ChatGPT to enhance learning in dental education at a historically black medical college

ChatGPT to enhance learning in dental education at a historically black medical college | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article ChatGPT to enhance learning in dental education at a historically black medical college Khandoker Rahad, Kianna Martin, Ihunna Amugo, Shania Ferguson, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract The recent rise of powerful large language model (LLM)-based AI tools, exemplified by ChatGPT and Bard, poses a great challenge to contemporary dental education while simultaneously offering a unique resource and approach that potentially complements today’s teaching and learning, where existing widely available learning resources have often fallen short. Although both the clinical and educational aspects of dentistry will be shaped profoundly by the LLM tools, the didactic curricula, which primarily rely on lecture-based courses where instructors impart knowledge through presentations and discussions, need to be upgraded urgently. In this paper, we used dental course materials, syllabi, and textbooks adopted currently in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College to assess the potential utility and effectiveness of ChatGPT in dental education. We collected the responses of the chatbot to questions as well as students' interactions with it for assessment. Our results showed that ChatGPT can assist in dental essay writing and generate relevant content for dental students, in addition to other benefits. The limitations of ChatGPT were also discussed in the paper. Dentistry Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Large language model ChatGPT Dentistry Dental Education Student Learning Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Large language model (LLM)-based AI chatbots, exemplified by ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) [1] and Google Bard [2], are remarkably capable of generating human-like responses across a wide spectrum of topics and text formats: formal, informal, content, and creative writing, etc. They pose both challenges and opportunities for the world of education [3-6]. In the context of computer language courses, researchers have harnessed their potential to provide valuable support, including debugging assistance, bug prediction and explanation, contributing to the resolution of programming challenges [5][6]. Moreover, they offer suggestions and code corrections, drawing upon their comprehension of the intricate relationships between code and bugs [5][6]. Comparing with other educational resources, ChatGPT and Bard demonstrate clear advantages in terms of cost, accuracy, customization, user-friendliness, seamless integration with existing tools, and scalability. Firat et al. explored the integration of ChatGPT in Learning Management Systems (LMS), platforms for delivering and managing online learning content and experiences [7]. ChatGPT enables students to quickly generate answers or essays with minimal efforts, presenting a challenge for instructors. Additionally, it occasionally generates fabricated contents or provides inaccurate answers to certain topics. To manage its risk [8], therefore, it is urgent for contemporary LMS to provide educators with tools to distinguish AI-generated text from human-generated content [8]. Another prominent concern is that the chatbot’s knowledge is limited to its training data, rendering it unaware of the latest events [9]. Instructors, however, may harness this limitation by requiring students to incorporate current events into their writing assignments. LLMs do not present the same challenges in dentistry as they do in other academic disciplines, because dental schools primarily use oral exams, practical assessments, and supervised patient treatments to evaluate students [10][11]. In fields that rely heavily on written assignments, including essay, thesis, or scientific paper writing, however, curriculum update at dental institutions is inevitable [10][11]. LLMs and other AI applications need to be carefully assessed, regulated, managed, and monitored to ensure their safe, ethical, and beneficial uses in dentistry [10][12]. Moreover, although the practical/clinical aspect of dental education is less affected by LLMs than the pedagogical aspect, the significant potential of LLMs for advancing clinical applications should not be underestimated. For instance, LLM-empowered virtual assistants can personalize not only learning content according to individual needs, but also the communication with patients [11][12]. This will help enhance educational/medical efficiency and reduce the corresponding costs. To fully realize the potential benefits of LLMs for dental education, the limitations and accuracy of LLMs needs to be assessed, so that effective quality control can be designed and implemented to safeguard against inaccurate and biased responses to dental-related queries [10]. Despite many analyses conducted to assess LLMs’ responses [11-13], the research in this area is still in its infancy, and the implications of LLMs for dental education remain insufficiently understood. In this paper, we explore the utility and effectiveness of LLMs to enhance dental students’ learning experiences, with a focus on the use of ChatGPT [1], one of the leading LLMs. This study was conducted in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College (MMC). MMC, as a historically black college/university (HBCU) and the first medical school for African Americans (AA) in the South, has trained over 40% of America’s AA dentists and produced 8% of the nation’s AA physicians. Notably, the majority of dental students and residents in MMC’s SOD are AA (constituting 80% of the student body) and three out of every four of them provide medical or dental services in urban or rural underserved communities. By leveraging ChatGPT to assist dental students in learning, this project can potentially enhance students’ academic performance, which, in turn, will empower MMC to better serve patients in underserved communities. Furthermore, this project was supported in part by a NIMHD supplement grant under award number U54MD007586 [14-16]. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study provides an exploratory assessment of ChatGPT’s utilities for enhancing pedagogical aspect of dental education. To evaluate how well ChatGPT can aid dental students in writing, we collected student essays and then embedded in them incorrect dental terminologies, e.g., wrong word order, improper capitalization and abbreviation, and the use of numerals in place of Roman numerals, etc. The essays were presented to ChatGPT to check if it can recognize and rectify these dental-specific terms. The dental terminologies used in the assessment were selected based on their prevalence in dental curricula. The essays used did not include any patient information - patient-related data was not used in any other experiment, either. Another type of data employed to assess ChatGPT comprises the test objectives of the National Board Examinations (INBDE), which was designed to aid dental boards in determining the qualifications of those seeking licensure to practice dentistry or dental hygiene. ChatGPT-generated outputs based on the INBDE codes for various dental subjects were evaluated by domain experts to verify their utility. ChatGPT was also tasked with responding to a diverse range of queries, including dental students’ assignments such as quizzes, dental literature-related questions, etc. This study was conducted using the free version of ChatGPT, i.e., version 3.5, which was available at the time when this project started, and which was the one consistently utilized throughout this project. Figure 1 provides an overview of our procedures for collecting and processing the data generated by ChatGPT. These steps are elaborated below: Dental study queries were created based on various categories of assessments in dental education. Dental queries were executed using ChatGPT’s web interface. ChatGPT generated responses were collected for downstream analysis. The collected data was analyzed. Six domain experts, who also serve as co-authors of this paper, were responsible for collecting data, generating questions for ChatGPT, and verifying its responses. This group included five dental students and a professor from the School of Dentistry. For ChatGPT generated results, the experts employed a Likert scale to assess their accuracy quantitatively. On the data captured, descriptive analyses, including means, median, and frequencies, were performed. To ensure reproducibility of the work, we validated some selected results. After conducting an initial experiment, we also asked similar set of questions a week later to check the robustness of ChatGPT’s responses. In addition, we followed the guideline as outlined in [17] in all our experiments, the results of which were presented in section below. RESULTS ChatGPT to Enhance Writing in Dental Education Essays and reflective writings are an important assessment tool in dental curriculum. They are used widely as a means to develop students’ critical thinking skills and communication skills. With ChatGPT’s ability to produce creative and content writing being well documented in other fields, to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT to assist dental students in writing, here we focused on evaluating its capability of recognizing and correcting dental