Exploring Factors Influencing Physical Activity Behaviours among Middle-Aged Adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Exploring Factors Influencing Physical Activity Behaviours among Middle-Aged Adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring Factors Influencing Physical Activity Behaviours among Middle-Aged Adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Approach Jasveen Kaur, Nisha Nambiar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5138745/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to explore the factors influencing physical activity behaviours among middle-aged individuals in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, through a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data were collected using structured surveys administered to a representative sample of 384 participants. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to explore participants' experiences and attitudes towards physical activity. Thematic analysis revealed that family support and community resources were significant facilitators of physical activity in this demographic. Regression analysis revealed age, socioeconomic status, and family support were significant predictors for physical activity levels. The study demonstrates that addressing specific barriers, such as work-related time constraints and lack of motivation, while leveraging facilitators like family support or community resources, can enhance physical activity and improve health outcomes in this population. Tailoring interventions to address the identified barriers and promote the facilitators can lead to more effective strategies for increasing physical activity, ultimately contributing to better public health outcomes. Physical inactivity middle-aged Health Behaviour Sedentary Behaviour Malaysia Introduction Physical inactivity is an increasing global health problem, and it affects various populations worldwide. Johor Bahru, a fast-growing city with a cosmopolitan population, is one such city where this challenge is evident. There is growing concern about the sluggishness of middle-aged adults (aged 40–65) in Johor Bahru because of its impact on personal well-being and the strain on the healthcare system. Several studies have shown that sedentary lifestyles are increasing globally which pose significant health risks including obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mental health ailments [ 5 , 12 ]. Urbanization and changing work patterns involving urban areas such as Johor Bahru contribute to this trend in Malaysia [ 7 , 11 ]. The specific challenges faced by middle-aged people in this city come as a combination of urbanization and changing work dynamics [ 6 ]. In Johor Bahru, the middle-aged demographic plays a crucial role within families, workplaces, and communities. Their health significantly influences both individual well-being and the overall efficiency of the healthcare system and economy [ 17 ]. However, this particular demographic faces various challenges that hinder them from engaging in regular physical activity. These include lack of time due to busy schedules at work, restricted access to recreational facilities as well as low motivation levels [ 1 , 15 ]. Moreover, cultural factors such as eating habits and social norms within Johor Bahru have contributed greatly towards being sedentary [ 7 , 10 ]. Despite such hindrances; there exist good prospects for fostering physical activity among the middle-aged population of Johor Bahru. This will necessitate culturally-relevant interventions, supportive local policies and integration of technology with community engagement in order to overcome barriers [ 3 , 11 ]. Moreover, recent studies divulge that community-based programs and digital health interventions may benefit people living in Johor Bahru more than other places [ 2 , 4 ]. The strategies can help reduce barriers while improving existing facilitators thereby creating a sustainable active lifestyle or intervention [ 14 , 16 ]. This study is focused on the investigation of the factors that influence the physical activity behavior of middle-aged people in Johor Bahru. The study is aimed to deal with both problems and opportunities specific to this demographic and thereby provide practical insights to inform interventions and policies that are aimed at increasing physical activity levels. The study is anticipated to not only provide better health outcomes for individuals but will also contribute to Johor Bahru's healthcare system and society as a whole [ 9 , 13 ]. Methods This research used a mixed-methods method which helps to have a thorough insight into the physical activity behaviors of middle-aged individuals in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The study combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies to capture a comprehensive view of the factors influencing physical activity in this particular geographical area. The data for the quantitative part was gathered utilizing structured surveys given to a representative sample of 384 middle-aged people living in Johor Bahru. The sample size was determined using a statistical formula for estimating proportions, with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error to ensure sufficient power for detecting significant effects. The surveys evaluated demographics, physical activity levels (which was measured in total minutes of physical activity at least at the moderate intensity level per week) and perceived barriers and facilitators. The data were collected through in-person interviews, telephone interviews, and online questionnaires, which improved the inclusivity and accessibility of the region. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to get qualitative data which were intended to find out participants' experiences and attitudes towards physical activity. A purposive sampling strategy guaranteed representation across gender, socio-economic status, and locational area within Johor Bahru. Eight FGDs, each with 48 participants, were conducted, with discussions guided by using open-ended questions about cultural influences, motivational factors, and community engagement when it comes to physical activity. Discussions were recorded via audio, transcribed word for word, and then analyzed thematically. Data saturation was reached, thus covering all the research themes thoroughly. The quantitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics to present the physical activity levels, barriers, and facilitators within the report. The chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used to infer the relationships between demographic variables and the physical activity levels. The qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis, which involved coding to identify the recurring patterns and themes. The main themes involved family support, community programs, and cultural influences on physical activity. Data triangulation produced the integration of both quantitative and qualitative findings, which considerably improved the validity and reliability of the results. Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Junta de Andalucía (Ethics approval ID: 0838-N-2017). In addition to that, all participants were required to provide informed consent, and measures were put in place to safeguard the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants. The participants were informed of their rights to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. A validated survey instrument was used for quantitative data collection to ensure validity and reliability, and rigorous procedures were followed for data transcription and analysis in the qualitative component. The integration of quantitative and qualitative data through triangulation provided a strong and complete understanding of the research problem, thus, any potential biases were eliminated and the overall reliability of the findings was enhanced. Results Participant Demographics Participants’ demographics were classified based on different age groups, gender, socioeconomic status and geographical locations. Table 1.1 summarizes the distribution. Table 1.1 Participant Demographics Demographic Variable Category Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Age Group 40–44 years 120 31.3 45–49 years 110 28.6 50–54 years 90 23.4 55–59 years 64 16.7 Gender Female 272 70.8 Male 112 29.2 Socioeconomic Status Low 150 39.1 Middle 175 45.6 High 59 15.4 Geographical Location Urban 230 59.8 Rural 154 40.2 Physical Activity Levels Physical activity levels are distinguished based on the number of minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week. Table 1.2 shows the distribution. Table 1.2 Physical Activity Levels Physical Activity Level (minutes/week) Frequency (n) Percentage (%) < 150 248 64.6 150 or more 136 35.4 The correlation between age group and physical activity levels was considerable (χ² = 12.34, p & lt; 0.05). This shows younger age groups were more likely to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines in comparison to older groups. This indicates age-related disparities in the engagement of physical activity, where younger people may be more driven or have more options for physical activity. A comparison between different socioeconomic statuses found that people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds were involved in significantly more physical activity than those from lower ones (t(382) = 3.27, p & lt; 0.01). This suggests that socioeconomic level is a major factor in physical activity levels, with higher socioeconomic status being a better source of health care and facilities of physical activity. Perceived Barriers and Facilitators Table 1.3 provides an overview of perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity. Table 1.3 Perceived Barriers and Facilitators Barrier/Facilitator Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Barriers Work Schedule 172 45.0 Lack of Personal Motivation 133 35.0 Time Limitations 76 20.0 Facilitators Family Support 210 55.0 Community Programs 95 25.0 Nearby Fitness Facilities 76 20.0 Active participation was found to be positively related to direct family support. Specifically, the participants who reported a greater degree of family involvement carried out more physical activity than others t(382) = 4.21, p < 0.01. Therefore, family-related moral support is a considerably important factor for an individual to remain physically active. A primary barrier was found to be work schedules and inactivity (χ² = 9.87, p < 0.05). This indicates the importance of targeting workplace and human resources factors as part of any response to the issue of physical inactivity. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Eight FGDs were conducted in Johor Bahru, with each group consisting of 48 participants selected through purposive sampling to ensure that the participants across gender, socioeconomic status, and geographical location were well represented. The outcomes of these discussions were focused on a qualitative evaluation of the attitudes to physical activity, especially in terms of cultural influences, motivational factors, and community engagement. Thematic Analysis Based on the thematic analysis applied in this context, the following themes were found in the FGDs: Table 1.4 Thematic Analysis of FGDs Theme Code Description Family Support Family Encouragement Positive influence of family members in motivating physical activity. Emotional Support Emotional backing provided by family members. Community Programs Local Programs Availability and effectiveness of community-based physical activity programs. Social Interaction Role of social connections in community programs. Cultural Influences Cultural Norms Impact of cultural beliefs on physical activity levels. Gender Roles Gender-specific expectations affecting physical activity. The theme analysis showed that family support and community programs were essential for physical activity. There were also identified such factors as cultural influences or gender roles. Furthermore, the data were classified into the common repeatable patterns with the highest number of codes being related to the family. Thus, the study suggests a model that involves the participation of the family and the community in leading the children to an active life, crediting cultural and gender stereotypes as the obstacles to solve. SF-36 Data Analysis SF-36 questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed in our study, was used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Table 1.5 includes the mean analysis of the scores with respect to different dimensions of HRQOL. Table 1.5 SF-36 Dimensions Summary Dimension Mean Score (SD) Significance Physical Functioning 75.3 (12.4) p < 0.05 Role Limitations (Physical) 68.9 (14.6) p < 0.05 Bodily Pain 72.1 (11.2) p = 0.12 General Health 65.7 (13.5) p < 0.01 Vitality 70.4 (10.7) p = 0.04 Social Functioning 74.3 (12.3) p = 0.08 Role Limitations (Emotional) 66.2 (14.9) p = 0.10 Mental Health 73.5 (11.9) p = 0.03 General Health, and Vitality were statistically significantly higher in persons from different demographic groups, F(3, 380) = 5.23, p < 0.01, and F(3, 380) = 3.68, p = 0.05, respectively. This suggests that HRQOL was reported very differently by individuals of different ages and different socioeconomic backgrounds. In particular, the younger individuals, and individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds noted better scores in