Experimental Study on Electrochemical Technology for Treating Gasification Ash Water

Experimental Study on Electrochemical Technology for Treating Gasification Ash Water | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Study on Electrochemical Technology for Treating Gasification Ash Water lebo ma, Wei Guo, Siyuan Dai, Wei Ma This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6650226/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gasification ash water, due to its high hardness, high suspended solids, and high concentrations of scaling ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, easily leads to scaling issues and reduced heat transfer efficiency. Traditional chemical reagent methods have high reagent costs, secondary pollution, and are unable to completely eliminate scaling. This study, based on electrochemical technology and the actual conditions of gasification ash water from a coal chemical plant in Ningxia, conducted experimental rese arch on the electrochemical treatment of gasification ash water. Through observations during the experimental process and testing and analysis of water quality changes, the feasibility of this technology was verified. From the analysis of water quality ind icators, the composition of cathode adsorption products, and the appearance of the plates, it was found that the hardness indicator of the water quality decreased significantly (hardness reduction over 80%), total dissolved solids decreased by more than 30%, and both chloride ion and silica content decreased by over 80%. The overall improvement in water quality was evident. From the observation of the cathode plate after the experiment, scaling was clearly present, with a total content of CaO and MgO in the adsorption products reaching 78%. The experimental results show that electrochemical technology, through the synergistic effect of special plate materials and electrolysis current, can remove scaling factors such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the water quality so urce, and also significantly reduce and improve the total dissolved solids and silica content in the water. This achieves multi-effect synergistic treatment of gasification ash water. By using physical-chemical actions, it treats, manages, and recycles gasification ash water from its source, providing a new innovative approach for the treatment of gasification ash water. Electrochemistry ash water treatment hardness reduction water quality improvement Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Gasification is the core process in coal chemical engineering, and the gasification process generates wastewater containing a large amount of fine ash and coal powder. This wastewater, after being treated with high-temperature flashing and vacuum flashing, becomes "black water." After adding chemicals for flocculation and sedimentation, the effluent is referred to as "ash water." The system for the recycling of this wastewater is known as the slag water system [1] . Gasification ash water is characterized by high temperature and high suspended solids, and it also contains high concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and silicates. However, the current chemical flocculation treatment technology is limited in removing calcium and magnesium from the water. Only by addin g a large amount of high-temperature dispersants and scale inhibitors can the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the gasification ash water be somewhat alleviated. Nevertheless, the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the gasification ash water remain relatively high.Still, it is prone to cause scaling and blockage of system equipment and pipelines, and the total hardness in the ash water continuously increases with repeated circulation, leading to system operation under high scaling tendencies [2-3] . In recent years, electrochemical technology has gradually gained prominence, with industrial applications in areas such as pharmaceuticals and fine chemical industries for the treatment of high-organic wastewater and circulating cooling water. The treatment of gasification ash water is also increasingly becoming a focal point for electrochemical technology research. Objective of the Experiment This study focuses on the gasification ash water from a coal chemical enterprise in Ningxia. Given its poor water quality and high hardness, which can easily lead to scaling and clogging of system pipelines, electrochemical water treatment technology is employed for processing experiments. The performance of electrochemical water treatment technology in coagulation, descaling, and desilication of gasification ash water is evaluated. The feasibility of using electrochemical technology to treat gasification ash water is verified. Ultimately, this study aims to provide data support for its industrial application. Experimental Principle Electrochemical water treatment technology began to develop abroad starting from the 1970s [4] . Essentially, it involves using electrolysis reactions and electric fields to cause calcium and magnesium ions in the water to form scale deposits on the cathode plates of the electrochemical device, thereby reducing water hardness and protecting heat exchangers and the flow channels of water systems. Its macroscopic mechanism lies in: under the influence of current, water undergoes electrolysis at the cathode to produce OH - , disrupting the balance of alkalinity and hardness in the solution near the cathode. The HCO 3 - ions in the solution are converted into CO 3 2- ions (OH - + HCO 3 - → CO 3 2- + H 2 O). Simultaneously, ions such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in the water, which are scaling ions, migrate toward the cathode region under the influence of electrostatic forces, resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate CaCO 3 ↓(scale) and magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 ↓(scale) (Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- → CaCO 3 ↓, Mg 2+ + 2OH - → Mg(OH) 