Seasonal incidence of key natural enemies of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and their interaction with weather parameters on onion crop in Terai region of Uttarakhand, India

Seasonal incidence of key natural enemies of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and their interaction with weather parameters on onion crop in Terai region of Uttarakhand, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal incidence of key natural enemies of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and their interaction with weather parameters on onion crop in Terai region of Uttarakhand, India SATY SARAN, R.M. Srivastava, R. Koranga This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3369210/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the seasonal incidence of important natural enemies of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci . Under natural conditions, healthy onion seedlings were transplanted, and to determine the number of natural enemies, the crop was observed on a weekly basis. The population of spiders feeding on thrips was observed from the first appearance until crop harvesting in both the years, and it was found peaking in the last week of April in the first year and the second week of May in the second year. Similarly, coccinellids were first found in the first and second weeks of April in the first and second years, respectively, and were active throughout the growth period, peaking in the last week of April in the first year and the first week of May in the second year. Orious bugs were also recorded from their first arrival and were found with a peak in the third week of April in the first year and the last week of April in the second year. Maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall in the first year, and sunshine hours in the second year all had a significant positive effect on the spider population feeding on onion thrips; however, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity in the second year had a significant negative effect. The maximum temperature in the second year, the minimum temperature, and the rainfall in the first year all had a significant positive effect. However, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity in the second year only had a significant negative influence on the coccinellid population. The maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours had a significant positive effect on the orious bug population; however, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity showed a significant negative effect. Seasonal Incidence Correlation Natural Enemies Thrips Onion Introduction The onion ( Allium cepa Linnaeus) is one of the most significant vegetable crops of the Alliaceae family, which originated in Central Asia (Brewster, 1994 ), and it is grown primarily for its bulb, which is used virtually daily in every home (Sani and Jaliya, 2009 ). It has been a good source of carbs, (11.00 g), proteins (1.20 g), fibres (0.60 g), water (86.80 g), vitamins such as vitamin A (0.012 mg), vitamin C (11 mg), thiamine (0.08 mg), riboflavin (0.01 mg), and niacin (0.2 mg), as well as minerals such as phosphorus (39.00 mg), calcium (27.00 mg), sodium (1.00 mg), iron (0.70 mg), and potassium (157.00 mg) (Suresh, 2007 ). Several insect pests attack the onion plant, including thrips, onion maggots, cutworms, tobacco caterpillars, and others. The most serious pest of onion is onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci Lindeman). It has a global distribution and is polyphagous, attacking a wide variety of crops and generating large output losses (Trdan et al., 2005 ). Initially, yield loss ranged between 10–15% owing to insects and diseases, but T. tabaci incidence alone resulted in a 30–50% yield decline (Karar et al., 2014 ). Most onion agro-ecosystems have a rich complex of naturally occurring entomophagous arthropods like spiders, Coccinellids, Orious bugs, Chrysoperla, etc. and several entomopathogenic micro-organisms that keep insect pest populations under control, but indiscriminate application of broad-spectrum pesticides can kill the onion insect pests as well as their natural enemies. These pesticides also cause resistance problems in several onion insect pests, including T. tabaci (Rueda and Shelton, 1995 ), at the same time adversely affecting the environment, soil fertility, human health, and other beneficial insects and pests (Rola and Pingali, 1993 ; Antle and Pingali, 1994 ; and Tjornhom et al., 1997 ). As a result, numerous researchers have pointed out the conservation of these helpful natural enemies as a possible element in combating insect pest problems such as onion thrips. A detailed understanding of the seasonal occurrence of natural enemies of T. tabaci , as well as the environmental elements that influence their population, aids in the development of effective pest management strategies. The current study aims to learn more about the seasonal incidence of important natural enemies of T. tabaci , a key insect pest of the onion crop, and their interaction with weather parameters. Materials and Methods The experiments were carried out in the Rabi season at the Vegetable Research Centre (VRC), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Field studies with the onion variety Agrifound Light Red were set up in a randomised block design (RBD) with four replications. The crop was planted on 20th December in plots measuring 5.00 x 5.00 m with row to row and plant to plant intervals of 20 cm and 15 cm, respectively, in both years. All