terminologies in student essays. We collected essays from a group of dental students that describe dental histories of patients. Various types of errors that are commonly found in essays of dental students were added into these essays, such as incorrect alphabet order, improper capitalization and abbreviation, and numerals instead of Roman numerals. Table 1 shows some example errors, from which we can see that many capitalization errors, punctuation errors, spelling errors, subject-verb agreement errors, and other dental-specific errors require dental background to comprehend. We applied ChatGPT to the essays that contains artificially added errors to check if it can identify and rectify these errors. Figure 2 provides the result of our assessment, in which blue bars present the total number of errors, red bars present the total number of errors corrected by ChatGPT, X-axis represents error types, and Y-axis number of errors. It shows in the Figure 2 that ChatGPT successfully identified and corrected all the errors, indicating it can be a valuable tool for assisting dental students in writing. Accuracy of ChatGPT Responses The ability of LLMs such as ChatGPT to consistently provide accurate responses to questions is vital in dental education and practice, because this can not only help identify dental issues in an effective manner, but also enhance the applications and adoptions of LLMs in dentistry. On the other hand, inaccurate responses can create an image of untrustworthy or even be devastating, as precise and accurate results work as the key in clinical applications. To measure the accuracy of ChatGPT’s responses, we formulated a rubric, which is described in Table 2, to associate each criterion for evaluating ChatGPT responses with a grade. For simplicity, the scale of the rubric ranges from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating that a statement is not reflected in a ChatGPT output at all, grade 1 indicating a statement-related information is present but with discrepancies, 2 indicating slightly changed or altered wording in a ChatGPT response, and scale 3 indicating a precise statement is found in a ChatGPT response (Table 2). To make our work reproducible by peers, we used a selected set of published articles instead of confidential clinical notes as test data for this assessment. Table 3 shows the main topics of four recently published papers (1 st column) [10][11][18][19]. Take the Article 1 in the table as an example [10], which provides an overview of the implications of ChatGPT for dental medicine. For each key point in this paper (1 st column), we asked ChatGPT to summarize authors’ opinion. An abbreviated version of ChatGPT’s responses was provided in the 2 nd column of the table, so readers can easily compare with the key points in the 1 st column. The rubric defined in Table 2 was applied to grade ChatGPT’s responses. Our evaluation of ChatGPT’s responses was then provided in the last column of Table 3, which shows that ChatGPT received a grade 2 (or 2/3=66.67%) for most of the questions about this article. It indicates that its ability to accurately extract and synthesize information from this document still needs to be improved. The four articles in Table 3 cover a variety of topics about ChatGPT: benefits, concerns, scientific discovery and innovation, etc. For ChatGPT’s summary of the key points of these four articles, the highest rubric score is 2 (or 2/3=66.67%), the lowest one is 0, and the median score is 2 (or 66.67%). The overall accuracy of 66.67% and its lack of consistency across these articles indicate that ChatGPT is better used with caution when applied to appraise literature. This result is consistent with a recent study by Ali et al. [13], who observed that ChatGPT provided accurate responses to majority of knowledge-based assessments, while consistently underperformed for critical appraisal of literature [13]. Assistance in Test Preparation With testing being a critical part of teaching and learning, next we evaluated if ChatGPT can assist dental students in testing preparation. In dental education, the INBDE Dental Board Exam is one of the most important steps on a student’s journey to becoming a dentist. Here, INBDE, which stands for National Board Examinations, was designed to assist dental boards in determining the qualifications of those seeking licensure to practice dentistry or dental hygiene. For each INBDE code, we asked ChatGPT to generate a test question from a peer review resource. Its output was then evaluated by domain experts to confirm its relevance. Table 4 shows some example INBDE Test Objectives for dental examination and ChatGPT generated questions for them. As shown in Table 4, the subject areas in this assessment are broad and compressive, covering various aspects of the dental education in MMC’s SOD, including manual instructions for class 1 amalgam cavity preparation in an operative dentistry class, analysis of objectives for a nutrition class, study questions from a periodontics class, interpretation of dental radiographs for a dental radiography class, and analysis of chapter summary topics from a pathology class textbook, etc. The analysis of ChatGPT generated questions showed that it could bring diverse information together on a specific subject. In addition, some generated questions were inappropriate to be used directly for testing if without refinement, indicating that current version of ChatGPT still lacks higher-order intelligence that is required to correctly synthesize information. Despite its limitation, the questions and answers generated using ChatGPT still have some values. Some could potentially be used to help students identify subject areas that require additional efforts in their preparation for the INBDE test. Other Assessments We also conducted other assessments of ChatGPT. For example, we asked ChatGPT about dental health benefits of dietary fibers. ChatGPT responded with some recommendations as key benefits of dietary fibers: they promote regularity, reduce risk of colon cancer, help manage blood sugar, and lower cholesterol level, etc. Additionally, for a question about a dentistry operation procedure about class 1 amalgam preparation, ChatGPT response is very close to a dental expert recommendation in the area: ChatGPT summarized that class 1 amalgam preparation is a routine restorative procedure in operative dentistry and the key to a successful restoration is careful cavity preparation and amalgam condensation, followed by careful carving and polishing of the restoration. DISCUSSION In this paper, we explored the efficacy and potential applications of large language model (LLM)-based AI tools, in particular ChatGPT, in dental education. Our results demonstrated that ChatGPT can effectively recognize and correct dental terminologies and hence is a valuable tool for aiding dental students in writing. A potential limitation in our approach is that our assessment relied on manual evaluations, introducing an element of subjectivity, as different assessors may tend to have varying interpretations of errors. This variability could affect the accuracy and consistency of the error analysis. Furthermore, this study focused specifically on five categories of errors. Other types of errors or linguistic aspects that could influence writing quality were not considered. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is still needed for future scale-up studies. Furthermore, similar as other language models, ChatGPT may inherit biases inherent in its training data. These biases can influence its comprehension and correction of errors, potentially resulting in inconsistencies or inaccuracies in the suggestions it offers. It may also have inherent limitations in its grasp of complex grammar rules, contextual nuances, or domain-specific language. These limitations could impede its ability to accurately identify and rectify errors, particularly in complex cases or instances involving uncommon error types. The scope of this study needs to be expanded to encompass a longitudinal assessment of ChatGPT's sustained impact on student performance and learning outcomes. It is also imperative to delve into the ethical considerations entailed in the adoption of AI tools, including ChatGPT, within educational contexts. Additionally, the exploration of the potential integration of ChatGPT into established dental education frameworks and platforms holds promise for enhancing practicality and accessibility for students. Another intriguing avenue for further investigation lies in comparing ChatGPT with conventional methods commonly employed in dental education, such as grammar and spelling correction tools. Collecting feedback from a large cohort of dental students who have actively employed ChatGPT as an educational tool can yield invaluable insights into their individual experiences and perceptions. Additionally, gaining an understanding of the various ways students utilize ChatGPT, as well as their attitudes and overall satisfaction with the tool's assistance, could inform meaningful enhancements for the future. By embarking on these areas of investigation, we can gain deeper insights into the potential benefits, limitations, and implications associated with the integration of ChatGPT in dental education. CONCLUSION The recent rise of LLM-based AI chatbots, exemplified by ChatGPT and Bard, presents both opportunities and challenges in contemporary dental education. The pedagogical aspect of dentistry