2 ↓), which adhere to the cathode plate surface. At the same time, colloidal substances suspended in the water also become unstable under the influence of the electric field, precipitating and depositing along with the scaling crystals on the cathode plate [5-7] . Essentially, this involves creating a more favorable environment for scaling, causing the scaling ions to deposit in a designated area (near the cathode), thereby reducing or preventing the formation of scale on the heat exchanger surface and water flow channels [8] . Experimental Design Based on the aforementioned principles and experimental conditions, an integrated electrochemical experimental apparatus was designed.The device volume is 0.5 m³. The shell is made of carbon steel with an inner lining of PTFE material; there are eight anode plates, using titanium-based ruthenium iridium tantalum oxide-coated electrodes as the anode, which can produce more strong oxidants dur ing the electrolysis process, enhancing the oxidation degradation capability during the electrolysis process. There are seven cathode plates, with cathodes selected from nickel materials with high hydrogen evolution activity, which is conducive to the progress of reduction reactions and promotes the removal of heavy metals and other pollutants. The power supply equipment providing electrolysis is a constant current power source. To avoid the influence of accidental factors on the experiment and improve the accu racy of the experiment, this experiment was conducted twice, thereby increasing the reliability of the experiment. Each batch took four tons of the original ash water sample from the vaporization device for cyclic treatment experiments. The simplified proces s flow diagram of the experiment is as follows. The source water for the experiment is overflow ash water from the top of the gasification settling tank in a coal chemical plant in Ningxia. The pump flow rate is consistently maintained at 4 m³/h. Analytical Indicators The suspended solids,pH value,total dissolved solids (TDS),hardness, silica,and chloride ion content in the gasification ash water before and after the experiment were measured. Suspended solids were measured using an SS-500B automatic analyzer; pH was measured using a PHB-1 analyzer; TDS was measured using a TDS-1H analyzer.Chloride ion content was determined by titration according to the national standard GB/T 11896-1989 "Determination of Chlorides in Water by Silver Nitrate Titration Method".Silica in the ash water was measured according to the national standard GB/T 12149-2017 "Determination of Silicon in Industrial Recirculating Cooling Water and Boiler Water".A spectrophotometer, Hach DR3900 (wavelength range 320-1100 nm), was used. Experimental Data and Result Analysis 5.1 Experiment One The water volume for Experiment 1 is 4 tons of gasification ash water collected on site. The experiment operates intermittently for a total of 82 hours. During the operation, the water quality of the experiment is regularly sampled and analyzed to observe changes in water quality indicators. (1) Water Quality Data Table 1 Analysis Data for Experiment One ash Water Name Sampling Date Sampling Duration (h) S S (mg/L) pH TDS (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Raw Water 28 4.15 3036 1410 Sample 1 May 30 3 36 6.47 2924 1405 Sample 2 May 31 9 31 7.19 2908 1350 Sample 3 June 1 16 28 9.55 2624 950 Sample 4 June 2 26 33 9.17 2529 948 Sample 5 June 3 82 23 10.59 2054 200 Results ↓17.9% ↑60.8% ↓32.3% ↓85.8% From the trend graph in Figure 2 for suspended solids and pH in water quality of Experiment One, the suspended solids indicator fluctuates within the range of 36 to 23 mg/L, showing an overall downward trend. The pH indicator exhibits a slow upward trend. From the analysis of total dissolved solids and hardness in Figure 3, it is evident that both indicators show a clear downward trend. By the end of the cumulative 82 hours of operation, total dissolved solids decreased by 32%, and hardness decreased by 85.8% (from 1410 mg/L to 200 mg/L). (2)Cathode Plate Fouling Conditions After the experiment, the scale samples on the cathode plate were removed and analyzed. The cathode plate was cleaned before the experiment, with a clean surface.After the experiment, the cathode plate was removed, with a surface heavily adsorbed with scale samples. These scale samples were then collected and analyzed for their components. Table 2 Analysis of Adsorbed Scale Sample Sample Name Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 Cathode Plate Scale Sample 1.95 9.14 7.76 15.37 2.17 3.22 0.64 13.56 0.72 45.27 After the experiment, the scale sample on the cathode plate was analyzed, with the main components being: Fe 2 O 3 at 45.27%; SiO 2 at 15.37%; CaO at 13.56%; MgO at 9.13%.With Fe 2 O 3 having the highest content, and the total content of CaO and MgO being approximately 22.69%. The reasons for this are twofold: first, the pH of the original water used in the experiment was slightly acidic (5.02), which had a certain corrosive effect; second, the experimental equipment had been unused for a long time before use, with obvious rust on the reaction chamber container. During operation, the rust gradually dissolved and was adsorbed on the surface of the cathode. 