Can lithium salts alter the size and morphology of the Madagascar hissing cockroach’s neuroendocrine system?

Can lithium salts alter the size and morphology of the Madagascar hissing cockroach’s neuroendocrine system? | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Can lithium salts alter the size and morphology of the Madagascar hissing cockroach’s neuroendocrine system? Rafal W . Wojciak, Paweł Marciniak, Malgorzata Slocinska This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lithium salts have been used in psychiatry for decades as normothymics. The full mechanism of action of these drugs is not yet known. The limited work on lithium suggests that it may affect brain structure and size in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the effect of lithium citrate and carbonate on the neuroendocrine system of Madagascar cockroaches. The animals were fed with the control and test diets (enriched with lithium citrate and carbonate at 0.1 and 0.01%, respectively). After anaesthesia, the insects were decapitated, and the brain and retrocerebral complex were removed. The study showed significant changes in the morphology of the examined elements of the neuroendocrine system of insects consuming lithium in the diet, mainly consisting of the enlargement of the examined structures, with increased doses of lithium and the preparation administered in the form of citrate having a greater effect. The morphotic changes in the endocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach exposed to lithium shown in this study may suggest that a similar phenomenon occurs in humans and animals exposed to lithium from the environment, food, or drugs. Further research on this topic may shed more light on the phenomenon. Biological sciences/Neuroscience Biological sciences/Psychology Biological sciences/Zoology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Madagascar hissing cockroach lithium citrate lithium carbonate neuroendocrine system corpora cardiaca corpora allata Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Lithium, especially in the form of carbonate, is a very effective drug used in psychiatry. It has normothymic effects, i.e., it can normalize the emotional states and behaviors of patients suffering from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression 1 , 2 . The mechanism of action of lithium in this regard is not fully known. Most lithium salts are highly soluble in water, which is why they are easily absorbed in the human digestive tract; hence, they are administered orally 3 . Presumably, this element acts as an inhibitor of enzymes that are key to the functioning of neurotransmitter systems inside neurons 4 . For example, lithium is a strong inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B), which is an enzyme that plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system and influences the density and function of synapses in people suffering from affective disorders 5 , 6 . Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta regulates gene transcription and affects apoptosis, cell structure, stress resistance, synaptic plasticity, and, ultimately, biological rhythms. The inhibitory effect of lithium on GSK-3B is probably important for the mechanism of therapeutic action of lithium in affective and neurodegenerative diseases because this enzyme also plays a role in the metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein and is also important in the phosphorylation of tau protein. On the other hand, Rybakowski 7 suggested that the effect of lithium on GSK-3B may cause side effects, including disruption of the function of the thyroid gland and kidneys. Lithium also affects the metabolism of magnesium, and according to Birch 8 , its urinary excretion significantly increases in people treated with this element. Lithium also inhibits inositol monophosphatase-1, which causes the depletion of inositol stores and, according to one hypothesis, may be a therapeutic factor in affective disorders 9 . Moreover, the inhibition of protein C kinase and adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine monophosphate, also plays a role in the mechanism of action of lithium. As described by Rybakowski 7 , an important element of this system is the CREB protein activated by lithium (cellular transcription factor, protein binding the C-AMP response element, i.e., protein binding to CRE), which is a specific transcription factor and a regulator of the expression of many genes. Lithium probably also stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is necessary for the proper functioning and survival of neurons. Brain trophic factors modulate the activity of many neurotransmitters, including glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin; hence, abnormalities in the neurotrophin system are important in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective diseases. Experimental studies using experimental animals have shown that lithium increases the expression of the BDNF gene in the brain, and one of the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon is the activation of the CREB protein 10 . Clinical studies have shown that the concentration of BDNF in serum is reduced during manic and depressive episodes and increases after the use of lithium 11 . One might assume that the described effects of lithium would be reflected in the structure of the brain. There are few data on this subject. Observations of people treated with lithium, as well as studies on rodents, have shown that lithium increases the weight of the total brain and gray matter, the thickness of the cerebral cortex, and the intensification of neurotransmitter activity 12 – 14 . It is assumed that the enlargement of brain structures may be related to the intensification of brain plasticization processes under the influence of lithium compounds 15 . There are no clear works on this subject. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of lithium compounds (citrate and carbonate) on the morphology of the neuroendocrine system of the Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina coquereliana. The size and dimensions of the brain and retrocerebral complex were assessed. Results Figures 2-3 show the influence of the tested experimental factors on selected morphological elements of the neuroendocrine system of cockroaches. Tables 2-7 present the factor statistical analysis of the obtained results. The average size of the insect brain divided by hemisphere and the ratio of the length to the width of both hemispheres of the cockroach brain are shown in Fig. 2. The ratio of length to width for all studied groups, measured for both hemispheres, was close to 1.0, which means that the brain hemispheres were similar to the figures. spherical and did not significantly differ among the groups. In this case, neither the type of lithium salt nor its content in the diet nor the combined effect of these factors on this parameter was demonstrated (Tables 2 and 3). However, a significant impact of the tested parameters on the sizes of the insects' cerebral hemispheres was observed. The average length and width of the right hemisphere were significantly smaller in the control group (1165 mm and 1092 mm, respectively) than in the study groups (approx. 1350-1550 mm and 1220-1330 mm, respectively). The size of the right hemisphere did not differ significantly between the groups receiving lithium and those receiving the diet. Similar observations have also been made concerning the left hemisphere of the insect brain. A statistically significant effect of the type and content of lithium in the diet on the length and width of both cerebral hemispheres was demonstrated (Tables 2 and 3). Although the average sizes of these structures were significantly larger in the groups treated with lithium than in the control group, there was no combined effect of the studied factors. However, the type of lithium salt had an influence on the length of the right and left hemispheres (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) as well as on their width (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively). A similar effect on the length and width of both hemispheres was observed for the effect of the lithium content in the diet (all p<0.05). Figure 3 and Tables 4 and 5 present the average results and their statistical analysis in relation to measurements of the length and width of Corpora Cardiaca in the studied insects. A statistically significant effect was observed on the shortening of the average length of the right and left Corpora Cardiaca in the groups taking higher concentrations of lithium, regardless of its type (GII and GIV), from approximately 1,400 μm in the GI tract to approximately 1,000 μm in the remaining groups. No significant effect on the width of this structure was observed. Although the average length-to-width ratio of the right Corpora Cardiaca did not differ significantly and ranged from 4.6 to 5.8, statistically significant differences were observed in the left. The average length-to-width ratio of the left Corpora Cardiaca was the highest in the control group and the group treated with lower concentrations of lithium carbonate (approx. 5.5) and differed significantly from that in the other groups (approx. 4.0). This finding was confirmed by factor analysis, which revealed the influence of the type (p<0.05) and lithium content in the diet (p<0.05) on the length-to-width ratio of the left, but not the right, Corpora Cardiaca. The combined effect of these factors was not demonstrated. However, the lithium content in the diet had a statistically significant effect on the length of the right (p<0.05) and left Corpora Cardiaca (p<0.01) bones. Although the observed effect of lithium salts on Corpora Cardiaca mostly concerned the shortening of the length of this structure, in the case of Corpora Allata, this effect was different (Fig. 4). The use of lithium in the diet of experimental insects resulted in a statistically significant increase in the average length of this structure in both the right and left Corpora Allata, from 381 mm and 363 mm in GI, respectively, to approximately 450-550 mm in the remaining groups, except for the group that received lithium carbonate at a lower concentration (approx. 