in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College predominantly revolves around lecture-based courses, where instructors disseminate knowledge through presentations and discussions. To address the challenges posed by the AI chatbots, this paper explored the potential utility and effectiveness of integrating ChatGPT into the pedagogical aspect of the dental education in the SOD. In our evaluation of ChatGPT's suitability for aiding dental students in writing, we observed its capability to effectively recognize and accurately rectify special dental terminologies, which require dental background for comprehension. This observation indicates ChatGPT can be a valuable writing assistant to help dental students with essay writing. Furthermore, we measured the aptitude of ChatGPT in responding to questions that we posed for a selection of published articles. Our assessment, based on a grading rubric, revealed a median accuracy of 66.7%. This suggests that while ChatGPT can extract and synthesize information from documents, there is room for improvement in its precision. We also investigated ChatGPT generated test questions to gauge their utility in assisting dental students in test preparation. We found some ChatGPT generated questions held potential value for students. It is important to acknowledge that the manual assessments employed in our study have imposed a limit on the scale of this pilot study. Notwithstanding this limitation, we believe that this work provides important information that would be vital for future scaling-up studies. Declarations Consent for publication : We give our consent for the publication of the manuscript including all tables and figures. Availability of data and materials : NA. Competing interests : There is no conflict of interest in connection with this article. Funding : The study was supported in part by grant U54MD007586 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), USA; grant 2117282 from the National Science Foundation (NSF), USA; grant 1OT2OD032581 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA; grant U01DE033241 from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), USA; and grant D34HP00002 from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), USA. Acknowledgements : The authors are grateful to all study participants for their contributions to this research. The authors also thank Mrs. SeTonia Cook at Meharry Medical College for helping with grant management and logistics. References ChatGPT | OpenAI. Available online: https://chat.openai.com (accessed on 26 December 2023). Bard | Google. Available online: https://bard.google.com/chat (accessed on 26 December 2023). Shidiq, M. The use of artificial intelligence-based Chat-GPT and its challenges for the world of education; from the viewpoint of the development of creative writing skills. Proceeding of International Conference on Education, Society and Humanity, May 2023 , 1(1), 353-357. Lo, C. K. What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Edu. Sci. 2023 , 13(4), 410. Surameery, N. M. S.; Shakor, M. Y. Use Chat GPT to Solve Programming Bugs. International Journal of Information Technology & Computer Engineering. 2023 , 3(1), 17-22. Rahman, M. M.; Watanobe, Y. ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Appl. Sci. 2023 , 13(9), 5783. Firat, M. Integrating AI applications into learning management systems to enhance e-learning. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning. 2023 , 4(1), 1-14. Bleumink, G.; Shikhule, A. Keeping AI Honest in Education: Identifying GPT-generated text. Edukado AI Research. 2023 , pp. 1-5. 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Eur J Dent Educ. 2023 , 00, 1-6. Wang, Q.; Gupta, V.; Cao, A.; Singhal, A.; Gary, T.; Adunyah, S. E. A Case Study of Enhancing the Data Science Capacity of an RCMI Program at a Historically Black Medical College. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023 , 20(6), 4775. Awad, C.S.; Deng, Y.; Kwagyan, J.; Roche-Lima, A.; Tchounwou, P.B.; Wang, Q.; Idris, M.Y. Summary of Year-One Effort of the RCMI Consortium to Enhance Research Capacity and Diversity with Data Science. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022 , 20, 279. Wang, Q.; Cao, A.; Gupta, V.; Singhal, A.; Gary, T. Data Science to Enhance Research Capacity of a Research-Intensive Medical College. Proceeding of the 2022 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) , December 2022 , pp. 2151-2152. Lebo, M. J.; Weber, C. An effective approach to the repeated cross-sectional design. Am. J. Pol. Sci. 2015 , 59(1), 242-258. Strunga, M.; Urban, R.; Surovková, J.; Thurzo, A. Artificial intelligence systems assisting in the assessment of the course and retention of orthodontic treatment. Healthcare. 2023 , 11(5), 683. Hao, D.; Wu, J.; Zhao, W.; Matinlinna, J. P.; Burrow, M. F.; Tsoi, J. K. H. Artificial intelligence in dentistry - A review. Front. Dent. Med. 2023 , 4, 1085251. Tables Table 1. Erroneous dental terminologies provided to ChatGPT for recognition and correction. Error type Examples incorrect terminologies provided to ChatGPT Corresponding correct terminologies Incorrect order MDO, BO, DMO, BDO MOD, OB, MOD, DOB Capitalization & abbreviation bw-xray BWX Capitalization mod, fmx, Unc-15 probing instrument, Pa xray, pan xray MOD, FMX, UNC, PA, PAN Numerals instead of Roman numerals Class 5 amalgam prep, Class 2 composite, Periodontics Stage 3, Mobility: Grade 1, Class 2 mobility Class V, Class II, Stage III, Grade I, Class II Table 1 . Rubrics for evaluating ChatGPT responses to questions. Grade Scale Criteria Description 3 Precise Statement Verbatim statement without alteration or deviation. 2 Altered Wording, Same Meaning Different wording but retains the original intent and meaning. 1 Related but with Discrepancies Vague, adds extra info, partially relevant, or omits some original information. 0 Not Presented in the ChatGPT Statement did not exist at all. Table 3. Assessing the accuracy of ChatGPT's summary of a published article [10][11][18][19]. Main topics in the article Summary of ChatGPT’s response Rubric value / accuracy (%) Article 1 ChatGPT’s implications for dental medicine LLMs for patient info & diagnosis Helps describe symptoms & history 2 / 66.67% LLMs for scalable telemedicine Convenient & cost-effective access 2 / 66.67% LLMs for real-time translation Information not found 0 / 0.00% ChatGPT not for medical guidance Not the most suitable tool 2 / 66.67% ChatGPT for insurance preauthorization Verifies insurance info 2 / 66.67% LLMs in dental schools Personalizes learning 24/7 1 / 33.33% Article 2 Benefits of ChatGPT Personalized learning for individual student needs Personalized experiences for students 2 / 66.67% Freeing up educators to focus on important issues Improved efficiency and productivity for educators 1 / 33.33% Article 3 Accelerated Scientific Discovery and Innovation Access to wide range of educational resources Enhanced accessibility to education 2 / 66.67% Article 4 Concerns about ChatGPT AI biases and discrimination Bias potential in AI algorithms 2 / 66.67% Decrease in human interaction and critical thinking Overreliance on AI hurts critical thinking 2 / 66.67% Plagiarism Data privacy and ownership concerns 1 / 33.33% AI's effectiveness in generating research papers - 0 / 0.00% Ethical concerns: transparency, accountability Lack of transparency and accountability 1 / 33.33% Median 2 / 66.67% LLM: Large Language Model Table 4. INBDE test questions generated by ChatGPT. INBDE Test Objective Peer-Review Resource Example Question CC#04 - Use clinical and epidemiological data to diagnose and establish a prognosis for dental abnormalities and pathology Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine How can oral pathologists use molecular methods to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer? CC#05 - Recognize the normal range of clinical findings and distinguish significant deviations that require monitoring, treatment, or management Journal of Dental Research How do gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers differ in healthy patients compared to those with periodontal disease? CC#06 - Predict the most likely diagnostic result given available patient information Journal of Endon tonics Can radiographic findings predict the success of non-surgical endodontic treatment? CC#07 - Interpret diagnostic results to inform understanding of the patient's condition Journal of Prosthetics Dentistry How can cone bear computed tomography be used to interpret implant placement and its effects on adjacent teeth? CC#10 - Select the diagnostic tools most likely to establish or confirm the diagnosis Journal of Periodontology What is the most effective diagnostic tool for identifying periodontitis in its early stages? CC#12 - Formulate a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plan for patient management Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery What is the recommended treatment plan for a patient with a mandibular fracture? CC#13 - Discuss etiologies, treatment alternatives, and prognoses with patients so they are educated and can make informed decisions concerning the management of their care Journal of American Dental Association What are the potential complications of a root canal procedure, and how can they be addressed? CC#22 - Prevent, diagnose, and manage periodontal diseases Journal of Clinical Periodontology What are the most effective non-surgical periodontal treatments for managing periodontitis? CC#41 - Evaluate scientific literature and integrate new knowledge and best research outcomes with patient values and other sources of information to make decisions about treatment Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice How can clinicians use evidence-based dentistry to make treatment decisions for patients with temporomandibular joint disorders? Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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19:23:52","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":48985305,"identity":"187f28ba-fd75-40ec-8d81-e0cc64654ad2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-29 23:10:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVisualization of data collection and analysis steps.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3546693/v2/43d54f7e3806f769d9703835.png"},{"id":48985304,"identity":"a0ebfebd-fd57-4579-a5a1-5de57ebe55c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-29 23:10:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVarious errors corrected by ChatGPT across essays on patients’ dental history.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3546693/v2/3f2ea77d219e30001e16f0df.png"},{"id":48985490,"identity":"ff89283d-cf9c-474e-abcb-ee63b7855736","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-29 23:18:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":436247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3546693/v2/2894fc03-4930-4bba-bb81-939e4ab5c010.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eChatGPT to enhance learning in dental education at a historically black medical college\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eLarge language model (LLM)-based AI chatbots, exemplified by ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) [1] and Google Bard [2], are remarkably capable of generating human-like responses across a wide spectrum of topics and text formats: formal, informal, content, and creative writing, etc. They pose both challenges and opportunities for the world of education [3-6]. In the context of computer language courses, researchers have harnessed their potential to provide valuable support, including debugging assistance, bug prediction and explanation, contributing to the resolution of programming challenges [5][6]. Moreover, they offer suggestions and code corrections, drawing upon their comprehension of the intricate relationships between code and bugs [5][6]. Comparing with other educational resources, ChatGPT and Bard demonstrate clear advantages in terms of cost, accuracy, customization, user-friendliness, seamless integration with existing tools, and scalability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirat et al. explored the integration of ChatGPT in Learning Management Systems (LMS), platforms for delivering and managing online learning content and experiences [7]. ChatGPT enables students to quickly generate answers or essays with minimal efforts, presenting a challenge for instructors. Additionally, it occasionally generates fabricated contents or provides inaccurate answers to certain topics. To manage its risk [8], therefore, it is urgent for contemporary LMS to provide educators with tools to distinguish AI-generated text from human-generated content [8]. Another prominent concern is that the chatbot\u0026rsquo;s knowledge is limited to its training data, rendering it unaware of the latest events [9]. Instructors, however, may harness this limitation by requiring students to incorporate current events into their writing assignments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLLMs do not present the same challenges in dentistry as they do in other academic disciplines, because dental schools primarily use oral exams, practical assessments, and supervised patient treatments to evaluate students [10][11]. In fields that rely heavily on written assignments, including essay, thesis, or scientific paper writing, however, curriculum update at dental institutions is inevitable [10][11]. LLMs and other AI applications need to be carefully assessed, regulated, managed, and monitored to ensure their safe, ethical, and beneficial uses in dentistry [10][12]. Moreover, although the practical/clinical aspect of dental education is less affected by LLMs than the pedagogical aspect, the significant potential of LLMs for advancing clinical applications should not be underestimated. For instance, LLM-empowered virtual assistants can personalize not only learning content according to individual needs, but also the communication with patients [11][12]. This will help enhance educational/medical efficiency and reduce the corresponding costs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo fully realize the potential benefits of LLMs for dental education, the limitations and accuracy of LLMs needs to be assessed, so that effective quality control can be designed and implemented to safeguard against inaccurate and biased responses to dental-related queries [10]. Despite many analyses conducted to assess LLMs\u0026rsquo; responses [11-13], the research in this area is still in its infancy, and the implications of LLMs for dental education remain insufficiently understood. In this paper, we explore the utility and effectiveness of LLMs to enhance dental students\u0026rsquo; learning experiences, with a focus on the use of ChatGPT [1], one of the leading LLMs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College (MMC). MMC, as a historically black college/university (HBCU) and the first medical school for African Americans (AA) in the South, has trained over 40% of America\u0026rsquo;s AA dentists and produced 8% of the nation\u0026rsquo;s AA physicians. Notably, the majority of dental students and residents in MMC\u0026rsquo;s SOD are AA (constituting 80% of the student body) and three out of every four of them provide medical or dental services in urban or rural underserved communities. By leveraging ChatGPT to assist dental students in learning, this project can potentially enhance students\u0026rsquo; academic performance, which, in turn, will empower MMC to better serve patients in underserved communities. Furthermore, this project was supported in part by a NIMHD supplement grant under award number U54MD007586 [14-16].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides an exploratory assessment of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s utilities for enhancing pedagogical aspect of dental education. To evaluate how well ChatGPT can aid dental students in writing, we collected student essays and then embedded in them incorrect dental terminologies, e.g., wrong word order, improper capitalization and abbreviation, and the use of numerals in place of Roman numerals, etc. The essays were presented to ChatGPT to check if it can recognize and rectify these dental-specific terms. The dental terminologies used in the assessment were selected based on their prevalence in dental curricula. The essays used did not include any patient information - patient-related data was not used in any other experiment, either.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother type of data employed to assess ChatGPT comprises the test objectives of the National Board Examinations (INBDE), which was designed to aid dental boards in determining the qualifications of those seeking licensure to practice dentistry or dental hygiene. ChatGPT-generated outputs based on the INBDE codes for various dental subjects were evaluated by domain experts to verify their utility. ChatGPT was also tasked with responding to a diverse range of queries, including dental students\u0026rsquo; assignments such as quizzes, dental literature-related questions, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted using the free version of ChatGPT, i.e., version 3.5, which was available at the time when this project started, and which was the one consistently utilized throughout this project. Figure 1 provides an overview of our procedures for collecting and processing the data generated by ChatGPT. These steps are elaborated below:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDental study queries were created based on various categories of assessments in dental education.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDental queries were executed using ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s web interface.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChatGPT generated responses were collected for downstream analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe collected data was analyzed. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSix domain experts, who also serve as co-authors of this paper, were responsible for collecting data, generating questions for ChatGPT, and verifying its responses. This group included five dental students and a professor from the School of Dentistry. For ChatGPT generated results, the experts employed a Likert scale to assess their accuracy quantitatively. On the data captured, descriptive analyses, including means, median, and frequencies, were performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure reproducibility of the work, we validated some selected results. After conducting an initial experiment, we also asked similar set of questions a week later to check the robustness of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s responses. In addition, we followed the guideline as outlined in [17] in all our experiments, the results of which were presented in section below.