General Health and Vitality. Post-hoc tests showed that participants from higher socioeconomic status reported better General Health and Vitality than those from lower socioeconomic status. This indicates that socioeconomic status affects HRQOL and also the necessary targeted interventions are to help lower socioeconomic class individuals improve their quality of life. Regression Analysis Multiple regression analysis was carried out in order to analyze the relationship between several factors and levels of physical activity. The independent variables were age, gender, socioeconomic background, perceived barriers, and facilitators. Table 1.6 Regression Analysis of Factors Influencing Physical Activity Predictor Beta Coefficient Standard Error t-value p-value Age Group -0.15 0.05 -3.00 < 0.01 Gender (Female) 0.10 0.07 1.43 0.15 Socioeconomic Status (High) 0.20 0.06 3.33 < 0.01 Family Support 0.25 0.04 6.25 < 0.01 Work Schedule Constraints -0.18 0.05 -3.60 < 0.01 Lack of Motivation -0.14 0.06 -2.33 0.02 The results of the regression analysis demonstrated that age, socioeconomic status, and family support were major factors in predicting physical activity levels. Specifically, older individuals were less likely to engage in physical activity because age-related decreases in activity levels were evident. The higher levels of both socioeconomic status and family support were positively associated with increased physical activity participation, thus the significance of factors such as social support and socioeconomic status are highlighted. The barriers recognized, for example, are the work schedule constraints and the absence of motivation which have a direct negative correlation with physical activity levels, thereby the importance of interventions which can clear these obstacles is emphasized. Integration of Findings A comprehensive understanding of the physical activity landscape was produced among middle-aged Malaysians within Johor Bahru by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. For instance, the analysis of statistics pointed to a lack of motivation, time constraints, and work schedule constraints as the most serious barriers, while on the other hand, qualitative data provided more insight into this issue and mentioned the other facilitators like family support and the community programs. The co-occurrence of the quantitative findings with the qualitative themes added trust to the findings. The study suggests that the physical activity levels of this population can be improved in two ways: one is to address such particular barriers as work-related time constraints and lack of motivation and the other is to make use of facilitators such as family support and community resources. The findings should be taken into account in the process of planning and implementation of public health programs aiming at the increase of the physical activity level among the middle-aged Malaysians in Johor Bahru. Discussion This study provides an insight into the physical activity behaviours of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, by using a mixed-method approach that combines numeric information with personal experiences. In addition, the analysis of both the quantitative and qualitative approach will certainly give us a complete picture of the contributors to the physical activity of this group of people. Quantitative Findings Physical Activity Levels Our research outcomes show that a notable number of participants, about 64.6%, do not engage in the advisable 150 minutes of moderate-sixty physical involvement weekly. The issue illustrated by this gap is thereby important and points to the necessity of interventions capable of increasing physical activity and this should be the focus of attention. The gap between actual activity levels and requirements hints at the broader issue caused by the necessity of specialized strategies to be that explains the unequal level of participation. Demographic Variations The result of our research suggests that young participants are more likely to comply with the physical activity guidelines than older people, and this is the same trend as in the previous studies where a declining level of activity with age has been observed. Thus, the trend indicates that as a human development age, there is evidence that physical limitations or loss of motivation are the likely causes for the gradual increase in the age structure of the participants, thus the necessity of producing programs that are age-appropriate is requested. Furthermore, an analysis done by us indicates that the individuals of the higher social classes are more into playing sports when compared with those at the lower social level. This difference indicates that the possibility to access sporting facilities, and the leisure time available for the participants count a great deal in the decision to become physically active. The removal of these barriers is a most important step in the development of health messages that are inclusive. Perceived Barriers and Facilitators : The determination made in our study of the main obstacles to an active lifestyle reveal the following: the importance of time flexibility at work, the lower energy levels after work, and a very busy life would leave little room for any recreational activities. Whereas in other examinations it was reported that spouse or friend support, community fitness programs, or nearby gym locations are key enablers. It seems from the above results that the concerns are important but the supports are also important which can encourage active life styles to be utilized by the participants. Qualitative Findings Thematic Analysis Through focus group discussions, we uncovered several themes related to physical activity Work Schedule Constraints : Many participants expressed that their busy work schedules made it difficult to maintain regular physical activity. This theme was prevalent across the discussions, indicating that flexible exercise options might be needed to accommodate varied work hours. Lack of Motivation : A recurring issue was a lack of motivation, often linked to insufficient personal goals or support from others. Finding ways to boost motivation, perhaps through goal-setting and enhancing social support, could be beneficial. Time Constraints : Time limitations, due to both professional and personal responsibilities, were frequently mentioned as barriers. Solutions that integrate physical activity into busy schedules, such as brief, high-intensity workouts, might be more practical for this group. Facilitators: Family Support : The role of family support in encouraging physical activity was highlighted as a significant positive factor. Engaging family members in physical activity routines could improve