420 mm), in which the average length of the tested structure did not differ significantly compared to the averages of the control group and other groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in the average width of Corpora Allata (approximately 400 µm on average) between the GI tract and the other groups or within the study groups. However, the differences in the average length influenced the occurrence of significant changes in the length-to-width ratio, which is the smallest parameter, close to 1.0, regardless of the location of the structure, and was observed to be significantly lower in the control group than in the groups receiving a high content of lithium in the form of carbonate and citrate. lithium regardless of the concentration (approx. 1.2). No such effect was observed in the group with lower dietary lithium carbonate content. The observed differences in means were reflected in the analysis of the main and total effects of the examined factors on the structure of Corpora Allata (Tables 6 and 7). The addition of lithium, regardless of the type and content of this element in the diet, increased the average length of the right Corpora Allata, but there was no combined effect of the type and content of lithium on this parameter (Table 6). Considering the examined factors separately, a statistically significant effect of the type of lithium salt given to the animals (p<0.01) and the lithium content in the diet (p<0.05) was shown on the length of the right Corpora Allata and the ratio of the length to the width of this structure (p<0.05). There was no significant effect of the tested factors on the width of the Corpora Allata. In the case of the left Corpora Allata (Table 7), there was a significant effect of both the type of lithium salt given (p<0.05) and the lithium content in the diet (p<0.05), as well as the combined effect of both factors (p<0.05), on the length of this structure. There was no influence of the examined factors on the width of the left Corpora Allata. In the case of the average length-to-width ratio of the left Corpora Allata, although a significant effect of lithium salts on increasing this parameter was observed, there was no effect of either the type or content of lithium. However, a statistically significant (p<0.01) effect of the combined effect of both factors on the ratio of length to width of the left Corpora Allata was demonstrated. Discussion Influence of the type of lithium salt and its content in the diet on the morphology of the brain and the endocrine system It could be assumed that the influence of lithium compounds on changes in the behavior of experimental animals, as observed in many studies, would be reflected in the differences observed at the neuroendocrine and morphological levels. The present work did not assess physiological mechanisms at the neuronal level but only differences in biometric parameters of the brain and retrocerebral complex of the studied insects. Regardless of the form, lithium increased both the length and width of both brain hemispheres by approximately 20–30%. However, this increase, in the case of the lower dose of lithium carbonate, was by far the smallest compared to the use of the higher dose and in the case of citrate. lithium. Interestingly, the changes in brain size in the tested cockroaches were proportional, so the ratio of length to width in both hemispheres did not change. Due to improvements in imaging techniques in recent years, it has become possible to observe brain structures in real life, both in humans and animals, which has led to many interesting observations. Using magnetic resonance imaging, Vernon et al. 14 compared the effects of two drugs, haloperidol (an antipsychotic drug) and lithium, on the brain structures of rats. Chronic haloperidol treatment induced a reduction in the volume of the whole brain (4%) and cerebral cortical gray matter (6%), accompanied by an increase in the corpus striatum (14%). In contrast, chronic Li treatment induced increases in whole brain (5%) and cortical gray matter (3%) volumes without significant effects on striatal volume. By 8 weeks after drug discontinuation, haloperidol-induced changes in brain volume had normalized, whereas Li-treated animals retained significantly greater total brain volume, as confirmed postmortem. Similar observations are made in people treated with lithium. Anand et al. 13 showed that in patients who were introduced to lithium monotherapy, after 2 weeks, an increase in the gray matter of the brain of 0.2% (statistically nonsignificant increase) was detected, and after 8 weeks, an increase of 0.4% (statistically significant value) was detected. At the same time, a significant decrease in the ventricular volume of the brain was observed (-2.4 and − 3.6%), while an increase in structures such as total thickness of the cerebral cortex (0.8 and 1.1%, respectively), thickness of the frontal cortex (1.0 and 1.5%, respectively) and parietal cortex (0.9 and 