5.2 Experiment Two After the first batch of experiments, four tons of gasification ash water were collected from the gasification site for a second batch of repeatability verification experiments, extending the cumulative time to 136 hours. (1)Water Quality Data Table 3 Analysis Data for Experiment Two Name Sampling Date Sampling Duration (h) S S (mg/L) PH TDS (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Cl⁻ (mg/L) SiO₂ (mg/L) Raw Water June 24 39 5.39 3287 1840 665.96 367.32 Sample 1 June 25 8 46 5.73 3055 1780 544.22 Sample 2 June 26 16 43 6.17 2961 1750 508.42 Sample 3 June 27 24 56 6.51 2876 1734 467.94 289.68 Sample 4 June 28 32 62 6.87 2798 1698 418.31 Sample 5 July 3 40 42 7.25 2739 1588 397.04 Sample 6 July 11 48 52 7.56 2617 1440 368.68 168.54 Sample 7 July 12 56 39 7.87 2508 1100 326.14 Sample 8 July 13 64 37 8.10 2405 970 283.6 Sample 9 July 13 72 40 8.06 2381 840 241.06 103.41 Sample 10 July 13 80 52 7.92 2275 700 226.88 Sample 11 July 14 88 36 7.78 2270 640 212.7 Sample 12 July 14 96 32 7.72 2220 570 205.61 89.98 Sample 13 July 17 104 45 7.32 2189 520 170.16 Sample 14 July 18 112 52 6.98 2162 490 155.98 Sample 15 July 18 120 68 6.41 2057 430 134.71 65.34 Sample 16 July 18 128 53 5.89 2035 350 106.35 Sample 17 July 19 136 66 5.34 2089 330 99.26 43.39 Results ↑40.9% First rise, then fall ↓36.4% ↓82.1% ↓85.1% ↓88.2% In this experiment, the water quality suspended solids index fluctuated within the range of 39-66 mg/L. The water quality pH index showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, with the overall range being 5.39-8.10. Based on the trends of water hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride ions, and silica, there is a gradual decline, particularly evident during the later stages of continuous operation in the experiment, where the decline is notably steep. By the end of the experiment, the average decline rate was 72.95%, with the water hardness indicator declining by 82.1%, indicating a significant reduction in hardness. (2)Cathode Plate Fouling Conditions After the second batch of tests, samples of the fouling adsorbed on the cathode plates were also taken for analysis. Based on the observations of the cathode plates before and after the experiments, a significant amount of substances in the ash water were adsorbed on the cathode plates during the test process. Similarly, the components of the adsorbed material scraped off the cathode plates were also analyzed. Table 4 Analysis of Adsorbed Scale Sample Name Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 Cathode Plate Scale Sample 1.83 23.10 6.59 4.85 0.87 1.13 0.20 55.55 0.55 5.32 From the analysis of the adsorbed substances, the main components are CaO and MgO, with contents of 55.55% and 23.1%, respectively, accounting for about 78% of the total substance composition. The rest, including SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , etc., account for about 16%. This is consistent with the significant decrease in water hardness observed in the previous water quality analysis. Results Discussion (1)Based on the electrochemical treatment experiments of two batches of gasification ash water, the electrochemical treatment technology demonstrated significant hardness removal effects, as evidenced by the significant decrease in water hardness indicators (hardness reduction over 80%). The analysis of the cathode adsorption products and the apparent condition of the anode plates also showed clear results. After the experiments, the total content of CaO and MgO on the cathode plates reached 78%, indicating a noticeable scale deposition effect. Verified the feasibility of removing scaling factors such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ from the source of water quality, thereby reducing the risk of subsequent system scaling and extending equipment life. (2)Meanwhile, from the total dissolved solids, chloride ions, and silica content in both experimental processes, electrochemical technology also showed a significant reduction in these indicators. Total dissolved solids decreased by more than 30%, while chloride ions and silica both decreased by more than 80%. The overall water quality improvement was evident. Theoretically, after the removal of calcium and magnesium ions, carbonate ions, and chloride ions from the water.The total dissolved solids in water naturally decrease, and during the electrochemical reaction process, some silicate scale samples are also produced, leading to a gradual reduction in silica content in the water. (3)This technology has a simple treatment process. By using electrode plates, it directly removes calcium, magnesium, and other scaling ions from the water in the form of scale samples, reducing water hardness and achieving significant descaling effects. This can effectively improve the quality of ash water, removing scaling ions from the source. No additional chemical substances are required, saving on the cost of conventional treatment chemicals, and avoiding the safety risks associated with acid and alkali chemicals as well as the environmental pollution caused by phosphorus content in the chemicals [9] . (4)This technology also has applications in circulating water, exhibiting similar descaling and bactericidal effects [10-12] . Furthermore, the experiments conducted on gasification ash water have provided additional validation. However, whether it possess good economic and treatment performance on actual gasification industrial units still requires further scaling up or Demonstration of industrial operation. (5)In this experiment, the electrocoagulation reaction reported in some literature, where coagulants such as Fe 3+ and Al 3+ are generated in situ through electrofield action and controlled pH to induce precipitation [13-14] , did not occur. Perhaps the elect rode materials and process parameters described in their electrochemical methods were different from those in this experiment, and further research is needed. (6)In summary, this experiment confirmed that electrochemical technology has good technical feasibility for treating gasification ash water. However, it still faces some challenges in actual industrial applications, such as issues with the lifespan of electrode materials and the control of side reactions during the electrolysis process. Research and development should be strengthened in electrode materials and reactors for electrochemical technology to improve the lifespan and resistance to degradation of plate materials [9,15] , so that it can be widely applied in the treatment of gasification ash water. Declarations Conflict of Interest Statement The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. References Fu Cheng, Xiao Dong, Zhou Junbo, et al. Introduction to Electrochemical Treatment Technology of Gasification