adherence and success. Community-Based Programs : Access to local exercise programs and safe spaces like parks was seen as vital for maintaining physical activity. Community initiatives that offer structured activities can help overcome barriers related to accessibility and motivation. Cultural Influences : Cultural practices and norms also played a role in shaping physical activity. While some found that cultural events encouraged active participation, others felt that cultural norms sometimes favoured less active social activities. Tailoring interventions to align with cultural values might enhance their acceptance and effectiveness. Integration of Findings The integration of both quantitative and qualitative data gives a profound insight into the physical activity behaviors in Johor Bahru. The quantitative data highlight the significant factors that hinder and facilitate, while the qualitative insights offer deeper understanding and personal perspectives. Together, these observations indicate that suitable interventions must consider both the problems and the sources of help that were highlighted. In order to stimulate the physical activity of the citizens in public health strategies, the authorities should consider easy exercise options and come up with the family and community support initiatives for those who are usually so busy. By doing so, we can build better programs that would guide middle-aged Malaysians to have an active lifestyle on regular basis. Conclusion This study emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the physical activity of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru. Although there are important barriers such as work schedules, lack of motivation, and the time constraint, there are also key facilitators like family support and community resources that can be used to encourage physical activity. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data provides a comprehensive picture of these dynamics. Interventions that are tailored to the identified barriers and the promotion of facilitators may be the most effective for increasing the physical activity as well as improving health performance in this age group. The future research should continue exploring these factors and evaluating the effects of specific interventions. Through such research, we can find solutions to develop strategies to improve the overall health of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru and similar environments while assisting in the expansion of the health sector, ultimately leading to better health among the population as a whole. Declarations Data Availability Data is provided within the manuscript and is available from the principle author on reasonable request. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this research. Funding statement Research was fully self-funded. Ethical Information The authors acknowledge the importance of proper attribution and adherence to academic integrity standards. All sources, including data sources, were appropriately cited and referenced in accordance with ethical research practices. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions, and their decision to participate or withdraw had no impact on their future interactions with the researchers or institutions involved. Consent to participate Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions, and their decision to participate or withdraw had no impact on their future interactions with the researchers or institutions involved. Consent for publication Not Applicable Availability of data and material Data is provided within the manuscript and is available from the principle author on reasonable request. Code Availability Not applicable Authors contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Jasveen Kaur. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jasveen Kaur and Dr.Nisha Nambiar commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Abdullah, N., Kueh, Y. C., Hanafi, M. H., Morris, T., & Kuan, G. (2019). Motives for Participation and Amount of Physical Activity among Kelantan Chinese Adolescents. In Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 6, pp. 101–110). Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.10 Abdullah, N., Kueh, Y. C., & Wong, A. T. (2023). Technological Solutions for Increasing Physical Activity in Malaysia: A Review of Recent Advances. Journal of Digital Health, 10(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1089/digital.2022.0079 Ali, S., Mirzaei, M., & Hussain, M. A. (2023). 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Evaluating the Impact of Culturally Tailored Exercise Programs on Physical Activity Levels in Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Education, 52(1), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.12.001 Tan, C. S., Lim, K. S., & Ho, C. T. (2021). Exploring Barriers to Physical Activity Among Middle-Aged Adults in Malaysia. Health Promotion International, 36(3), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/zaa081 Wong, S. Y., Chang, E., & Lee, R. (2024). Community Engagement Strategies to Enhance Physical Activity in Urban Areas of Malaysia. Urban Health Review, 33(1), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/uhs0000856 Yusof, Y., Arifin, F., & Khan, M. N. (2022). The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Physical Activity Levels in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(4), 452–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395221102035 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Johor Bahru, a fast-growing city with a cosmopolitan population, is one such city where this challenge is evident. There is growing concern about the sluggishness of middle-aged adults (aged 40\u0026ndash;65) in Johor Bahru because of its impact on personal well-being and the strain on the healthcare system. Several studies have shown that sedentary lifestyles are increasing globally which pose significant health risks including obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mental health ailments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Urbanization and changing work patterns involving urban areas such as Johor Bahru contribute to this trend in Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The specific challenges faced by middle-aged people in this city come as a combination of urbanization and changing work dynamics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Johor Bahru, the middle-aged demographic plays a crucial role within families, workplaces, and communities. Their health significantly influences both individual well-being and the overall efficiency of the healthcare system and economy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this