1.3%, respectively) were observed. Similar results on the effect of lithium on the human brain were also obtained by Abramovic et al. 12 , who compared 266 patients with 171 people in the control group. Moreover, in patients, these authors examined the relationship between the use of lithium and other antipsychotic drugs and measures of the total brain and various brain structures. Patients without lithium had significantly smaller total brain, thalamus, putamen, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens volumes than patients treated with lithium. According to Gray & McEwen 15 , the increase in brain volume observed in animal and human studies is related to the initiation and maintenance of enhanced neuroplasticity processes in the brain by lithium. Therefore, lithium pharmacotherapy is often accompanied by an increase in the concentration of trophic factors or stabilization of the levels of neuropeptides, neurohormones, and neurotransmitters. Another element of this effect is the protective effect of lithium on neurons under stress. Evidence for this effect of lithium salts is provided not only by changes observed in the structure of cortical structures in the brain but also by an increase in the volume of subcortical structures, primarily those responsible for generating emotions (hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, part of the lenticular nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary). Observations of an increase in the volume of these structures in patients during a short period of lithium treatment were described by the previously cited Anand et al. 13 and other authors 15 – 18 . Although the brain, which is responsible for synchronizing and coordinating endocrine processes, plays a key role in the neuroendocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach, as well as in other insects, the retrocerebral complex, composed of the corpora cardiaca (Latin: corpora cardiaca, CC) and the adjacent body (Latin: corpora allata, CA), is also an important element of the functioning of the system, constituting a neurohemal organ [Nowicki et al. 2018]. Although neurohormones secreted in the brain are transported and stored in the retrocerebral complex, in addition to their storage function, the CC is also capable of producing and secreting hormones [Marciniak et al. 2011]. The CC neurosecretory lobe produces neuropeptides that exhibit adipokinetic/hypertrehalosemic (regulating the metabolism of sugars, including trehalose) or cardiotropic effects. In contrast, CA produces juvenile hormones (responsible for the control of larval development and reproduction) 19 . The present work showed that lithium at high doses caused a significant shortening of the CC length without significantly affecting the width of this structure. The release of hormones into the CC from intercerebral cells occurs via two routes: axons concentrated in NCCI (Latin: nervi corporis cardiaci I) and axons of lateral cells concentrated in NCCII (Latin: nervi corporis cardiaci II) 20 . Assuming that this flow is not disturbed, even assuming any increased secretion of hormones in the enlarged brain, keeping them in the CC store is probably shortened, and therefore, they reach the body faster, affecting metabolism and heart function. This may increase the metabolic rate and activity of the cardiovascular system (faster-targeted delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues) in animals taking lithium and thus improve food utilization. This could explain why the animals that consumed lithium consumed less food but gained a similar body weight to the insects in the control group. A similar effect of lithium was observed when analysing the size of CA in the tested insects. Both lithium carbonate and citrate at high doses significantly influenced the length of this structure, and in the case of citrate, such an effect was also observed when a lower dose was used. There was no effect of either compound on CA width. Due to their partially analogous action (the role of CA in oogenesis and vitellogenesis, CC in metabolism and heart function), the entire retrocerebral complex can be compared with the mammalian pituitary gland, whose endocrine action, although much broader, also involves the processes of reproduction and metabolism. The action of pituitary hormones also results in emotional states, triggering the need for closeness and attachment resulting from, among other factors, the action of oxytocin through euphoric states resulting from the production of endorphins to depressive states related to deficiencies of thyroid-stimulating hormones 21 , 22 . The pituitary gland is strongly connected with the hypothalamus and cerebellum 21 , 22 . The latter structure, although traditionally considered in the field of motor functions, has recently been described in the context of strong connections with emotional memory 23 . All these elements may be responsible for the tendencies observed in insects to group together or become less nervous as a result of exposure to stress, as well as the lack of caution in exploring