Healthcare Workers Perspective on the Effect of War on Patient’s Safety as a Measure of Quality of Provided Healthcare Services during Armed Conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025)

Healthcare Workers Perspective on the Effect of War on Patient’s Safety as a Measure of Quality of Provided Healthcare Services during Armed Conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Healthcare Workers Perspective on the Effect of War on Patient’s Safety as a Measure of Quality of Provided Healthcare Services during Armed Conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025) Mohamed H. Elbadawi, Nihal Elmubarak A. Hussein, Abrar Abd Elmohaimin Ali Mohammed, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The disruption of healthcare systems during armed conflict poses a direct threat to patient safety and overall care quality. Since April 2023, escalating violence in Sudan has damaged health infrastructure and disrupted essential services, increasing the risk of preventable patient harm; however, evidence on how war affects patient safety culture from the perspective of frontline physicians remains limited, particularly in Sudan. This study aims to assess doctors’ perspectives on the impact of armed conflict on patient safety in Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024–2025 among frontline physicians in Sudan with at least one month of wartime service. Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire adapted from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture Hospital Survey version 2.0. Convenience sampling was used due to access constraints. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were performed using SPSS version 26, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 666 physicians participated, with a mean patient safety score of 59.8 ± 11.1.Frequently reported safety events were infections (58.4%), medication errors (53.2%), and communication errors (50.6%). Transparency after event reports (20.4%) and speaking up against unsafe practices (20.1%) were infrequent, and few perceived supervisory or leadership support for safety (17.1–19.2%). Over one-third (36.8%) judged patient safety systems inadequate during crises; 32% rated Ministry of Health support as poor, and 36.6% considered patient protection measures ineffective. Full-time work was associated with higher patient safety (p = 0.020) and accountability (p = 0.012). Direct patient contact increased collaboration (p = 0.003) but reduced accountability (p = 0.025). Witnessed patient safety events significantly influenced collaboration (p = 0.006), training and resources (p = 0.025), and patient safety scores (p = 0.009) Conclusion Armed conflict in Sudan has substantially compromised patient safety. Strengthening workforce stability, safety culture, and institutional support is essential to protect healthcare quality in conflict settings. Patient safety armed conflict Workforce healthcare quality Sudan Leadership Medication Errors Communication Introduction Healthcare systems are among the most vulnerable sectors during times of armed conflict. In war-affected regions such as Sudan, the delivery of safe, effective, and quality healthcare becomes severely compromised. Patients and healthcare workers alike face heightened risks due to insecurity, infrastructure destruction, supply shortages, and the collapse of basic health services ( 1 ). Patient safety as a core pillar of healthcare quality is particularly jeopardized during conflict, often leading to preventable harm, neglect, and death ( 2 ). The Patient safety events refer to incidents or conditions that result in, or have the potential to result in, preventable harm to a patient during the process of receiving healthcare. These include medication errors, surgical complications, healthcare-associated infections, diagnostic errors, equipment failures, and delays in treatment ( 3 ). In conflict zones, such events are often amplified due to unstable conditions, limited resources, staffing shortages, and physical insecurity ( 4 ). Sudan has experienced prolonged periods of political instability and armed conflict, with a significant escalation in violence since April 2023. The ongoing conflict has led to the destruction of hospitals, attacks on health workers, mass displacement of civilians, and the disruption of essential health services ( 5 , 6 ). As the health system struggles to maintain services, the risk of patient safety events increases drastically. Understanding the perspectives of frontline healthcare workers is vital, as they are directly involved in patient care and experience the impact of war on safety outcomes firsthand ( 7 ). Their insights are essential for identifying critical risks, gaps in service delivery, and potential strategies to improve care during crises. This study aims to explore healthcare workers’ perspectives on the effect of war on patient safety, with a focus on Sudan during the ongoing armed conflict (2023–2024). This research seeks to contribute to the broader understanding of how war shapes patient safety and to inform policy and humanitarian strategies for safeguarding healthcare quality in conflict settings. Methods Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire to assess doctors’ perspective on the effect of war on patient’s safety as a measure of quality of the provided healthcare services during armed conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025). Study area The study was conducted in eight states, which were randomly selected from across Sudan to ensure representative inclusion of conflict-affected areas. These states were: Al Qadarif, Gazira, Kassala, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sinnar and White Nile. Inclusion Criteria : Physicians (all levels) with ≥ 1 month wartime service in frontline specialties Active practitioners during the time of the study. Exclusion Criteria : Doctors in non-frontline specialties (e.g., dermatology), those without direct experience in conflict-affected areas, those practicing in inaccessible states, and those unable to communicate in the study language were excluded. Sampling Strategy 1. Sample Size Calculation : Using Fischer's formula for unknown prevalence: n = z²P (1-P)/d² Where: z = 1.96 (95% CI), P = 0.5 (maximum variability), d = 0.05 (precision) This yielded a baseline sample of 385. Accounting for design effects (DE = 2) due to convenience sampling, the target was 772 participants. 2. Actual Enrollment : Despite extended recruitment, only 666 responses were obtained (86.3% of target), attributed to the Internet and power outages in conflict zones. In addition to physician burnout which may limit the survey participation. 3. Sampling Method : Convenience sampling was used due to war-related access barriers. All eligible physicians in participating hospitals were invited via professional networks and media groups and data collectors. Data Collection The data collection tools used in this study were meticulously crafted through a comprehensive literature review, incorporation of standardised questionnaires, and input from experts in the field. These tools were designed to ensure the collection of relevant and accurate data on doctors' perspectives on patient safety during armed conflicts. The data was collected from December 2024 to May 2025 using online social media platforms. Tools Overview: Self-Administered Anonymous Questionnaire The questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data on various aspects related to doctors' experiences during the war. It was consisted of two main sections Participant Characteristics : This section included key characteristics of participants both before and during the war, as well as details about their period of employment at the hospital during the conflict. Information was also gathered on the duration of their working hours per week, their position within the hospital, and whether they had direct interaction with patients in their care. Additionally, the number of patients they attended to on a daily basis was recorded. Modified SOPS Hospital Survey 2.0: The survey was adapted from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS™) Hospital Survey Version 2.0 ( 8 ) and organized into ten composite measures. These measures included communication about error, communication openness, handoffs and information exchange, hospital management support for patient safety, and organizational learning with a focus on continuous improvement. Additional measures assessed reporting of patient safety events, response to error, staffing and workplace and support for patient safety from supervisors, managers, or clinical leaders. Pilot study: Pilot study was conducted through an online administered questionnaire delivered to 33 doctors. Pearson correlation, factor analysis and reliability tests were performed to evaluate the data. Out of initially 39 variables collected from a different study ( 8 ) and also additional questions from the author, only 22 were remaining which composed 4 factors. The 4 factors and their corresponding reliability were: Collaboration (alpha = 0.845), Training and resources (alpha = 0.757), Staff communication (alpha = 0.638) and Accountability (alpha = 0.700). The total scale reliability was 0.818. The first factor was composed of 10 items, while the 2nd contained 5 items. The 3rd component contained 2 items, while the fourth one contained 3 items (Supplementary File 1). Data analysis: Data was organized using excel, then analyzed by SPSS version 26. Frequency and descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) were used to present the data. Independent t test and one way ANOVA were used to determine the differences between the categories regarding patient safety scale and subscales. Multiple linear regression was used for patient safety scale by selecting the significant variables from univariate analysis. In all tests, the used level of significance was 0.05. Results Socio-demographic characteristics: The total number of included doctors in the study was 666. They had a mean age of 27.95 (SD = 3.42). Almost half of them were males (52.7%) and majority of the participants were singles (87.5%). Most of the participants were residents in either Red Sea state (33.9%) or White Nile state (23.9%), with Port Sudan and Kosti being the most common cities (33% and 15.6%, respectively). The majority of the doctors were working in public hospitals (85.9%), with Port Sudan teaching hospital and Kosti teaching hospital being the most common (17.5% and 14.5%, respectively) ( Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants (N = 666) Variables Frequency Percentages Age 27.95 (Mean) 3.42 (SD) Gender Male 351 52.7% Female 315 47.3% Marital Status Single 583 87.5% Married 70 10.5% Divorced 13 2.0% Residency Al Qadarif State 44 6.6% Gazira State 19 2.9% Kassala State 98 14.7% Northern State 27 4.1% Red Sea State 226 33.9% River Nile State 41 6.2% Sinnar State 19 2.9% White Nile State 159 23.9% Others a 33 5.0% Current City Al Douiem 11 1.7% Al Gadarif 45 6.8% Atbara 32 4.8% Dongla 13 2.0% El Obied 13 2.0% kassala 91 13.7% Kosti 104 15.6% Port Sudan 220 33.0% Rabak 34 5.1% Sinnar 18 2.7% Others b 85 12.8% Type of facility Private hospital 48 7.2% Private medical center 20 3.0% Public hospital 572 85.9% Public medical center 26 3.9% Hospital Al Gadaref teaching hospital 34 5.3% Atbara Teaching Hospital 28 4.4% Kassal teaching hospital 66 10.3% Kosti teaching hospital 93 14.5% Port Sudan teaching hospital 112 17.5% Prince Osman Digna Referral Hospital 46 7.2% Rabak teaching hospital 32 5.0% Sinnar teaching hospital 18 2.8% Others 212 33.1% a Others include: Blue Nil state, Darfur states, Khartoum state and Kordofan states. b Others include multiple cities such as: Barbar, Shendi, Alfasher, Argo, Omdurman, New halfa, etc Working history and Environment: More than half of the participants were full time doctors (61.6%) and were working for only one year in their current hospital (58.9%). Most of the participants were either not working in a specific area (29%) or working in medical (non-surgical) units (29%). Almost half of the doctors were general practitioners (53%), and only 9% (60) were specialists. The highest percentage of doctors were all days of the week (23%), followed by 3 days per week (18%). Almost all doctors reported having direct contact with patients (97.7%), with more than half of doctors (57.4%) seeing 10–30 patients per day. The highest percentage of the participants (42.5%) were physicians for 2–4 years, but the majority of them either witnessed 1–2 patients’ safety events (27.6%) or 3–5 (26.4%). The most commonly reported events were: Infections (58.4%), Medication errors (53.2%) and communication errors (50.6%) ( Table 2 ). Table 2 Working history and environment of the participants (N = 666) Variables Frequency Percentages Duration of working in the current hospital less than one year 52 7.8% 1 year 392 58.9% More than 1 and less than 2 years 9 1.4% 2 years 113 17.0% More than 2 years 100 15.0% Full time/part time doctor Full-time doctor 410 61.6% Part-time doctor (not officially registered in the hospital / medical center) 256 38.4% Days per week to work in hospital 1 day 25 3.8% 2 days 70 10.5% 3 days 120 18.0% 4 days 107 16.1% 5 days 94 14.1% 6 days 94 14.1% All week 156 23.4% Current position General practitioner 353 53.0% Intern doctor 224 33.6% Resident 29 4.4% Specialist 60 9.0% Type of department Many different hospital units, No specific unit 193 29.0% Medical unit (non-surgical) 193 29.0% Intensive Care Unit (ICU) 16 2.4% Emergency Department 135 20.3% Surgical services 66 9.9% Outpatient or Ambulatory Care 49 7.4% Clinical services (e.g., Radiology, Pharmacy) 6 0.9% Labour Room 8 1.2% Type of specialty if specialized Not specialized 606 91% Emergency Medicine 9 1.4% Internal Medicine 12 1.8% Pediatrics 11 1.7% Obs and Gyn 8 1.2% Others 16 2.4% Missings 4 0.6 Presence of contact/interaction with patients NO, I typically do NOT have direct interaction or contact with patients 15 2.3% YES, I typically have direct interaction or contact with patients 651 97.7% Number of patients the doctors see per day Less than 10 153 23.1% 10–30 380 57.4% 31–50 87 13.1% 51–100 29 4.4% 101–200 5 0.8% More than 200 8 1.2% Duration of working as doctor (in years) Less than year 66 9.9% 1 year 217 32.6% More than 