necessary agronomical practices were followed on a regular basis to successfully raise the crop in accordance with the Package of Practices prescribed for the region. The nymphal and adult stages of T. tabaci predators were counted. The population was visually recorded on 10 randomly selected and tagged plants from the inside rows of a plot at weekly intervals from transplanting through harvesting the crop in the early hours before 9:00 AM, when insects were at their least active. The leaves were gripped by thumb and forefinger and turned until the full underside of the leaf was plainly visible in order to count the population of insect predators. Weather parameters such as maximum and minimum temperature (°C), morning and evening relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm), sunshine hours (hrs), and wind velocity (km/hr) were recorded in different standard weeks during crop seasons, and their relationship with the incidence of predators of T. tabaci of onions was determined using simple correlation. Results and Discussion The following are the findings and discussion from investigations on the seasonal incidence of natural enemies of T. tabaci on the onion crop throughout both years: Seasonal incidence of natural enemies Spider In the current study, several spiders (unidentified) were observed on onion plants ( Plate 2 ) from the 13th standard week in the first year and the 15th standard week in the second year until harvest of the crop (Tables 1 and 2 ). The population increased in tandem with the thrips population and peaked (1.9 spiders per plant in the first year) in the last week of April (17th SW) and (2.20 spiders per plant in the second year) in the second week of May (19th SW). Following that, the spider population dropped and persisted on the crop until harvest. The spider population ranged between 0.40 and 1.90 per plant in the first year and between 0.80 and 2.20 per plant in the second year. Table 1 Influence of weather factors on seasonal incidence of spiders, coccinellids and orious bugs at weekly intervals on onion during Rabi, 2020-21 Std. Week Date of observation Weather parameters Population/plant Temperature ( 0 C) RH (%) Rainfall (mm) Sunshine Hrs Wind velocity (km/hr) Spiders Coccinellids Orious bug Max. Min. Mor. Even. 9 04/03/21 29.3 11.2 90 37 0.0 9.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.25 10 11/03/21 29.6 14.2 83 46 0.0 7.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 1.29 11 18/3/21 30.3 13.6 86 36 0.0 7.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.24 12 25/3/2021 32.6 14.1 82 27 0.0 8.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 2.54 13 01/4/2021 33.4 14.6 84 23 0.0 7.9 4.3 0.4 0.5 1.72 14 08/04/2–21 37.5 14.1 59 11 0.0 10.0 3.8 0.6 0.7 2.50 15 15/04/2021 36.8 17.8 57 17 0.7 8.4 5.2 0.9 0.9 4.81 16 22/4/2021 36.7 17.1 52 16 0.0 10.3 3.0 1.2 1.4 3.51 17 29/04/2021 34.9 19.9 73 41 36.4 8.5 4.7 1.9 1.7 1.58 18 06/05/2021 32.4 21.1 76 50 80.4 5.1 2.4 1.3 1.4 1.32 Std.- Standard; RH- Relative Humidity Table 2 Influence of weather factors on seasonal incidence of spiders, coccinellids and orious bugs at weekly interval on onion during Rabi, 2021-22 Std. Week Date of observation Weather parameters Population/plant Temperature ( 0 C) RH (%) Rainfall (mm) SunshineHrs Wind velocity(km/hr) Spiders Coccinellids Orious bug Max. Min. Mor. Even. 11 11/03/22 23.7 9.8 86 45 0 8 6.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 12 18/03/22 24.7 10.0 93 48 2.2 8 3.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 13 25/03/22 27.5 11.3 92 48 0 7 3.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 14 01/04/22 30.7 16.6 90 49 0 7.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.9 15 08/04/22 33.9 17.1 84 40 0 8.8 2.4 0.8 0.8 2.4 16 15/04/22 34.0 15.9 80 31 0.0 9.0 4.6 0.9 0.7 2.0 17 22/04/22 37.1 20.9 65 31 2.6 8.3 5.1 1.2 1.2 2.9 18 29/04/22 38.2 19.1 63 19 0.0 9.0 3.5 1.8 1.4 5.4 19 06/05/22 38.0 19.0 54 19 0.0 10.3 4.0 2.2 1.9 3.0 20 13/05/22 35.2 23.3 67 43 5.0 8.5 4.1 1.7 1.5 1.50 Std.- Standard; RH- Relative Humidity Table 3. Correlation coefficient of population of spiders, coccinellids and orious bugs of T. tabaci on onion with abiotic factor Weather Parameters Correlation coefficient (r) Spiders Coccinellids Orious bug I st Year II nd Year I st Year II nd Year I st Year II nd Year Max. Temp ( o C) 0.61* 0.89* 0.65* 0.89* 0.78* 0.69* Min. Temp ( o C) 0.88* 0.81* 0.88* 0.83* 0.31* 0.43* Morning R. H. (%) -0.57* -0.96* -0.63* -0.96* -0.82* -0.59* Evening R. H. (%) 0.02 -0.84* -0.04 -0.81* -0.71* -0.78* Rainfall (mm) 0.61* 0.24 0.60* 0.28 -0.24 -0.25 Sunshine Hrs 0.02 0.83* 0.04 0.82* 0.34* 0.42* Wind velocity (km/hr) -0.10 0.12 -0.17 0.13 0.05 -0.17 *Significant at 5 per cent level Coccinellids Three species of Coccinellids namely, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and two more species (unidentified) were recorded on onion crops ( Plate 1 ) from the first week of April (13th SW) in 2020-21 and the second week of April (15th SW) in 2021-22 (Tables 1 and 2 ). The population of Coccinellids increased gradually and reached its maximum (1.7 per plant) in the last week of April (17th SW) in the first year and 1.9 insect per plant in the first week of May (19th SW) in the second year, lasting up to the harvest of the crop. The population of Coccinellids ranged between 0.50–1.70 per plant in the first year and 0.80–1.90 per plant in the second year. Orious bug During crop growing, several orious bugs were observed active against thrips in an onion crop ( Plate 1 ). Nymphs and adults of Orious bugs