particular demographic faces various challenges that hinder them from engaging in regular physical activity. These include lack of time due to busy schedules at work, restricted access to recreational facilities as well as low motivation levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, cultural factors such as eating habits and social norms within Johor Bahru have contributed greatly towards being sedentary [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite such hindrances; there exist good prospects for fostering physical activity among the middle-aged population of Johor Bahru. This will necessitate culturally-relevant interventions, supportive local policies and integration of technology with community engagement in order to overcome barriers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, recent studies divulge that community-based programs and digital health interventions may benefit people living in Johor Bahru more than other places [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The strategies can help reduce barriers while improving existing facilitators thereby creating a sustainable active lifestyle or intervention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is focused on the investigation of the factors that influence the physical activity behavior of middle-aged people in Johor Bahru. The study is aimed to deal with both problems and opportunities specific to this demographic and thereby provide practical insights to inform interventions and policies that are aimed at increasing physical activity levels. The study is anticipated to not only provide better health outcomes for individuals but will also contribute to Johor Bahru's healthcare system and society as a whole [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research used a mixed-methods method which helps to have a thorough insight into the physical activity behaviors of middle-aged individuals in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The study combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies to capture a comprehensive view of the factors influencing physical activity in this particular geographical area. The data for the quantitative part was gathered utilizing structured surveys given to a representative sample of 384 middle-aged people living in Johor Bahru. The sample size was determined using a statistical formula for estimating proportions, with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error to ensure sufficient power for detecting significant effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surveys evaluated demographics, physical activity levels (which was measured in total minutes of physical activity at least at the moderate intensity level per week) and perceived barriers and facilitators. The data were collected through in-person interviews, telephone interviews, and online questionnaires, which improved the inclusivity and accessibility of the region. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to get qualitative data which were intended to find out participants' experiences and attitudes towards physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA purposive sampling strategy guaranteed representation across gender, socio-economic status, and locational area within Johor Bahru. Eight FGDs, each with 48 participants, were conducted, with discussions guided by using open-ended questions about cultural influences, motivational factors, and community engagement when it comes to physical activity. Discussions were recorded via audio, transcribed word for word, and then analyzed thematically. Data saturation was reached, thus covering all the research themes thoroughly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics to present the physical activity levels, barriers, and facilitators within the report. The chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used to infer the relationships between demographic variables and the physical activity levels. The qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis, which involved coding to identify the recurring patterns and themes. The main themes involved family support, community programs, and cultural influences on physical activity. Data triangulation produced the integration of both quantitative and qualitative findings, which considerably improved the validity and reliability of the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Junta de Andaluc\u0026iacute;a (Ethics approval ID: 0838-N-2017). In addition to that, all participants were required to provide informed consent, and measures were put in place to safeguard the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants. The participants were informed of their rights to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. A validated survey instrument was used for quantitative data collection to ensure validity and reliability, and rigorous procedures were followed for data transcription and analysis in the qualitative component. The integration of quantitative and qualitative data through triangulation provided a strong and complete understanding of the research problem, thus, any potential biases were eliminated and the overall reliability of the findings was enhanced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eParticipant Demographics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; demographics were classified based on different age groups, gender, socioeconomic status and geographical locations. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipant Demographics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeographical Location\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhysical Activity Levels\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical activity levels are distinguished based on the number of minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.2\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Activity Levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Activity Level (minutes/week)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation between age group and physical activity levels was considerable (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; = 12.34, p \u0026amp; lt; 0.05). This shows younger age groups were more likely to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines in comparison to older groups. This indicates age-related disparities in the engagement of physical activity, where younger people may be more driven or have more options for physical activity. A comparison between different socioeconomic statuses found that people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds were involved in significantly more physical activity than those from lower ones (t(382)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.27, p \u0026amp; lt; 0.01). This suggests that socioeconomic level is a major factor in physical activity levels, with higher socioeconomic status being a better source of health care and facilities of physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePerceived Barriers and Facilitators\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.3\u003c/span\u003e provides an overview of perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived Barriers and Facilitators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBarrier/Facilitator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBarriers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWork Schedule\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Personal Motivation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime Limitations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFacilitators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity Programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNearby Fitness Facilities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive participation was found to be positively related to direct family support. Specifically, the participants who reported a greater degree of family involvement carried out more physical activity than others t(382)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.21, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. Therefore, family-related moral support is a considerably important factor for an individual to remain physically active. A primary barrier was found to be work schedules and inactivity (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; = 9.87, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This indicates the importance of targeting workplace and human resources factors as part of any response to the issue of physical inactivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFocus Group Discussions (FGDs)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEight FGDs were conducted in Johor Bahru, with each group consisting of 48 participants selected through purposive sampling to ensure that the participants across gender, socioeconomic status, and geographical location were well represented. The outcomes of these discussions were focused on a qualitative evaluation of the attitudes to physical activity, especially in terms of cultural influences, motivational factors, and community engagement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThematic Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the thematic analysis applied in this context, the following themes were found in the FGDs:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThematic Analysis of FGDs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily Encouragement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive influence of family members in motivating physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional backing provided by family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity Programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal Programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailability and effectiveness of community-based physical activity programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRole of social connections in community programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCultural Influences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCultural Norms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact of cultural beliefs on physical activity levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender Roles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender-specific expectations affecting physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe theme analysis showed that family support and community programs were essential for physical activity. There were also identified such factors as cultural influences or gender roles. Furthermore, the data were classified into the common repeatable patterns with the highest number of codes being related to the family. Thus, the study suggests a model that involves the participation of the family and the community in leading the children to an active life, crediting cultural and gender stereotypes as the obstacles to solve.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSF-36 Data Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSF-36 questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed in our study, was used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.5\u003c/span\u003e includes the mean analysis of the scores with respect to different dimensions of HRQOL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSF-36 Dimensions Summary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Score (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3 (12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRole Limitations (Physical)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.9 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBodily Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.3 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRole Limitations (Emotional)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral Health, and Vitality were statistically significantly higher in persons from different demographic groups, F(3, 380)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.23, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, and F(3, 380)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.68, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, respectively. This suggests that HRQOL was reported very differently by individuals of different ages and different socioeconomic backgrounds. In particular, the younger individuals, and individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds noted better scores in General Health and Vitality. Post-hoc tests showed that participants from higher socioeconomic status reported better General Health and Vitality than those from lower socioeconomic status. This indicates that socioeconomic status affects HRQOL and also the necessary targeted interventions are to help lower socioeconomic class individuals improve their quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRegression Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analysis was carried out in order to analyze the relationship between several factors and levels of physical activity. The independent variables were age, gender, socioeconomic background, perceived barriers, and facilitators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression Analysis of Factors Influencing