1 year and less than 2 9 1.4% 2–4 years 283 42.5% More than 4 years 91 13.7% Number of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician None 168 25.2% 1–2 184 27.6% 3–5 176 26.4% 6–10 70 10.5% 11 or more 68 10.2% Type of errors witnessed by the physician a Medication Errors 354 53.2% Falls 178 26.7% Pressure ulcers 279 41.9% Surgical errors 177 26.6% Infections 389 58.4% Diagnostic errors 288 43.2% Communication errors 337 50.6% a Participants were allowed to select more than one option Patient Safety Items: The items with the highest agreement percentages (strongly agree/always) were: discussing the ways to prevent errors repetition (26.1%), transparency with the unit about changes that are directed by events’ reports (20.4%), speaking up when more authority person is doing something unsafe to patient (20.1%), supervisors considering staff suggestions for patient safety (19.2%), higher authority individuals being open to staff suggestions for patient safety (18.8%) and supervisors taking actions to address patient safety concerns (17.1%). Almost fifth of the participants agreed with “Hospital management seems interested in patient safety only after an adverse event happens” (21.2%), “When an event is reported in this unit, it feels like the person is being written up, not the problem” (20.1%) and “This unit lets the same patient safety problems keep happening” (19.1%) ( Table 3 ). Almost a third of the participants described ministry of health support for health services during conflict as poor (32%), while only 14.6% (97) described their unit work on patient safety as poor. Regarding measures to protect the patients from violence and ensure health during the conflict, almost quarter (24.9%) described them as ineffective and 11.7% as very ineffective ( Table 4 ). Table 3 Patient safety items among the participants ( N = 666 ) Item Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Doesn't apply to me or don't know Section A: This unit regularly reviews work processes to determine if changes are needed to improve patient safety 100 (15%) 197 (29.6%) 107 (16.1%) 150 (22.5%) 97 (14.6%) 15 (2.3%) My supervisor, manager, or clinical leader seriously considers staff suggestions for improving patient safety 128 (19.2%) 201 (30.2%) 115 (17.3%) 93 (14%) 101 (15.2%) 28 (4.2%) My supervisor, manager, or clinical leader takes action to address patient safety concerns that are brought to their attention 114 (17.1%) 188 (28.2%) 124 (18.6%) 107 (16.1%) 101 (15.2%) 32 (4.8%) Hospital management seems interested in patient safety only after an adverse event happens 79 (11.9%) 141 (21.2%) 138 (20.7%) 161 (24.2%) 108 (16.2%) 39 (5.9%) This unit relies too much on temporary, float, or PRN staff 55 (8.3%) 160 (24%) 130 (19.5%) 194 (29.1%) 99 (14.9%) 28 (4.2%) In this unit, staff feel like their mistakes are held against them 44 (6.6%) 127 (19.1%) 141 (21.2%) 204 (30.6%) 118 (17.7%) 32 (4.8%) When an event is reported in this unit, it feels like the person is being written up, not the problem 43 (6.5%) 134 (20.1%) 132 (19.8%) 209 (31.4%) 118 (17.7%) 30 (4.5%) In this unit, we have enough staff to handle the workload 105 (15.8%) 204 (30.6%) 91 (13.7%) 150 (22.5%) 111 (16.7%) 5 (0.8%) To what extent do you agree that healthcare personnel are adequately trained to address the challenges and dangers patients face from shut down of hospitals and trauma-related injuries in armed conflict settings 89 (13.4%) 137 (20.6%) 156 (23.4%) 145 (21.8%) 92 (13.8%) 47 (7.1%) This unit lets the same patient safety problems keep happening 43 (6.5%) 127 (19.1%) 129 (19.4%) 203 (30.5%) 145 (21.8%) 19 (2.9%) During shift changes, there is adequate time to exchange all key patient care information 90 (13.5%) 164 (24.6%) 138 (20.7%) 139 (20.9%) 94 (14.1%) 41 (6.2%) Item Always Most of the times Sometimes Rarely Never Doesn't apply to me or don't know Section B : We are informed about errors that happen in this unit. 115 (17.3%) 130 (19.5%) 216 (32.4%) 127 (19.1%) 61 (9.2%) 17 (2.6%) When errors happen in this unit, we discuss ways to prevent them from happening again. 174 (26.1%) 158 (23.7%) 175 (26.3%) 108 (16.2%) 41 (6.2%) 10 (1.5%) In this unit, we are informed about changes that are made based on event reports. 136 (20.4%) 155 (23.3%) 177 (26.6%) 126 (18.9%) 49 (7.4%) 23 (3.5%) When staff in this unit see someone with more authority doing something unsafe for patients, they speak up. 134 (20.1%) 120 (18%) 158 (23.7%) 151 (22.7%) 74 (11.1%) 29 (4.4%) When staff in this unit speak up, those with more authority are open to their patient safety concerns. 125 (18.8%) 124 (18.6%) 169 (25.4%) 128 (19.2%) 82 (12.3%) 38 (5.7%) When a mistake reaches the patient and could have harmed the patient, but did not, how often is this reported? 79 (11.9%) 122 (18.3%) 156 (23.4%) 162 (24.3%) 89 (13.4%) 58 (8.7%) Table 4 Rating of patient safety measures by the participants (N = 666) variables Frequency Percentages How would you rate your unit/work area on patient safety Poor 97 14.6% Fair 137 20.6% Good 260 39.0% Very good 135 20.3% Excellent 37 5.6% Rate the level of support provided by Ministry of health and non-governmental l organizations to imply the strategies, protocols and proper equipments to provide health services in conflict-affected areas Very poor 164 24.6% Poor 213 32.0% Neutral 180 27.0% Good 93 14.0% very good 16 2.4% How effective do you find the current measures used in your setting to protect patients from violence-related incidents and ensure their well-being in case of lack of health services in conflict situations? Very Ineffective 78 11.7% Ineffective 166 24.9% Neutral 285 42.8% Effective 116 17.4% Very Effective 21 3.2% Factors Affecting Patient Safety Scale and Subscales: The patient safety scale has a mean of 59.8 ± 11.1. Regarding socio- demographic characteristics, only hospitals were found to be significant contributors to patient safety scale (p-value = 0.023). Doctors working in Prince Osman Digna hospital have significantly higher patient safety measures than Kassala teaching hospital, Sinnar teaching hospital and Port Sudan teaching hospital (p-value < 0.05) ( Table 5 ). Being a full-time doctor was significantly related to a better accountability scale (p-value = 0.012) and patient safety scale (p-value = 0.020) than being a partial time doctor. Duration of working in the hospital, current position and type of department weren’t found to significantly contribute to patient safety ( Table 6 ) . Doctors who have direct contact/interaction with patients had significantly higher collaboration within their units than those who haven’t (p-value = 0.003), but significantly lower accountability (p-value = 0.025). Working days were also found to be a significant contributor to accountability scale (p-value = 0.030). Doctors who are used to working all week had the highest level in accountability, collaboration and patient safety Scales. They had a significantly higher accountability scale than who work 3 days per week (p-value = 0.020). The number of patient safety events witnessed were also significant contributors to collaboration scale (p-value = 0.006), training and resource scale (p-value = 0.025) and patient safety scale (p-value = 0.009). Doctors who didn’t witness any event had the least patient safety scale and they had significantly less collaboration and patient safety scales than those who witnessed 3–5 events in the past year (p-value = 0.029 and 0.013, respectively). Moreover, doctors who didn’t witness any event had significantly less training and resource scale than who witnessed 6–10 events (p-value = 0.043). Witnessing medication errors, falls and infections had a significant contribution to patient safety scale (p-value = 0.002, 0.004 and 0.028, respectively) ( Table 7 ). Multiple linear regression was performed for patient safety scale. The model was statistically significant with R squire value of 0.052. All significant contributors to patient safety scale in the previous univariate analysis remained significant except the hospital which didn’t show significance in the model ( Table 8 ). Table 5 Univariate analysis of socio-demographic factors against patient safety Scale (N = 666) Variables Patient Safety Scale Mean Standard Deviation p-value Age 59.83 a 11.12 a 0.505 (r = 0.026) b Gender Male 59.89 10.70 0.806 Female 59.68 11.59 Marital Status Single 59.74 11.22 0.485 Married 60.76 10.03 Divorced 56.85 12.54 Residency Al Qadarif State 57.86 9.57 0.481 Gazira State 60.89 12.67 Kassala State 59.17 10.57 Northern State 58.04 8.59 Red Sea State 60.72 11.68 River Nile State 59.00 11.87 Sinnar State 56.11 13.56 White Nile State 59.77 10.39 Others c 61.91 12.54 Current City Al Douiem 56.55 10.14 0.653 Al Gadarif 59.27 9.64 Atbara 58.69 12.38 Dongla 59.62 8.23 El Obied 63.31 8.28 kassala 58.89 10.88 Kosti 60.21 10.80 Port Sudan 60.89 11.68 Rabak 59.35 9.96 Sinnar 56.44 12.94 Others d 58.91 11.48 Type of facility Private hospital 60.50 9.56 0.604 Private medical center 56.85 11.12 Public hospital 59.88 11.29 Public medical center 58.77 10.03 Hospital Al Gadaref teaching hospital 59.68 9.97 0.023* Atbara Teaching Hospital 58.25 12.87 Kassal teaching hospital 58.92 10.83 Kosti teaching hospital 59.65 11.03 Port Sudan teaching hospital 59.47 12.13 Prince Osman Digna Referral Hospital 65.85 10.85 Rabak teaching hospital 59.59 10.16 Sinnar teaching hospital 55.17 13.21 Others 60.05 10.50 *p-value < 0.05 a Mean and SD of patient safety scale b Correlation coefficient (r) and p-value by Pearson test c Others include: Blue Nil state, Darfur states, Khartoum state and Kordofan states. d Others include multiple cities such as: Barbar, Shendi, Alfasher, Argo, Omdurman, New halfa, etc Table 6 Univariate nature of the job variables against patient safety Scale and subscales ( N = 666 ) Variables Collaboration Scale Training and resources Scale Accountability Scale Patient Safety Scale Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Duration of working in this hospital less than one year 32.3 ± 7.7 0.604 13.3 ± 3.5 0.754 9.8 ± 3.4 0.323 61.7 ± 12.3 0.668 1 year 30.5 ± 7.48 13.6 ± 3.69 9.2 ± 3.3 59.4 ± 10.88 More than 1 and less than 2 years 30.1 ± 6.47 14.8 ± 2.59 10.1 ± 1.76 61.4 ± 6.29 2 years 30.3 ± 8.34 13.4 ± 3.44 9.8 ± 3.23 60 ± 11.63 More than 2 years 30.3 ± 7.89 13.8 ± 3.67 9.7 ± 3.38 60 ± 11.2 Full time/part time doctor Full-time doctor 31.2 ± 7.87 0.012* 13.6 ± 3.66 0.998 9.6 ± 3.3 0.069 60.6 ± 11.42 0.020* Part-time doctor(not officially registered in the hospital / medical centre ) 29.6 ± 7.34 13.6 ± 3.55 9.2 ± 3.26 58.5 ± 10.51 Current position General practitioner 30.6 ± 7.46 0.717 13.7 ± 3.58 0.642 9.3 ± 3.34 0.720 59.9 ± 11.06 0.675 Intern doctor 30.4 ± 8.23 13.4 ± 3.74 9.7 ± 3.29 59.6 ± 11.34 Resident 29.6 ± 7.23 13.2 ± 3.09 9.3 ± 3.41 58 ± 10.99 Specialist 31.4 ± 7.3 13.7 ± 3.59 9.4 ± 2.95 61 ± 10.79 Type of department Many different hospital units, No specific unit 29.9 ± 7.55 0.112 13.5 ± 3.65 0.669 9.5 ± 3.37 0.243 58.9 ± 10.62 0.055 Medical/surgical unit (non-surgical) 32 ± 7.51 13.8 ± 3.71 9.7 ± 3.15 62 ± 10.95 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) 29.9 ± 6.09 12.6 ± 4.18 10.4 ± 3.54 58.8 ± 7.26 Emergency Department 29.7 ± 7.88 13.4 ± 3.46 8.8 ± 3.42 58 ± 11.54 Surgical services 30.9 ± 8.6 14 ± 3.75 9.5 ± 3.26 60.7 ± 13.01 Outpatient or Ambulatory Care 29.9 ± 7.08 13.2 ± 2.95 10 ± 3.05 58.9 ± 9.83 Clinical services (e.g., Radiology, Pharmacy) 28 ± 5.97 14.5 ± 3.99 8.5 ± 3.27 57.3 ± 12.4 Labour Room 31.9 ± 9.76 14.6 ± 4.34 10 ± 3.46 61 ± 10.46 Type of specialty if specialized Not specialized 30.6 ± 7.7 0.482 13.6 ± 3.62 0.916 9.5 ± 3.3 0.504 59.8 ± 11.12 0.936 Internal Medicine 21 ± 0 13 ± 0 14 ± 0 53 ± 0 Pediatrics 33.2 ± 7.68 14.3 ± 3.85 8.5 ± 2.77 62 ± 13.18 Obs and Gyn 31.1 ± 8.01 13.1 ± 4.22 9.4 ± 4.17 60 ± 7.21 Others 28.7 ± 7.82 14.3 ± 3.07 10.1 ± 2.55 59.5 ± 12.79 *p-value < 0.05 Table 7 Univariate nature of the job variables against patient safety Scale and subscales ( N = 666 ) Variables Collaboration Scale Training and resources Scale Accountability Scale Patient Safety Scale Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value Days per week to work in hospital 1 day 28 ± 5.7 0.224 13.5 ± 3 0.966 9 ± 2.9 0.030* 56.9 ± 8.4 0.154 2 days 31.2 ± 7.3 13.7 ± 3.7 9.5 ± 3.4 60.7 ± 10.9 3 days 29.6 ± 7.8 13.8 ± 3.5 8.6 ± 3.5 57.8 ± 11.7 4 days 30.5 ± 7.2 13.6 ± 3.7 9.6 ± 3 60.1 ± 10 5 days 30.4 ± 8.5 13.2 ± 3.9 9.9 ± 3.3 59.9 ± 12.5 6 days 30.6 ± 7.9 13.5 ± 3.4 9.2 ± 3.4 59.4 ± 11 All week 31.6 ± 7.6 13.6 ± 3.7 9.9 ± 3.2 61.4 ± 10.9 Presence of contact/interaction with patients NO, I typically do NOT have direct interaction or contact with patients 24.7 ± 7 0.003* 12.7 ± 2.7 0.320 11.3 ± 3.1 0.025* 54.9 ± 9 0.083 YES, I typically have direct interaction or contact with patients 30.7 ± 7.7 13.6 ± 3.6 9.4 ± 3.3 59.9 ± 11.1 Number of patients you see per day Less than 10 30.8 ± 8.1 0.104 13.7 ± 3.5 0.182 9.5 ± 3.2 0.960 60.4 ± 11.1 0.051 10–30 30.6 ± 7.5 13.6 ± 3.6 9.4 ± 3.3 59.7 ± 11 31–50 30.3 ± 7.7 13.1 ± 3.7 9.4 ± 3.5 58.9 ± 11.6 51–100 30.5 ± 7.7 13.7 ± 4 10 ± 3.1 60.9 ± 11.1 101–200 39.2 ± 5.9 17.4 ± 4.2 9.6 ± 1.8 73.6 ± 11.8 More than 200 26.1 ± 7.2 12.9 ± 2 9.8 ± 2.4 54.3 ± 7.6 Number of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician None 28.8 ± 8.1 0.006* 12.9 ± 3.7 0.025* 9.1 ± 3.5 0.107 57.2 ± 11.6 0.009* 1–2 30.7 ± 7.1 13.4 ± 3.5 9.8 ± 3.1 60.1 ± 9.8 3–5 31.2 ± 7.2 13.9 ± 3.3 9.7 ± 3.2 61 ± 10.6 3 31.5 ± 8.3 14.4 ± 4.1 8.9 ± 3.3 60.8 ± 12.9 6–10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 11 or more 32.1 ± 8.2 14.1 ± 3.9 9.2 ± 3.4 61.5 ± 11.8 Type of errors witnessed by the physician a Medication Errors 30 ± 7.6 0.026* 13.2 ± 3.8 0.001* 9.3 ± 3.3 0.376 58.6 ± 11.2 0.002* Falls 29.2 ± 8 0.004* 13 ± 3.7 0.017* 9.5 ± 3.6 0.778 57.7 ± 10.6 0.004* Pressure ulcers 31.1 ± 7.7 0.158 13.6 ± 3.7 0.839 9.5 ± 3.3 0.694 60.4 ± 11.5 0.255 Surgical errors 30.5 ± 7.8 0.886 13.5 ± 4 0.809 9.4 ± 3.4 0.785 59.7 ± 11.2 0.927 Infections 31.4 ± 7.7 0.001* 13.7 ± 3.8 0.547 9.3 ± 3.3 0.229 60.6 ± 11.4 0.028* Diagnostic errors 30.7 ± 7.6 0.752 13.4 ± 3.8 0.237 9.3 ± 3.3 0.229 59.6 ± 11.3 0.769 Communication errors 30.3 ± 7.7 0.374 13.2 ± 3.7 0.004* 9.4 ± 3.3 0.710 59.1 ± 11.3 0.121 *p-value < 0.05 a Participants were allowed to select more than one option and each one was analyzed separately. Table 8 Multiple linear regression analysis for factors affecting