Phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic and non-pathogenicTrichodermaisolates from plants, soil and commercial bio products

Abstract Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are found worldwide in various types of soil, plant rhizospheres, and plant materials. Several Trichoderma spp. are used in crop health management to promote growth and control plant diseases. Although widely considered beneficial, some members have been reported to be pathogenic to maize, causing a disease called Trichoderma ear rot. Since 2018, T. afroharzianum has caused significant infections of maize cobs in Germany, France and Italy. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity and phylogenetic relationships among different Trichoderma strains from diverse sources and geographical origins. Species identification and phylogenetic analysis were performed by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and RNA polymerase II subunit B (RBP2) genes, and pathogenicity was tested by artificially inoculating maize cobs under controlled greenhouse conditions. A total of 131 isolates were analyzed and assigned to 20 Trichoderma species. Among these, 39 isolates from six species were pathogenic, causing symptoms of green spore layers between kernels and husk leaves. While previous studies primarily identified T. afroharzianum as the main species causing Trichoderma ear rot, this study found that isolates of T. asperellum, T. atroviride and T. guizhouense also exhibit pathogenicity on maize cobs. Additionally, Trichoderma strains from commercial biocontrol products displayed unexpected pathogenicity inducing up to 92% disease severity on maize cobs. Most T. afroharzianum strains induced high levels of disease severity, although some isolates of the same species did not cause any disease, indicating a large heterogeneity in pathogenicity within the species. Notably, phylogeny reconstruction based on the TEF1-α and RBP2 genes, did not result in any discernible clustering between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. A further novel finding is the isolation of pathogenic Trichoderma isolates from soil, demonstrating that soil can serve as a reservoir for pathogenic species. This study highlights the need for careful selection and monitoring of Trichoderma strains for agricultural use, considering their beneficial and pathogenic potential. Author Summary In this study, we explored the ability of different Trichoderma species to infect maize plants. Trichoderma is a group of fungi known for its beneficial role in agriculture, often used as a biological pesticide to control fungal plant diseases. However, some species within this group can also act as pathogens, causing infections in crops like maize. We found that one species, T. afroharzianum, is particularly aggressive, capable of infecting maize without the plant being wounded first. This makes it a potentially serious threat to crop health. In contrast, other species, such as T. atroviride and T. asperellum, only caused infections when the maize was already damaged. Our research suggests that pathogenic Trichoderma species not only effectively infect plants but can also survive well in soil, making their control difficult. These findings highlight the need for better understanding of how these fungi operate in order to manage the risks they pose to important crops like maize, while still taking advantage of their beneficial uses in agriculture. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.