Relationships of perception of health risks by use of pesticides: A Man-Environment look.

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Astrid Merino Silverio, Maristela Casé Costa Cunha, Wbaneide Martins de Andrade, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2235422/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The use of agricultural pesticides is increasingly associated with public health problems and negative impacts on the environment, in addition to the lack of protective actions developed by Brazilian environmental agencies. Our objective in this study was to analyze the relationships in the process that lead to the perception of risk of damage to human health by the use of pesticides in the riverine farming communities of the São Francisco Valley, in Brazilian northeast. We carried out a qualitative literature review, using the Constructivist Grounded Theory applied to the review of published scientific articles. The elements in the perceptive process found were: 1) the environment; 2) conditioning factors; 3) the perception of the human body; 4) the memory; 5) socio-cognitive processing; 6) automatic response; 7) the decision process and 8) the behavior. Each of those elements and its relationships guide where the causes of an inadequate perception to resolve them. Damage from agrochemicals Brazilian Northeast Collective Health Human Ecology Risk behaviors Socio-environmental Management. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The various uses of pesticides in agriculture are increasingly associated with problems in the health of populations in the world as well as in Brazil. However, it is essential to invest in studies/research that improve the perception, in view of the risks, of the health of agricultural workers in order to help in the perspective of a vision of reality from farmers to governments. In this way, contributing, through local knowledge, with managers who regulate the use of these inputs/pesticides, and can be an important tool in socio-environmental management (De Souza, 2020). According to cognitive psychology, perception is the ability to capture, process and understand information received by our senses; that is, analyzed as a cognitive process that allows us to interpret the environment with the stimuli we receive through sensory organs (De Andrade, 2021). This important process is essential for everyday life because, among other things, it allows us to understand the environment and the interactions between the elements of the man-nature relationship are an information instrument that perception needs to develop the phenomenon of the perceptive process (Gruszka, 2022). However, the perception of risk to human health is understood as the individual sensitivity or perceptive phenomenon, in the identification of risks existing in the environment with which man interacts, configuring a true exchange of information generated and developed by the capacity for awareness and learning, that it receives from the cultural environment itself, in high risk situations (Miranda et al., 2019). In this context, triggering human responses and behaviors that may be considered adequate or inappropriate, called risk behaviors to health and the environment (Moram, 2018; De Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). Risk behaviors are manifested in personal, work, social and ecosystem care actions; because any damage to the environment affects the quality of life of communities (Moram, 2018; De Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). However, considering the risk factor to human health, we can exemplify the use of pesticides, a substance used in Brazil as an important technology in modern agricultural production, however ignoring food safety problems, at the same time protecting plants from phytopathologies and attacks. of insects (Frota and Siqueira, 2021). The impacts generated by the inappropriate use of pesticides on the environment are well known and there are regulatory laws (The Law on Agrochemicals and Related Products, nº 7,802, of July 11, 1989) for their use; in addition, however, it has direct implications for public health, a fact that is contacted in developing and transition countries (Corcino et al., 2019). However, research indicates that the use of pesticides in Brazilian agriculture is a fact, but the residual environmental destination of these products has direct and indirect implications for human health (Hendriks et al., 2019). Some consequences associated with pesticide use are the high risk of developing serious diseases such as: neurotoxicity (Mitra, 2019), immunotoxicity (Gammon et al., 2019 ), genotoxicity and cancer (Indio-Do-Brasil et al., 2017) and of being endocrine disruptors (EDs) in vertebrates (Indio-Do-Brasil et al., 2017). However, the toxicity of pesticides is an important factor in the onset of several human pathologies and this varies according to some parameters, such as: amount absorbed, exposure time and their location in the plant in contact with the farmer, which can cause or accelerate different diseases. that can lead to chronic disabling injuries or even death. (WHO, 2020). In Brazil, studies reveal that the ingestion of food with pesticides is related to several diseases, such as: chronic inflammation as a predisposition in individuals who have various types of cancer and the emergence of neoplasms of the systems: immune, male reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory and endocrine system (Indio De Brasil et al., 2017). In northeastern Brazil, compounds that pose health risks (tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos) were found in water intended for human consumption in the watershed of the Betume River, a tributary of the São Francisco River that supplies several regions of the state of Sergipe. The compounds were not regulated in 2015, but Ordinance GM/MS No. 888, of May 4, 2021, describes the concentrations of pesticides for the potability standard for inorganic chemical substances that pose a health risk. Thus, the presence of these compounds highlights the risks of contamination of the population. When compared with European Community standards, these concentrations were above the tolerance limit (Brito et al., 2015). In the sub-middle stretch of the São Francisco River basin, the exacerbated use of pesticides and agricultural fertilizers in large and small plantations of grapes, mangoes and other crops, the improper disposal of these substances and damage to ecosystems were observed (Ramos et al., 2006; ;Siqueira et al., 2011; Bedor et al., 2017; de Moura et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2018; Corcino et al., 2019; de Souza, 2020; Bedor et al., 2022 ). Exposure to pesticides in the region was associated with the occurrence of birth defects (skeletal and nervous system muscle) (Silva et al., 2011). Cyanamide (Dormex) is an Eds presented in the form of liquid or blue powder, is used to break bud dormancy in grape plantations, in the São Francisco Valley region, to induce fruit budding (Oliveira, 2019). This substance is one of the pesticides banned in the European Union, and its use was banned in Brazil in 2008, being re-applied (Friedrich et al., 2021). In 2020, in the medical interviews, the visits carried out by the family health teams (ESF) and various surveys to the crops of agricultural producers, from the municipalities of Juazeiro (BA) and Petrolina (PE), farmers were observed without the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (Corcino et al., 2019). These same errors were also a reason for analysis, in the review of another research, in Paraná, Goiás and Matogrosso of South (Basso et al., 2021 ). Farmers who work with the application of these products and the population that lives close to the plantations become the most vulnerable, as they are in direct contact with the products and do not properly use PPE (Silverio and Pinheiro, 2019). Studying the process by reviewing scientific literature with a method that helps to formulate a theoretical model helps in understanding and what would be the possibilities of acting to improve human conduct. The Grounded Theory (GT) in the constructivist current (Charmaz, 2009); it is a form of sampling approach with simultaneous analysis of data, to investigate processes such as perception and its relations with the environment. The method is to codify the information in the form of categories that go to give the main elements of the different parts of the process. In this way, the objective of this work was to analyze the perception relationships in the process that lead to an inadequate risk perception of damages to human health, due to the use of pesticides by riverside farmers of the São Francisco Valley, in northeastern Brazil. Methods Study Area The São Francisco Valley is one of the most prosperous hydroterritories in northeastern Brazil, in terms of fruit production and agriculture using pesticides; and in general, it has all the elements of the man-nature relationship (Moran, 1990 and 2018), in the relationships of perception of health risks by the use of pesticides by riverside farmers (riverside farmer-agricultural environment that uses pesticides) that allows an approach comprehensive range of interactions in the perceptual process. The most representative municipalities for agriculture in the valley are the municipalities of Petrolina and Juazeiro (Fig. 1), located in the sub-middle of the São Francisco Valley (Corcino et al., 2019). Petrolina is a municipality in the interior of the state of Pernambuco and has a territorial area of 4,561,872 Km2, of which 244.8 Km2 are urban areas. The population is estimated at 359,372, the population density is 64.44. It has a human development index (HDI) of 0.697 and the population of riparian farmers is 6,980 farmers (IBGE, 2022). Juazeiro is a municipality in the interior of Bahia, also in the agribusiness region of the São Francisco Valley. It has a territorial area of 6,721,237 Km2, with a population of 219,544 inhabitants, a population density of 30.45 and an HDI of 0.677, and the population of riverside farmers is 7,268 farmers similar to Petrolina (IBGE, 2022). Methodology Procedures This is a literature review article in the last 40 years, being the time of development of the use of agricultural pesticides in Brazil. We opted for the form of qualitative analysis to obtain a theoretical model from the perspective of the Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) by Charmaz (2009) modified to be applied only to publications of the enchanted literature on the research topic, in the form of a theoretical review; with intentional sampling of journals recognized by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), due to the study area being in Brazil. The CGT was used in this study with a different approach not found in previous research; in a purely theoretical form in the form of bibliographic research. This was done by modifying the sample groups that are usually interviewed by initial keywords and auxiliary descriptors generated in the simultaneous analysis of data (which in this case are the articles found in the research) to investigate how the process of risk perception by the use of pesticides in riparian farmers that lead to their