Ash in Water and Its Applications [J]. China Nitrogen Fertilizer, 2017, 11(6): 67-69. Wan Dajun. Application of Lime Soda Softening Flocculation Method in Treating Gasification Wastewater from Water Coal Slurry [J]. Chemical Industry Production and Technology, 2015, 22(3): 47-49. Li Longwei, Hu Qi, Wei Qihang, et al. Study on Pretreatment of Petroleum Catalytic Cracking Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2016, 2(2): 43-47. Xu Hao, Yan Wei, Tang Chengli. Study on Electrochemical Removal Process and Mechanism of Scale [J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2009, 43(5): 104-108. Gabrielli C, Maurin G, Francy-Chausson H, et al. Electrochemical water softening: Principle and application [J]. Desalination , 2006, 201(1/2/3):150–163. Hasson D, Lumelsky V, Greenberg G, et al. Development of the electrochemical scale removal technique for desalination applications [J]. Desalination , 2008, 230(1/2/3):329–342. Tlili M M, Benamor M, Gabrielli C, et al. Influence of the interfacial pH on electrochemical CaCO₃ precipitation [J]. American Journal of Human Genetics , 2003, 50(4):758–765. Wu Libin. Study on the electrochemical scale removal performance of heat exchanger circulating water systems [D]. Wuhan University of Engineering, 2019. Tao Lei, Qin Lijuan. Application Status and Development Trends of Electrochemical Technology in Recirculating Water Treatment Systems [C]// Proceedings of the 2014 China Water Treatment Technology Symposium and the 34th Annual Conference. 2014: 24-28. Duan Ruyuan, Song Ziping, Li Ninghui. Application of FEC Electrochemical Water Treatment Technology in Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment [J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2018, 47(16): 199-201. Qu Xiuli. Research on Scale Removal in Recirculating Water Using Electrochemical Methods [D]. Dalian Maritime University, 2016. Gao Haiyan. Application of Electrochemical Water Processors in Recirculating Water Cooling Systems [J]. Industrial Production, 2015(5): 26-32. CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute. An Electrochemical Hardness Removal Method for High Hardness and Low Carbonate Alkalinity Gasification Ash Water. Chinese Patent, CN114105376A, 2022. Beijing Jingrun Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Electrochemical Hardness and Turbidity Removal Integrated Device for Syngas Ash Water Treatment. Chinese Patent, CN106830455A, 2017. Li Xiaoliang, Zheng Xing, Lu Sijia, et al. Application and Reflection of Electrochemical Technology in Industrial Circulating Water Quality Control [C]// Proceedings of the Technical Innovation and Application Session on Environmental Engineering. 2021: 46-49. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrend of Chloride Ions and Silica Dioxide in Experiment Two\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6650226/v1/68853aa59378c957d860c7de.png"},{"id":84218755,"identity":"c03cbe8c-fd94-4a67-9ac9-9c4fb9487c54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 11:18:40","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurface of the cathode plate before Experiment Two\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6650226/v1/a0301be3d25ef98f9b7bb69a.png"},{"id":84218759,"identity":"332f7ff6-62ad-4a86-ab44-21ee5e2d1870","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 11:18:40","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":282847,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurface of the cathode plate after 136 hours of Experiment Two\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6650226/v1/98ee25f1d017651bbfd7c9ee.png"},{"id":84221285,"identity":"b36180a5-18ec-4bc8-a9d2-fe3e61eef8be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 11:50:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2294553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6650226/v1/43f1770a-98de-4a5b-b9e3-19735b5c18aa.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Experimental Study on Electrochemical Technology for Treating Gasification Ash Water","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGasification is the core process in coal chemical engineering, and the gasification process generates wastewater containing a large amount of fine ash and coal powder. This wastewater, after being treated with high-temperature flashing and vacuum flashing, becomes \u0026quot;black water.\u0026quot; After adding chemicals for flocculation and sedimentation, the effluent is referred to as \u0026quot;ash water.\u0026quot; The system for the recycling of this wastewater is known as the slag water system\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. Gasification ash water is characterized by high temperature and high suspended solids, and it also contains high concentrations of Ca\u0026sup2;⁺, Mg\u0026sup2;⁺, and silicates. However, the current chemical flocculation treatment technology is limited in removing calcium and magnesium from the water. Only by addin g a large amount of high-temperature dispersants and scale inhibitors can the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the gasification ash water be somewhat alleviated. Nevertheless, the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the gasification ash water remain relatively high.Still, it is prone to cause scaling and blockage of system equipment and pipelines, and the total hardness in the ash water continuously increases with repeated circulation, leading to system operation under high scaling tendencies\u003csup\u003e[2-3]\u003c/sup\u003e. In recent years, electrochemical technology has gradually gained prominence, with industrial applications in areas such as pharmaceuticals and fine chemical industries for the treatment of high-organic wastewater and circulating cooling water. The treatment of gasification ash water is also increasingly becoming a focal point for electrochemical technology research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Objective of the Experiment","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study focuses on the gasification ash water from a coal chemical enterprise in Ningxia. Given its poor water quality and high hardness, which can easily lead to scaling and clogging of system pipelines, electrochemical water treatment technology is employed for processing experiments. The performance of electrochemical water treatment technology in coagulation, descaling, and desilication of gasification ash water is evaluated. The feasibility of using electrochemical technology to treat gasification ash water is verified. Ultimately, this study aims to provide data support for its industrial application.