Can You Vary the Cassowary? Using Multiple Measures to Assess and Compare Casuarius Activity in Human Care

Can You Vary the Cassowary? 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Using Multiple Measures to Assess and Compare Casuarius Activity in Human Care Bridget Cooper-Rogers, Justine Partoon, Eduardo J. Fernandez This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Little is known about cassowary behavior, thus making our understanding of their welfare needs in human care limited. Our study compared several welfare-related behavior metrics between two Southern cassowaries located at Adelaide Zoo. A 16 behavior, seven class ethogram, Shannon’s behavioral diversity index, and habitat use heat maps were implemented using ZooMonitor across a two-month observation period. The most frequent behavior class observed for both cassowaries was inactive followed by active behaviors. There were significant differences in four of the seven behavioral classes, with more social, grooming, and abnormal behaviors observed in the male and more foraging behaviors in the female. Habitat usage differed visually between sex with the male directed towards areas where the female was located. There was no significant difference in behavioral diversity between the cassowaries. Implications for cassowary welfare are discussed, as well as the importance of using multiple measures to assess animal well-being. Cassowary Ratite Behavior Welfare Habitat use Human care Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction 1.1 Cassowaries in the Wild The Southern Cassowary ( Casuarius casuarius ) is a ratite species native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. They are classified as endangered within the Wet Tropics of Queensland by the Australian Government. However, internationally are classified as least concern by the IUCN (IUCN, 2017 ; Australian Museum, 2020 ). The primary causes that threaten the cassowary include road vehicle accidents, loss of or fragmentation of habitats, as well as human interactions, dog attacks, and introduced diseases (Government of Queensland, 2023 ). Ratites are one of the oldest avian species and are often referred to as ‘living dinosaurs’ (Bunce et al., 2009 ). Cassowaries are typically solitary and primarily frugivorous but will feed on small mammals, invertebrates, and fungi (Westcott et al., 2005 ). Cassowaries are classified as a keystone species as they have a specific key role within their ecosystem as seed dispersers (Mouquet et al., 2013 ). 1.2 Cassowaries in Human Care There is a clear lack of publications on the behavior of cassowaries. Although publications on the cassowary date back over 100 years (White, 1913 ), there is currently no peer-reviewed literature documenting cassowary behavior or welfare considerations for the species in human care. The limited literature that does exist relates to wild cassowaries with a primary focus on ecology and ontology (Crome, 1976 ; Kofron, 2001 ; Moore, 2007 ; Bradford, Dennis & Westcott, 2007 ; Bradford & Westcott, 2010 ; Bradford & Westcott, 2011 ), while other published literature outlines nutrition and reproduction (Fisher, 1968 ; Crome 1976 ; Birchard et al., 1982 ; Sales, 2006 ). Therefore, greater documentation of cassowary behavior in human care is necessary for proper welfare assessment (Jones et al., 2022 ). Additionally, the use of multiple measures, including assessments of habitat use (Brereton & Fernandez, 2022a ) behavioral diversity (Brereton & Fernandez, 2022b ; Miller et al., 2020 ), and application of evidence-based welfare assessments (Sherwen et al., 2018) would assist in better identifying key welfare metrics for cassowaries and other ratite species. 1.3 Study Purpose The aim of this study was to document and compare behavior between two Southern cassowaries residing in human care by utilizing an ethogram, calculating behavioral diversity, and tracking habitat use. An ethogram describing 16 behaviors divided into seven behavioral classes was used to formulate an activity budget and compare behavior and behavioral diversity. A heat map of habitat use was utilized to observe usage between individuals. 2. Materials & Methods 2.1 Subjects and Setting Prior to implementation, the study was approved through the University of Adelaide Animal Ethics Committee (S-2023-016). Two Southern cassowaries at Adelaide Zoo in Australia were the subjects for observations (see Fig. 1 ). Martina was 7 years old, and Jeffery was 10 years old at the time of observations. Martina was born at Gorge Wildlife Park and was transferred to Adelaide Zoo on the 12th of October in 2016, while Jeffery was transferred from Perth Zoological Parks Authority to Adelaide Zoo on the 4th of October in 2013. The cassowaries had three separate habitats of differing sizes (Yard 1: 64.47m 2 , Yard 2: 141.15m 2 , Yard 3: 357m 2 ) that they were rotated through weekly. Yards 1 and 2 were attached, giving simultaneous access to each area. Yard 3 was separate from the two other areas with no direct access to Yard 1 or 2. Each yard had access to visitors as well as secluded areas to retreat and access to a sheltered area containing a water trough and food. The cassowaries were fed twice a day, once in the morning (Approx. 08:30 h) and once in the evening (Approx. 16:30 h). The cassowary’s species-typical natural diet was created by the zoo’s nutritionist, which consisted of seasonally available fruit and vegetables such as peas, pears, apples, bananas, and spinach, as well as an insectivore mix and protein such as egg, pilchard, or day-old chicks. The cassowary enrichment program consisted of habitat rotations, Paper Mache balls or hay bags filled with fruits, as well as occasional scatter feeds. Visitors had access to the front of Yard 2 and 3 approximately 1.5m from the fence line, with the back and right side of the habitat only available to staff. Each yard was adorned with foliage, logs, moss, and trees as well as having a reserved area for a wallow which was not filled due to management reasons for the duration of this study. 