behaviors, and reach the theoretical model. The main keywords (perception and/or uses of pesticides) were first placed in the search for articles in journals and the information obtained was analyzed and coded giving the first auxiliary descriptors, which were later attached to the main ones in new searches. Thus, more auxiliary descriptors appeared, which were always placed together with the main descriptors separately and together. (Fig. 2). In the search engine of the CAPES database, the main keywords and auxiliary descriptors (contact descriptors), give articles with more in-depth and specific knowledge about the parts of the perceptual process. The analysis was always comparing with the found knowledge; and worked with the coded categories. Most of the auxiliary descriptors came out of the coding of the articles' data in the analysis of the extracted knowledge and can be converted into categories (which in this case happened) that are the elements of perception. The entire process of reviewing the articles was from August 30, 2021 to June 30, 2022, in a cyclical way; comparing and annexing new findings; integrating and analyzing the information relationships or interactions of individuals (the riverside farmers of the San Francisco River) with the environment (socioecosystems) and barriers in the process of perception; all this, in the knowledge about the damages to the health that the pesticides cause to them; to their conduct or care. The Main Keywords (Fig. 2) were used (in English, Portuguese and Spanish); the same as the contact descriptors according to their appearance, always together with the word perception and/or use of pesticides in order to encompass all spheres of relationships in the perception of risk. The auxiliary descriptors (Contac Descriptors da Fig. 2) added (+) to the main ones are: riverine farmers; environment; behavior, human ecology; conditioning factors; socio-environmental management; memory; perception neuroscience, human perception; socio-cognitive processing; decision process; automatic answer; risk behavior; San Francisco River; health risks; and San Francisco Valley. The inclusion criteria are based on placing research that portrays the risks or damage to health from the use of pesticides and particularly linked to the explanation of the process of relationships in the perception of the environment, in the riverine farmer model. Of the exclusion criteria for the article, studies from other riverside regions were excluded; and within human perception relationships, those not conceptualized by CAPES; as much as the same information found, always selecting the most up-to-date articles. The Data Analysis shows the number of articles used out of the 113 reviewed, for each element, within the perception relationships that were used in the preparation of the article, which was generated through initial and focused coding, according to the TFC. The studies found constituted the descriptive-analytical-reflexive analysis in the perception relationships to provide an analytical diagram. Results Of the 113 articles reviewed in the last 40 years on the subject, 57 were used for the construction of the article (cited in the References), giving rise to the categories or elements found in the relations of perception of the perceptual process, which being determined by each of them, can lead to an inadequate risk perception of damage to human health by the use of pesticides, in riverside farmers of the São Francisco River. The elements of the perceptual process found were: 1) the environment; 2) the filter, perceptive barrier, or conditioning factors; 3) the human body perception; 4) the memory; 5) the social-cognitive processing; 6) automatic response; 7) the decision process and 8) the behavior or conduct. Each of these elements and their relationships can guide according to the behavior of individuals, which could be the causes of an inadequate perception, for the riverine farmer to minimize the damage to his health by the use of pesticides. The articles that more specifically define the cyclic sequence of the perceptual process were that of Moram (1990); Rodrigues et al. (2012); Mendoca and Gullo (2020) (Fig. 3). In coding the data and choosing the articles for the study, we graphically organize the number of references found for each element of the perception relationships of riverside farmers and the keywords used in CAPES journals. From the element or Category “Environment” 35 literatures were used in the article to clarify the category on the basis of the research of Fig. 3 part “a)”, and in Fig. 3 part “b)” those that describe the damage to health by pesticides were divided which are 25 (Basso et al., 2021 ; Bedor et al., 2022; Bedor et al., 2017; Brasil, 2021; Corcino et al., 2019; da Motta and Ortiz, 2018 ; De Andrade, 2021; De Moura et al., 2018; De Souza et al., 2020; Friedrich et al., 2021; Frota and Siqueira, 2021; Gammon et al., 2019 ; Gruszka, 2022; Hendriks et al., 2019; Losch et al., 2022; Miranda et al., 2019; Mitra et al., 2019 ; OMS, 2020 ; Pelaez et al., 2010; Ramos et al., 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2018; Silverio and Pinheiro, 2019; Siqueira et al., 2011), and those describing other elements of the Environment were ten (ANVISA, 2019; Brasil, 2015 ; Britto et al., 2015; Charmaz, 2014 ; De Avila-Pires, 2020 ; Moran, 1990 ; Moran, 2018; Rodrigues et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2020.). Also the other categories represented in Fig. 3 part “a)” as they are: the conditioning factors with four literatures (Cardoso, 2020; Guion, 1998; Ortiz et al., 2018; Rogers et al., 2020); the perception of the human body with two literatures (DOS Santos et al., 2021; DE Mendoca and Gullo, 2020); from memory two literatures (Callefi and Ichikawa, 2019; Lima, 2021); the socio-cognitive processing with six literatures (França et al., 2020; Gigerenzer, 1991; Lee, 2021; MarqueS, 2017 ; Pengue, 2021; Tuan, 2012); the automatic response with a literature (Pinto, 2021 ); the decision process with four literatures (Bargt et al., 2012; Carvalho, 2016 ; Ruths, 2021; Slovic et al., 1982 ); and behavior or conduct with three literatures (Bernardi et al., 2018; De Souza et al, 2020; Petarli et al., 2019). Of the 25 articles that addressed the health risks from the use of pesticides, used in the article and corresponding to the environment element, as it is a wide and abundant information within the scientific and technological literature found in the research, Fig. 4, which refers to “Health effects caused by pesticide use”; where, in summary, the short-term (from 0 to 21 days) and long-term (more than 21 days) effects are presented, according to the classification by Losch et al. (2022), that pesticides produce human health that justify the risks to human health and the importance of knowing them to increase the perception of risk (Fig. 4). The diagram of cyclical and multisystemic relations of perception (Fig. 5), was created on the basis of the elements brought through the integrative analysis in the categorization of knowledge as parts in the approach of the perception process, by the method of the relations between man and the environment based on fundamentally in the articles by Moram 1990 and 2019); Rodrigues et al. (2012); Mendoca and Gullo (2020). In Fig. 5 elements were placed in the perceptual process and how the exchange of information between the represented categories takes place, and in general, what each one of them contains. Being the most representative environment element in the articles due to the immensity of information that it has as a category. The analysis of the relationships of perception of risks to human health from the use of pesticides in riverside farmers will be discussed later in this article, forming part of the cyclical process of perception, in the existence of risks to human life and conduct, from the elements found that interact with the individual and his or her response. There are few articles about riverside or San Francisco Valley farmers; so, we hope that the focus of the article's discussion will broaden the research sources on the vulnerabilities in the populations of farmers in the São Francisco River and their perception of the health risks caused by the use of pesticides. Discussion In search of Eco-Human solutions (man-environment) in the understanding of complex anthropocentric relationships, social systems and ecosystems, within human perception, as a judgment process (De Ávila Pires, 2020), which lead to actions on the environments in which cohabits; it is necessary to discuss and analyze several elements that are related in the perceptive process, to address the perception of health risks from the use of pesticides in riverside farmers, where the role of social management must command; to control; educate and study these problems in order to solve them. In the Sub-medium region of the San Francisco Valley, agricultural activities are concentrated in irrigated fruit growing. The economy based on agribusiness has made this region the most prosperous in the San Francisco Valley. The irrigated fruit culture developed in the region is based on a model of agricultural production development, characterized by the intensive use of pesticides, to increase productivity and economic growth. More than half of the economically active population of the Lower São Francisco Valley is employed in agriculture and the indiscriminate use of pesticides in unsafe working conditions compromises the health of riverine farmers (Corcino et al., 2019). Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the relations of perception and the social, cultural and economic conditions present in the agricultural production process and in riverside communities in order to minimize the damage to health resulting from the use of pesticides. In Fig. 5, the elements of the perceptual process and the relationships between them were presented graphically; and then the discussion of the elements identified in the “Model of human-environment perception relations” will begin. The Environment The environment element contains within it different spheres and content that send information between them and the individuals that contain it, such as: types of ecosystems; societies; legal frameworks or jurisprudential systems; health systems with epidemiological surveillance, health care and harm surveys; socio-political and management systems of states and governments; local and mixed cultures; education systems and continuous technological improvement; in general, dimensions in space that transmit information to individuals, along with their socio-ecosystem relationships (Santos et al., 2020). Also, the resources of the environment can be natural, as they are: the biomass; the flora; the fauna; the soils; minerals; fossil fuels; the weather; or not natural, such as human anthropic activities and their technologies, among others that characterize the Anthropocene, expanding the definition of Santos et al. (2020). Riverside farmers are seen as cheap labor, which, in addition to having a structure of laws and a network of care management by the SUS, which protect the worker, there is no sharp inspection in all types of culture. Grape production being the most supervised in the São Francisco