patient safety Scale (N = 666) Variables Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t p-value 95.0% Confidence Interval for B B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound (Constant) 60.692 1.825 33.257 0.000 57.108 64.275 Hospital 0.129 0.165 0.030 0.785 0.433 -0.194 0.453 Full time/part time doctor -1.790 0.891 -0.078 -2.009 0.045* -3.539 -0.040 Number of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician 0.867 0.293 0.115 2.957 0.003* 0.291 1.443 Witnessing Medication Errors -2.053 0.901 -0.092 -2.279 0.023* -3.821 -0.284 Witnessing Falls -2.769 1.022 -0.110 -2.709 0.007* -4.775 -0.762 Witnessing Infections 2.118 0.890 0.094 2.379 0.018* 0.370 3.865 *p-value < 0.05 Discussion Developing a safety culture is a recognized, cost-effective strategy for building resilient healthcare systems, even in resource-limited environments. However, while global standards are well-established, few studies address patient safety as a critical health strategy within active conflict zones. This study is the first of its kind in Sudan to explore the challenges of patient safety culture and the influencing factors among physicians operating amidst ongoing armed conflict. Clinical Workload and Exposure The study demonstrates that consistent clinical engagement and predictable work schedules are critical drivers of patient safety culture as our findings show that doctors working full-time throughout the entire week reported significantly higher scores in accountability and collaboration compared to part-time staff. This highlights clinical continuity as an important factor for a mature safety culture, whereby sustained clinician presence promotes longitudinal accountability and deeper personal commitment to patients’ overall outcomes. These observations were also reported in a review of studies on primary care physicians which found that part-time practice may negatively affect access and continuity of care, even though clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction may not always decline; this highlights that reduced presence is linked to disruptions in continuity, which matters for safe, coordinated care ( 9 ). The frequent engagement facilitates relational coordination which is often diluted in fragmented or part-time schedules ( 10 ). Conversely, increased transitions of responsibility (e.g., variable shifts, handovers) can elevate the risk of information decay and potential increase in communication failures during shift changes through increased handovers. Thus, a stable clinical rhythm is essential to mitigate the inherent risks of fragmented care and ensure robust information integrity. Challenges of patient safety in hospitals The analysis highlights numerous challenges undermining patient safety in hospitals amid conflict settings in the areas of medical and communication errors, infection related events, reporting transparency and institutional accountability. The reported findings point to a high prevalence of patient safety incidents among doctors, with a significant proportion witnessing infection-related events (58.4%), medication errors (53.2%), and communication errors (50.6%). The high incidence of infection-related events is a predictable outcome in low resources and conflict settings. A WHO report found that in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 15 out of every 100 patients develop at least one healthcare-associated infection during their hospital stay ( 11 ). The destruction and damage to healthcare infrastructure due to war was as stated by Rahamtalla et al. in their review about the impact of ongoing armed conflict on Sudan's healthcare system have led to significant facility closures and overcrowding in the few remaining operational centers ( 12 ). This inevitably compromises infection prevention and control measures. Furthermore, the war has severely disrupted access to clean water, sanitation, and essential hygiene supplies, both within healthcare facilities and in the wider community ( 13 ). Effective communication is vital for patient safety, but in conflict-affected settings like Sudan, it is severely compromised as the study reported. The mass displacement of healthcare professionals and patients often leads to fragmented care records and difficulty in obtaining comprehensive patient histories. Also the breakdown of internal hospital communication systems, often reliant on electricity and functional IT infrastructure which are frequently disrupted, further contributes to errors ( 14 , 15 , 16 ). Overcrowded facilities, a shrinking workforce, and high patient acuity reduce time for proper handovers and consultations ( 17 ). The psychological strain on healthcare workers further hinders clear communication and sound decision-making ( 18 ) Medical errors also show an alarming rate (53.2%) which indicates that over half of medication-related processes are compromised. This broad category includes administering the wrong medication, incorrect dosage, or even to the wrong patient, and can occur at any stage from prescribing to monitoring. The ongoing war is the primary driver of this high error rate as the collapse of the pharmaceutical supply chain has left clinicians dependent on unreliable or unfamiliar alternatives ( 19 ). At the same time, extreme stress, fatigue, and overwhelming workloads caused by staff shortages impair doctors’ clinical decisions ( 18 ). With the total system collapse, these errors often go unnoticed or uncorrected and create a dangerous healthcare environment where patient health and safety are compromised, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated humanitarian and system level support. Also, the study shows weaknesses in patient safety culture among healthcare providers, especially in lack of open communication about errors, transparency in safety responses, and fear of speaking up against authority. These results reflect a fragile and hierarchical working environment where healthcare staff may feel unsafe or unsupported in reporting errors or challenging unsafe practices. This culture of silence and limited accountability hinders organizational learning, prevents the correction of systemic issues, and ultimately increases the risk of harm to patients ( 20 , 21 ). These findings are consistent with existing literature. The World Health Organization's Global Patient Safety Action Plan (2021–2030) highlights that a strong patient safety culture requires open, blame free communication and staff empowerment to report incidents without fear ( 22 ). Similarly, Roman et al. report that errors can stem from system failures, and recommended fostering an environment of transparency and learning ( 23 ). In conflict settings, these challenges are even more pronounced as healthcare workers often experience extreme stress, fear retaliation for reporting errors, and operate in systems lacking functional leadership. For example in Palestine, hospital nurses described how punitive responses to errors created a culture of fear, leading to underreporting and reluctance to discuss mistakes (24 ) which can contribute to unsafe patient care practices. Also the results highlight a gap in effective leadership engagement in patient safety. These findings also reflect a weak safety culture, where frontline healthcare workers feel their voices are neither heard nor valued. This aligns with observation of a national study in Iran which reported that “supervisor expectations and actions promoting patient safety” scored among the lowest safety culture dimensions and correlated with higher adverse event rates ( 25 ). Also, a study showed that effective leadership significantly reduces burnout and improves teamwork and safety, with each 10-point increase in leadership scores linked to 52% lower odds of poor safety climate ( 26 ). When leadership is perceived as disengaged, staff are less likely to report safety issues, leading to underreporting, low morale, and ongoing risks. The absence of feedback or action also can have a huge effect on this aspect. So addressing this requires targeted leadership training, the implementation of non-punitive reporting systems, and the creation of structured feedback loops to ensure staff input leads to visible, meaningful change. Another patient safety challenge observed in the study was the inadequate support from the Ministry of Health (MoH) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in implementing strategies, clinical protocols, and ensuring the availability of proper equipment in conflict-affected areas. This can reflect a systemic failure in institutional responsiveness during crisis situations. This finding is echoed in a study in Yemen that revealed how ongoing conflict, donor fragmentation, and politicization of aid created severe disruptions in medical supply chains, staff deployment, and protocol implementation, contributing to a breakdown in health system functionality ( 27 ). Additionally, access restrictions and bureaucratic obstacles often prevent NGOs from reaching populations in urgent need. In Darfur, Sudan, a national report found that NGO operations were heavily constrained by government regulations and lack of clear MoH coordination mechanisms, which hindered effective deployment of health interventions during conflict ( 28 ). These gaps are further exacerbated by donor dependency, where health systems collapse once external support is withdrawn, as seen in post-crisis environments like the Central African Republic ( 29 ). So strengthening collaboration between MoH and NGOs, and investing in local systems is needed to ensure resilient and effective healthcare during crises. A significant concern was observed in perceived ineffectiveness of current measures to protect patients from violence and ensure their well-being during conflict-related disruptions in health services. This perception reflects deep structural vulnerabilities in the health system's emergency preparedness and protection protocols in conflict settings. During armed conflict, patients are often exposed not only to disrupted care but also to direct threats such as hospital attacks, forced displacement, and violence-related trauma. Studies from similar contexts such as Syria, Yemen, and the Central African Republic have shown that insecurity, lack of medical evacuation plans, insufficient physical protection, and poor continuity of care contribute significantly to preventable patient harm ( 30 , 31 ). These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated safety protocols, coordination with security forces, and contingency planning to ensure patient safety amid escalating violence or service breakdowns in conflict-affected areas. Factors Influencing Patient Safety Scores The Role of Employment Status and Work Commitment: Our findings show a clear association between employment status, work commitment, and patient safety. Full-time doctors reported significantly higher patient safety and accountability scores, and those working full weeks showed greater accountability, collaboration, and patient safety. This suggests that consistent engagement within the healthcare system enhances patient care outcomes, even amidst the challenges of armed conflict. These findings may be explained by several interrelated factors. Full-time and consistently present healthcare providers are more likely to be familiar with unit-specific protocols, maintain stronger communication and teamwork dynamics, and engage more deeply in continuous clinical learning. They may also participate more regularly in institutional safety training and quality improvement initiatives ( 32 ). The consistency of full-time schedules also reduces the number of patient handovers, minimizing communication gaps, one of the leading causes of preventable errors in healthcare ( 33 , 34 ). Conversely, part-time employment, though sometimes linked to improved patient satisfaction, has been associated with weaker continuity of care and decreased access, which may compromise safety in complex or resource-limited settings ( 35 ). Given the ongoing conflict in Sudan, where instability, facility closures, and staff shortages are widespread ( 36 ), ensuring a stable, committed, and full-time workforce becomes not only beneficial but essential. Healthy shift-work scheduling, including minimizing long night shifts and quick returns, is also crucial in preventing shift work disorders (SWD) and sustaining healthcare worker wellness and safety performance ( 37 ). In light of this, implementing system-level strategies such as regular safety huddles, and structured communication frameworks can promote collaboration, early problem identification, and team accountability ( 38 , 33 ). Patient Contact and Its Complex Relationship with Safety Scale Our study also revealed a complex relationship between direct patient contact and perceived safety culture. Doctors who had direct patient interaction reported significantly higher collaboration within their units (p = 0.003), likely reflecting the operational demands of teamwork in front-line care delivery. Doctors are often required to coordinate rapidly across disciplines and respond swiftly to patient needs, which can enhance team cohesion. This finding aligns with prior studies highlighting communication and coordination as cornerstones of quality care, particularly in resource-constrained and conflict-affected settings ( 39 ). Interestingly, however, direct patient contact was associated with significantly lower accountability scores (p = 0.025). This counterintuitive finding can be interpreted in light of systemic strain. Healthcare workers providing direct care in crisis settings often face overwhelming clinical loads, emotional exhaustion, and limited support, all of which can reduce their ability to consistently follow protocols or report safety events ( 40 , 41 ). A large national study also confirmed that physicians experiencing burnout and fatigue were more likely to report major medical errors and assign lower safety grades to their work units ( 42 ). Moreover, the association between patient contact and lower safety ratings has been observed in various healthcare contexts, where providers at the front lines despite their collaboration feel less able to report incidents or are discouraged by blame-oriented institutional cultures ( 40 , 41 ). In Sudan, where facilities face attacks, staff