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Principle","content":"\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical water treatment technology began to develop abroad starting from the 1970s\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e. Essentially, it involves using electrolysis reactions and electric fields to cause calcium and magnesium ions in the water to form scale deposits on the cathode plates of the electrochemical device, thereby reducing water hardness and protecting heat exchangers and the flow channels of water systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIts macroscopic mechanism lies in: under the influence of current, water undergoes electrolysis at the cathode to produce OH\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, disrupting the balance of alkalinity and hardness in the solution near the cathode. The HCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e ions in the solution are converted into CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e ions (OH\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e+ HCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rarr; CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e + H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO). Simultaneously, ions such as Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e in the water, which are scaling ions, migrate toward the cathode region under the influence of electrostatic forces, resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026darr;(scale) and magnesium hydroxide\u0026nbsp;Mg(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026darr;(scale) (Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e + CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026rarr; CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026darr;, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e + 2OH\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026rarr; Mg(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026darr;), which adhere to the cathode plate surface. At the same time, colloidal substances suspended in the water also become unstable under the influence of the electric field, precipitating and depositing along with the scaling crystals on the cathode plate\u003csup\u003e[5-7]\u003c/sup\u003e. Essentially, this involves creating a more favorable environment for scaling, causing the scaling ions to deposit in a designated area (near the cathode), thereby reducing or preventing the formation of scale on the heat exchanger surface and water flow channels\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Design","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the aforementioned principles and experimental conditions, an integrated electrochemical experimental apparatus was designed.The device volume is 0.5 m\u0026sup3;. The shell is made of carbon steel with an inner lining of PTFE material; there are eight anode plates, using titanium-based ruthenium iridium tantalum oxide-coated electrodes as the anode, which can produce more strong oxidants dur ing the electrolysis process, enhancing the oxidation degradation capability during the electrolysis process. There are seven cathode plates, with cathodes selected from nickel materials with high hydrogen evolution activity, which is conducive to the progress of reduction reactions and promotes the removal of heavy metals and other pollutants. The power supply equipment providing electrolysis is a constant current power source. To avoid the influence of accidental factors on the experiment and improve the accu racy of the experiment, this experiment was conducted twice, thereby increasing the reliability of the experiment. Each batch took four tons of the original ash water sample from the vaporization device for cyclic treatment experiments. The simplified proces s flow diagram of the experiment is as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The source water for the experiment is overflow ash water from the top of the gasification settling tank in a coal chemical plant in Ningxia. The pump flow rate is consistently maintained at 4 m\u0026sup3;/h.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Analytical Indicators ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe suspended solids,pH value,total dissolved solids (TDS),hardness, silica,and chloride ion content in the gasification ash water before and after the experiment were measured. Suspended solids were measured using an SS-500B automatic analyzer; pH was measured using a PHB-1 analyzer; TDS was measured using a TDS-1H analyzer.Chloride ion content was determined by titration according to the national standard GB/T 11896-1989 \"Determination of Chlorides in Water by Silver Nitrate Titration Method\".Silica in the ash water was measured according to the national standard GB/T 12149-2017 \"Determination of Silicon in Industrial Recirculating Cooling Water and Boiler Water\".A spectrophotometer, Hach DR3900 (wavelength range 320-1100 nm), was used.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Data and Result Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1 Experiment One\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The water volume for Experiment 1 is 4 tons of gasification ash water collected on site. The experiment operates intermittently for a total of 82 hours. During the operation, the water quality of the experiment is regularly sampled and analyzed to observe changes in water quality indicators.