River hydroterritories in the Vale region (Rodrigues et al., 2022). In Brazil (Fig. 1) there are four legal frameworks for the regulation and protection of the health impacts caused by pesticides, such as the Ministry of Health (guarantees medical monitoring for the farmer, toxicological assessment and research into occupational and non-occupational diseases). linked to the contact or use of pesticides in the population); the Ministry of Agriculture (does toxicological assessment of pesticide molecules in food and crops) (Oliveira et al., 2022); the Ministry of the Environment (environmental assessment of water bodies, air, soil, fruits and biota in general); the Ministry of Labor (legislates for the use of PPE and for working hours in general); and the Public Ministry that takes the problem to judgment, in the process of labor abandonment of the riverine farmer or damages in general by pesticides, and in some cases until the Federal Supreme Court (STF), (Pelaez, 2010 ). Crops such as bananas, onions, watermelon and melons are neglected in inspection, with a high amount of pesticides per planted area. According to the IBGE, the national pesticide consumption index per planted area, calculated from area and commercialization data, grew from 3.2 kg of pesticide/ha in 2005 to 6.7 kg/ha in 2014, (ANVISA, 2019). Today the San Francisco Valley is one of the regions that consumes the most pesticides in Brazil, second only to the southern region. The increase in the number of new registrations granted to pesticides and the like, reported more recently, points to the accelerated continuity of this trend. If, as of 2016, the number is 277 new records, and in 2017, 2018, and 2019, it reaches 405, 449, and finally 474 new records, respectively. Most of the pesticides released from 2016 to 2019 are products intended for the pesticide industry, bringing, as a potential consequence, increased consumption due to the high resistance of pests in crops to products previously used (ANVISA, 2019). Another environmental dimension to the contact with riverside farmers due to the increase in pesticide authorizations is the correlation with the number of poisonings. According to the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan), which collects data generated by the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SNVE), between 2007 and 2017, 41,600 cases of intoxication by agricultural pesticides accumulated, on an increasing scale: in the first year of the period, 2,200 cases had been reported; in 2017, there were 5,100 cases, more than double. Considering all the related cases from 2007 to 2017, 88% refer to acute intoxications and 42% were due to occupational exposure (ANVISA, 2019). The environment of the riverine farmer in the northeast and everything that surrounds them in the space they inhabit; from their houses, plantations, the water bodies; the ecosystems it invades for any activity; the social system that involves its production dynamics (economy, legislation), accessibility to health care, culture, education and its human relations; the resources of the environment; external forces; human technologies such as agricultural machinery, pesticides and PPE, among other factors that occupy its universe. This interchange between man-environment gives him a lot of information about what happens in his environment. The Filter, Perceptive Barrier Or Conditioning Factors In Perception There is a type of filter or cognitive barrier in human beings that conditions these stimuli, “conditioning factors” (individual and cultural in Fig. 1) that arrive from the “environment” to man in the form of information. The conditioning factors in human perception are individual and cultural. The individual factors are the relationships with the self (with spirituality; the body; reason); distance in space; knowledge; motivation; conduct; participation to inclusion. We have cultural constraints such as family relationships; emotional; affective with others; social in general (Guion, 1998; Rogers et al., 2020). Social, cultural and technological inequalities in production, in the participation or social inclusion of riverside farmers, lead to socioeconomic inequality that intervenes in the level of development that, in the rural environment, is noted in the differences in income, educational and cultural levels of producers. Therefore, identifying the constraints or perceptual barriers that may contribute to reducing socio-technological differences among riverside farmers represents a challenge for the equitable socioeconomic development of the different agricultural regions of the country (Cardoso, 2020). Fear of personal and family economic shortages, or the lack of other means of income, can make riverine farmers continue to be exposed to the risk of working with pesticides. The relations with the farmer's I (individual conscience that is conditioned by the collective conscience), the perception in space, in the distance from the pesticide problem, the individual motivations previously addressed and the knowledge received during his life constitute the filter to see all his situations (Motta and Ortiz, 2018 ). The Perception Of The Human Body The body collects stimuli from the entire environment, of which it is a part, but only it chooses how it will return what it received (Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). This places the body as a mediator of the information that is in the environment, being able to modify it, before or after its processing, and also give priority according to its critical judgment. But to have an adequate criterion of a situation one needs sufficient knowledge about what happens outside or inside the environment of the body. Research on risk perception, for self-care and care for others, indicates that when the human body is more intensely perceived as an objective (real) risk, there will be greater awareness of the threat. But, on the other hand, if the exposure is frequent, there is a perception that this risk is more controllable (subjective risk). The proximity and daily coexistence with the risks provoke a denial, as the risks are identified (Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). In the case of farmers in the Sub-medium do San Francisco, as well as the research by Dos Santos et al. (2021) reveal that they feel that they do not need protection by not using PPE properly. They dispose of containers, gloves and clothes inappropriately, exposing their homes, their loved ones and the entire living environment to risk. They do not focus on self-care and care for the health of the environment, but on their family's economic situation and food production. Unfortunately, the lack of information, the daily proximity to pesticides without obvious damage in the short term are the causes that lead to the denial of these risks. Most do not believe that they need to protect their body from pesticides (Dos Santos et al., 2021). The Memory Memory has a fundamental role within the history of life, in people's memories and especially in riverside communities, since the subject needs to access their memory and bring elements that end up relating the past with the present, given that the present can interfere with the individual's way of reliving their past memories (Callefi and Ichikawa, 2019). Memories are responsible for the subjective character of perception, providing the sensation of perceptual stability (Lima, 2021). The representation of the environment in memory is the way of perceiving a real or possible action, eliminating from consciousness everything that does not interest the action at that moment regulated by desire. And consciousness, is the memory integrated in the conservation and accumulation of knowledge or representations of the reality of the past in the present. But consciousness also anticipates the future, with the precaution arising from a devastating phenomenon or action in the environment. This can be represented when riverine farmers encounter loss of local flora or fauna in the environment, death of fish or increase in natural bioindicators of environmental pollution (Lima, 2021). The relationships between perception, memory and action have important consequences for understanding the subjectivity of riverside people who use pesticides on their plantations. If they remembered all the times, they and others got sick or how many people in the environment dies when using pesticides and the knowledge acquired in the farmers' associations. But memory is sustained by what emotionally impacts the time of learning and being constantly in contact with this knowledge (Callefi and IChikawa, 2019). The Socio-cognitive Processing The human mentality can act by processing information, prioritizing feelings of love or selfishness, depending on the satisfaction of their desire, which inappropriately can manifest themselves in territorial, competitive and consumerist behaviors (Marques, 2017 ). Throughout human development, since the first Sapiens, killing for dominance in planetary spaces, already more exacerbated in the mid-20th century, living standards with a high ecological footprint in this 21st century, to the detriment of nature, in addition to social differences in standards consumption, accelerate the depletion of the Earth's natural resources (Pengue, 2021). The Theory of Trust (due to overconfidence that will not be harmed in health, or lack of trust in scientific social sectors that promote personal and other care) in information processing also influences the minimization of risk (Gigerenzer, 1991). The public participation of the individual creating social responsibility in the co-creation of social value (Lee, 2021) as well as feeling part of something or a place, flourishes and solidifies the individual and collective feeling of socio-ecosystem love, called Topophilia (Tuan, 2012). The symptoms of pesticide damage often go unnoticed by riverside farmers in the São Francisco Valley, who generally do not make any association with the symptoms presented to the use of pesticides during or after handling the product, seeming not to recognize them as signs of intoxication. This prevents them from resorting to specialized care, as they associate the symptoms with those of a simple indisposition, a virus or that these are natural processes resulting from their work. Therefore, subjective and constant symptoms of occupational exposure can be an early indication of intoxication (França et al., 2020). The Automatic Response Studies in decision making (with assessment of healthy-adequate or inadequate perception) are based on moral judgments, intimate relationships, emotional processes, facial perception and social judgment, motivation and goal pursuit, conformity and behavioral contagion, embodied cognition and the emergence of automatic processes in early childhood. Taken as a set of recent works in these domains, they demonstrate that automaticity does not result exclusively from a process of skill acquisition (where a process always starts as conscious and deliberate, becoming capable of automatic operation only with frequent use), in which there are evolved substrates and learning mechanisms in early childhood also involved (Pinto, 2021 ), the individual and cultural constraints exposed in Fig. 5. When