2.2 Materials Handheld Apple iPads® were assigned to each observed involved in the study. ZooMonitor (Wark et al., 2019 ) was used to collect all data on each iPad. 2.3 Data Collection and Procedure An ethogram was designed from initial observations and behaviors described by the Australasian Society of Zookeeping and San Diego Zoo (Biggs, 2013 ; San Diego Zoo, 2023 ). A total of 16 behaviors were divided into seven categories (see Table 1 ). Additionally, a habitat map depicting the three yards that the cassowaries were located was created on Microsoft Publisher®. The ethogram and habitat map were input into ZooMonitor to collect all data. Table 1 An ethogram for cassowaries depicting 16 different behaviors split into seven distinct categories (active, foraging, social, groom, inactive, abnormal, other), accompanied by the acronym and definition of the behavior. Behavioral class and behaviors (abbreviated) Definition Active Locomotion (Lo) Directed non-repetitive movement. Manipulating Object (MO) Contact with a non-edible object, with any part of the body, manipulating its position. Foraging Eating/Drinking (ED) Beak contact with anything edible including water. Enrichment Interaction (EI) Contact with an enrichment device. Pecking (Pe) Using beak to contact anything inedible in a repetitive manner. Social Interacting w/ Other Animal (IOA) Any physical contact to another animal. Vocalization (Vo) Producing noise from the beak (e.g., growls, squawks). Groom Preening/Scratching Body (PSB) Using beak to sort through own feathers or using claws to rub against body. Bathing (Ba) Submerging at least half of own body underwater and using beak to interact with body of water. Inactive Laying Down (LD) Most of body on ground with legs in front of body or tucked underneath body. Standing (St) Standing with no movement, 1 or 2 feet on ground. Abnormal Repetitive Behavior (RB) Repeated pattern of behavior (e.g., pacing). Coprophagy (Co) Beak contact with excrement. Other Defecating (De) Excreting waste through cloaca. Out of Sight (OS) Not visible to observer. Other (Ot) Engaged in a behavior not listed. Behaviors were mutually exclusive, and the ethogram was exhaustive to ensure all possible observations could be recorded. Five university undergraduate research assistants were trained in cassowary observations by the advising author (EJF) and collected all data. Observations were undertaken at varying times of the day between 09:00h to 17:00h. Instantaneous (pinpoint) sampling and scan sampling (Altmann, 1974 ; Bateson & Martin, 2021 ; Brereton et al., 2022 ) were utilized. Sessions of one hour with intervals of 60 seconds were implemented over a period of two months (August 17, 2023 – October 12, 2023), where both location and behavior were recorded. Any sessions that were less than 45 minutes were not included in the analyses. A total of 66 hours of observations per cassowary were recorded with a total of 3,960 observations per bird. Activity budgets were used to interpret the average occurrence of each behavior category and heat maps derived from ZooMonitor (Wark et al., 2019 ) were used to visualise activity patterns and habitat use. Shannon’s Diversity Index (Brereton & Fernandez, 2022b ) was used to calculate behavioral diversity by the following equation. 2.4 Statistical Analyses Microsoft Excel® was used to initially compile all data and produce descriptive statistics. ZooMonitor was used to create enclosure use heat maps. SigmaPlot, version 14.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) was used to create ethogram activity and behavioral diversity graphs, as well as run their statistical analyses. As the data failed normality for activity and behavioral diversity, Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyse the data. Due to multiple comparisons, the p-value was set at 0.00625 with a Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/8). Each behavior class within the activity budget (seven) and behavioral diversity were compared and analysed between the cassowaries for significant differences. 3. Results Comparisons between the two cassowaries were made between three separate results described below: (1) activity budgets, (2) behavioral diversity, and (3) habitat usage heat maps. 3.1 Activity Budgets There were significant differences between the two cassowaries in four of the seven behavior categories (Fig. 2 ). Inactive was the most frequently observed behavior (Jeffery = 54.5% ± 3.49; Martina = 48.75% ± 3.09), followed by active (Jeffery = 20.14% ± 2.09, Martina = 19.28% ± 2.11), foraging (Jeffery = 8.74% ± 1.08; Martina = 18.81% ± 2.30), and social behaviors (Jeffery = 1.35% ± 0.22, Martina = 0.51% ± 0.12). Foraging behaviors were significantly higher in the female compared to the male ( U = 1315.5, p = < 0.001, n 1 = n 2 = 66). Social behaviors were significantly higher in the male ( U = 1511.5, p = < 0.001, n 1 = n 2 = 66), as well as grooming ( U = 1572.5, p = < 0.006, n 1 = n 2 = 66) and abnormal behaviors ( U = 1470.5, p = < 0.001, n 1 = n 2 = 66). There were no significant differences in active ( U = 2132.5, p = 0.838, n 1 = n 2 = 66), inactive ( U = 1933.5, p = 0.267, n 1 = n 2 = 66), and other behaviors ( U = 1798.5, p = 0.042, n 1 = n 2 = 66). 3.2 Behavioral Diversity Shannon’s Diversity Index was used to calculate and compare overall diversity (variability) in the behavioral repertoires between both cassowaries. The seven behavioral classes were used for analysis, with each calculated as a 1/7 (14.3%) chance of occurrence. There were no significant differences in behavioral diversity between the cassowaries ( U = 2134, p = 0.843, n 1 = n 2 = 66). Mean score (and S.E.M) for the male cassowary was 0.53 ± 0.03 and 0.56 ± 0.02 for the female cassowary (Fig. 3 ). 3.3 Habitat Usage The x and y coordinates coded in ZooMonitor were used to create a heat map of each yard for both cassowaries. Clear differences in habitat usage were observed between the male and female cassowary. The male demonstrated a more concentrated use of all three habitats, especially regarding the fenced boundaries between yard 2, and 3 (Fig. 4 ). The female demonstrated the greatest habitat use within the lock-aways, waterfall, and front fenced boundaries (Fig. 5 ). 