initially appeared in the 9th standard week of the first year and the 11th standard week of the second year (Tables 1 and 2 ). In the first year, the bug population ranged from 0.25–4.81 per plant, and in the second year, it ranged from 1.00-5.40 per plant. The population of Orious bugs progressively increased and peaked (4.81/plant) in the third week of April (15th SW) in the first year and (5.40/plant) in the last week of April (18th SW) in the second year, lasting until crop harvest. Tables 1 and 2 shows the seasonal weekly number of Orius bugs. The findings were in confirmation of earlier reports as reported by Waganet et al., (2014), where the population of spiders ranged between 0.20–4.91 per plant, with the highest population of spiders (4.91/plant) recorded in the 11th week after transplanting, and the population of Coccinellids was observed between 0.73–2.95 per plant, with a peak population of 2.95 per plant in the 7th week after transplanting. However, the population of Orious bugs recorded was 0.53 to 4.30 per plant, with the highest population (4.30 per plant) at the 11th week after transplanting. Dhaka and Pareek ( 2007 ) also carried out study on natural enemies population where the population of spiders reported between 1.75 and 9.50 per plant in the 1st year and 2.5 to 19.75 per plant in the 2nd year, and the population of coccinellids ranged between 2.25-21.00 per plant in the first year and 4.75–19.75 per plant in the second year in cotton ecosystem. Begamet et al., (2016) reported that Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Micraspis discolour Fabricius were the most dominant predator species against sucking pests, including thrips, on Bhut Jolokia throughout the cropping season. The maximum population of Coccinellids (1.86 and 1.80 per plant) was observed in March 2014 and 2015, respectively. Correlation between seasonal incidence of natural enemies and weather parameters Spider Table 3 clearly shows that the maximum temperature (r = 0.61 in the first year and r = 0.89 in the second year), minimum temperature (r = 0.88 in the first year and r = 0.81 in the second year), rainfall (r = 0.61 in the first year), and sunshine hours (r = 0.83 in the second year) all parameters had a significant positive effect; however, morning relative humidity (r = -0.57) in the first and second year (r = -0.96) along with evening relative humidity (r = -0.84) in the second year only) had a negative significant influence on the spider population feeding on onion thrips, whereas all other meteorological factors had no effect. The present findings are in accordance with Dhaka and Pareek ( 2007 ), who found that maximum and minimum temperatures had a significant positive effect on the spider population feeding on insect pests in cotton. Coccinellids The data in Table 3 show that maximum temperature (r = 0.65 in the first year, r = 0.89 in the second year), minimum temperature (r = 0.88 in the first year, r = 0.83 in the second year), and rainfall (r = 0.60 in the first year alone) have a significant beneficial effect on the Coccinellid population. However, morning relative humidity (r = -0.63 in the first year and r = -0.96 in the second year) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.81 in the second year only) had a significant negative influence. The Coccinellid population was unaffected by any other meteorological variables. Similarly, Dhaka and Pareek ( 2007 ) recorded a significant negative effect of evening RH on Coccinellid population against insect pests of cotton. Begam et al., ( 2016 ) reported a significant positive correlation of Coccinellid predators with maximum temperature. Orious bug The findings in Table 3 revealed that maximum temperature (r = 0.78 in the first year, r = 0.69 in the second year) and minimum temperature (r = 0.31 in the first year, r = 0.43 in the second year), sunshine hours (r = 0.43 in the first year and r = 0.42 in the second year) had a significant positive effect on the Orious bug population. However, morning relative humidity (r = -0.82 in the first year and r = -0.59 in the second year) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.71 in the first year and r = -0.78 in the second year) showed a significant negative effect. Other weather variables had little effect on the bug population. These data cannot be compared or discussed because no work on the influence of abiotic factors on the incidence of orious bugs on onions and other crops is known. Conclusion Seasonal incidence of natural enemies revealed that the population of natural enemies like spiders, Coccinellids, Orious bugs, and others were observed active since the appearance of thrips and has continued till harvesting of the crop, which can play a major role in keeping the onion thrips population below the economic threshold level (ETL). Therefore, application of broad spectrum chemical pesticides should be restricted after arrival of the insect pests. More extensive research is needed to determine the seasonal incidence of these natural enemies of key insects such as onion thrips and other onion pests, as well as the effect of weather factors on their population dynamics, which will aid researchers and other scientists in developing safe and environmentally friendly integrated pest management strategies. Declarations Compliance with Ethical Standards 1. Conflicts of Interest The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article. 2. Research involving human and animal rights The study did not involve human participants and/or vertebrate animals. 