displacement, and fragmented decision-making ( 42 ), these challenges likely exacerbate tensions, and a weak culture of accountability may reflect contextual constraints rather than individual neglect. To address this gap, creating a just culture that emphasizes learning rather than blame is essential for improving safety reporting and accountability ( 41 ). Encouraging transparency, management support, and structured debriefings can empower clinicians even in high-stress environments to uphold safety standards. Additionally, risk assessment and organizational interventions such as optimizing shift work schedules and ensuring adequate rest are critical to minimizing fatigue-related risk and sustaining provider performance ( 37 ). The Transformative Impact of Witnessing Patient Safety Events Regarding the patient safety events, our results showed that the number of events witnessed was significantly related to improved outcomes across several patient safety scale domains, including collaboration (p = 0.006), training and resource perception (p = 0.025), and the overall patient safety scale (p = 0.009). These suggest that direct exposure to safety events appears to enhance safety awareness and engagement. Physicians who reported no witnessed events demonstrated the lowest scores across all patient safety domains. Compared with those who reported witnessing 3–5 events, this finding suggests that low or absent exposure to reported safety events should not be interpreted as an indicator of safer clinical practice. Instead, it may reflect limited safety awareness, under-reporting, or barriers to engagement with patient safety processes. Multiple studies have reported that healthcare professionals frequently under-report incidents due to factors such as fear of blame or punitive responses, lack of clarity about what to report, insufficient training, and weak support systems. For example, a systematic review of incident reporting behaviors identified fear of reprisal, negative attitudes toward reporting, and low knowledge and skills as key barriers to reporting that contribute to high under-reporting rates across settings ( 43 ). Consistent research also suggests that strong safety cultures which are characterized by open communication, non-punitive responses to error, and active management support, are associated with increased incident reporting and enhanced perceptions of patient safety, whereas deficient safety cultures are linked to reduced reporting activity and lower safety culture scores ( 44 ). Additionally, certain event types had an interestingly strong association with improved safety perceptions. Witnessing medication errors (p = 0.002), patient falls (p = 0.004), and infections (p = 0.028) significantly contributed to higher patient safety scores. These events are often more observable and emotionally impactful, potentially encouraging physicians to reflect more deeply on safety protocols and preventive strategies. Together, these results emphasize the value of real-world clinical exposure to safety incidents. Rather than protecting clinicians from such events, structured opportunities for observation, reflection, and discussion may improve patient safety culture and practice ( 45 ). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study highlights that patient safety culture can be strengthened in conflict-affected health systems through improvements driven more by organizational practices, leadership, and learning approaches than by resources alone. In Sudan specifically, building a resilient patient safety culture requires a shift from hierarchical and punitive practices toward a learning-oriented environment that promotes clinical continuity. Key actions can include implementing non-punitive incident reporting, structured debriefings to translate errors into system improvements, standardized communication tools, and regular safety huddles. Strong leadership engagement is also essential to rebuild trust and ensure that frontline concerns result in tangible actions. At the system level, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with international partners, should reinforce supply chains and integrate security measures to protect both patients and healthcare providers in conflict zones. Healthcare institutions must prioritize regular assessment of safety culture to understand staff perceptions and evaluate the effectiveness of patient safety programs and interventions. Crucially, policymakers, researchers, and healthcare leaders in war-affected countries must recognize that patient safety is not just a healthcare concern but a critical public health priority, as ongoing conflict amplifies risks and costs lives. Further research on patient safety in Sudan should be conducted regularly at both hospital and national levels to guide evidence-based interventions under these challenging conditions. Limitation: This study has several limitations. Its cross-sectional design captures doctors’ perspectives at a single point in time, limiting causal inference between conflict and patient safety outcomes. Convenience sampling, used due to security and access constraints, may have introduced selection bias, underrepresenting physicians in inaccessible regions or with limited internet access. The reliance on self-reported, anonymous questionnaires carries the risk of recall bias. Additionally, the study was restricted to selected states within Sudan, which, despite efforts to ensure regional representation, may limit the generalizability of the findings to all conflict-affected areas in the country. However, due to hindrance in data collection, we were forced to collect 33 samples from other states-additionally to the selected eight- to reach the target sample size. Declarations Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ministry of Health, White Nile State, Sudan (Application Reference No. 0240124), on 31 August 2024. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and no personal identifiers were collected to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of the data. Disclosure: Funding Sources: Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Consent for publication All participants provided written informed consent for their data to be used in this study and for the publication of anonymized findings. Personal identifiers were not collected or published, ensuring participant confidentiality. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author Contribution Mohamed H. Elbadawi, Nihal Elmubarak A. Hussein, Abrar Abd Elmohaimin Ali Mohammed, Baraa Adel Osman Taha, and Abobakr Almahi Mohammed Alkhalifa are co–first authors and contributed equally to this work. They were involved in the study conception and design, development of the research methodology, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting the initial manuscript.Nuseiba Abdallah Mohammed Yassin, Reel Adel Hassan Khider, Nouraleman Hussein Bargo Dambai, and Mohammed Abdulkhaliq Alemam Yousif are secondary authors and contributed to data collection, data cleaning, literature review, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and overall technical and academic support.All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgement The authors would also like to acknowledge the data collectors for their assistance distributing the questionnaire among universities. Data Availability All data generated during this study are included in this published article and its additional file. 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Reflection and reflective practice in health professions education: a systematic review. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2009;14(4):595–621. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplemntaryfile1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 17 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 17 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 12 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8867198","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":608465061,"identity":"75c2b875-a021-4abd-afe1-9d8ffaa0fa90","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed H. Elbadawi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Elbadawi","suffix":""},{"id":608465062,"identity":"9bc938af-6d86-46a5-b84e-79ba9265f21e","order_by":1,"name":"Nihal Elmubarak A. Hussein","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIie3PsUrEQBCA4QkHe82qbSqfIRJYT1hyD2Kzy0Js9BrbK/awsLkXEAufQLBKPWHhquXSBq65e4OITQoLd2NhIUm0E9y/HOZjGIBQ6C82oQB7AAFAAJuWu1G0wlEiPklUPqxzT/QwgS8yMZSYbjZIzqdHZSOv+eLkcSOQ0ip7vjfuypJf9pGLu2MVyyK/jbc5YjzbqcJKRzb5je4hiaGJI0ZqO9WY0J1i6EikzRBJW0+ePBFkq1h1GCWsu/JiCSISzFg9foXN/C9nlohytVaC1e6KGPqlsmn9WvDFqSXp23ubzVl1ddg3S95LviW7TfHTdd/8N8uhUCj0P/oAKUFqvKW5Hz4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nihal","middleName":"Elmubarak A.","lastName":"Hussein","suffix":""},{"id":608465063,"identity":"22efe5ed-1c95-45bb-8cff-eeec5550c763","order_by":2,"name":"Abrar Abd Elmohaimin Ali Mohammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abrar","middleName":"Abd Elmohaimin Ali","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""},{"id":608465064,"identity":"b35385ca-291e-4e90-b02c-250a5d59c40b","order_by":3,"name":"Baraa Adel Osman Taha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baraa","middleName":"Adel Osman","lastName":"Taha","suffix":""},{"id":608465065,"identity":"b9d2896f-ec8c-4925-9e66-930e363e78f5","order_by":4,"name":"Abobakr Almahi Mohammed Alkhalifa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abobakr","middleName":"Almahi Mohammed","lastName":"Alkhalifa","suffix":""},{"id":608465066,"identity":"76d33916-156b-4f35-ac37-ff0ad306493d","order_by":5,"name":"Nuseiba Abdallah Mohammed Yassin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nuseiba","middleName":"Abdallah Mohammed","lastName":"Yassin","suffix":""},{"id":608465067,"identity":"72505c9b-43ee-47a2-a0b7-a2bdc6834063","order_by":6,"name":"Reel Adel Hassan Khider","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reel","middleName":"Adel Hassan","lastName":"Khider","suffix":""},{"id":608465068,"identity":"2b8b3777-4cf1-4721-b907-d40030fcb92c","order_by":7,"name":"Nouraleman Hussein Bargo Dambai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahfad University for Women","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nouraleman","middleName":"Hussein Bargo","lastName":"Dambai","suffix":""},{"id":608465069,"identity":"d1db7e29-0948-4bfb-86df-44c8a9b8c8af","order_by":8,"name":"Mohammed Abdulkhaliq Alemam Yousif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Khartoum","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Abdulkhaliq Alemam","lastName":"Yousif","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-13 04:09:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105903746,"identity":"396dd39b-b212-44aa-9caa-12ff6b52bcaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 09:52:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2166585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8867198/v1/fa366ce3-ab04-4b47-b8cb-e3f9b2fef9a5.pdf"},{"id":105049115,"identity":"faf001a6-4f64-47f1-aa15-9280e546a32d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-20 09:52:43","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":32300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplemntaryfile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8867198/v1/51e004be57cc5e0ea9f3e671.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Healthcare Workers Perspective on the Effect of War on Patient’s Safety as a Measure of Quality of Provided Healthcare Services during Armed Conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealthcare systems are among the most vulnerable sectors during times of armed conflict. In war-affected regions such as Sudan, the delivery of safe, effective, and quality healthcare becomes severely compromised. Patients and healthcare workers alike face heightened risks due to insecurity, infrastructure destruction, supply shortages, and the collapse of basic health services (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Patient safety as a core pillar of healthcare quality is particularly jeopardized during conflict, often leading to preventable harm, neglect, and death (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Patient safety events refer to incidents or conditions that result in, or have the potential to result in, preventable harm to a patient during the process of receiving healthcare. These include medication errors, surgical complications, healthcare-associated infections, diagnostic errors, equipment failures, and delays in treatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In conflict zones, such events are often amplified due to unstable conditions, limited resources, staffing shortages, and physical insecurity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSudan has experienced prolonged periods of political instability and armed conflict, with a significant escalation in violence since April 2023. The ongoing conflict has led to the destruction of hospitals, attacks on health workers, mass displacement of civilians, and the disruption of essential health services (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). As the health system struggles to maintain services, the risk of patient safety events increases drastically.