4. Discussion 4.1 Cassowary Observations The cassowaries displayed a broad range of behaviors and habitat usage throughout observations. The diversity scores were just above middle values (> 0.5), which suggests moderate variability in the behaviors displayed. Behavioral diversity is increasingly being used as a potential indicator of animal welfare within zoos (Brereton & Fernandez, 2022a ; Miller et al., 2020 ). Higher levels of behavioral diversity have been associated with overall increased welfare, including decreased abnormal behaviors and a more diverse behavioral repertoire (de Azevedo et al., 2023 ; Hall et al., 2023 ; Miller et al., 2020 ; Schultz & Young, 2018 ). The cassowaries also appeared to have a diverse usage of the overall habitat, with a particular focus on areas close to visitors and the fenced boundaries separating the two birds. Higher levels of habitat usage have been correlated with a higher diversity of behaviors and a decrease in stereotypic activity (Schultz & Young, 2018 ). Previous literature has documented a correlation between behavioral diversity and habitat complexity, with more complex habitats positively correlated with higher behavioral diversity (Khan et al., 2022 ; de Azevedo et al., 2023 ; Goswami et al., 2023 ). 4.2 Differences in Cassowaries There were some significant differences in the behaviors and overall habitat usage between the cassowaries. Foraging behaviors were significantly higher in the female, while social, grooming, and abnormal behaviors (primarily pacing) were significantly higher in the male. This may be reflective of breeding behaviors such as mate-seeking or due to incomplete social interactions as observations coincided with their breeding season (Bentrupperbäumer, 1997 ; Davies & Bamford, 2002 ). Both male and female cassowaries can initiate courtship, which differs from other ratites where the male primarily initiates courtship (Bentrupperbäumer, 1997 ). Male courtship includes vocalisations and allopreening, which were observed infrequently from the male (Crome, 1976 ; Davies & Bamford, 2002 ). The male’s habitat usage was directed towards areas where the female was located as well as the front of the habitat where visitors were present. In contrast, the female’s habitat use was directed towards areas where food was presented as well as the front of the habitat, closest to visitors. Previous research with bears in human care have noted a potential appetitive function, including mate-seeking and stereotypies (Carlstead & Seidensticker, 1991 ; Fernandez, 2021 ), it is possible that the increased self-grooming and repetitive behaviors in the male cassowary were also related to incomplete mate-seeking attempts. Future research and practice involving cassowaries could better examine these options and their welfare implications, including through the use of social contact, housing, and functionally appropriate (e.g., foraging versus social) types of enrichment. 4.3 Importance of Multiple Measures The measures used to assess welfare in this study indicate a wide variety of behaviors and habitat usage observed, providing a better understanding of captive cassowary needs. Utilizing multiple measures to assess and compare welfare provides a deeper understanding of and a more in-depth analysis to measuring welfare accurately. When using sole measures of animal welfare compared to multi-dimensional measures, welfare assessments can be limited, context specific, and difficult to extrapolate (Brereton, 2020 ; Fernandez & Harvey, 2021 ). Welfare assessment tools are increasingly incorporating multiple measures to evaluate animal welfare, especially within zoos (Botreau et al., 2007 ). The use of multiple measures can also help create a better understanding of cassowary behavior in human care, in turn facilitating our ability to improve zoo cassowary and ratite behavioral welfare. Declarations Author Contribution BCR and EJF wrote the manuscriptBCR and EJF compiled the data and analyzed the resultsBCR JP and EJF edited the manuscript Data Availability Data are available upon request. Author Note Bridget Cooper-Rogers https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5963-331X Eduardo J. Fernandez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-6604 Correspondence concerning this publication should be addressed to Eduardo J. Fernandez, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. Email: [email protected] A special thank you to Adelaide Zoo and all of their staff throughout this research project as it would not be possible without your generosity and willingness to help. Thank you to Martina and Jeffery for being wonderful cassowary subjects to observe. 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Incorporating patterns of disperser behavior into models of seed dispersal and its effect on estimated dispersal curves . Oecologia, 146 (1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0178-1 White, H.L. (1913). Notes on the Cassowary ( Casuarius australis, Wall ). Emu – Austral Ornithology, 12 (3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU912172 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Cassowaryfinalhighlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4469403","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309718613,"identity":"82e2317a-ae61-4f7d-afe5-b5a9f215eb77","order_by":0,"name":"Bridget Cooper-Rogers","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Adelaide","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bridget","middleName":"","lastName":"Cooper-Rogers","suffix":""},{"id":309718614,"identity":"eae8e1f4-237c-401c-b78c-31fb6d8e513a","order_by":1,"name":"Justine Partoon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adelaide Zoo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Justine","middleName":"","lastName":"Partoon","suffix":""},{"id":309718615,"identity":"c1563888-3da5-4ed9-a899-17249a6d34d0","order_by":2,"name":"Eduardo J. Fernandez","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Adelaide","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Fernandez","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-24 01:39:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57834630,"identity":"41b289dc-3012-4ed1-a6f1-6657cabb1fdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1781170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe two Southern cassowaries: Martina (1a), and Jeffery (1b). Photo credit to Adelaide Zoo and Adrian Mann.