3. Informed consent The study contains no individual person’s data in any form. Informed consent is not applicable. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Vegetable Research Centre, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, and Research Unit for their assistance with land preparation and maintenance. Many thanks to R. M. Srivastava, Sneha Joshi, Priyanka Dhapola, Jaihind Sharma, Ritesh Kumar, and Chenesh Patel, and to Anil Shukla (Department of Statistics, CBSH, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar), who consulted on statistical analysis. References Antle JM, Pingali PL (1994) Pesticides, productivity, and farmer health: a Filipino case study. Am J Agric Econ 76:418–430 Begam N, Saikia DK, Borkakati RN (2016) Seasonal incidence of major insect pests and their natural enemies of Bhut Jolokia. Ann Plant Prot Sci 24(2):259–264 Brewster JL (1994) Onion and other vegetable alliums. CABI Int Publ 236 Dhaka SR, Pareek BL (2007) Seasonal incidence of natural enemies of key insect pests of cotton and their relationship with weather parameters. J Plant Prot Res 47(4) Karar H, Abbas G, Hameed A, Ahmad G, Ali A (2014) Losses in onion ( Allium cepa ) due to onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci ) and effect of weather factors on population dynamics of thrips. World Appl Sci J 32(11):250 Rola AC, Pingali PL (1993) Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmer’s health: an economic assessment. International Rice Research Institute, Philippines and World Resources Institute, Washington, DC Rueda A, Shelton AM (1995) Onion thrips. Global crop pest Cornell Intl. Inst. Food Agr. Dev. Cornell. Univ Sani BM, Jaliya MM (2009) Onion production and management under irrigation. Ext Bull No 204:02–04 Suresh CH (2007) Studies on effect of organics on seed yield and quality in onion. MS thesis. Dept. of seed science and technology. Dharwad University of Agricultural Science. Dharwad Tjornhom JD, Heong KL, Gapud V, Talekar NS, Norton GW (1997) Determinants of pesticide misuse in Philippine onion production. Phil Entomol 1(2):139–149 Trdan S, Valic N, Zezlina I, Bergant K, Znidarcic D (2005) Light blue sticky boards for mass trapping of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman in onion crops. J Plant Dis Prot. 173–180 Wagan TA, Hua HX, He YP, Wagan SA, Baloch SK (2014) Seasonal incidence of insect pest and natural enemies on onion agro ecosystem at Tandojam, Pakistan. J Biol Agric Health 4(27):205–212 Plate Plate 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Plate1CoccineliidsandOriousbugsfeedingonT.tabaci.jpg Plate2.DifferentkindofspidersfeedingonT.tabaci.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3369210","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":332474811,"identity":"7ca6796a-df1d-4564-97aa-bc91356899cb","order_by":0,"name":"SATY SARAN","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Udai Pratap Autonomous College: Udai Pratap College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"SATY","middleName":"","lastName":"SARAN","suffix":""},{"id":332474812,"identity":"4a2634ae-c0ba-4b9e-a0a1-ebebd4e1c6bd","order_by":1,"name":"R.M. 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It has been a good source of carbs, (11.00 g), proteins (1.20 g), fibres (0.60 g), water (86.80 g), vitamins such as vitamin A (0.012 mg), vitamin C (11 mg), thiamine (0.08 mg), riboflavin (0.01 mg), and niacin (0.2 mg), as well as minerals such as phosphorus (39.00 mg), calcium (27.00 mg), sodium (1.00 mg), iron (0.70 mg), and potassium (157.00 mg) (Suresh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Several insect pests attack the onion plant, including thrips, onion maggots, cutworms, tobacco caterpillars, and others. The most serious pest of onion is onion thrips (\u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Lindeman). It has a global distribution and is polyphagous, attacking a wide variety of crops and generating large output losses (Trdan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Initially, yield loss ranged between 10\u0026ndash;15% owing to insects and diseases, but \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e incidence alone resulted in a 30\u0026ndash;50% yield decline (Karar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost onion agro-ecosystems have a rich complex of naturally occurring entomophagous arthropods like spiders, Coccinellids, Orious bugs, Chrysoperla, etc. and several entomopathogenic micro-organisms that keep insect pest populations under control, but indiscriminate application of broad-spectrum pesticides can kill the onion insect pests as well as their natural enemies. These pesticides also cause resistance problems in several onion insect pests, including \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (Rueda and Shelton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), at the same time adversely affecting the environment, soil fertility, human health, and other beneficial insects and pests (Rola and Pingali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Antle and Pingali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; and Tjornhom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, numerous researchers have pointed out the conservation of these helpful natural enemies as a possible element in combating insect pest problems such as onion thrips. A detailed understanding of the seasonal occurrence of natural enemies of \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e, as well as the environmental elements that influence their