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChatGPT to Enhance Writing in Dental Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEssays and reflective writings are an important assessment tool in dental curriculum. They are used widely as a means to develop students\u0026rsquo; critical thinking skills and communication skills. With ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s ability to produce creative and content writing being well documented in other fields, to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT to assist dental students in writing, here we focused on evaluating its capability of recognizing and correcting dental terminologies in student essays.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe collected essays from a group of dental students that describe dental histories of patients. Various types of errors that are commonly found in essays of dental students were added into these essays, such as incorrect alphabet order, improper capitalization and abbreviation, and numerals instead of Roman numerals. Table 1 shows some example errors, from which we can see that many capitalization errors, punctuation errors, spelling errors, subject-verb agreement errors, and other dental-specific errors require dental background to comprehend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe applied ChatGPT to the essays that contains artificially added errors to check if it can identify and rectify these errors. Figure 2 provides the result of our assessment, in which blue bars present the total number of errors, red bars present the total number of errors corrected by ChatGPT, X-axis represents error types, and Y-axis number of errors. It shows in the Figure 2 that ChatGPT successfully identified and corrected all the errors, indicating it can be a valuable tool for assisting dental students in writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccuracy of ChatGPT Responses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ability of LLMs such as ChatGPT to consistently provide accurate responses to questions is vital in dental education and practice, because this can not only help identify dental issues in an effective manner, but also enhance the applications and adoptions of LLMs in dentistry. On the other hand, inaccurate responses can create an image of untrustworthy or even be devastating, as precise and accurate results work as the key in clinical applications.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo measure the accuracy of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s responses, we formulated a rubric, which is described in Table 2, to associate each criterion for evaluating ChatGPT responses with a grade. For simplicity, the scale of the rubric ranges from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating that a statement is not reflected in a ChatGPT output at all, grade 1 indicating a statement-related information is present but with discrepancies, 2 indicating slightly changed or altered wording in a ChatGPT response, and scale 3 indicating a precise statement is found in a ChatGPT response (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo make our work reproducible by peers, we used a selected set of published articles instead of confidential clinical notes as test data for this assessment. Table 3 shows the main topics of four recently published papers (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e column) [10][11][18][19]. Take the Article 1 in the table as an example [10], which provides an overview of the implications of ChatGPT for dental medicine. For each key point in this paper (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e column), we asked ChatGPT to summarize authors\u0026rsquo; opinion. An abbreviated version of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s responses was provided in the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e column of the table, so readers can easily compare with the key points in the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e column.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rubric defined in Table 2 was applied to grade ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s responses. Our evaluation of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s responses was then provided in the last column of Table 3, which shows that ChatGPT received a grade 2 (or 2/3=66.67%) for most of the questions about this article. It indicates that its ability to accurately extract and synthesize information from this document still needs to be improved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe four articles in Table 3 cover a variety of topics about ChatGPT: benefits, concerns, scientific discovery and innovation, etc. For ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s summary of the key points of these four articles, the highest rubric score is 2 (or 2/3=66.67%), the lowest one is 0, and the median score is 2 (or 66.67%). The overall accuracy of 66.67% and its lack of consistency across these articles indicate that ChatGPT is better used with caution when applied to appraise literature. This result is consistent with a recent study by Ali \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [13], who observed that ChatGPT provided accurate responses to majority of knowledge-based assessments, while consistently underperformed for critical appraisal of literature [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssistance in Test Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith testing being a critical part of teaching and learning, next we evaluated if ChatGPT can assist dental students in testing preparation. In dental education,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;INBDE\u0026nbsp;Dental\u0026nbsp;Board Exam\u0026nbsp;is one of the most important steps on a student\u0026rsquo;s journey to becoming a dentist.\u0026nbsp;Here, INBDE, which stands for National Board Examinations, was designed to assist dental boards in determining the qualifications of those seeking licensure to practice dentistry or dental hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each INBDE code, we asked ChatGPT to generate a test question from a peer review resource. Its output was then evaluated by domain experts to confirm its relevance. Table 4 shows some example INBDE Test Objectives for dental examination and ChatGPT generated questions for them. As shown in Table 4, the subject areas in this assessment are broad and compressive, covering various aspects of the dental education in MMC\u0026rsquo;s SOD, including manual instructions for class 1 amalgam cavity preparation in an operative dentistry class, analysis of objectives for a nutrition class, study questions from a periodontics class, interpretation of dental radiographs for a dental radiography class, and analysis of chapter summary topics from a pathology class textbook, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of ChatGPT generated questions showed that it could bring diverse information together on a specific subject. In addition, some generated questions were inappropriate to be used directly for testing if without refinement, indicating that current version of ChatGPT still lacks higher-order intelligence that is required to correctly synthesize information. Despite its limitation, the questions and answers generated using ChatGPT still have some values. Some could potentially be used to help students identify subject areas that require additional efforts in their preparation for the INBDE test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther Assessments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also conducted other assessments of ChatGPT. For example, we asked ChatGPT about dental health benefits of dietary fibers. ChatGPT responded with some recommendations as key benefits of dietary fibers: they promote regularity, reduce risk of colon cancer, help manage blood sugar, and lower cholesterol level, etc. Additionally, for a question about a dentistry operation procedure about class 1 amalgam preparation, ChatGPT response is very close to a dental expert recommendation in the area: ChatGPT summarized that class 1 amalgam preparation is a routine restorative procedure in operative dentistry and the key to a successful restoration is careful cavity preparation and amalgam condensation, followed by careful carving and polishing of the restoration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we explored the efficacy and potential applications of large language model (LLM)-based AI tools, in particular ChatGPT, in dental education. Our results demonstrated that ChatGPT can effectively recognize and correct dental terminologies and hence is a valuable tool for aiding dental students in writing. A potential limitation in our approach is that our assessment relied on manual evaluations, introducing an element of subjectivity, as different assessors may tend to have varying interpretations of errors. This variability could affect the accuracy and consistency of the error analysis. Furthermore, this study focused specifically on five categories of errors. Other types of errors or linguistic aspects that could influence writing quality were not considered. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is still needed for future scale-up studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, similar as other language models, ChatGPT may inherit biases inherent in its training data. These biases can influence its comprehension and correction of errors, potentially resulting in inconsistencies or inaccuracies in the suggestions it offers. It may also have inherent limitations in its grasp of complex grammar rules, contextual nuances, or domain-specific language. These limitations could impede its ability to accurately identify and rectify errors, particularly in complex cases or instances involving uncommon error types.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scope of this study needs to be expanded to encompass a longitudinal assessment of ChatGPT\u0026apos;s sustained impact on student performance and learning outcomes. It is also imperative to delve into the ethical considerations entailed in the adoption of AI tools, including ChatGPT, within educational contexts. Additionally, the exploration of the potential integration of ChatGPT into established dental education frameworks and platforms holds promise for enhancing practicality and accessibility for students. Another intriguing avenue for further investigation lies in comparing ChatGPT with conventional methods commonly employed in dental education, such as grammar and spelling correction tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollecting feedback from a large cohort of dental students who have actively employed ChatGPT as an educational tool can yield invaluable insights into their individual experiences and perceptions. Additionally, gaining an understanding of the various ways students utilize ChatGPT, as well as their attitudes and overall satisfaction with the tool\u0026apos;s assistance, could inform meaningful enhancements for the future. By embarking on these areas of investigation, we can gain deeper insights into the potential benefits, limitations, and implications associated with the integration of ChatGPT in dental education.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe recent rise of LLM-based AI chatbots, exemplified by ChatGPT and Bard, presents both opportunities and challenges in contemporary dental education. The pedagogical aspect of dentistry in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College predominantly revolves around lecture-based courses, where instructors disseminate knowledge through presentations and discussions. To address the challenges posed by the AI chatbots, this paper explored the potential utility and effectiveness of integrating ChatGPT into the pedagogical aspect of the dental education in the SOD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our evaluation of ChatGPT\u0026apos;s suitability for aiding dental students in writing, we observed its capability to effectively recognize and accurately rectify special dental terminologies, which require dental background for comprehension. This observation indicates ChatGPT can be a valuable writing assistant to help dental students with essay writing. Furthermore, we measured the aptitude of ChatGPT in responding to questions that we posed for a selection of published articles. Our assessment, based on a grading rubric, revealed a median accuracy of 66.7%. This suggests that while ChatGPT can extract and synthesize information from documents, there is room for improvement in its precision. We also investigated ChatGPT generated test questions to gauge their utility in assisting dental students in test preparation. We found some ChatGPT generated questions held potential value for students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important to acknowledge that the manual assessments employed in our study have imposed a limit on the scale of this pilot study. Notwithstanding this limitation, we believe that this work provides important information that would be vital for future scaling-up studies. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: \u0026nbsp;We give our consent for the publication of the manuscript\u0026nbsp;including all tables and figures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e: \u0026nbsp;NA. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e: There is no conflict of interest in connection with this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The study was supported in part by grant U54MD007586 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), USA; grant 2117282 from the National Science Foundation (NSF), USA; grant 1OT2OD032581 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA; grant U01DE033241 from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), USA; and grant D34HP00002 from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), USA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e: \u0026nbsp;The authors are grateful to all study participants for their contributions to this research. The authors also thank Mrs. SeTonia Cook at Meharry Medical College for helping with grant management and logistics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChatGPT | OpenAI. Available online: https://chat.openai.com (accessed on 26 December 2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBard | Google. Available online: https://bard.google.com/chat (accessed on 26 December 2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShidiq, M. The use of artificial intelligence-based Chat-GPT and its challenges for the world of education; from the viewpoint of the development of creative writing skills. \u003cem\u003eProceeding of International Conference on Education, Society and Humanity,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMay 2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 1(1), 353-357.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLo, C. K. What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. \u003cem\u003eEdu. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 13(4), 410.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSurameery, N. M. S.; Shakor, M. Y. Use Chat GPT to Solve Programming Bugs. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Information Technology \u0026amp; Computer Engineering.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 3(1), 17-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRahman, M. M.; Watanobe, Y. ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. \u003cem\u003eAppl. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 13(9), 5783.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFirat, M. Integrating AI applications into learning management systems to enhance e-learning. \u003cem\u003eInstructional Technology and Lifelong Learning.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 4(1), 1-14.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBleumink, G.; Shikhule, A. Keeping AI Honest in Education: Identifying GPT-generated text. \u003cem\u003eEdukado AI Research.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, pp. 1-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFive Ideas for How Professors Can Deal with GPT-3 ... For Now. Available online: https://christianscholars.com/four-ideas-for-how-professors-can-deal-with-gpt-3for-now/ (accessed on October 30, 2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEggmann F.; Weiger R.; Zitzmann N.; Blatz MB. Implications of large language models such as ChatGPT for dental medicine. \u003cem\u003eJ Esthet Restor Dent. \u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 35, 1098\u0026ndash;1102.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThurzo, A.; Strunga, M.; Urban, R.; Surovkov\u0026aacute;, J.; Afrashtehfar, K.I. Impact of artificial intelligence on dental education: a review and guide for curriculum update. \u003cem\u003eEduc. Sci.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 13(2), 150.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuang, H.; Zheng, O.,;Wang, D.; Yin J.; Wang, Z.; Ding, S.;. Yin, H.; Xu C.; Yang R.; Zheng Q.; Shi B. ChatGPT for shaping the future of dentistry: the potential of multi-modal large language model. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Oral Science.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 15(1), 29.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAli, K.; Barhom, N.; Tamimi, F.; Duggal, M. ChatGPT - A double‐edged sword for healthcare education? Implications for assessments of dental students. \u003cem\u003eEur J Dent Educ.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 00, 1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang, Q.; Gupta, V.; Cao, A.; Singhal, A.; Gary, T.; Adunyah, S. E. A Case Study of Enhancing the Data Science Capacity of an RCMI Program at a Historically Black Medical College. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 20(6), 4775.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAwad, C.S.; Deng, Y.; Kwagyan, J.; Roche-Lima, A.; Tchounwou, P.B.; Wang, Q.; Idris, M.Y. Summary of Year-One Effort of the RCMI Consortium to Enhance Research Capacity and Diversity with Data Science. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e, 20, 279.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang, Q.; Cao, A.; Gupta, V.; Singhal, A.; Gary, T. Data Science to Enhance Research Capacity of a Research-Intensive Medical College. \u003cem\u003eProceeding of the 2022 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eDecember 2022\u003c/strong\u003e, pp. 2151-2152.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLebo, M. J.; Weber, C. An effective approach to the repeated cross-sectional design. \u003cem\u003eAm. J. Pol. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 59(1), 242-258.