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/d1df0dd425b482f08e2d779a.png"},{"id":57834625,"identity":"b7c359a1-6b15-4bb4-8e53-f00e75bc728e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA bar graph depicting categories of behavioral categories between cassowaries. The male is denoted as blue and the female as orange. The graph demonstrates the mean percent (with SEM bars). Stars and lines represent significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.00625).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/0935f30575120d8efd6caf6c.png"},{"id":57835728,"identity":"959fed46-057c-4c40-a330-d33de5048dbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:52:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA bar graph depicting behavioral diversity for the male (blue) and female (orange) cassowaries. There was no significant difference (p = 0.843).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/b380de0b7d9afa1545645491.png"},{"id":57835730,"identity":"bdbfbfcb-6c03-4c74-82e3-14db9287ec48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:52:48","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":656704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA heat map of the male cassowary, Jeffery, depicting all three yards of the cassowary habitat. Red indicates where the cassowary was observed the most, whereas blue represents the areas where the cassowary was observed, but less often.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/2c491dbbcfa6f8d0fdd481de.png"},{"id":57834629,"identity":"c17b3b9a-52d8-4d78-b2fe-8bde99243441","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":782219,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA heat map of the female cassowary, Martina, depicting all three yards of the cassowary habitat. Red indicates where the cassowary was observed the most, whereas blue represents the areas where the cassowary was observed, but less often.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/28b15fb5d67d693db2468d3d.png"},{"id":58534976,"identity":"fa39be14-4f67-4eb7-88ea-e8d094f4bd8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 02:18:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3642186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/be5eb55f-eba3-4bf1-8684-8c57beaa4232.pdf"},{"id":57834627,"identity":"04b9e7b1-ade0-4bc2-a909-237a6dec7945","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-06 08:44:48","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Cassowaryfinalhighlights.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4469403/v1/e4a06d1498fb5e589ffd366c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Can You Vary the Cassowary? Using Multiple Measures to Assess and Compare Casuarius Activity in Human Care","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Cassowaries in the Wild\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Southern Cassowary (\u003cem\u003eCasuarius casuarius\u003c/em\u003e) is a ratite species native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. They are classified as endangered within the Wet Tropics of Queensland by the Australian Government. However, internationally are classified as least concern by the IUCN (IUCN, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Australian Museum, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The primary causes that threaten the cassowary include road vehicle accidents, loss of or fragmentation of habitats, as well as human interactions, dog attacks, and introduced diseases (Government of Queensland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Ratites are one of the oldest avian species and are often referred to as \u0026lsquo;living dinosaurs\u0026rsquo; (Bunce et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Cassowaries are typically solitary and primarily frugivorous but will feed on small mammals, invertebrates, and fungi (Westcott et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Cassowaries are classified as a keystone species as they have a specific key role within their ecosystem as seed dispersers (Mouquet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Cassowaries in Human Care\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a clear lack of publications on the behavior of cassowaries. Although publications on the cassowary date back over 100 years (White, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1913\u003c/span\u003e), there is currently no peer-reviewed literature documenting cassowary behavior or welfare considerations for the species in human care. The limited literature that does exist relates to wild cassowaries with a primary focus on ecology and ontology (Crome, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Kofron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Moore, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Bradford, Dennis \u0026amp; Westcott, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Bradford \u0026amp; Westcott, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Bradford \u0026amp; Westcott, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), while other published literature outlines nutrition and reproduction (Fisher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e; Crome \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Birchard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Sales, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, greater documentation of cassowary behavior in human care is necessary for proper welfare assessment (Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the use of multiple measures, including assessments of habitat use (Brereton \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e) behavioral diversity (Brereton \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e; Miller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and application of evidence-based welfare assessments (Sherwen et al., 2018) would assist in better identifying key welfare metrics for cassowaries and other ratite