population, aids in the development of effective pest management strategies. The current study aims to learn more about the seasonal incidence of important natural enemies of \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e, a key insect pest of the onion crop, and their interaction with weather parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiments were carried out in the Rabi season at the Vegetable Research Centre (VRC), GBPUA\u0026amp;T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Field studies with the onion variety Agrifound Light Red were set up in a randomised block design (RBD) with four replications. The crop was planted on 20th December in plots measuring 5.00 x 5.00 m with row to row and plant to plant intervals of 20 cm and 15 cm, respectively, in both years. All necessary agronomical practices were followed on a regular basis to successfully raise the crop in accordance with the Package of Practices prescribed for the region. The nymphal and adult stages of \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e predators were counted. The population was visually recorded on 10 randomly selected and tagged plants from the inside rows of a plot at weekly intervals from transplanting through harvesting the crop in the early hours before 9:00 AM, when insects were at their least active. The leaves were gripped by thumb and forefinger and turned until the full underside of the leaf was plainly visible in order to count the population of insect predators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather parameters such as maximum and minimum temperature (\u0026deg;C), morning and evening relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm), sunshine hours (hrs), and wind velocity (km/hr) were recorded in different standard weeks during crop seasons, and their relationship with the incidence of predators of \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e of onions was determined using simple correlation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following are the findings and discussion from investigations on the seasonal incidence of natural enemies of \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e on the onion crop throughout both years:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSeasonal incidence of natural enemies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSpider\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, several spiders (unidentified) were observed on onion plants (\u003cb\u003ePlate 2\u003c/b\u003e) from the 13th standard week in the first year and the 15th standard week in the second year until harvest of the crop (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The population increased in tandem with the thrips population and peaked (1.9 spiders per plant in the first year) in the last week of April (17th SW) and (2.20 spiders per plant in the second year) in the second week of May (19th SW). Following that, the spider population dropped and persisted on the crop until harvest. The spider population ranged between 0.40 and 1.90 per plant in the first year and between 0.80 and 2.20 per plant in the second year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of weather factors on seasonal incidence of spiders, coccinellids and orious bugs at weekly intervals on onion during Rabi, 2020-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of observation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSunshine Hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind velocity (km/hr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoccinellids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrious bug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e04/03/21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11/03/21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18/3/21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25/3/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e01/4/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e08/04/2\u0026ndash;21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15/04/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22/4/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29/04/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e06/05/2021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eStd.- Standard; RH- Relative Humidity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of weather factors on seasonal incidence of spiders, coccinellids and orious bugs at weekly interval on onion during Rabi, 2021-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of observation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSunshineHrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWind velocity(km/hr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoccinellids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrious bug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11/03/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18/03/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25/03/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e01/04/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e08/04/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15/04/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22/04/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29/04/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e06/05/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13/05/22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eStd.