the environment. Summary The morphotic changes in the endocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach shown in the study resulting from the intake of lithium in the diet confirm the changes in the size of some brain structures of people and animals administered lithium preparations indicated in the publications. At the same time, many studies indicate that patients who use lithium exhibit metabolic changes resulting from changes in the activity of many enzymes described above. This is particularly related to the changes observed in the structures of the retrocerebral complex of insects, which is an analogue of the human pituitary gland. In summary, it seems that changes in the structures of the brain and retrocerebral complex result from the modification of enzymatic activity by lithium. The mechanism of this process is unknown and requires further, more detailed work in various models, including the use of molecular biology techniques. It is not known whether this type of effect of lithium is beneficial or unfavourable for the effects of lithium, especially in healthy people. Additionally, whether the effect of structural changes is a temporary or permanent effect of lithium on the structure of the brain and nervous system is unclear. These considerations are becoming increasingly important, especially because of, on the one hand, the increase in the incidence of mental illnesses in industrial societies that require the use of lithium preparations. On the other hand, the increasing level of lithium in the environment results from the increased use of this metal in the electrical industry. Materials and research methods Experimental animals and the course of research The study was carried out using Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina coquereliana). The study involved 75 males from a breeding facility run at the Department of Physiology and Animal Development, Faculty of Biology, University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań. At the beginning of the study, the animals were divided in terms of size and body weight into five test groups (15 animals each) so that the dimensions and body weight of the animals were similar on average in each group. The research was conducted under constant, monitored conditions. Insectaria (350x210x150 mm), made of PP, were placed in a room at a constant temperature of 27°C, a relative humidity of 50-60%, and a light cycle of 6/18 hours. During the 10 weeks of the study, the animals' condition was checked once a week. Dead animals were removed. The diet was administered once a week, and 5 g of the diet was weighed. The animals had free access to distilled water in the PP containers, and the wall of the insectarium was sprinkled with distilled water. Each week, the insectaria were disinfected with an aqueous solution of 70% ethyl alcohol, during which time the animals were isolated in a weighing container. Sterile cellulose filter paper was used as a substrate in the insectariums. The elements of the insectarium also included sterile cellulose egg packaging. Before use, the containers were disinfected with a 1% aqueous solution of Virkon S (Bayer) by spraying the surface and disinfected for 0.5 hours using a UV‒C lamp (Philips). At the beginning of the study, after the adaptation period (7 days, basic diet), the animals were assigned to 5 test groups: GI-control (fed a test diet), GII – GIII: which were given a test diet enriched with lithium carbonate at a level of 0.1 and 0,01%, respectively, based on the elements in the diet, and GIV – GV, which were fed a test diet enriched with lithium citrate at the level of 0.1 and 0.01%, respectively, based on the element in the diet. The source of lithium was: • lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 , Warchem, p. a.) – molar mass 73.89; 19% Li in the molecule; 100 mg Li – 527.8 mg Li 2 CO 3 • lithium citrate tetrahydrate (Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 x4H 2 O, Warchem, part d a.) – molar mass of 281.98; 7.5% Li in the molecule, 100 mg Li – 1342.8 mg Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 x 4H 2 O The basic research period lasted 10 weeks, after which the insects were subjected to low-temperature anaesthesia (30-60 min at 5°C). After decapitation, microsurgery was performed on the neuroendocrine system (brain and retrocerebral complex) of 10 randomly selected insects from each group. Test diets To achieve the assumed objectives of the work, an experiment was designed in a two-factor system (2x2), in which the experimental factors were two lithium salts administered in the diet – inorganic (carbonate) and organic (citrate) – in two doses in the food (0.1 and 0.01%, respectively, calculated as the element). The basis of the experimental diet was commercial, complete food intended for feeding German Shepherd Puppy Dogs (Royal Canin). Before starting the research, the food was ground using an electric burr grinder. The obtained loose food constituted 98% of the test diet. The remaining 2% was potato starch, which was also the carrier of the tested