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the perspectives of frontline healthcare workers is vital, as they are directly involved in patient care and experience the impact of war on safety outcomes firsthand (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Their insights are essential for identifying critical risks, gaps in service delivery, and potential strategies to improve care during crises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to explore healthcare workers\u0026rsquo; perspectives on the effect of war on patient safety, with a focus on Sudan during the ongoing armed conflict (2023\u0026ndash;2024). This research seeks to contribute to the broader understanding of how war shapes patient safety and to inform policy and humanitarian strategies for safeguarding healthcare quality in conflict settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire to assess doctors\u0026rsquo; perspective on the effect of war on patient\u0026rsquo;s safety as a measure of quality of the provided healthcare services during armed conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in eight states, which were randomly selected from across Sudan to ensure representative inclusion of conflict-affected areas. These states were: Al Qadarif, Gazira, Kassala, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sinnar and White Nile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicians (all levels) with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 month wartime service in frontline specialties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive practitioners during the time of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctors in non-frontline specialties (e.g., dermatology), those without direct experience in conflict-affected areas, those practicing in inaccessible states, and those unable to communicate in the study language were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSampling Strategy\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. \u003cb\u003eSample Size Calculation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Fischer's formula for unknown prevalence:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;z\u0026sup2;P (1-P)/d\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 (95% CI), P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5 (maximum variability), d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 (precision)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis yielded a baseline sample of 385. Accounting for design effects (DE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) due to convenience sampling, the target was 772 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. \u003cb\u003eActual Enrollment\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite extended recruitment, only 666 responses were obtained (86.3% of target), attributed to the Internet and power outages in conflict zones. In addition to physician burnout which may limit the survey participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cb\u003eSampling Method\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvenience sampling was used due to war-related access barriers. All eligible physicians in participating hospitals were invited via professional networks and media groups and data collectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection tools used in this study were meticulously crafted through a comprehensive literature review, incorporation of standardised questionnaires, and input from experts in the field. These tools were designed to ensure the collection of relevant and accurate data on doctors' perspectives on patient safety during armed conflicts. The data was collected from December 2024 to May 2025 using online social media platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTools Overview:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSelf-Administered Anonymous Questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data on various aspects related to doctors' experiences during the war. It was consisted of two main sections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eParticipant Characteristics\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis section included key characteristics of participants both before and during the war, as well as details about their period of employment at the hospital during the conflict. Information was also gathered on the duration of their working hours per week, their position within the hospital, and whether they had direct interaction with patients in their care. Additionally, the number of patients they attended to on a daily basis was recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eModified SOPS Hospital Survey 2.0:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey was adapted from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS\u0026trade;) Hospital Survey Version 2.0 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) and organized into ten composite measures. These measures included communication about error, communication openness, handoffs and information exchange, hospital management support for patient safety, and organizational learning with a focus on continuous improvement. Additional measures assessed reporting of patient safety events, response to error, staffing and workplace and support for patient safety from supervisors, managers, or clinical leaders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePilot study:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003ePilot study was conducted through an online administered questionnaire delivered to 33 doctors. Pearson correlation, factor analysis and reliability tests were performed to evaluate the data. Out of initially 39 variables collected from a different study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) and also additional questions from the author, only 22 were remaining which composed 4 factors. The 4 factors and their corresponding reliability were: Collaboration (alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.845), Training and resources (alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.757), Staff communication (alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.638) and Accountability (alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.700). The total scale reliability was 0.818. The first factor was composed of 10 items, while the 2nd contained 5 items. The 3rd component contained 2 items, while the fourth one contained 3 items \u003cb\u003e(Supplementary File 1).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was organized using excel, then analyzed by SPSS version 26. Frequency and descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) were used to present the data. Independent t test and one way ANOVA were used to determine the differences between the categories regarding patient safety scale and subscales. Multiple linear regression was used for patient safety scale by selecting the significant variables from univariate analysis. In all tests, the used level of significance was 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total number of included doctors in the study was 666. They had a mean age of 27.95 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.42). Almost half of them were males (52.7%) and majority of the participants were singles (87.5%). Most of the participants were residents in either Red Sea state (33.9%) or White Nile state (23.9%), with Port Sudan and Kosti being the most common cities (33% and 15.6%, respectively). The majority of the doctors were working in public hospitals (85.9%), with Port Sudan teaching hospital and Kosti teaching hospital being the most common (17.5% and 14.5%, respectively) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of the participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.95 (Mean)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42 (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Qadarif State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazira State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKassala State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed Sea State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Nile State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite Nile State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent City\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Douiem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Gadarif\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtbara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Obied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekassala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePort Sudan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate medical center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic medical center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospital\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Gadaref teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtbara Teaching Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKassal teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosti teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePort Sudan teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrince Osman Digna Referral Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabak teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eOthers include: Blue Nil state, Darfur states, Khartoum state and Kordofan states.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eOthers include multiple cities such as: Barbar, Shendi, Alfasher, Argo, Omdurman, New halfa, etc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWorking history and Environment:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than half of the participants were full time doctors (61.6%) and were working for only one year in their current hospital (58.9%). Most of the participants were either not working in a specific area (29%) or working in medical (non-surgical) units (29%). Almost half of the doctors were general practitioners (53%), and only 9% (60) were specialists. The highest percentage of doctors were all days of the week (23%), followed by 3 days per week (18%). Almost all doctors reported having direct contact with patients (97.7%), with more than half of doctors (57.4%) seeing 10\u0026ndash;30 patients per day. The highest percentage of the participants (42.5%) were physicians for 2\u0026ndash;4 years, but the majority of them either witnessed 1\u0026ndash;2 patients\u0026rsquo; safety events (27.6%) or 3\u0026ndash;5 (26.4%). The most commonly reported events were: Infections (58.4%), Medication errors (53.2%) and communication errors (50.6%) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking history and environment of the participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of working in the current hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than one year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 1 and less than 2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull time/part time doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time doctor (not officially registered in the hospital / medical center)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays per week to work in hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral practitioner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntern doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecialist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany different hospital units, No specific unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical unit (non-surgical)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive Care Unit (ICU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutpatient or Ambulatory Care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical services (e.g., Radiology, Pharmacy)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour Room\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of specialty if specialized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot specialized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e606\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObs and Gyn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMissings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of contact/interaction with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO, I typically do NOT have direct interaction or contact with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYES, I typically have direct interaction or contact with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patients the doctors see per day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u0026ndash;200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of working as doctor (in years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 1 year and less than 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of errors witnessed by the physician \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication Errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure ulcers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Participants were allowed to select more than one option\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePatient Safety Items:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe items with the highest agreement percentages (strongly agree/always) were: discussing the ways to prevent errors repetition (26.1%), transparency with the unit about changes that are directed by events\u0026rsquo; reports (20.4%), speaking up when more authority person is doing something unsafe to patient (20.1%), supervisors considering staff suggestions for patient safety (19.2%), higher authority individuals being open to staff suggestions for patient safety (18.8%) and supervisors taking actions to address patient safety concerns (17.1%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost fifth of the participants agreed with \u0026ldquo;Hospital management seems interested in patient safety only after an adverse event happens\u0026rdquo; (21.2%), \u0026ldquo;When an event is reported in this unit, it feels like the person is being written up, not the problem\u0026rdquo; (20.1%) and \u0026ldquo;This unit lets the same patient safety problems keep happening\u0026rdquo; (19.1%) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost a third of the participants described ministry of health support for health services during conflict as poor (32%), while only 14.6% (97) described their unit work on patient safety as poor. Regarding measures to protect the patients from violence and ensure health during the conflict, almost quarter (24.9%) described them as ineffective and 11.7% as very ineffective \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient safety items among the participants (\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoesn't apply to me or don't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection A:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit regularly reviews work processes to determine if changes are needed to improve patient safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (29.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (22.