farmers work and are thirsty or hungry, they automatically eat fruits such as grapes, mangoes, among other fruits in the region without decontaminating, which can cause intoxications that can lead to death. The Decision Processes Without a consequent contemplation of the human relationship, between man and the ecosystem in which he inhabits, it makes the agricultural worker not see the consequences of the damage of these practices, to him as a microsystem and to other systems (Carvalho, 2016 ). In order for the individual to react and make decisions compatible with the risk situation in question, these risks have to be perceived and the decisions and behaviors will then be compatible with the safety that the situation requires. If their perceptions were sick or wrong, care in personal, social, public legislative and environmental sustainability protection efforts may fail (Slovic et al, 1982 ). Taken as a set of recent works in these domains, they demonstrate that automaticity does not result exclusively from a skill acquisition process (where a process always starts out as conscious and deliberate, becoming capable of automatic operation only with frequent use) in which there are evolved substrates and learning mechanisms in early childhood also involved (Bargt et al., 2012) the individual and cultural constraints exposed in Fig. 5. Ethics as human conduct is one of the relations of perception in the cultural education of societies that is reflected in the decision-making of conscious thought. Today it would be a question of ethics to see the dangers of using pesticides. The uses of pesticides are potentially harmful in all their forms; but it has great importance in laboratory research on in vitro germination, as auxins (growth hormones etc.) in small doses that are harmless to the environment (Ruthis, 2021). The Behavior Or Conduct Within the concept from Moran ( 1990 ) to De Ávila Pires (2020) the model of man-environment relations and perception as a judgment process, we can see that there is a direct relationship between capturing information from the environment in which the individual perceives the environment properly or not, and that there are internal logical structures in the human being that process this information that is categorized in relevance and complexity; in addition to a memory of experiences that can condition the evaluation to the decision process that leads to actions, which in this case we will call human behavior. The inappropriate behavior of riverine farmers when using pesticides are: production agriculture with extensive areas of monocultures; the use of the same pesticides at the same time of the year on crops; repeated and indiscriminate use of pesticides in pest control that increase pest resistance and harm nature; the wrong or late identification of pests and not studying climate changes that favor greater environmental impacts; move plants and cultures to new environments without previous study; consider pesticides harmless, non-toxic; the misuse of a material in any way not described in accordance with the Law, altering dosage rates or violating specific safety instructions, not using protective equipment, or mishandling PPE; the incorrect preparation, storage and disposal of containers and other pesticide residues; eating food without proper decontamination on or off plantations, among others (Bernardi et al. 2018; Petarli et al., 2019; De Souza et al., 2020) constitute personal and collective risk behaviors in riverine farming communities in the face of the problem which is the pesticide in agriculture causing diseases. Conclusions Within the relationship between the riverine farmer and the agricultural environment that uses pesticides that are potentially harmful to health, there are elements that exchange information in the perceptive process in a cyclical way; barrier mechanisms that condition perception, cultural and individual, that mediate the processing of information from the environment, and are in these relationships of the elements in the cognitive barrier, the blockage for the perception of risk to be adequate or not. Mechanisms or educational projects must be created at a cultural level, which satisfactorily penetrate the individual process of the cognitive barrier, so that riverside farmers can see self-care and environmental care, with an adequate, healthy perception. The way must be culture as an educational process in the masses, replacing inadequate social beliefs; of human and environmental devaluation and consumerism. The right thing would be to promote preventive, educational and functional government policies that change risk behavior and populations with a good audiovisual and individual education. The incentives for government investments in sustainable agriculture also accelerate this process, which will put organic products on consumers' tables in a more accessible way, and less pesticides in food. Declarations Ethical Approval This declaration is “not applicable”, because it is a literature review studio. Approval by ethics committees is applicable to human and/or animal studies. The four authors also gave their consent to participate and the consent to publish the study. Competing interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and the authors approved the final version submitted. Authors' contributions The first author is responsible for the construction of the research project, for the development of the research and for the construction of the text of the article, as well as for the construction of the figures. The second author participated in the construction of the research project and in the review of the article. The third author participated in the construction and review of the article. The fourth author made the map of figure 1(Fig. 1). All authors reviewed each part of the article. Funding To cover part of the research costs, the first author receives a master's scholarship in Human Ecology and Socio-environmental Management from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), foundation of the Ministry of Education (MEC), in Brazil, being part of the master's project. Availability of data and materials You can access the data sets used by reading the 57 article references that were used to prepare the search and its results. All these literatures are accepted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). These studies cited in the references can be obtained directly from the Google Scholar database through the titles of each literature used. The analysis of the methodology used by the authors in the literature review, will help to understand the results and reproduce these and other researches in the future. References ANVISA. Agência de Vigilância Sanitária, registros e autorizações de agrotóxicos de uso agrícola, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/centraisdeconteudo/publicacoes/agrotoxicos/informe-tecnico-n-01-2019.pdf/view Acessado em: 24/04/2021. BARGH, John A. et al. Automaticity in social-cognitive processes. Trends in cognitive sciences , v. 16, n. 12, p. 593-605, 2012. 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A percepção ambiental como instrumento de apoio na gestão e na formulação de políticas públicas ambientais. Revista Saude soc , vol.21, n.3, pp.96-110, 2012. ROGERS, Nina Trivedy et al. Behavioral change towards reduced intensity physical activity is disproportionately prevalent among adults with serious health issues or Self-Perception of high risk during the UK COVID-19 Lockdown. Frontiers in public health , v. 8, p. 575091, 2020. RUTHS, Rodrigo et al. Produção de mudas de pitaya com diferentes segmentos de cladódio e reguladores de crescimento vegetal. Research, Society and Development , v. 10, n. 3, p. e17910313230-e17910313230, 2021. SANTOS, Carlos Alberto Batista et al. Ecologia Humana e Justiça Cognitiva: Comensurabilidade e Autorias nos Conhecimentos produzidos com os Povos Tradicionais. REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA , v. 14, n. 52, p. 167-179, 2020. SILVA, Marília Gabriella Pinheiro et al. Trends in morbidity and mortality due to child and adolescent cancer in a center of irrigated fruitculture. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva , v. 26, p. 38-44, 2018. SILVERIO, A.M. e Pinheiro, P.B. A BIOCIÊNCIA DOS AGROTÓXICOS E SEU IMPACTO NA SAÚDE. Revista Ouricuri . V.9, n.2, p.016-033, 2019. SIQUEIRA, Lady-Anne Pereira et al. A reprodução social na saúde do trabalhador: o desenvolvimento de políticas na fruticultura irrigada de Petrolina-PE. Saúde em Debate , v. 35, n. 89, p. 281-291, 2011. SLOVIC P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. Facts versus fears: understanding perceived risk. In: Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A, editors. Judgment under uncertainly: heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . p. 463-89.1982. TUAN, Yi-Fu. Topofilia: um estudo da percepção, atitudes e valores do meio ambiente . SciELO-EDUEL, 2012. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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18:14:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1873140,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2235422/v1/34cd2ef4-85f0-4f9e-b832-75c5602404f3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Relationships of perception of health risks by use of pesticides: A Man-Environment look.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe various uses of pesticides in agriculture are increasingly associated with problems in the health of populations in the world as well as in Brazil. However, it is essential to invest in studies/research that improve the perception, in view of the risks, of the health of agricultural workers in order to help in the perspective of a vision of reality from farmers to governments. In this way, contributing, through local knowledge, with managers who regulate the use of these inputs/pesticides, and can be an important tool in socio-environmental management (De Souza, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to cognitive psychology, perception is the ability to capture, process and understand information received by our senses; that is, analyzed as a cognitive process that allows us to interpret the environment with the stimuli we receive through sensory organs (De Andrade, 2021). This important process is essential for everyday life because, among other things, it allows us to understand the environment and the interactions between the elements of the man-nature relationship are an information instrument that perception needs to develop the phenomenon of the perceptive process (Gruszka, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the perception of risk to human health is understood as the individual sensitivity or perceptive phenomenon, in the identification of risks existing in the environment with which man interacts, configuring a true exchange of information generated and developed by the capacity for awareness and learning, that it receives from the cultural environment itself, in high risk situations (Miranda et al., 2019). In this context, triggering human responses and behaviors that may be considered adequate or inappropriate, called risk behaviors to health and the environment (Moram, 2018; De Mendoca and