species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Study Purpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to document and compare behavior between two Southern cassowaries residing in human care by utilizing an ethogram, calculating behavioral diversity, and tracking habitat use. An ethogram describing 16 behaviors divided into seven behavioral classes was used to formulate an activity budget and compare behavior and behavioral diversity. A heat map of habitat use was utilized to observe usage between individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials \u0026 Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Subjects and Setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Prior to implementation, the study was approved through the University of Adelaide Animal Ethics Committee (S-2023-016). Two Southern cassowaries at Adelaide Zoo in Australia were the subjects for observations (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Martina was 7 years old, and Jeffery was 10 years old at the time of observations. Martina was born at Gorge Wildlife Park and was transferred to Adelaide Zoo on the 12th of October in 2016, while Jeffery was transferred from Perth Zoological Parks Authority to Adelaide Zoo on the 4th of October in 2013.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cassowaries had three separate habitats of differing sizes (Yard 1: 64.47m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, Yard 2: 141.15m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, Yard 3: 357m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) that they were rotated through weekly. Yards 1 and 2 were attached, giving simultaneous access to each area. Yard 3 was separate from the two other areas with no direct access to Yard 1 or 2. Each yard had access to visitors as well as secluded areas to retreat and access to a sheltered area containing a water trough and food. The cassowaries were fed twice a day, once in the morning (Approx. 08:30 h) and once in the evening (Approx. 16:30 h). The cassowary\u0026rsquo;s species-typical natural diet was created by the zoo\u0026rsquo;s nutritionist, which consisted of seasonally available fruit and vegetables such as peas, pears, apples, bananas, and spinach, as well as an insectivore mix and protein such as egg, pilchard, or day-old chicks. The cassowary enrichment program consisted of habitat rotations, Paper Mache balls or hay bags filled with fruits, as well as occasional scatter feeds. Visitors had access to the front of Yard 2 and 3 approximately 1.5m from the fence line, with the back and right side of the habitat only available to staff. Each yard was adorned with foliage, logs, moss, and trees as well as having a reserved area for a wallow which was not filled due to management reasons for the duration of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHandheld Apple iPads\u0026reg; were assigned to each observed involved in the study. ZooMonitor (Wark et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) was used to collect all data on each iPad.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Collection and Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ethogram was designed from initial observations and behaviors described by the Australasian Society of Zookeeping and San Diego Zoo (Biggs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; San Diego Zoo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 16 behaviors were divided into seven categories (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a habitat map depicting the three yards that the cassowaries were located was created on Microsoft Publisher\u0026reg;. The ethogram and habitat map were input into ZooMonitor to collect all data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn ethogram for cassowaries depicting 16 different behaviors split into seven distinct categories (active, foraging, social, groom, inactive, abnormal, other), accompanied by the acronym and definition of the behavior.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral class and behaviors (abbreviated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eActive\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocomotion (Lo)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirected non-repetitive movement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManipulating Object (MO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with a non-edible object, with any part of the body, manipulating its position.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eForaging\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating/Drinking (ED)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeak contact with anything edible including water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnrichment Interaction (EI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with an enrichment device.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePecking (Pe)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing beak to contact anything inedible in a repetitive manner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteracting w/ Other Animal (IOA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny physical contact to another animal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocalization (Vo)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProducing noise from the beak (e.g., growls, squawks).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreening/Scratching Body (PSB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing beak to sort through own feathers or using claws to rub against body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBathing (Ba)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubmerging at least half of own body underwater and using beak to interact with body of water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInactive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaying Down (LD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of body on ground with legs in front of body or tucked underneath body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStanding (St)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStanding with no movement, 1 or 2 feet on ground.