- Standard; RH- Relative Humidity\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Correlation coefficient of population of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003espiders, coccinellids and orious bugs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof \u003cem\u003eT. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e on onion with abiotic factor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.232323232323232%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeather Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.76767676767676%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation coefficient (r)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.78378378378378%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpiders\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.78378378378378%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoccinellids\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.432432432432435%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrious bug\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.80821917808219%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.80821917808219%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.068493150684931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax. Temp (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin. Temp (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorning R. H. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.57*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.63*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.82*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.59*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvening R. H. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.84*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.81*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.71*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.78*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunshine Hrs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.958333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWind velocity (km/hr)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Significant at 5 per cent level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoccinellids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree species of Coccinellids namely, \u003cem\u003eCoccinella septempunctata\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus and two more species (unidentified) were recorded on onion crops (\u003cb\u003ePlate 1\u003c/b\u003e) from the first week of April (13th SW) in 2020-21 and the second week of April (15th SW) in 2021-22 (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The population of Coccinellids increased gradually and reached its maximum (1.7 per plant) in the last week of April (17th SW) in the first year and 1.9 insect per plant in the first week of May (19th SW) in the second year, lasting up to the harvest of the crop. The population of Coccinellids ranged between 0.50\u0026ndash;1.70 per plant in the first year and 0.80\u0026ndash;1.90 per plant in the second year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOrious bug\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring crop growing, several orious bugs were observed active against thrips in an onion crop (\u003cb\u003ePlate 1\u003c/b\u003e). Nymphs and adults of Orious bugs initially appeared in the 9th standard week of the first year and the 11th standard week of the second year (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the first year, the bug population ranged from 0.25\u0026ndash;4.81 per plant, and in the second year, it ranged from 1.00-5.40 per plant. The population of Orious bugs progressively increased and peaked (4.81/plant) in the third week of April (15th SW) in the first year and (5.40/plant) in the last week of April (18th SW) in the second year, lasting until crop harvest. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the seasonal weekly number of Orius bugs. The findings were in confirmation of earlier reports as reported by Waganet \u003cem\u003eet\u003c/em\u003e al., (2014), where the population of spiders ranged between 0.20\u0026ndash;4.91 per plant, with the highest population of spiders (4.91/plant) recorded in the 11th week after transplanting, and the population of Coccinellids was observed between 0.73\u0026ndash;2.95 per plant, with a peak population of 2.95 per plant in the 7th week after transplanting. However, the population of Orious bugs recorded was 0.53 to 4.30 per plant, with the highest population (4.30 per plant) at the 11th week after transplanting. Dhaka and Pareek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) also carried out study on natural enemies population where the population of spiders reported between 1.75 and 9.50 per plant in the 1st year and 2.5 to 19.75 per plant in the 2nd year, and the population of coccinellids ranged between 2.25-21.00 per plant in the first year and 4.75\u0026ndash;19.75 per plant in the second year in cotton ecosystem. Begamet \u003cem\u003eet\u003c/em\u003e al., (2016) reported that \u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius and \u003cem\u003eMicraspis discolour\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius were the most dominant predator species against sucking pests, including thrips, on Bhut Jolokia throughout the cropping season. The maximum population of Coccinellids (1.86 and 1.80 per plant) was observed in March 2014 and 2015, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation between seasonal