Gullo, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk behaviors are manifested in personal, work, social and ecosystem care actions; because any damage to the environment affects the quality of life of communities (Moram, 2018; De Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). However, considering the risk factor to human health, we can exemplify the use of pesticides, a substance used in Brazil as an important technology in modern agricultural production, however ignoring food safety problems, at the same time protecting plants from phytopathologies and attacks. of insects (Frota and Siqueira, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impacts generated by the inappropriate use of pesticides on the environment are well known and there are regulatory laws (The Law on Agrochemicals and Related Products, n\u0026ordm; 7,802, of July 11, 1989) for their use; in addition, however, it has direct implications for public health, a fact that is contacted in developing and transition countries (Corcino et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, research indicates that the use of pesticides in Brazilian agriculture is a fact, but the residual environmental destination of these products has direct and indirect implications for human health (Hendriks et al., 2019). Some consequences associated with pesticide use are the high risk of developing serious diseases such as: neurotoxicity (Mitra, 2019), immunotoxicity (Gammon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), genotoxicity and cancer (Indio-Do-Brasil et al., 2017) and of being endocrine disruptors (EDs) in vertebrates (Indio-Do-Brasil et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e However, the toxicity of pesticides is an important factor in the onset of several human pathologies and this varies according to some parameters, such as: amount absorbed, exposure time and their location in the plant in contact with the farmer, which can cause or accelerate different diseases. that can lead to chronic disabling injuries or even death. (WHO, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Brazil, studies reveal that the ingestion of food with pesticides is related to several diseases, such as: chronic inflammation as a predisposition in individuals who have various types of cancer and the emergence of neoplasms of the systems: immune, male reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory and endocrine system (Indio De Brasil et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn northeastern Brazil, compounds that pose health risks (tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos) were found in water intended for human consumption in the watershed of the Betume River, a tributary of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco River that supplies several regions of the state of Sergipe. The compounds were not regulated in 2015, but Ordinance GM/MS No. 888, of May 4, 2021, describes the concentrations of pesticides for the potability standard for inorganic chemical substances that pose a health risk. Thus, the presence of these compounds highlights the risks of contamination of the population. When compared with European Community standards, these concentrations were above the tolerance limit (Brito et al., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the sub-middle stretch of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco River basin, the exacerbated use of pesticides and agricultural fertilizers in large and small plantations of grapes, mangoes and other crops, the improper disposal of these substances and damage to ecosystems were observed (Ramos et al., 2006; ;Siqueira et al., 2011; Bedor et al., 2017; de Moura et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2018; Corcino et al., 2019; de Souza, 2020; Bedor et al., 2022 ). Exposure to pesticides in the region was associated with the occurrence of birth defects (skeletal and nervous system muscle) (Silva et al., 2011). Cyanamide (Dormex) is an Eds presented in the form of liquid or blue powder, is used to break bud dormancy in grape plantations, in the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley region, to induce fruit budding (Oliveira, 2019). This substance is one of the pesticides banned in the European Union, and its use was banned in Brazil in 2008, being re-applied (Friedrich et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2020, in the medical interviews, the visits carried out by the family health teams (ESF) and various surveys to the crops of agricultural producers, from the municipalities of Juazeiro (BA) and Petrolina (PE), farmers were observed without the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (Corcino et al., 2019). These same errors were also a reason for analysis, in the review of another research, in Paran\u0026aacute;, Goi\u0026aacute;s and Matogrosso of South (Basso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Farmers who work with the application of these products and the population that lives close to the plantations become the most vulnerable, as they are in direct contact with the products and do not properly use PPE (Silverio and Pinheiro, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudying the process by reviewing scientific literature with a method that helps to formulate a theoretical model helps in understanding and what would be the possibilities of acting to improve human conduct. The Grounded Theory (GT) in the constructivist current (Charmaz, 2009); it is a form of sampling approach with simultaneous analysis of data, to investigate processes such as perception and its relations with the environment. The method is to codify the information in the form of categories that go to give the main elements of the different parts of the process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this way, the objective of this work was to analyze the perception relationships in the process that lead to an inadequate risk perception of damages to human health, due to the use of pesticides by riverside farmers of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley, in northeastern Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley is one of the most prosperous hydroterritories in northeastern Brazil, in terms of fruit production and agriculture using pesticides; and in general, it has all the elements of the man-nature relationship (Moran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e and 2018), in the relationships of perception of health risks by the use of pesticides by riverside farmers (riverside farmer-agricultural environment that uses pesticides) that allows an approach comprehensive range of interactions in the perceptual process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most representative municipalities for agriculture in the valley are the municipalities of Petrolina and Juazeiro (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1), located in the sub-middle of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley (Corcino et al., 2019). Petrolina is a municipality in the interior of the state of Pernambuco and has a territorial area of 4,561,872 Km2, of which 244.8 Km2 are urban areas. The population is estimated at 359,372, the population density is 64.44. It has a human development index (HDI) of 0.697 and the population of riparian farmers is 6,980 farmers (IBGE, 2022). Juazeiro is a municipality in the interior of Bahia, also in the agribusiness region of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley. It has a territorial area of 6,721,237 Km2, with a population of 219,544 inhabitants, a population density of 30.45 and an HDI of 0.677, and the population of riverside farmers is 7,268 farmers similar to Petrolina (IBGE, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMethodology Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a literature review article in the last 40 years, being the time of development of the use of agricultural pesticides in Brazil. We opted for the form of qualitative analysis to obtain a theoretical model from the perspective of the Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) by Charmaz (2009) modified to be applied only to publications of the enchanted literature on the research topic, in the form of a theoretical review; with intentional sampling of journals recognized by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), due to the study area being in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CGT was used in this study with a different approach not found in previous research; in a purely theoretical form in the form of bibliographic research. This was done by modifying the sample groups that are usually interviewed by initial keywords and auxiliary descriptors generated in the simultaneous analysis of data (which in this case are the articles found in the research) to investigate how the process of risk perception by the use of pesticides in riparian farmers that lead to their behaviors, and reach the theoretical model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main keywords (perception and/or uses of pesticides) were first placed in the search for articles in journals and the information obtained was analyzed and coded giving the first auxiliary descriptors, which were later attached to the main ones in new searches. Thus, more auxiliary descriptors appeared, which were always placed together with the main descriptors separately and together. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the search engine of the CAPES database, the main keywords and auxiliary descriptors (contact descriptors), give articles with more in-depth and specific knowledge about the parts of the perceptual process. The analysis was always comparing with the found knowledge; and worked with the coded categories. Most of the auxiliary descriptors came out of the coding of the articles' data in the analysis of the extracted knowledge and can be converted into categories (which in this case happened) that are the elements of perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe entire process of reviewing the articles was from August 30, 2021 to June 30, 2022, in a cyclical way; comparing and annexing new findings; integrating and analyzing the information relationships or interactions of individuals (the riverside farmers of the San Francisco River) with the environment (socioecosystems) and barriers in the process of perception; all this, in the knowledge about the damages to the health that the pesticides cause to them; to their conduct or care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Main Keywords (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2) were used (in English, Portuguese and Spanish); the same as the contact descriptors according to their appearance, always together with the word perception and/or use of pesticides in order to encompass all spheres of relationships in the perception of risk. The auxiliary descriptors (Contac Descriptors da Fig.\u0026nbsp;2) added (+) to the main ones are: riverine farmers; environment; behavior, human ecology; conditioning factors; socio-environmental management; memory; perception neuroscience, human perception; socio-cognitive processing; decision process; automatic answer; risk behavior; San Francisco River; health risks; and San Francisco Valley.