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbnormal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetitive Behavior (RB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepeated pattern of behavior (e.g., pacing).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoprophagy (Co)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeak contact with excrement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOther\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefecating (De)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcreting waste through cloaca.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of Sight (OS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot visible to observer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (Ot)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngaged in a behavior not listed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehaviors were mutually exclusive, and the ethogram was exhaustive to ensure all possible observations could be recorded. Five university undergraduate research assistants were trained in cassowary observations by the advising author (EJF) and collected all data. Observations were undertaken at varying times of the day between 09:00h to 17:00h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstantaneous (pinpoint) sampling and scan sampling (Altmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Bateson \u0026amp; Martin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Brereton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) were utilized. Sessions of one hour with intervals of 60 seconds were implemented over a period of two months (August 17, 2023 \u0026ndash; October 12, 2023), where both location and behavior were recorded. Any sessions that were less than 45 minutes were not included in the analyses. A total of 66 hours of observations per cassowary were recorded with a total of 3,960 observations per bird. Activity budgets were used to interpret the average occurrence of each behavior category and heat maps derived from ZooMonitor (Wark et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) were used to visualise activity patterns and habitat use. Shannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity Index (Brereton \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e) was used to calculate behavioral diversity by the following equation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"147\" height=\"69\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Statistical Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrosoft Excel\u0026reg; was used to initially compile all data and produce descriptive statistics. ZooMonitor was used to create enclosure use heat maps. SigmaPlot, version 14.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) was used to create ethogram activity and behavioral diversity graphs, as well as run their statistical analyses. As the data failed normality for activity and behavioral diversity, Mann-Whitney \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e tests were used to analyse the data. Due to multiple comparisons, the p-value was set at 0.00625 with a Bonferroni adjustment (0.05/8). Each behavior class within the activity budget (seven) and behavioral diversity were compared and analysed between the cassowaries for significant differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eComparisons between the two cassowaries were made between three separate results described below: (1) activity budgets, (2) behavioral diversity, and (3) habitat usage heat maps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Activity Budgets\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were significant differences between the two cassowaries in four of the seven behavior categories (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Inactive was the most frequently observed behavior (Jeffery\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54.5% \u0026plusmn; 3.49; Martina\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.75% \u0026plusmn; 3.09), followed by active (Jeffery\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.14% \u0026plusmn; 2.09, Martina\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.28% \u0026plusmn; 2.11), foraging (Jeffery\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.74% \u0026plusmn; 1.08; Martina\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.81% \u0026plusmn; 2.30), and social behaviors (Jeffery\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.35% \u0026plusmn; 0.22, Martina\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.51% \u0026plusmn; 0.12). Foraging behaviors were significantly higher in the female compared to the male (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1315.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66). Social behaviors were significantly higher in the male (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1511.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66), as well as grooming (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1572.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.006, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66) and abnormal behaviors (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1470.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66). There were no significant differences in active (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2132.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.838, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66), inactive (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1933.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.267, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66), and other behaviors (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1798.