incidence of natural enemies and weather parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSpider\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3 clearly shows that the maximum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.61 in the first year and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89 in the second year), minimum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88 in the first year and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81 in the second year), rainfall (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.61 in the first year), and sunshine hours (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83 in the second year) all parameters had a significant positive effect; however, morning relative humidity (r = -0.57) in the first and second year (r = -0.96) along with evening relative humidity (r = -0.84) in the second year only) had a negative significant influence on the spider population feeding on onion thrips, whereas all other meteorological factors had no effect. The present findings are in accordance with Dhaka and Pareek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), who found that maximum and minimum temperatures had a significant positive effect on the spider population feeding on insect pests in cotton.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoccinellids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data in Table\u0026nbsp;3 show that maximum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65 in the first year, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89 in the second year), minimum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88 in the first year, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83 in the second year), and rainfall (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60 in the first year alone) have a significant beneficial effect on the Coccinellid population. However, morning relative humidity (r = -0.63 in the first year and r = -0.96 in the second year) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.81 in the second year only) had a significant negative influence. The Coccinellid population was unaffected by any other meteorological variables. Similarly, Dhaka and Pareek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) recorded a significant negative effect of evening RH on Coccinellid population against insect pests of cotton. Begam et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) reported a significant positive correlation of Coccinellid predators with maximum temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOrious bug\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings in Table\u0026nbsp;3 revealed that maximum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.78 in the first year, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69 in the second year) and minimum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.31 in the first year, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43 in the second year), sunshine hours (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43 in the first year and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42 in the second year) had a significant positive effect on the Orious bug population. However, morning relative humidity (r = -0.82 in the first year and r = -0.59 in the second year) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.71 in the first year and r = -0.78 in the second year) showed a significant negative effect. Other weather variables had little effect on the bug population. These data cannot be compared or discussed because no work on the influence of abiotic factors on the incidence of orious bugs on onions and other crops is known.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal incidence of natural enemies revealed that the population of natural enemies like spiders, Coccinellids, Orious bugs, and others were observed active since the appearance of thrips and has continued till harvesting of the crop, which can play a major role in keeping the onion thrips population below the economic threshold level (ETL). Therefore, application of broad spectrum chemical pesticides should be restricted after arrival of the insect pests. More extensive research is needed to determine the seasonal incidence of these natural enemies of key insects such as onion thrips and other onion pests, as well as the effect of weather factors on their population dynamics, which will aid researchers and other scientists in developing safe and environmentally friendly integrated pest management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Conflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Research involving human and animal rights\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study did not involve human participants and/or vertebrate animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Informed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study contains no individual person\u0026rsquo;s data in any form. Informed consent is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Vegetable Research Centre, GBPUA\u0026amp;T, Pantnagar, and Research Unit for their assistance with land preparation and maintenance. Many thanks to R. M. Srivastava, Sneha Joshi, Priyanka Dhapola, Jaihind Sharma, Ritesh Kumar, and Chenesh Patel, and to Anil Shukla (Department of Statistics, CBSH, GBPUA\u0026amp;T, Pantnagar), who consulted on statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAntle JM, Pingali PL (1994) Pesticides, productivity, and farmer