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria are based on placing research that portrays the risks or damage to health from the use of pesticides and particularly linked to the explanation of the process of relationships in the perception of the environment, in the riverine farmer model. Of the exclusion criteria for the article, studies from other riverside regions were excluded; and within human perception relationships, those not conceptualized by CAPES; as much as the same information found, always selecting the most up-to-date articles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Data Analysis shows the number of articles used out of the 113 reviewed, for each element, within the perception relationships that were used in the preparation of the article, which was generated through initial and focused coding, according to the TFC. The studies found constituted the descriptive-analytical-reflexive analysis in the perception relationships to provide an analytical diagram.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOf the 113 articles reviewed in the last 40 years on the subject, 57 were used for the construction of the article (cited in the References), giving rise to the categories or elements found in the relations of perception of the perceptual process, which being determined by each of them, can lead to an inadequate risk perception of damage to human health by the use of pesticides, in riverside farmers of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco River.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elements of the perceptual process found were: 1) the environment; 2) the filter, perceptive barrier, or conditioning factors; 3) the human body perception; 4) the memory; 5) the social-cognitive processing; 6) automatic response; 7) the decision process and 8) the behavior or conduct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach of these elements and their relationships can guide according to the behavior of individuals, which could be the causes of an inadequate perception, for the riverine farmer to minimize the damage to his health by the use of pesticides. The articles that more specifically define the cyclic sequence of the perceptual process were that of Moram (1990); Rodrigues et al. (2012); Mendoca and Gullo (2020) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn coding the data and choosing the articles for the study, we graphically organize the number of references found for each element of the perception relationships of riverside farmers and the keywords used in CAPES journals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the element or Category \u0026ldquo;Environment\u0026rdquo; 35 literatures were used in the article to clarify the category on the basis of the research of Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 part \u0026ldquo;a)\u0026rdquo;, and in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 part \u0026ldquo;b)\u0026rdquo; those that describe the damage to health by pesticides were divided which are 25 (Basso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bedor et al., 2022; Bedor et al., 2017; Brasil, 2021; Corcino et al., 2019; da Motta and Ortiz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; De Andrade, 2021; De Moura et al., 2018; De Souza et al., 2020; Friedrich et al., 2021; Frota and Siqueira, 2021; Gammon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Gruszka, 2022; Hendriks et al., 2019; Losch et al., 2022; Miranda et al., 2019; Mitra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; OMS, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pelaez et al., 2010; Ramos et al., 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2018; Silverio and Pinheiro, 2019; Siqueira et al., 2011), and those describing other elements of the Environment were ten (ANVISA, 2019; Brasil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Britto et al., 2015; Charmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; De Avila-Pires, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Moran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Moran, 2018; Rodrigues et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2020.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso the other categories represented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 part \u0026ldquo;a)\u0026rdquo; as they are: the conditioning factors with four literatures (Cardoso, 2020; Guion, 1998; Ortiz et al., 2018; Rogers et al., 2020); the perception of the human body with two literatures (DOS Santos et al., 2021; DE Mendoca and Gullo, 2020); from memory two literatures (Callefi and Ichikawa, 2019; Lima, 2021); the socio-cognitive processing with six literatures (Fran\u0026ccedil;a et al., 2020; Gigerenzer, 1991; Lee, 2021; MarqueS, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pengue, 2021; Tuan, 2012); the automatic response with a literature (Pinto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); the decision process with four literatures (Bargt et al., 2012; Carvalho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ruths, 2021; Slovic et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e); and behavior or conduct with three literatures (Bernardi et al., 2018; De Souza et al, 2020; Petarli et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 25 articles that addressed the health risks from the use of pesticides, used in the article and corresponding to the environment element, as it is a wide and abundant information within the scientific and technological literature found in the research, Fig.\u0026nbsp;4, which refers to \u0026ldquo;Health effects caused by pesticide use\u0026rdquo;; where, in summary, the short-term (from 0 to 21 days) and long-term (more than 21 days) effects are presented, according to the classification by Losch et al. (2022), that pesticides produce human health that justify the risks to human health and the importance of knowing them to increase the perception of risk (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diagram of cyclical and multisystemic relations of perception (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5), was created on the basis of the elements brought through the integrative analysis in the categorization of knowledge as parts in the approach of the perception process, by the method of the relations between man and the environment based on fundamentally in the articles by Moram 1990 and 2019); Rodrigues et al. (2012); Mendoca and Gullo (2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;5 elements were placed in the perceptual process and how the exchange of information between the represented categories takes place, and in general, what each one of them contains. Being the most representative environment element in the articles due to the immensity of information that it has as a category.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the relationships of perception of risks to human health from the use of pesticides in riverside farmers will be discussed later in this article, forming part of the cyclical process of perception, in the existence of risks to human life and conduct, from the elements found that interact with the individual and his or her response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are few articles about riverside or San Francisco Valley farmers; so, we hope that the focus of the article's discussion will broaden the research sources on the vulnerabilities in the populations of farmers in the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco River and their perception of the health risks caused by the use of pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn search of Eco-Human solutions (man-environment) in the understanding of complex anthropocentric relationships, social systems and ecosystems, within human perception, as a judgment process (De \u0026Aacute;vila Pires, 2020), which lead to actions on the environments in which cohabits; it is necessary to discuss and analyze several elements that are related in the perceptive process, to address the perception of health risks from the use of pesticides in riverside farmers, where the role of social management must command; to control; educate and study these problems in order to solve them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Sub-medium region of the San Francisco Valley, agricultural activities are concentrated in irrigated fruit growing. The economy based on agribusiness has made this region the most prosperous in the San Francisco Valley. The irrigated fruit culture developed in the region is based on a model of agricultural production development, characterized by the intensive use of pesticides, to increase productivity and economic growth. More than half of the economically active population of the Lower S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley is employed in agriculture and the indiscriminate use of pesticides in unsafe working conditions compromises the health of riverine farmers (Corcino et al., 2019). Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the relations of perception and the social, cultural and economic conditions present in the agricultural production process and in riverside communities in order to minimize the damage to health resulting from the use of pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;5, the elements of the perceptual process and the relationships between them were presented graphically; and then the discussion of the elements identified in the \u0026ldquo;Model of human-environment perception relations\u0026rdquo; will begin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Environment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe environment element contains within it different spheres and content that send information between them and the individuals that contain it, such as: types of ecosystems; societies; legal frameworks or jurisprudential systems; health systems with epidemiological surveillance, health care and harm surveys; socio-political and management systems of states and governments; local and mixed cultures; education systems and continuous technological improvement; in general, dimensions in space that transmit information to individuals, along with their socio-ecosystem relationships (Santos et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, the resources of the environment can be natural, as they are: the biomass; the flora; the fauna; the soils; minerals; fossil fuels; the weather; or not natural, such as human anthropic activities and their technologies, among others that characterize the Anthropocene, expanding the definition of Santos et al. (2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiverside farmers are seen as cheap labor, which, in addition to having a structure of laws and a network of care management by the SUS, which protect the worker, there is no sharp inspection in all types of culture. Grape production being the most supervised in the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco River hydroterritories in the Vale region (Rodrigues et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Brazil (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) there are four legal