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy supervisor, manager, or clinical leader seriously considers staff suggestions for improving patient safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (30.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (15.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy supervisor, manager, or clinical leader takes action to address patient safety concerns that are brought to their attention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (17.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (28.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (15.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital management seems interested in patient safety only after an adverse event happens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit relies too much on temporary, float, or PRN staff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (29.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this unit, staff feel like their mistakes are held against them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (30.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen an event is reported in this unit, it feels like the person is being written up, not the problem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (19.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209 (31.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this unit, we have enough staff to handle the workload\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (30.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (22.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo what extent do you agree that healthcare personnel are adequately trained to address the challenges and dangers patients face from shut down of hospitals and trauma-related injuries in armed conflict settings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (21.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit lets the same patient safety problems keep happening\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (19.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203 (30.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (21.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring shift changes, there is adequate time to exchange all key patient care information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164 (24.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eItem\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlways\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMost of the times\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSometimes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRarely\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDoesn't apply to me or don't know\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection B\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe are informed about errors that happen in this unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216 (32.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen errors happen in this unit, we discuss ways to prevent them from happening again.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (26.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this unit, we are informed about changes that are made based on event reports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155 (23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (26.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (18.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (7.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen staff in this unit see someone with more authority doing something unsafe for patients, they speak up.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen staff in this unit speak up, those with more authority are open to their patient safety concerns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169 (25.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen a mistake reaches the patient and could have harmed the patient, but did not, how often is this reported?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162 (24.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRating of patient safety measures by the participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow would you rate your unit/work area on patient safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate the level of support provided by Ministry of health and non-governmental l organizations to imply the strategies, protocols and proper equipments to provide health services in conflict-affected areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003every good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow effective do you find the current measures used in your setting to protect patients from violence-related incidents and ensure their well-being in case of lack of health services in conflict situations?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Ineffective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIneffective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Effective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors Affecting Patient Safety Scale and Subscales:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe patient safety scale has a mean of 59.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1. Regarding socio- demographic characteristics, only hospitals were found to be significant contributors to patient safety scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). Doctors working in Prince Osman Digna hospital have significantly higher patient safety measures than Kassala teaching hospital, Sinnar teaching hospital and Port Sudan teaching hospital (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing a full-time doctor was significantly related to a better accountability scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012) and patient safety scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020) than being a partial time doctor. Duration of working in the hospital, current position and type of department weren\u0026rsquo;t found to significantly contribute to patient safety \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctors who have direct contact/interaction with patients had significantly higher collaboration within their units than those who haven\u0026rsquo;t (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003), but significantly lower accountability (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025). Working days were also found to be a significant contributor to accountability scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030). Doctors who are used to working all week had the highest level in accountability, collaboration and patient safety Scales. They had a significantly higher accountability scale than who work 3 days per week (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020). The number of patient safety events witnessed were also significant contributors to collaboration scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), training and resource scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025) and patient safety scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009). Doctors who didn\u0026rsquo;t witness any event had the least patient safety scale and they had significantly less collaboration and patient safety scales than those who witnessed 3\u0026ndash;5 events in the past year (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029 and 0.013, respectively). Moreover, doctors who didn\u0026rsquo;t witness any event had significantly less training and resource scale than who witnessed 6\u0026ndash;10 events (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043). Witnessing medication errors, falls and infections had a significant contribution to patient safety scale (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, 0.004 and 0.028, respectively) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression was performed for patient safety scale. The model was statistically significant with R squire value of 0.052. All significant contributors to patient safety scale in the previous univariate analysis remained significant except the hospital which didn\u0026rsquo;t show significance in the model \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors against patient safety Scale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient Safety Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.505 (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Qadarif State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazira State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKassala State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed Sea State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRiver Nile State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite Nile State\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent City\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Douiem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Gadarif\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtbara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDongla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEl Obied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekassala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePort Sudan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of facility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate medical center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic medical center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospital\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Gadaref teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtbara Teaching Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKassal teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosti teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePort Sudan teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrince Osman Digna Referral Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabak teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinnar teaching hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Mean and SD of patient safety scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Correlation coefficient (r) and p-value by Pearson test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eOthers include: Blue Nil state, Darfur states, Khartoum state and Kordofan states.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003eOthers include multiple cities such as: Barbar, Shendi, Alfasher, Argo, Omdurman, New halfa, etc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate nature of the job variables against patient safety Scale and subscales (\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollaboration Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and resources Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccountability Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient Safety Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of working in this hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than one year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 1 and less than 2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull time/part time doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull-time doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart-time doctor(not officially registered in the hospital / medical centre )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral practitioner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntern doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecialist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany different hospital units, No specific unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical/surgical unit (non-surgical)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntensive Care Unit (ICU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutpatient or Ambulatory Care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical services (e.g., Radiology, Pharmacy)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour Room\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of specialty if specialized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot specialized\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObs and Gyn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e*p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate nature of the job variables against patient safety Scale and subscales (\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollaboration Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining and resources Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccountability Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient Safety Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays per week to work in hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of contact/interaction with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO, I typically do NOT have direct interaction or contact with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYES, I typically have direct interaction or contact with patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patients you see per day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u0026ndash;200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of errors witnessed by the physician \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication Errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure ulcers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Participants were allowed to select more than one option and each one was analyzed separately.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis for factors affecting patient safety Scale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.0% Confidence Interval for B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull time/part time doctor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patients' safety events witnessed by the physician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitnessing Medication Errors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitnessing Falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWitnessing Infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeveloping a safety culture is a recognized, cost-effective strategy for building resilient healthcare systems, even in resource-limited environments. However, while global standards are well-established, few studies address patient safety as a critical health strategy within active conflict zones. This study is the first of its kind in Sudan to explore the challenges of patient safety culture and the influencing factors among physicians operating amidst ongoing armed conflict.