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrunga, M.; Urban, R.; Surovkov\u0026aacute;, J.; Thurzo, A. Artificial intelligence systems assisting in the assessment of the course and retention of orthodontic treatment. \u003cem\u003eHealthcare.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 11(5), 683.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHao, D.; Wu, J.; Zhao, W.; Matinlinna, J. P.; Burrow, M. F.; Tsoi, J. K. H. Artificial intelligence in dentistry - A review. \u003cem\u003eFront. Dent. Med.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, 4, 1085251. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1. \u0026nbsp;Erroneous dental terminologies provided to ChatGPT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;for recognition and correction.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width:99.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.34%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:39.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eError type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:39.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eExamples incorrect terminologies provided to ChatGPT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.66%;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:39.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCorresponding correct terminologies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.34%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:25.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eIncorrect order\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:25.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMDO, BO, DMO, BDO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.66%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:25.15pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMOD, OB, MOD, DOB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.34%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:36.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCapitalization \u0026amp; abbreviation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:36.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003ebw-xray\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.66%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:36.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eBWX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.34%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:37.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCapitalization\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:37.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003emod, fmx, Unc-15 probing instrument, Pa xray, pan xray\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.66%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:37.3pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMOD, FMX, UNC, PA, PAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:22.34%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:53.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:95%;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eNumerals instead of Roman numerals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:45.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:53.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eClass 5 amalgam prep, Class 2 composite, Periodontics Stage 3, Mobility: Grade 1, Class 2 mobility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.66%;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in .7pt 0in .7pt;height:53.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:13.0pt;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eClass V, Class II, Stage III, Grade I, Class II\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e. Rubrics for evaluating ChatGPT responses to questions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:466.75pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 15.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGrade\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176.55pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 15.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScale Criteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240.7pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 15.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDescription\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrecise Statement \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 20.55pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVerbatim statement without alteration or deviation. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAltered Wording, Same Meaning \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDifferent wording but retains the original intent and meaning. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRelated but with Discrepancies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 30.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVague, adds extra info, partially relevant, or omits some original information.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 16.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176.55pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 16.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNot Presented in the ChatGPT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 16.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eStatement did not exist at all. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:90%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:90%;font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:90%;\"\u003eTable 3. Assessing the accuracy of ChatGPT\u0026apos;s summary of a published article [10][11][18][19].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width:520.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 7.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMain topics in the article\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 7.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSummary of ChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s response\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 7.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRubric value / accuracy (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 432.45pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 0.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eArticle 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eChatGPT\u0026rsquo;s implications for dental medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 0.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLLMs for patient info \u0026amp; diagnosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHelps describe symptoms \u0026amp; history\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLLMs for scalable telemedicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eConvenient \u0026amp; cost-effective access\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLLMs for real-time translation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eInformation not found\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0 / 0.00%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eChatGPT not for medical guidance\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNot the most suitable tool\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eChatGPT for insurance preauthorization\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVerifies insurance info\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border: medium;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLLMs in dental schools\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 193.7pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePersonalizes learning 24/7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 86.05pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 6.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 / 33.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 520.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eArticle 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eBenefits of ChatGPT\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePersonalized learning for individual student needs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePersonalized experiences for students \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 8.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFreeing up educators to focus on important issues \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eImproved efficiency and productivity for educators \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1 / 33.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 520.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eArticle 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAccelerated Scientific Discovery and Innovation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAccess to wide range of educational resources \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEnhanced accessibility to education \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 520.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eArticle 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eConcerns about ChatGPT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAI biases and discrimination \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eBias potential in AI algorithms \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 3.