frameworks for the regulation and protection of the health impacts caused by pesticides, such as the Ministry of Health (guarantees medical monitoring for the farmer, toxicological assessment and research into occupational and non-occupational diseases). linked to the contact or use of pesticides in the population); the Ministry of Agriculture (does toxicological assessment of pesticide molecules in food and crops) (Oliveira et al., 2022); the Ministry of the Environment (environmental assessment of water bodies, air, soil, fruits and biota in general); the Ministry of Labor (legislates for the use of PPE and for working hours in general); and the Public Ministry that takes the problem to judgment, in the process of labor abandonment of the riverine farmer or damages in general by pesticides, and in some cases until the Federal Supreme Court (STF), (Pelaez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrops such as bananas, onions, watermelon and melons are neglected in inspection, with a high amount of pesticides per planted area. According to the IBGE, the national pesticide consumption index per planted area, calculated from area and commercialization data, grew from 3.2 kg of pesticide/ha in 2005 to 6.7 kg/ha in 2014, (ANVISA, 2019). Today the San Francisco Valley is one of the regions that consumes the most pesticides in Brazil, second only to the southern region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increase in the number of new registrations granted to pesticides and the like, reported more recently, points to the accelerated continuity of this trend. If, as of 2016, the number is 277 new records, and in 2017, 2018, and 2019, it reaches 405, 449, and finally 474 new records, respectively. Most of the pesticides released from 2016 to 2019 are products intended for the pesticide industry, bringing, as a potential consequence, increased consumption due to the high resistance of pests in crops to products previously used (ANVISA, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother environmental dimension to the contact with riverside farmers due to the increase in pesticide authorizations is the correlation with the number of poisonings. According to the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan), which collects data generated by the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SNVE), between 2007 and 2017, 41,600 cases of intoxication by agricultural pesticides accumulated, on an increasing scale: in the first year of the period, 2,200 cases had been reported; in 2017, there were 5,100 cases, more than double. Considering all the related cases from 2007 to 2017, 88% refer to acute intoxications and 42% were due to occupational exposure (ANVISA, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe environment of the riverine farmer in the northeast and everything that surrounds them in the space they inhabit; from their houses, plantations, the water bodies; the ecosystems it invades for any activity; the social system that involves its production dynamics (economy, legislation), accessibility to health care, culture, education and its human relations; the resources of the environment; external forces; human technologies such as agricultural machinery, pesticides and PPE, among other factors that occupy its universe. This interchange between man-environment gives him a lot of information about what happens in his environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Filter, Perceptive Barrier Or Conditioning Factors In Perception\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a type of filter or cognitive barrier in human beings that conditions these stimuli, \u0026ldquo;conditioning factors\u0026rdquo; (individual and cultural in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) that arrive from the \u0026ldquo;environment\u0026rdquo; to man in the form of information. The conditioning factors in human perception are individual and cultural. The individual factors are the relationships with the self (with spirituality; the body; reason); distance in space; knowledge; motivation; conduct; participation to inclusion. We have cultural constraints such as family relationships; emotional; affective with others; social in general (Guion, 1998; Rogers et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial, cultural and technological inequalities in production, in the participation or social inclusion of riverside farmers, lead to socioeconomic inequality that intervenes in the level of development that, in the rural environment, is noted in the differences in income, educational and cultural levels of producers. Therefore, identifying the constraints or perceptual barriers that may contribute to reducing socio-technological differences among riverside farmers represents a challenge for the equitable socioeconomic development of the different agricultural regions of the country (Cardoso, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of personal and family economic shortages, or the lack of other means of income, can make riverine farmers continue to be exposed to the risk of working with pesticides. The relations with the farmer's I (individual conscience that is conditioned by the collective conscience), the perception in space, in the distance from the pesticide problem, the individual motivations previously addressed and the knowledge received during his life constitute the filter to see all his situations (Motta and Ortiz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Perception Of The Human Body\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe body collects stimuli from the entire environment, of which it is a part, but only it chooses how it will return what it received (Mendoca and Gullo, 2020). This places the body as a mediator of the information that is in the environment, being able to modify it, before or after its processing, and also give priority according to its critical judgment. But to have an adequate criterion of a situation one needs sufficient knowledge about what happens outside or inside the environment of the body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on risk perception, for self-care and care for others, indicates that when the human body is more intensely perceived as an objective (real) risk, there will be greater awareness of the threat. But, on the other hand, if the exposure is frequent, there is a perception that this risk is more controllable (subjective risk). The proximity and daily coexistence with the risks provoke a denial, as the risks are identified (Mendoca and Gullo, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of farmers in the Sub-medium do San Francisco, as well as the research by Dos Santos et al. (2021) reveal that they feel that they do not need protection by not using PPE properly. They dispose of containers, gloves and clothes inappropriately, exposing their homes, their loved ones and the entire living environment to risk. They do not focus on self-care and care for the health of the environment, but on their family's economic situation and food production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, the lack of information, the daily proximity to pesticides without obvious damage in the short term are the causes that lead to the denial of these risks. Most do not believe that they need to protect their body from pesticides (Dos Santos et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Memory\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMemory has a fundamental role within the history of life, in people's memories and especially in riverside communities, since the subject needs to access their memory and bring elements that end up relating the past with the present, given that the present can interfere with the individual's way of reliving their past memories (Callefi and Ichikawa, 2019). Memories are responsible for the subjective character of perception, providing the sensation of perceptual stability (Lima, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe representation of the environment in memory is the way of perceiving a real or possible action, eliminating from consciousness everything that does not interest the action at that moment regulated by desire. And consciousness, is the memory integrated in the conservation and accumulation of knowledge or representations of the reality of the past in the present. But consciousness also anticipates the future, with the precaution arising from a devastating phenomenon or action in the environment. This can be represented when riverine farmers encounter loss of local flora or fauna in the environment, death of fish or increase in natural bioindicators of environmental pollution (Lima, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationships between perception, memory and action have important consequences for understanding the subjectivity of riverside people who use pesticides on their plantations. If they remembered all the times, they and others got sick or how many people in the environment dies when using pesticides and the knowledge acquired in the farmers' associations. But memory is sustained by what emotionally impacts the time of learning and being constantly in contact with this knowledge (Callefi and IChikawa, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Socio-cognitive Processing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe human mentality can act by processing information, prioritizing feelings of love or selfishness, depending on the satisfaction of their desire, which inappropriately can manifest themselves in territorial, competitive and consumerist behaviors (Marques, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Throughout human development, since the first Sapiens, killing for dominance in planetary spaces, already more exacerbated in the mid-20th century, living standards with a high ecological footprint in this 21st century, to the detriment of nature, in addition to social differences in standards consumption, accelerate the depletion of the Earth's natural resources (Pengue, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Theory of Trust (due to overconfidence that will not be harmed in health, or lack of trust in scientific social sectors that promote personal and other care) in information processing also influences the minimization of risk (Gigerenzer, 1991).