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1)\u0026nbsp;Water Quality Data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis Data for Experiment One\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"575\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Date\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Duration (h)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDS (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardness (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMay 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMay 31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;17.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;60.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;32.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;85.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the trend graph in Figure 2 for suspended solids and pH in water quality of Experiment One, the suspended solids indicator fluctuates within the range of 36 to 23 mg/L, showing an overall downward trend. The pH indicator exhibits a slow upward trend.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From the analysis of total dissolved solids and hardness in Figure 3, it is evident that both indicators show a clear downward trend. By the end of the cumulative 82 hours of operation, total dissolved solids decreased by 32%, and hardness decreased by 85.8% (from 1410 mg/L to 200 mg/L).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2)Cathode Plate Fouling Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the experiment, the scale samples on the cathode plate were removed and analyzed. The cathode plate was cleaned before the experiment, with a clean surface.After the experiment, the cathode plate was removed, with a surface heavily adsorbed with scale samples. These scale samples were then collected and analyzed for their components.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of Adsorbed Scale Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"547\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCathode Plate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; After the experiment, the scale sample on the cathode plate was analyzed, with the main components being: Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at 45.27%; SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at 15.37%; CaO at 13.56%; MgO at 9.13%.With Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e having the highest content, and the total content of CaO and MgO being approximately 22.69%. The reasons for this are twofold: first, the pH of the original water used in the experiment was slightly acidic (5.02), which had a certain corrosive effect; second, the experimental equipment had been unused for a long time before use, with obvious rust on the reaction chamber container. During operation, the rust gradually dissolved and was adsorbed on the surface of the cathode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2 Experiment Two\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the first batch of experiments, four tons of gasification ash water were collected from the gasification site for a second batch of repeatability verification experiments, extending the cumulative time to 136 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1)Water Quality Data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis Data for Experiment Two\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"618\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eName\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Date\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Duration (h)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTDS (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardness (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCl⁻ (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSiO₂ (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e665.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e508.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample 17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly 19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr;40.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst rise, then fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;36.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;82.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;85.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr;88.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the water quality suspended solids index fluctuated within the range of 39-66 mg/L. The water quality pH index showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, with the overall range being 5.39-8.10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the trends of water hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride ions, and silica, there is a gradual decline, particularly evident during the later stages of continuous operation in the experiment, where the decline is notably steep. By the end of the experiment, the average decline rate was 72.95%, with the water hardness indicator declining by 82.1%, indicating a significant reduction in hardness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2)Cathode Plate Fouling Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the second batch of tests, samples of the fouling adsorbed on the cathode plates were also taken for analysis. Based on the observations of the cathode plates before and after the experiments, a significant amount of substances in the ash water were adsorbed on the cathode plates during the test process. Similarly, the components of the adsorbed material scraped off the cathode plates were also analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of Adsorbed Scale Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"552\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCathode Plate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the analysis of the adsorbed substances, the main components are CaO and MgO, with contents of 55.55% and 23.1%, respectively, accounting for about 78% of the total substance composition. The rest, including SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, etc., account for about 16%. This is consistent with the significant decrease in water hardness observed in the previous water quality analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e(1)Based on the electrochemical treatment experiments of two batches of gasification\u0026nbsp;ash\u0026nbsp;water, the electrochemical treatment technology demonstrated significant hardness removal effects, as evidenced by the significant decrease in water hardness indicators (hardness reduction over 80%). The analysis of the cathode adsorption products and the apparent condition of the anode plates also showed clear results. After the experiments, the total content of CaO and MgO on the cathode plates reached 78%, indicating\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;noticeable scale deposition effect.\u0026nbsp;Verified the feasibility of removing scaling factors such as Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e from the source of water quality, thereby\u0026nbsp;reducing the risk of subsequent system scaling and extending equipment life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2)Meanwhile, from the total dissolved solids, chloride ions, and silica content in both experimental processes, electrochemical technology also showed a significant reduction in these indicators. Total dissolved solids decreased by more than 30%, while chloride ions and silica both decreased by more than 80%. The overall water quality improvement was evident. Theoretically, after the removal of calcium and magnesium ions, carbonate ions, and chloride ions from the water.The total dissolved solids in water naturally decrease, and during the electrochemical reaction process, some silicate scale samples are also produced, leading to a gradual reduction in silica content in the water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3)This technology has a simple treatment process. By using electrode plates, it directly removes calcium, magnesium, and other scaling ions from the water in the form of scale samples, reducing water hardness and achieving significant descaling effects. This can effectively improve the quality of ash water, removing scaling ions from the source. No additional chemical substances are required, saving on the cost of conventional treatment chemicals, and avoiding the safety risks associated with acid and alkali chemicals as well as the environmental pollution caused by phosphorus content in the chemicals\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4)This technology also has applications in circulating water, exhibiting similar descaling and bactericidal effects\u003csup\u003e[10-12]\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, the experiments conducted on gasification ash water have provided additional validation. However, whether it possess good economic and treatment performance on actual gasification industrial units still requires further scaling up or Demonstration of industrial operation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(5)In this experiment, the electrocoagulation reaction reported in some literature, where coagulants such as Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e and Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e are generated in situ through electrofield action and controlled pH to induce precipitation\u003csup\u003e[13-14]\u003c/sup\u003e, did not occur. Perhaps the elect rode materials and process parameters described in their electrochemical methods were different from those in this experiment, and further research is needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(6)In summary, this experiment confirmed that electrochemical technology has good technical feasibility for treating gasification ash water. However, it still faces some challenges in actual industrial applications, such as issues with the lifespan of electrode materials and the control of side reactions during the electrolysis process. Research and development should be strengthened in electrode materials and reactors for electrochemical technology to improve the lifespan and resistance to degradation of plate materials\u003csup\u003e[9,15]\u003c/sup\u003e, so that it can be widely applied in the treatment of gasification ash water.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFu Cheng, Xiao Dong, Zhou Junbo, et al. Introduction to Electrochemical Treatment Technology of Gasification Ash in Water and Its Applications [J]. China Nitrogen Fertilizer, 2017, 11(6): 67-69.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWan Dajun. Application of Lime Soda Softening Flocculation Method in Treating Gasification Wastewater from Water Coal Slurry [J]. Chemical Industry Production and Technology, 2015, 22(3): 47-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi Longwei, Hu Qi, Wei Qihang, et al. Study on Pretreatment of Petroleum Catalytic Cracking Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2016, 2(2): 43-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu Hao, Yan Wei, Tang Chengli. Study on Electrochemical Removal Process and Mechanism of Scale [J]. Journal of Xi\u0026apos;an Jiaotong University, 2009, 43(5): 104-108.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGabrielli C, Maurin G, Francy-Chausson H, et al. Electrochemical water softening: Principle and application [J]. \u003cem\u003eDesalination\u003c/em\u003e, 2006, 201(1/2/3):150\u0026ndash;163.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHasson D, Lumelsky V, Greenberg G, et al. Development of the electrochemical scale removal technique for desalination applications [J]. \u003cem\u003eDesalination\u003c/em\u003e, 2008, 230(1/2/3):329\u0026ndash;342.