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDecrease in human interaction and critical thinking \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eOverreliance on AI hurts critical thinking \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePlagiarism\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eData privacy and ownership concerns \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1 / 33.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAI\u0026apos;s effectiveness in generating research papers \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border: medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0 / 0.00%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 238.75pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eEthical concerns: transparency, accountability \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 198.25pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:left;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLack of transparency and accountability \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1 / 33.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 437pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 83.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;line-height:13.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2 / 66.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border:none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width:519.35pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 391.5pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLLM: Large Language Model\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.35pt;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-style: solid none none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 1.45pt 5.75pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:left;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:left;line-height:90%;font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:90%;\"\u003eTable 4. INBDE test questions generated by ChatGPT.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width:7.2in;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eINBDE Test Objective\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003ePeer-Review Resource\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: 1pt medium;border-style: solid none;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eExample Question\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#04 - Use clinical and epidemiological data to diagnose and establish a prognosis for dental abnormalities and pathology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Oral Pathology and Medicine\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eHow can oral pathologists use molecular methods to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#05 - Recognize the normal range of clinical findings and distinguish significant deviations that require monitoring, treatment, or management\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Dental Research\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eHow do gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers differ in healthy patients compared to those with periodontal disease?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#06 - Predict the most likely diagnostic result given available patient information\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Endon tonics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCan radiographic findings predict the success of non-surgical endodontic treatment?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#07 - Interpret diagnostic results to inform understanding of the patient\u0026apos;s condition\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Prosthetics Dentistry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eHow can cone bear computed tomography be used to interpret implant placement and its effects on adjacent teeth?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#10 - Select the diagnostic tools most likely to establish or confirm the diagnosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Periodontology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eWhat is the most effective diagnostic tool for identifying periodontitis in its early stages?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#12 - Formulate a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plan for patient management\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 23.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWhat is the recommended treatment plan for a patient with a mandibular fracture?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#13 - Discuss etiologies, treatment alternatives, and prognoses with patients so they are educated and can make informed decisions concerning the management of their care\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:130.4pt;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of American Dental Association\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eWhat are the potential complications of a root canal procedure, and how can they be addressed?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#22 - Prevent, diagnose, and manage periodontal diseases\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Clinical Periodontology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eWhat are the most effective non-surgical periodontal treatments for managing periodontitis?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 211.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eCC#41 - Evaluate scientific literature and integrate new knowledge and best research outcomes with patient values and other sources of information to make decisions about treatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eJournal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198.9pt;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-style: none none solid;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 49.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;font-style:italic;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;font-style:normal;'\u003eHow can clinicians use evidence-based dentistry to make treatment decisions for patients with temporomandibular joint disorders?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:95%;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"60dd1399-7b10-488b-b673-6a3872241914","identifier":"10.13039/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","awardNumber":"U54MD007586","order_by":0},{"identity":"a52fe5a4-1c93-424a-ac79-1137f9db51cf","identifier":"10.13039/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","awardNumber":"2117282","order_by":1},{"identity":"639e6112-7c23-48ff-910e-667036828e5d","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"1OT2OD032581","order_by":2},{"identity":"ff51414a-60c7-4b85-8074-360368705491","identifier":"10.13039/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","awardNumber":"U01DE033241","order_by":3},{"identity":"76111367-355c-4667-b23b-e873b44c4d53","identifier":"10.13039/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","awardNumber":"D34HP00002","order_by":4}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Meharry Medical College","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Large language model, ChatGPT, Dentistry, Dental Education, Student Learning","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe recent rise of powerful large language model (LLM)-based AI tools, exemplified by ChatGPT and Bard, poses a great challenge to contemporary dental education while simultaneously offering a unique resource and approach that potentially complements today\u0026rsquo;s teaching and learning, where existing widely available learning resources have often fallen short. Although both the clinical and educational aspects of dentistry will be shaped profoundly by the LLM tools, the didactic curricula, which primarily rely on lecture-based courses where instructors impart knowledge through presentations and discussions, need to be upgraded urgently. In this paper, we used dental course materials, syllabi, and textbooks adopted currently in the School of Dentistry (SOD) at Meharry Medical College to assess the potential utility and effectiveness of ChatGPT in dental education. We collected the responses of the chatbot to questions as well as students' interactions with it for assessment. Our results showed that ChatGPT can assist in dental essay writing and generate relevant content for dental students, in addition to other benefits. The limitations of ChatGPT were also discussed in the paper.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"ChatGPT to enhance learning in dental education at a historically black medical college","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2023-12-29 23:10:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-11-07 18:04:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2dfb3d19-7350-4f37-9aba-b4b6281e1dbb","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":27871748,"name":"Dentistry"},{"id":27871749,"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-11-07T18:04:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-12-29 23:10:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-3546693","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3546693","identity":"rs-3546693","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}