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Behavioral Diversity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon\u0026rsquo;s Diversity Index was used to calculate and compare overall diversity (variability) in the behavioral repertoires between both cassowaries. The seven behavioral classes were used for analysis, with each calculated as a 1/7 (14.3%) chance of occurrence. There were no significant differences in behavioral diversity between the cassowaries (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2134, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.843, n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66). Mean score (and S.E.M) for the male cassowary was 0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 and 0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 for the female cassowary (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Habitat Usage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe x and y coordinates coded in ZooMonitor were used to create a heat map of each yard for both cassowaries. Clear differences in habitat usage were observed between the male and female cassowary. The male demonstrated a more concentrated use of all three habitats, especially regarding the fenced boundaries between yard 2, and 3 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe female demonstrated the greatest habitat use within the lock-aways, waterfall, and front fenced boundaries (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Cassowary Observations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cassowaries displayed a broad range of behaviors and habitat usage throughout observations. The diversity scores were just above middle values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5), which suggests moderate variability in the behaviors displayed. Behavioral diversity is increasingly being used as a potential indicator of animal welfare within zoos (Brereton \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e; Miller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Higher levels of behavioral diversity have been associated with overall increased welfare, including decreased abnormal behaviors and a more diverse behavioral repertoire (de Azevedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Hall et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Miller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Schultz \u0026amp; Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The cassowaries also appeared to have a diverse usage of the overall habitat, with a particular focus on areas close to visitors and the fenced boundaries separating the two birds. Higher levels of habitat usage have been correlated with a higher diversity of behaviors and a decrease in stereotypic activity (Schultz \u0026amp; Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Previous literature has documented a correlation between behavioral diversity and habitat complexity, with more complex habitats positively correlated with higher behavioral diversity (Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; de Azevedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Differences in Cassowaries\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were some significant differences in the behaviors and overall habitat usage between the cassowaries. Foraging behaviors were significantly higher in the female, while social, grooming, and abnormal behaviors (primarily pacing) were significantly higher in the male. This may be reflective of breeding behaviors such as mate-seeking or due to incomplete social interactions as observations coincided with their breeding season (Bentrupperb\u0026auml;umer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Davies \u0026amp; Bamford, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Both male and female cassowaries can initiate courtship, which differs from other ratites where the male primarily initiates courtship (Bentrupperb\u0026auml;umer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Male courtship includes vocalisations and allopreening, which were observed infrequently from the male (Crome, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Davies \u0026amp; Bamford, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The male\u0026rsquo;s habitat usage was directed towards areas where the female was located as well as the front of the habitat where visitors were present. In contrast, the female\u0026rsquo;s habitat use was directed towards areas where food was presented as well as the front of the habitat, closest to visitors. Previous research with bears in human care have noted a potential appetitive function, including mate-seeking and stereotypies (Carlstead \u0026amp; Seidensticker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), it is possible that the increased self-grooming and repetitive behaviors in the male cassowary were also related to incomplete mate-seeking attempts. Future research and practice involving cassowaries could better examine these options and their welfare implications, including through the use of social contact, housing, and functionally appropriate (e.g., foraging versus social) types of enrichment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Importance of Multiple Measures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measures used to assess welfare in this study indicate a wide variety of behaviors and habitat usage observed, providing a better understanding of captive cassowary needs. Utilizing multiple measures to assess and compare welfare provides a deeper understanding of and a more in-depth analysis to measuring welfare accurately. When using sole measures of animal welfare compared to multi-dimensional measures, welfare assessments can be limited, context specific, and difficult to extrapolate (Brereton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Fernandez \u0026amp; Harvey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Welfare assessment tools are increasingly incorporating multiple measures to evaluate animal welfare, especially within zoos (Botreau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The use of multiple measures can also help create a better understanding of cassowary behavior in human care, in turn facilitating our ability to improve zoo cassowary and ratite behavioral welfare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBCR and EJF wrote the manuscriptBCR and EJF compiled the data and analyzed the resultsBCR JP and EJF edited