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTlili M M, Benamor M, Gabrielli C, et al. Influence of the interfacial pH on electrochemical CaCO₃ precipitation [J]. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Human Genetics\u003c/em\u003e, 2003, 50(4):758\u0026ndash;765.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWu Libin. Study on the electrochemical scale removal performance of heat exchanger circulating water systems [D]. Wuhan University of Engineering, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTao Lei, Qin Lijuan. Application Status and Development Trends of Electrochemical Technology in Recirculating Water Treatment Systems [C]// Proceedings of the 2014 China Water Treatment Technology Symposium and the 34th Annual Conference. 2014: 24-28.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDuan Ruyuan, Song Ziping, Li Ninghui. Application of FEC Electrochemical Water Treatment Technology in Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment [J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2018, 47(16): 199-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eQu Xiuli. Research on Scale Removal in Recirculating Water Using Electrochemical Methods [D]. Dalian Maritime University, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGao Haiyan. Application of Electrochemical Water Processors in Recirculating Water Cooling Systems [J]. Industrial Production, 2015(5): 26-32.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute. An Electrochemical Hardness Removal Method for High Hardness and Low Carbonate Alkalinity Gasification Ash Water. Chinese Patent, CN114105376A, 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeijing Jingrun Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Electrochemical Hardness and Turbidity Removal Integrated Device for Syngas Ash Water Treatment. Chinese Patent, CN106830455A, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi Xiaoliang, Zheng Xing, Lu Sijia, et al. Application and Reflection of Electrochemical Technology in Industrial Circulating Water Quality Control [C]// Proceedings of the Technical Innovation and Application Session on Environmental Engineering. 2021: 46-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"brazilian-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bjce","sideBox":"Learn more about [Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/43153)","snPcode":"43153","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bjce/default2.aspx","title":"Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Electrochemistry, ash water treatment, hardness reduction, water quality improvement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6650226/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6650226/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGasification ash water, due to its high hardness, high suspended solids, and high concentrations of scaling ions such as Ca\u0026sup2;⁺ and Mg\u0026sup2;⁺, easily leads to scaling issues and reduced heat transfer efficiency. Traditional chemical reagent methods have high reagent costs, secondary pollution, and are unable to completely eliminate scaling. This study, based on electrochemical technology and the actual conditions of gasification ash water from a coal chemical plant in Ningxia, conducted experimental rese arch on the electrochemical treatment of gasification ash water. Through observations during the experimental process and testing and analysis of water quality changes, the feasibility of this technology was verified. From the analysis of water quality ind icators, the composition of cathode adsorption products, and the appearance of the plates, it was found that the hardness indicator of the water quality decreased significantly (hardness reduction over 80%), total dissolved solids decreased by more than 30%, and both chloride ion and silica content decreased by over 80%. The overall improvement in water quality was evident. From the observation of the cathode plate after the experiment, scaling was clearly present, with a total content of CaO and MgO in the adsorption products reaching 78%. The experimental results show that electrochemical technology, through the synergistic effect of special plate materials and electrolysis current, can remove scaling factors such as Ca\u0026sup2;⁺ and Mg\u0026sup2;⁺ from the water quality so urce, and also significantly reduce and improve the total dissolved solids and silica content in the water. This achieves multi-effect synergistic treatment of gasification ash water. By using physical-chemical actions, it treats, manages, and recycles gasification ash water from its source, providing a new innovative approach for the treatment of gasification ash water.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Study on Electrochemical Technology for Treating Gasification Ash Water","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-09 11:18:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6650226/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-07-06T21:04:33+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-05T14:24:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering","date":"2025-06-02T03:32:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-17T11:48:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering","date":"2025-05-12T21:21:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"brazilian-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bjce","sideBox":"Learn more about [Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/43153)","snPcode":"43153","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bjce/default2.aspx","title":"Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84c47eda-ff08-4130-8023-ce2c9abf7b1a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-09T11:18:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-09 11:18:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6650226","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6650226","identity":"rs-6650226","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}