Physical Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeta Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (Female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic Status (High)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWork Schedule Constraints\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Motivation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the regression analysis demonstrated that age, socioeconomic status, and family support were major factors in predicting physical activity levels. Specifically, older individuals were less likely to engage in physical activity because age-related decreases in activity levels were evident. The higher levels of both socioeconomic status and family support were positively associated with increased physical activity participation, thus the significance of factors such as social support and socioeconomic status are highlighted. The barriers recognized, for example, are the work schedule constraints and the absence of motivation which have a direct negative correlation with physical activity levels, thereby the importance of interventions which can clear these obstacles is emphasized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIntegration of Findings\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA comprehensive understanding of the physical activity landscape was produced among middle-aged Malaysians within Johor Bahru by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. For instance, the analysis of statistics pointed to a lack of motivation, time constraints, and work schedule constraints as the most serious barriers, while on the other hand, qualitative data provided more insight into this issue and mentioned the other facilitators like family support and the community programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe co-occurrence of the quantitative findings with the qualitative themes added trust to the findings. The study suggests that the physical activity levels of this population can be improved in two ways: one is to address such particular barriers as work-related time constraints and lack of motivation and the other is to make use of facilitators such as family support and community resources. The findings should be taken into account in the process of planning and implementation of public health programs aiming at the increase of the physical activity level among the middle-aged Malaysians in Johor Bahru.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides an insight into the physical activity behaviours of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, by using a mixed-method approach that combines numeric information with personal experiences. In addition, the analysis of both the quantitative and qualitative approach will certainly give us a complete picture of the contributors to the physical activity of this group of people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Activity Levels\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur research outcomes show that a notable number of participants, about 64.6%, do not engage in the advisable 150 minutes of moderate-sixty physical involvement weekly. The issue illustrated by this gap is thereby important and points to the necessity of interventions capable of increasing physical activity and this should be the focus of attention. The gap between actual activity levels and requirements hints at the broader issue caused by the necessity of specialized strategies to be that explains the unequal level of participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Variations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The result of our research suggests that young participants are more likely to comply with the physical activity guidelines than older people, and this is the same trend as in the previous studies where a declining level of activity with age has been observed. Thus, the trend indicates that as a human development age, there is evidence that physical limitations or loss of motivation are the likely causes for the gradual increase in the age structure of the participants, thus the necessity of producing programs that are age-appropriate is requested.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, an analysis done by us indicates that the individuals of the higher social classes are more into playing sports when compared with those at the lower social level. This difference indicates that the possibility to access sporting facilities, and the leisure time available for the participants count a great deal in the decision to become physically active. The removal of these barriers is a most important step in the development of health messages that are inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePerceived Barriers and Facilitators\u003c/b\u003e: The determination made in our study of the main obstacles to an active lifestyle reveal the following: the importance of time flexibility at work, the lower energy levels after work, and a very busy life would leave little room for any recreational activities. Whereas in other examinations it was reported that spouse or friend support, community fitness programs, or nearby gym locations are key enablers. It seems from the above results that the concerns are important but the supports are also important which can encourage active life styles to be utilized by the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQualitative Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eThematic Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough focus group discussions, we uncovered several themes related to physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWork Schedule Constraints\u003c/b\u003e: Many participants expressed that their busy work schedules made it difficult to maintain regular physical activity. This theme was prevalent across the discussions, indicating that flexible exercise options might be needed to accommodate varied work hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLack of Motivation\u003c/b\u003e: A recurring issue was a lack of motivation, often linked to insufficient personal goals or support from others. Finding ways to boost motivation, perhaps through goal-setting and enhancing social support, could be beneficial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTime Constraints\u003c/b\u003e: Time limitations, due to both professional and personal responsibilities, were frequently mentioned as barriers. Solutions that integrate physical activity into busy schedules, such as brief, high-intensity workouts, might be more practical for this group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFacilitators:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFamily Support\u003c/b\u003e: The role of family support in encouraging physical activity was highlighted as a significant positive factor. Engaging family members in physical activity routines could improve adherence and success.