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical Workload and Exposure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrates that consistent clinical engagement and predictable work schedules are critical drivers of patient safety culture as our findings show that doctors working full-time throughout the entire week reported significantly higher scores in accountability and collaboration compared to part-time staff. This highlights clinical continuity as an important factor for a mature safety culture, whereby sustained clinician presence promotes longitudinal accountability and deeper personal commitment to patients’ overall outcomes. These observations were also reported in a review of studies on primary care physicians which found that part-time practice may negatively affect access and continuity of care, even though clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction may not always decline; this highlights that reduced presence is linked to disruptions in continuity, which matters for safe, coordinated care (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe frequent engagement facilitates relational coordination which is often diluted in fragmented or part-time schedules (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, increased transitions of responsibility (e.g., variable shifts, handovers) can elevate the risk of information decay and potential increase in communication failures during shift changes through increased handovers. Thus, a stable clinical rhythm is essential to mitigate the inherent risks of fragmented care and ensure robust information integrity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChallenges of patient safety in hospitals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis highlights numerous challenges undermining patient safety in hospitals amid conflict settings in the areas of medical and communication errors, infection related events, reporting transparency and institutional accountability. The reported findings point to a high prevalence of patient safety incidents among doctors, with a significant proportion witnessing infection-related events (58.4%), medication errors (53.2%), and communication errors (50.6%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high incidence of infection-related events is a predictable outcome in low resources and conflict settings. A WHO report found that in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 15 out of every 100 patients develop at least one healthcare-associated infection during their hospital stay (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The destruction and damage to healthcare infrastructure due to war was as stated by Rahamtalla et al. in their review about the impact of ongoing armed conflict on Sudan's healthcare system have led to significant facility closures and overcrowding in the few remaining operational centers (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). This inevitably compromises infection prevention and control measures. Furthermore, the war has severely disrupted access to clean water, sanitation, and essential hygiene supplies, both within healthcare facilities and in the wider community (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective communication is vital for patient safety, but in conflict-affected settings like Sudan, it is severely compromised as the study reported. The mass displacement of healthcare professionals and patients often leads to fragmented care records and difficulty in obtaining comprehensive patient histories. Also the breakdown of internal hospital communication systems, often reliant on electricity and functional IT infrastructure which are frequently disrupted, further contributes to errors (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Overcrowded facilities, a shrinking workforce, and high patient acuity reduce time for proper handovers and consultations (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The psychological strain on healthcare workers further hinders clear communication and sound decision-making (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical errors also show an alarming rate (53.2%) which indicates that over half of medication-related processes are compromised. This broad category includes administering the wrong medication, incorrect dosage, or even to the wrong patient, and can occur at any stage from prescribing to monitoring. The ongoing war is the primary driver of this high error rate as the collapse of the pharmaceutical supply chain has left clinicians dependent on unreliable or unfamiliar alternatives (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, extreme stress, fatigue, and overwhelming workloads caused by staff shortages impair doctors’ clinical decisions (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). With the total system collapse, these errors often go unnoticed or uncorrected and create a dangerous healthcare environment where patient health and safety are compromised, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated humanitarian and system level support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, the study shows weaknesses in patient safety culture among healthcare providers, especially in lack of open communication about errors, transparency in safety responses, and fear of speaking up against authority. These results reflect a fragile and hierarchical working environment where healthcare staff may feel unsafe or unsupported in reporting errors or challenging unsafe practices. This culture of silence and limited accountability hinders organizational learning, prevents the correction of systemic issues, and ultimately increases the risk of harm to patients (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). These findings are consistent with existing literature. The World Health Organization's Global Patient Safety Action Plan (2021–2030) highlights that a strong patient safety culture requires open, blame free communication and staff empowerment to report incidents without fear (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Roman et al. report that errors can stem from system failures, and recommended fostering an environment of transparency and learning (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). In conflict settings, these challenges are even more pronounced as healthcare workers often experience extreme stress, fear retaliation for reporting errors, and operate in systems lacking functional leadership. For example in Palestine, hospital nurses described how punitive responses to errors created a culture of fear, leading to underreporting and reluctance to discuss mistakes (24 ) which can contribute to unsafe patient care practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso the results highlight a gap in effective leadership engagement in patient safety. These findings also reflect a weak safety culture, where frontline healthcare workers feel their voices are neither heard nor valued. This aligns with observation of a national study in Iran which reported that “supervisor expectations and actions promoting patient safety” scored among the lowest safety culture dimensions and correlated with higher adverse event rates (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Also, a study showed that effective leadership significantly reduces burnout and improves teamwork and safety, with each 10-point increase in leadership scores linked to 52% lower odds of poor safety climate (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). When leadership is perceived as disengaged, staff are less likely to report safety issues, leading to underreporting, low morale, and ongoing risks. The absence of feedback or action also can have a huge effect on this aspect. So addressing this requires targeted leadership training, the implementation of non-punitive reporting systems, and the creation of structured feedback loops to ensure staff input leads to visible, meaningful change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother patient safety challenge observed in the study was the inadequate support from the Ministry of Health (MoH) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in implementing strategies, clinical protocols, and ensuring the availability of proper equipment in conflict-affected areas. This can reflect a systemic failure in institutional responsiveness during crisis situations. This finding is echoed in a study in Yemen that revealed how ongoing conflict, donor fragmentation, and politicization of aid created severe disruptions in medical supply chains, staff deployment, and protocol implementation, contributing to a breakdown in health system functionality (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, access restrictions and bureaucratic obstacles often prevent NGOs from reaching populations in urgent need. In Darfur, Sudan, a national report found that NGO operations were heavily constrained by government regulations and lack of clear MoH coordination mechanisms, which hindered effective deployment of health interventions during conflict (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). These gaps are further exacerbated by donor dependency, where health systems collapse once external support is withdrawn, as seen in post-crisis environments like the Central African Republic (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). So strengthening collaboration between MoH and NGOs, and investing in local systems is needed to ensure resilient and effective healthcare during crises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant concern was observed in perceived ineffectiveness of current measures to protect patients from violence and ensure their well-being during conflict-related disruptions in health services. This perception reflects deep structural vulnerabilities in the health system's emergency preparedness and protection protocols in conflict settings. During armed conflict, patients are often exposed not only to disrupted care but also to direct threats such as hospital attacks, forced displacement, and violence-related trauma. Studies from similar contexts such as Syria, Yemen, and the Central African Republic have shown that insecurity, lack of medical evacuation plans, insufficient physical protection, and poor continuity of care contribute significantly to preventable patient harm (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated safety protocols, coordination with security forces, and contingency planning to ensure patient safety amid escalating violence or service breakdowns in conflict-affected areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors Influencing Patient Safety Scores\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Role of Employment Status and Work Commitment:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings show a clear association between employment status, work commitment, and patient safety. Full-time doctors reported significantly higher patient safety and accountability scores, and those working full weeks showed greater accountability, collaboration, and patient safety. This suggests that consistent engagement within the healthcare system enhances patient care outcomes, even amidst the challenges of armed conflict. These findings may be explained by several interrelated factors. Full-time and consistently present healthcare providers are more likely to be familiar with unit-specific protocols, maintain stronger communication and teamwork dynamics, and engage more deeply in continuous clinical learning. They may also participate more regularly in institutional safety training and quality improvement initiatives (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). The consistency of full-time schedules also reduces the number of patient handovers, minimizing communication gaps, one of the leading causes of preventable errors in healthcare (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, part-time employment, though sometimes linked to improved patient satisfaction, has been associated with weaker continuity of care and decreased access, which may compromise safety in complex or resource-limited settings (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Given the ongoing conflict in Sudan, where instability, facility closures, and staff shortages are widespread (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), ensuring a stable, committed, and full-time workforce becomes not only beneficial but essential. Healthy shift-work scheduling, including minimizing long night shifts and quick returns, is also crucial in preventing shift work disorders (SWD) and sustaining healthcare worker wellness and safety performance (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn light of this, implementing system-level strategies such as regular safety huddles, and structured communication frameworks can promote collaboration, early problem identification, and team accountability (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePatient Contact and Its Complex Relationship with Safety Scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study also revealed a complex relationship between direct patient contact and perceived safety culture. Doctors who had direct patient interaction reported significantly higher collaboration within their units (p = 0.003), likely reflecting the operational demands of teamwork in front-line care delivery. Doctors are often required to coordinate rapidly across disciplines and respond swiftly to patient needs, which can enhance team cohesion. This finding aligns with prior studies highlighting communication and coordination as cornerstones of quality care, particularly in resource-constrained and conflict-affected settings (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, however, direct patient contact was associated with significantly lower accountability scores (p = 0.025). This counterintuitive finding can be interpreted in light of systemic strain. Healthcare workers providing direct care in crisis settings often face overwhelming clinical loads, emotional exhaustion, and limited support, all of which can reduce their ability to consistently follow protocols or report safety events (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). A large national study also confirmed that physicians experiencing burnout and fatigue were more likely to report major medical errors and assign lower safety grades to their work units (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the association between patient contact and lower safety ratings has been observed in various healthcare contexts, where providers at the front lines despite their collaboration feel less able to report incidents or are discouraged by blame-oriented institutional cultures (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). In Sudan, where facilities face attacks, staff displacement, and fragmented decision-making (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e), these challenges likely exacerbate tensions, and a weak culture of accountability may reflect contextual constraints rather than individual neglect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address this gap, creating a just culture that emphasizes learning rather than blame is essential for improving safety reporting and accountability (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Encouraging transparency, management support, and structured debriefings can empower clinicians even in high-stress environments to uphold safety standards. Additionally, risk assessment and organizational interventions such as optimizing shift work schedules and ensuring adequate rest are critical to minimizing fatigue-related risk and sustaining provider performance (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Transformative Impact of Witnessing Patient Safety Events\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the patient safety events, our results showed that the number of events witnessed was significantly related to improved outcomes across several patient safety scale domains, including collaboration (p = 0.006), training and resource perception (p = 0.025), and the overall patient safety scale (p = 0.009). These suggest that direct exposure to safety events appears to enhance safety awareness and engagement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicians who reported no witnessed events demonstrated the lowest scores across all patient safety domains. Compared with those who reported witnessing 3–5 events, this finding suggests that low or absent exposure to reported safety events should not be interpreted as an indicator of safer clinical practice. Instead, it may reflect limited safety awareness, under-reporting, or barriers to engagement with patient safety processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple studies have reported that healthcare professionals frequently under-report incidents due to factors such as fear of blame or punitive responses, lack of clarity about what to report, insufficient training, and weak support systems. For example, a systematic review of incident reporting behaviors identified fear of reprisal, negative attitudes toward reporting, and low knowledge and skills as key barriers to reporting that contribute to high under-reporting rates across settings (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Consistent research also suggests that strong safety cultures which are characterized by open communication, non-punitive responses to error, and active management support, are associated with increased incident reporting and enhanced perceptions of patient safety, whereas deficient safety cultures are linked to reduced reporting activity and lower safety culture scores (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, certain event types had an interestingly strong association with improved safety perceptions. Witnessing medication errors (p = 0.002), patient falls (p = 0.004), and infections (p = 0.028) significantly contributed to higher patient safety scores. These events are often more observable and emotionally impactful, potentially encouraging physicians to reflect more deeply on safety protocols and preventive strategies. Together, these results emphasize the value of real-world clinical exposure to safety incidents. Rather than protecting clinicians from such events, structured opportunities for observation, reflection, and discussion may improve patient safety culture and practice (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation:","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights that patient safety culture can be strengthened in conflict-affected health systems through improvements driven more by organizational practices, leadership, and learning approaches than by resources alone. In Sudan specifically, building a resilient patient safety culture requires a shift from hierarchical and punitive practices toward a learning-oriented environment that promotes clinical continuity. Key actions can include implementing non-punitive incident reporting, structured debriefings to translate errors into system improvements, standardized communication tools, and regular safety huddles. Strong leadership engagement is also essential to rebuild trust and ensure that frontline concerns result in tangible actions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the system level, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with international partners, should reinforce supply chains and integrate security measures to protect both patients and healthcare providers in conflict zones. Healthcare institutions must prioritize regular assessment of safety culture to understand staff perceptions and evaluate the effectiveness of patient safety programs and interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrucially, policymakers, researchers, and healthcare leaders in war-affected countries must recognize that patient safety is not just a healthcare concern but a critical public health priority, as ongoing conflict amplifies risks and costs lives. Further research on patient safety in Sudan should be conducted regularly at both hospital and national levels to guide evidence-based interventions under these challenging conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. Its cross-sectional design captures doctors’ perspectives at a single point in time, limiting causal inference between conflict and patient safety outcomes. Convenience sampling, used due to security and access constraints, may have introduced selection bias, underrepresenting physicians in inaccessible regions or with limited internet access. The reliance on self-reported, anonymous questionnaires carries the risk of recall bias. Additionally, the study was restricted to selected states within Sudan, which, despite efforts to ensure regional representation, may limit the generalizability of the findings to all conflict-affected areas in the country. However, due to hindrance in data collection, we were forced to collect 33 samples from other states-additionally to the selected eight- to reach the target sample size.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003efor this study was obtained from the Ministry of Health, White Nile State, Sudan (Application Reference No. 0240124), on 31 August 2024. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and no personal identifiers were collected to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDisclosure:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunding Sources:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants provided written informed consent for their data to be used in this study and for the publication of anonymized findings. Personal identifiers were not collected or published, ensuring participant confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMohamed H. Elbadawi, Nihal Elmubarak A. Hussein, Abrar Abd Elmohaimin Ali Mohammed, Baraa Adel Osman Taha, and Abobakr Almahi Mohammed Alkhalifa are co\u0026ndash;first authors and contributed equally to this work. They were involved in the study conception and design, development of the research methodology, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting the initial manuscript.Nuseiba Abdallah Mohammed Yassin, Reel Adel Hassan Khider, Nouraleman Hussein Bargo Dambai, and Mohammed Abdulkhaliq Alemam Yousif are secondary authors and contributed to data collection, data cleaning, literature review, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and overall technical and academic support.All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would also like to acknowledge the data collectors for their assistance distributing the questionnaire among universities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated during this study are included in this published article and its additional file. Additional datasets are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. Health care in conflict settings: WHO response in fragile contexts [Internet]. Geneva: WHO. 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInstitute of Medicine. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington (DC): National Academy; 2000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Patient safety primers [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jul 6]. 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Adv Health Sci Educ. 2009;14(4):595\u0026ndash;621.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Patient safety, armed conflict, Workforce, healthcare quality, Sudan, Leadership, Medication Errors, Communication","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disruption of healthcare systems during armed conflict poses a direct threat to patient safety and overall care quality. Since April 2023, escalating violence in Sudan has damaged health infrastructure and disrupted essential services, increasing the risk of preventable patient harm; however, evidence on how war affects patient safety culture from the perspective of frontline physicians remains limited, particularly in Sudan. This study aims to assess doctors\u0026rsquo; perspectives on the impact of armed conflict on patient safety in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024\u0026ndash;2025 among frontline physicians in Sudan with at least one month of wartime service. Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire adapted from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture Hospital Survey version 2.0. Convenience sampling was used due to access constraints. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were performed using SPSS version 26, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 666 physicians participated, with a mean patient safety score of 59.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1.Frequently reported safety events were infections (58.4%), medication errors (53.2%), and communication errors (50.6%). Transparency after event reports (20.4%) and speaking up against unsafe practices (20.1%) were infrequent, and few perceived supervisory or leadership support for safety (17.1\u0026ndash;19.2%). Over one-third (36.8%) judged patient safety systems inadequate during crises; 32% rated Ministry of Health support as poor, and 36.6% considered patient protection measures ineffective. Full-time work was associated with higher patient safety (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020) and accountability (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012). Direct patient contact increased collaboration (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) but reduced accountability (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025). Witnessed patient safety events significantly influenced collaboration (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), training and resources (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025), and patient safety scores (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eArmed conflict in Sudan has substantially compromised patient safety. Strengthening workforce stability, safety culture, and institutional support is essential to protect healthcare quality in conflict settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Healthcare Workers Perspective on the Effect of War on Patient’s Safety as a Measure of Quality of Provided Healthcare Services during Armed Conflicts in Sudan (2024/2025)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-20 09:52:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8867198/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21989228226520634444617580430776748189","date":"2026-03-29T13:24:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284887909882162572641532776927477853853","date":"2026-03-26T17:39:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"181143354119840142102160356859015146116","date":"2026-03-25T16:27:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-23T14:38:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223334553071999392728406905413983570745","date":"2026-03-23T08:41:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T04:29:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T04:01:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T08:52:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T08:49:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Health Services Research","date":"2026-02-13T03:57:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-health-services-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bhsr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Health Services Research](http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/BHSR/default.aspx","title":"BMC Health Services Research","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae9ff54d-5e4f-4462-962d-30add0bba0bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 20th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-20T09:52:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-20 09:52:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8867198","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8867198","identity":"rs-8867198","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}