the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Note\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBridget Cooper-Rogers \u003cimg width=\"16\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAxElEQVR4XmNgQAPLzlkmAPF+IP6PhkFiCejq4QAoqQDE57FoRMcgNQrYNL8HKQCBy8/n/J90QBNdIzIGqUUYAjUVLEmkAWCXwDSD/AyXAGmEYWTxNRdd0Q0A4QSQAfuRBZFdgA4efziIbtB+kAEopoIAsgEwl+y5lf3/y89n/++93YqinmgDYIaAANkGwOTJNgCXC/YTYwCOMAAHIko0ohuADLDEQgJGQiIBQxIS1AB4UiYSoyZlJEOIcQlmZkIGy0jMzgDrl3GtXukqFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\" height=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5963-331X\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEduardo J. Fernandez \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAxElEQVR4XmNgQAPLzlkmAPF+IP6PhkFiCejq4QAoqQDE57FoRMcgNQrYNL8HKQCBy8/n/J90QBNdIzIGqUUYAjUVLEmkAWCXwDSD/AyXAGmEYWTxNRdd0Q0A4QSQAfuRBZFdgA4efziIbtB+kAEopoIAsgEwl+y5lf3/y89n/++93YqinmgDYIaAANkGwOTJNgCXC/YTYwCOMAAHIko0ohuADLDEQgJGQiIBQxIS1AB4UiYSoyZlJEOIcQlmZkIGy0jMzgDrl3GtXukqFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-6604\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence concerning this publication should be addressed to Eduardo J. Fernandez, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA special thank you to Adelaide Zoo and all of their staff throughout this research project as it would not be possible without your generosity and willingness to help. Thank you to Martina and Jeffery for being wonderful cassowary subjects to observe.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAltmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. \u003cem\u003eBehaviour\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e49\u003c/em\u003e(3-4), 227-266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4533591 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAustralian Museum, 2020. \u003cem\u003eSouthern Cassowary, \u003c/em\u003eretrieved from https://australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/southern-cassowary/#:~:test=Clutch%20size%3A%204-,Conservation%20status,Red%20List%20of%20Threatened%20Species. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBateson, M., \u0026amp; Martin, P. (2021). \u003cem\u003eMeasuring behaviour: an introductory guide\u003c/em\u003e. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108776462 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBentrupperb\u0026auml;umer, J. (1997). 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Nutrition of Double-Wattled Cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius). \u003cem\u003eZoos\u0026rsquo; Print Journal, 21\u003c/em\u003e(3), 2193-2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1419.2193-6 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSan Diego Zoo. (2023). Cassowary (Casuarius spp.). Retrieved from https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/cassowary/behavior. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchultz, J. \u0026amp; Young, J. (2018). Enclosure Utilisation and Enrichment Structure Preferences of Captive Coyotes. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Zoo Biology, 2\u003c/em\u003e(1), 5-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/zoobiol.002.01.2336 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWark, J. D., Cronin, K. A., Niemann, T., Shender, M. A., Horrigan, A., Kao, A., \u0026amp; Ross, M. R. (2019). Monitoring the behavior and habitat use of animals to enhance welfare using the ZooMonitor app. \u003cem\u003eAnimal Behavior and Cognition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(3), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.06.03.01.2019 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWestcott, D., Bentrupperb\u0026auml;umer, J., Bradford, M. \u0026amp; McKeown, A. (2005). Incorporating patterns of disperser behavior into models of seed dispersal and its effect on estimated dispersal curves\u003cem\u003e. Oecologia, 146\u003c/em\u003e(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0178-1 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite, H.L. (1913). Notes on the Cassowary (\u003cem\u003eCasuarius australis, Wall\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eEmu \u0026ndash; Austral Ornithology, 12\u003c/em\u003e(3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU912172\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cassowary, Ratite, Behavior, Welfare, Habitat use, Human care","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLittle is known about cassowary behavior, thus making our understanding of their welfare needs in human care limited. Our study compared several welfare-related behavior metrics between two Southern cassowaries located at Adelaide Zoo. A 16 behavior, seven class ethogram, Shannon\u0026rsquo;s behavioral diversity index, and habitat use heat maps were implemented using ZooMonitor across a two-month observation period. The most frequent behavior class observed for both cassowaries was inactive followed by active behaviors. There were significant differences in four of the seven behavioral classes, with more social, grooming, and abnormal behaviors observed in the male and more foraging behaviors in the female. Habitat usage differed visually between sex with the male directed towards areas where the female was located. There was no significant difference in behavioral diversity between the cassowaries. Implications for cassowary welfare are discussed, as well as the importance of using multiple measures to assess animal well-being.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Can You Vary the Cassowary? Using Multiple Measures to Assess and Compare Casuarius Activity in Human Care","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-06 08:44:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469403/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c4cefbe2-9889-4f86-adc3-a48ee07b1247","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-18T02:10:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-06 08:44:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4469403","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4469403","identity":"rs-4469403","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}