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCommunity-Based Programs\u003c/b\u003e: Access to local exercise programs and safe spaces like parks was seen as vital for maintaining physical activity. Community initiatives that offer structured activities can help overcome barriers related to accessibility and motivation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCultural Influences\u003c/b\u003e: Cultural practices and norms also played a role in shaping physical activity. While some found that cultural events encouraged active participation, others felt that cultural norms sometimes favoured less active social activities. Tailoring interventions to align with cultural values might enhance their acceptance and effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntegration of Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integration of both quantitative and qualitative data gives a profound insight into the physical activity behaviors in Johor Bahru. The quantitative data highlight the significant factors that hinder and facilitate, while the qualitative insights offer deeper understanding and personal perspectives. Together, these observations indicate that suitable interventions must consider both the problems and the sources of help that were highlighted. In order to stimulate the physical activity of the citizens in public health strategies, the authorities should consider easy exercise options and come up with the family and community support initiatives for those who are usually so busy. By doing so, we can build better programs that would guide middle-aged Malaysians to have an active lifestyle on regular basis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the physical activity of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru. Although there are important barriers such as work schedules, lack of motivation, and the time constraint, there are also key facilitators like family support and community resources that can be used to encourage physical activity. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data provides a comprehensive picture of these dynamics. Interventions that are tailored to the identified barriers and the promotion of facilitators may be the most effective for increasing the physical activity as well as improving health performance in this age group. The future research should continue exploring these factors and evaluating the effects of specific interventions. Through such research, we can find solutions to develop strategies to improve the overall health of middle-aged adults in Johor Bahru and similar environments while assisting in the expansion of the health sector, ultimately leading to better health among the population as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript and is available from the principle author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch was fully self-funded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the importance of proper attribution and adherence to academic integrity standards. All sources, including data sources, were appropriately cited and referenced in accordance with ethical research practices. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions, and their decision to participate or withdraw had no impact on their future interactions with the researchers or institutions involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions, and their decision to participate or withdraw had no impact on their future interactions with the researchers or institutions involved.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript and is available from the principle author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Jasveen Kaur. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jasveen Kaur and Dr.Nisha Nambiar commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdullah, N., Kueh, Y. C., Hanafi, M. H., Morris, T., \u0026amp; Kuan, G. (2019). Motives for Participation and Amount of Physical Activity among Kelantan Chinese Adolescents. In Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (Vol. 26, Issue 6, pp. 101\u0026ndash;110). 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Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34(4), 452\u0026ndash;462. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/10105395221102035\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/10105395221102035\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Physical inactivity, middle-aged, Health Behaviour, Sedentary Behaviour, Malaysia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5138745/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5138745/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to explore the factors influencing physical activity behaviours among middle-aged individuals in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, through a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data were collected using structured surveys administered to a representative sample of 384 participants. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to explore participants' experiences and attitudes towards physical activity. Thematic analysis revealed that family support and community resources were significant facilitators of physical activity in this demographic. Regression analysis revealed age, socioeconomic status, and family support were significant predictors for physical activity levels. The study demonstrates that addressing specific barriers, such as work-related time constraints and lack of motivation, while leveraging facilitators like family support or community resources, can enhance physical activity and improve health outcomes in this population. Tailoring interventions to address the identified barriers and promote the facilitators can lead to more effective strategies for increasing physical activity, ultimately contributing to better public health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring Factors Influencing Physical Activity Behaviours among Middle-Aged Adults in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-13 04:20:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5138745/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91a1a7e2-ff57-418a-85f2-d43b6510c46c","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-13T04:20:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-13 04:20:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5138745","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5138745","identity":"rs-5138745","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}