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe public participation of the individual creating social responsibility in the co-creation of social value (Lee, 2021) as well as feeling part of something or a place, flourishes and solidifies the individual and collective feeling of socio-ecosystem love, called Topophilia (Tuan, 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe symptoms of pesticide damage often go unnoticed by riverside farmers in the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley, who generally do not make any association with the symptoms presented to the use of pesticides during or after handling the product, seeming not to recognize them as signs of intoxication. This prevents them from resorting to specialized care, as they associate the symptoms with those of a simple indisposition, a virus or that these are natural processes resulting from their work. Therefore, subjective and constant symptoms of occupational exposure can be an early indication of intoxication (Fran\u0026ccedil;a et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Automatic Response\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies in decision making (with assessment of healthy-adequate or inadequate perception) are based on moral judgments, intimate relationships, emotional processes, facial perception and social judgment, motivation and goal pursuit, conformity and behavioral contagion, embodied cognition and the emergence of automatic processes in early childhood. Taken as a set of recent works in these domains, they demonstrate that automaticity does not result exclusively from a process of skill acquisition (where a process always starts as conscious and deliberate, becoming capable of automatic operation only with frequent use), in which there are evolved substrates and learning mechanisms in early childhood also involved (Pinto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), the individual and cultural constraints exposed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen farmers work and are thirsty or hungry, they automatically eat fruits such as grapes, mangoes, among other fruits in the region without decontaminating, which can cause intoxications that can lead to death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Decision Processes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithout a consequent contemplation of the human relationship, between man and the ecosystem in which he inhabits, it makes the agricultural worker not see the consequences of the damage of these practices, to him as a microsystem and to other systems (Carvalho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order for the individual to react and make decisions compatible with the risk situation in question, these risks have to be perceived and the decisions and behaviors will then be compatible with the safety that the situation requires. If their perceptions were sick or wrong, care in personal, social, public legislative and environmental sustainability protection efforts may fail (Slovic et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken as a set of recent works in these domains, they demonstrate that automaticity does not result exclusively from a skill acquisition process (where a process always starts out as conscious and deliberate, becoming capable of automatic operation only with frequent use) in which there are evolved substrates and learning mechanisms in early childhood also involved (Bargt et al., 2012) the individual and cultural constraints exposed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthics as human conduct is one of the relations of perception in the cultural education of societies that is reflected in the decision-making of conscious thought. Today it would be a question of ethics to see the dangers of using pesticides. The uses of pesticides are potentially harmful in all their forms; but it has great importance in laboratory research on in vitro germination, as auxins (growth hormones etc.) in small doses that are harmless to the environment (Ruthis, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Behavior Or Conduct\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the concept from Moran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) to De \u0026Aacute;vila Pires (2020) the model of man-environment relations and perception as a judgment process, we can see that there is a direct relationship between capturing information from the environment in which the individual perceives the environment properly or not, and that there are internal logical structures in the human being that process this information that is categorized in relevance and complexity; in addition to a memory of experiences that can condition the evaluation to the decision process that leads to actions, which in this case we will call human behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The inappropriate behavior of riverine farmers when using pesticides are: production agriculture with extensive areas of monocultures; the use of the same pesticides at the same time of the year on crops; repeated and indiscriminate use of pesticides in pest control that increase pest resistance and harm nature; the wrong or late identification of pests and not studying climate changes that favor greater environmental impacts; move plants and cultures to new environments without previous study; consider pesticides harmless, non-toxic; the misuse of a material in any way not described in accordance with the Law, altering dosage rates or violating specific safety instructions, not using protective equipment, or mishandling PPE; the incorrect preparation, storage and disposal of containers and other pesticide residues; eating food without proper decontamination on or off plantations, among others (Bernardi et al. 2018; Petarli et al., 2019; De Souza et al., 2020) constitute personal and collective risk behaviors in riverine farming communities in the face of the problem which is the pesticide in agriculture causing diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWithin the relationship between the riverine farmer and the agricultural environment that uses pesticides that are potentially harmful to health, there are elements that exchange information in the perceptive process in a cyclical way; barrier mechanisms that condition perception, cultural and individual, that mediate the processing of information from the environment, and are in these relationships of the elements in the cognitive barrier, the blockage for the perception of risk to be adequate or not. Mechanisms or educational projects must be created at a cultural level, which satisfactorily penetrate the individual process of the cognitive barrier, so that riverside farmers can see self-care and environmental care, with an adequate, healthy perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe way must be culture as an educational process in the masses, replacing inadequate social beliefs; of human and environmental devaluation and consumerism. The right thing would be to promote preventive, educational and functional government policies that change risk behavior and populations with a good audiovisual and individual education. The incentives for government investments in sustainable agriculture also accelerate this process, which will put organic products on consumers' tables in a more accessible way, and less pesticides in food.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ethical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis declaration is \u0026ldquo;not applicable\u0026rdquo;, because it is a literature review studio. Approval by ethics committees is applicable to human and/or animal studies. The four authors also gave their consent to participate and the consent to publish the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and the authors approved the final version submitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Authors\u0026apos; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first author is responsible for the construction of the research project, for the development of the research and for the construction of the text of the article, as well as for the construction of the figures. The second author participated in the construction of the research project and in the review of the article. The third author participated in the construction and review of the article. The fourth author made the map of figure 1(Fig. 1). All authors reviewed each part of the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Funding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo cover part of the research costs, the first author receives a master\u0026apos;s scholarship in Human Ecology and Socio-environmental Management from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), foundation of the Ministry of Education (MEC), in Brazil, being part of the master\u0026apos;s project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Availability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou can access the data sets used by reading the 57 article references that were used to prepare the search and its results. All these literatures are accepted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). These studies cited in the references can be obtained directly from the Google Scholar database through the titles of each literature used. The analysis of the methodology used by the authors in the literature review, will help to understand the results and reproduce these and other researches in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eANVISA. Ag\u0026ecirc;ncia de Vigil\u0026acirc;ncia Sanit\u0026aacute;ria, registros e autoriza\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es de agrot\u0026oacute;xicos de uso agr\u0026iacute;cola, 2019. Dispon\u0026iacute;vel em: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/centraisdeconteudo/publicacoes/agrotoxicos/informe-tecnico-n-01-2019.pdf/view Acessado em: 24/04/2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBARGH, John A. et al. 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SciELO-EDUEL, 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Damage from agrochemicals, Brazilian Northeast, Collective Health, Human Ecology, Risk behaviors, Socio-environmental Management.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2235422/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2235422/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of agricultural pesticides is increasingly associated with public health problems and negative impacts on the environment, in addition to the lack of protective actions developed by Brazilian environmental agencies. Our objective in this study was to analyze the relationships in the process that lead to the perception of risk of damage to human health by the use of pesticides in the riverine farming communities of the S\u0026atilde;o Francisco Valley, in Brazilian northeast. We carried out a qualitative literature review, using the Constructivist Grounded Theory applied to the review of published scientific articles. The elements in the perceptive process found were: 1) the environment; 2) conditioning factors; 3) the perception of the human body; 4) the memory; 5) socio-cognitive processing; 6) automatic response; 7) the decision process and 8) the behavior. Each of those elements and its relationships guide where the causes of an inadequate perception to resolve them.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Relationships of perception of health risks by use of pesticides: A Man-Environment look.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-17 15:46:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2235422/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"609a7c07-77c2-444c-9800-2ed2aae05e4e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 17th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-04-03T16:46:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-17 15:46:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2235422","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2235422","identity":"rs-2235422","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}