health: a Filipino case study. Am J Agric Econ 76:418\u0026ndash;430\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBegam N, Saikia DK, Borkakati RN (2016) Seasonal incidence of major insect pests and their natural enemies of Bhut Jolokia. Ann Plant Prot Sci 24(2):259\u0026ndash;264\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrewster JL (1994) Onion and other vegetable alliums. CABI Int Publ 236\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhaka SR, Pareek BL (2007) Seasonal incidence of natural enemies of key insect pests of cotton and their relationship with weather parameters. J Plant Prot Res 47(4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarar H, Abbas G, Hameed A, Ahmad G, Ali A (2014) Losses in onion (\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e) due to onion thrips (\u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e) and effect of weather factors on population dynamics of thrips. World Appl Sci J 32(11):250\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRola AC, Pingali PL (1993) Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmer\u0026rsquo;s health: an economic assessment. International Rice Research Institute, Philippines and World Resources Institute, Washington, DC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRueda A, Shelton AM (1995) Onion thrips. Global crop pest Cornell Intl. Inst. Food Agr. Dev. Cornell. Univ\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSani BM, Jaliya MM (2009) Onion production and management under irrigation. Ext Bull No 204:02\u0026ndash;04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuresh CH (2007) Studies on effect of organics on seed yield and quality in onion. MS thesis. Dept. of seed science and technology. Dharwad University of Agricultural Science. Dharwad\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTjornhom JD, Heong KL, Gapud V, Talekar NS, Norton GW (1997) Determinants of pesticide misuse in Philippine onion production. Phil Entomol 1(2):139\u0026ndash;149\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrdan S, Valic N, Zezlina I, Bergant K, Znidarcic D (2005) Light blue sticky boards for mass trapping of onion thrips, \u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Lindeman in onion crops. J Plant Dis Prot. 173\u0026ndash;180\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWagan TA, Hua HX, He YP, Wagan SA, Baloch SK (2014) Seasonal incidence of insect pest and natural enemies on onion agro ecosystem at Tandojam, Pakistan. J Biol Agric Health 4(27):205\u0026ndash;212\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Plate","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlate 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Seasonal Incidence, Correlation, Natural Enemies, Thrips, Onion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3369210/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3369210/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to determine the seasonal incidence of important natural enemies of onion thrips, \u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e. Under natural conditions, healthy onion seedlings were transplanted, and to determine the number of natural enemies, the crop was observed on a weekly basis. The population of spiders feeding on thrips was observed from the first appearance until crop harvesting in both the years, and it was found peaking in the last week of April in the first year and the second week of May in the second year. Similarly, coccinellids were first found in the first and second weeks of April in the first and second years, respectively, and were active throughout the growth period, peaking in the last week of April in the first year and the first week of May in the second year. Orious bugs were also recorded from their first arrival and were found with a peak in the third week of April in the first year and the last week of April in the second year. Maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall in the first year, and sunshine hours in the second year all had a significant positive effect on the spider population feeding on onion thrips; however, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity in the second year had a significant negative effect. The maximum temperature in the second year, the minimum temperature, and the rainfall in the first year all had a significant positive effect. However, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity in the second year only had a significant negative influence on the coccinellid population. The maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hours had a significant positive effect on the orious bug population; however, morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity showed a significant negative effect.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal incidence of key natural enemies of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and their interaction with weather parameters on onion crop in Terai region of Uttarakhand, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-22 07:38:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3369210/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21256a9a-e8d3-4b63-92ce-583293ec4b2b","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-15T02:11:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-22 07:38:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3369210","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3369210","identity":"rs-3369210","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}