative assessments, performance outcomes appear similar. These assessments are usually accompanied by feedback to help students recognize their strengths and identify areas needing improvement. However, providing feedback solely on final exam scores has not shown additional benefits.(Choudhury and Freemont, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Kingston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe negative skewness observed in most assessments (with the exception of the written exam) indicates a distribution concentrated toward higher values, suggesting that the majority of students achieve above-average grades. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in Assessment1 (skewness = -1.267), indicating a clear tendency toward awarding higher grades in this test. In contrast, the written exam results in positive skewness (0.264), suggesting a concentration of grades toward lower values, which likely reflects a higher level of difficulty or more stringent evaluation criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis difference of approximately 2 points between oral and written assessments can be explained by the findings of Shenwai and Patil, who highlighted that traditional oral examinations may suffer from a lack of standardization, objectivity, and reliability. A substantial portion of the variability in oral performance ratings arises from the tendency of some evaluators to be lenient, whereas others adopt a more stringent approach. Adjusting for these rating biases could alter the pass/fail outcomes for approximately 6% of the examinees.(Shenwai and K, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuxham et al. conducted a study involving two student cohorts to compare performance in oral versus written assessments. In the first, larger cohort (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99), students were randomly assigned to either an oral or a written assessment group, and their scores on identical biology questions were compared. In the second, smaller cohort (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29), all the students were assessed via both oral and written formats, covering both scientific and personal development topics. In both cohorts, students performed significantly better in the oral assessments,(Huxham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn important aspect is the relationship between anxiety and performance in oral examinations. A study by Surti et al. evaluated anxiety levels among medical and dental students during oral examinations in anatomy and physiology. The study revealed that anxiety levels were significantly higher during anatomy oral exams than during physiology oral exams.(Surti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) This aspect is particularly relevant in the context of anatomy assessment, where the complexity of the subject matter and the three-dimensional nature of the structures may intensify student anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations of the study: The results cannot be generalized, as it is a single-center study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor an adequate assessment, it is necessary to employ multiple examination methods, each with its own specific advantages and disadvantages. In the future, standardizing oral assessments would be advisable to reduce the subjectivity and anxiety associated with this type of examination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaching in a foreign language may negatively affect students\u0026rsquo; academic performance due to language barriers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, our study provides valuable insight into the complexity of assessment in medical education, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for improving educational practices. Integrating these findings with data from the literature allows for the formulation of evidence-based recommendations aimed at optimizing the assessment process and, consequently, enhancing the quality of medical education in both local and global contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of \u0026apos;Iuliu Hațieganu\u0026apos; University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca (Registration No. DEP250/30.07.2025). The need for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of \u0026apos;Iuliu Hațieganu\u0026apos; University of Medicine and Pharmacy due to the retrospective nature of the study. This study is conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 2024 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRC, DRC, IZ, and SMN are research assistants in the Department of Anatomy at the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. ANJ and TMM are doctoral candidates at the same institution. CC is a pharmacist at an independent pharmacy. ST is a Professor in the Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics at the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. His current research interests include stochastic approaches to multicriteria evaluation and ranking in the medical field, as well as applied biostatistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study did not receive any financial support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRC was the principal author and contributed to the concept, design, and acquisition of the data. ANJ contributed to the literature search, interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript and provided technical support.CC, DRC, IZ, SMN, and TMM contributed to the acquisition of the data, interpretation of the data and revision of the manuscript. ST contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data, study concept and revision of the manuscript andprovided important intellectual content. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the students who participated in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (Andrei-Nicolae Jolobai, email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) ) on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eALTHEWINI A, AL BAZ N. Prediction of Admission Tests for Medical Students' Academic Performance. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2022;13:1287\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eATWA HS, POTU BK, FATIMA FADELRADEIFALLAAS, OTHMAN A, M. A., SARWANI, N. A. L., NASR EL-DIN WA. Implementing Formative Assessment in Human Anatomy Practical Sessions: Medical Students' Perception and Effect on Final Exam Performance. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2024;15:551\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCHANG E, WIMMERS P. 2016. Effect of Repeated/Spaced Formative Assessments On Medical School Final Exam Performance. Health Professions Educ, 3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCHOUDHURY B, FREEMONT A. Assessment of anatomical knowledge: Approaches taken by higher education institutions. Clin Anat. 2017;30:290\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCOWAN E, ALTSCHAFL B, BARNES D, LASAREV M, RANHEIM E, PELLEY E. 2024. To Grade or Not to Grade (the Quiz): The Impact of Two Formative Assessment Grading Approaches on Summative Assessment Outcomes in an Integrated Pre-clinical Curriculum. Med Sci Educ, 34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHAMAD AA, MUSTAFFA DB, AMRO ALNAJJARAZ, AMIN RDEAMEHMG, B., ALKHAWALDEH IM. Decolonizing medical education: a systematic review of educational language barriers in countries using foreign languages for instruction. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25:701.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHUXHAM M, FIONA C, AND WESTWOOD. Oral versus written assessments: a test of student performance and attitudes. Assess Evaluation High Educ. 2012;37:125\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKINGSTON AK, GAROFALO EM, CARDOZA, K., FISHER RE. Designing formative assessments to improve anatomy exam performance. Anat Sci Educ. 2023;16:989\u0026ndash;1003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMIGLIARETTI G, BOZZARO S, STURA SILIQUINIR, COSTA I, G., CAVALLO F. Is the admission test for a course in medicine a good predictor of academic performance? A case-control experience at the school of medicine of Turin. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017417.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eROWLAND S, AHMED K, DAVIES DC, ASHRAFIAN H, PATEL V, DARZI A, PARASKEVA, P. A., ATHANASIOU T. Assessment of anatomical knowledge for clinical practice: perceptions of clinicians and students. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33:263\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSHENWAI MR, K BP. Introduction of Structured Oral Examination as A Novel Assessment tool to First Year Medical Students in Physiology. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:2544\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSINGH K, BHARATHA A, SA, B., ADAMS, O. P., MAJUMDER MAA. Teaching anatomy using an active and engaging learning strategy. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19:149.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSUGAND K, ABRAHAMS P, KHURANA A. The anatomy of anatomy: a review for its modernization. Anat Sci Educ. 2010;3:83\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSURTI A, USMANI A, SARFRAZ MR, SHAKOOR S. Is Anxiety related to oral examination scores of Anatomy and Physiology? A study of pre-clinical MBBS and BDS Students. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40:2011\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVERMA A, PASRICHA N, STHAPAK CHAUDHARYABHATNAGARR, E., GAHARWAR A. Interactive Quiz-Based Anatomy Teaching for Medical Undergraduate Students. Cureus. 2024;16:e52353.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Medical education, academic performance, student adaptation, anatomy assessment, language barriers","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8185842/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8185842/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical education requires a solid understanding of anatomy, which is essential across all medical specialties. This study investigates students\u0026rsquo; performance and adaptation to academic demands, comparing outcomes across cohorts and departments, with particular emphasis on the impact of instruction in foreign languages. The importance of assessing anatomical competence is underscored as a determinant of patient care quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected over three semesters (2023/2024 and 2024/2025) from 551 students enrolled in general medicine (Romanian, French, and English departments). Assessments included written, practical, and continuous evaluations (oral and written). The final grade was calculated as follows: 40% practical examination, 50% written examination, and 10% average of continuous assessments. Statistical analysis was performed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test, Mann‒Whitney U test, and Student\u0026rsquo;s t test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost assessment distributions deviated from normality. Statistically significant differences were identified between departments: Romanian students achieved higher scores than their French and English section peers did in practical examinations, written examinations, and overall final grades. Student performance varies considerably depending on the type of assessment, with outcomes in oral evaluations being superior to those in written evaluations. No significant differences were observed between the English and French sections in the written examinations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the necessity of employing multiple assessment methods to adequately evaluate competence. Language barriers may negatively impact the academic performance of international students. Standardization of oral examinations is recommended to reduce subjectivity and alleviate student anxiety. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing assessment practices and improving the quality of medical education.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating Anatomy Learning Outcomes: A Retrospective Study of Multilingual Student Cohorts at the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-30 09:26:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8185842/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-28T18:49:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"107923170036774251621504566472741097632","date":"2025-12-28T17:50:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T13:17:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T17:06:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T15:21:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T13:09:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2025-12-01T11:38:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"19cafce8-b8c2-4358-9f7e-974a4965b5f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-30T09:26:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-30 09:26:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8185842","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8185842","identity":"rs-8185842","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}