additives. In the prepared test diets, the dry matter content was measured using the weighing-drying method, and the contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Li were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after prior wet mineralization of the sample. The diets averaged approximately 94% dry matter. When analysing the mineral components, the test diets met the assumptions of the study in terms of the planned Li content (0.1 and 0.01% of the element in the diet). The average content of other elements in the test diets was similar regardless of the diet and averaged approximately 5.8 mg/g diet weight for Ca, 0.7 for Mg, 0.2 for Zn, 0.02 for Cu, and 0.37 for Fe. Methods The study of the neuroendocrine system of the cockroach Gromphadorhina coquereliana was based on biometry of the brain and retrocerebral complex of insects in which these structures were isolated by microsurgery. During the procedure, and later during microscopic measurements, the extracted and collected structures of the neuroendocrine system were placed in a physiological saline solution, which is typical for the species (Table 1), prepared in deionized water. After low-temperature anaesthesia, the cockroaches were decapitated, and the heads were subjected to microsurgery. The cuticles on the head are cut on both sides and from above with microscissors so that the cuts form a triangle shape connecting the mouth on both sides with the eye line. After removing the triangular cuticle, the preparation was placed under a stereoscopic microscope on a Pertti dish covered with silicone elastomer. The preparation is stabilized by entomological pins, and immersion in a saline solution prevents the tissues from sticking together. Then, using microtools, the fat bodies are carefully removed, the nerves that run around the brain are severed, and the retrocerebral complex located above the esophagus, between the cerebral hemispheres, is carefully isolated. The isolated structures were measured using a Discovery 40 stereomicroscope (Delta Optical) equipped with a DLT-Cam Basic 5Mp microscope camera (Delta Optical) with micro measurement software. Figure 1 shows the measurement planes of the brain hemispheres and the structures of the retrocerebral complex. Statistical evaluation of results The results obtained in the course of the work are presented in the form of tables and figures, in which descriptive statistics were used, taking into account the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, range (minimum-maximum), and percentage of detailed data measured for all elements in the group. After analysing the normality of individual distributions (Shapiro–Wilk test), the Student's t-test was used to assess differences between means. The analysis of the influence of experimental factors was carried out based on the analysis of variance in a one-factor system for both factors separately – the type of lithium preparation used (carbonate and citrate) and the lithium content in the test diet (0.1 and 0.01% of the elements in the diet). To determine the combined effect of both experimental factors, a multivariate analysis of variance was used. The c2 test was used to assess the significance of differences between data distributions within the study groups. All analyses were performed at the level of a = 0.05 (p<0.05) using the Microsoft 365 Office Excel spreadsheet and Statistica ver. 13.3. Declarations Author contributions R.W.W., designed and conducted the study, performed analyses, including anatomical measurements, wrote the article, organized references, and was the editor of the article. P.M. supervised microsurgery. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. M.S., she supervised all the work. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Kabzinska, K., Cisek-Wozniak, A., Czajeczny D., Mruczyk K. & Wojciak R.W. The influence of Li + ions on pepsin and trypsin activity in vitro. J. Trace Elem. Med. 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(ed.) Viscera. in Human anathomy . Volume II. 10th Edn. (PZWL, 1999, 2022). Fastenrath, M., Spaleka, K., Coynel, D., Loos, E., Milnik, A., Egli, T., Schicktanza, N., Geissmann, L., Roozendaal, B., Papassotiropoulos, A. & de Quervaina, D.J.F. Human cerebellum and corticocerebellar connections involved in emotional memory enhancement. PNAS 119, 41, e2204900119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2204900119 (2022). Tables Table 1. Composition of physiological saline solution (pH = 7.0) Salt Concentration in solution (mM) Sodium chloride (NaCl) 274.0 Potassium chloride (KCl) 19.0 Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) 9.0 Table 2. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - the type and concentration of lithium in food on the dimensions of the right hemisphere of the insect brain GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 1165.3 ±181.3 (897.3-1369.9) 1375.8* ±179.3 (1090.8-1637.1) 1520.0** ±197.8 (1254.8-1862.8) 1481.2* ±227.7 (1234.3-1862.8) 1414.5* ±168.9 (1090.9-1607.2) 1447.9** ±198.1 (1090.9-1862.8) variance analysis p<0.01 p<0.05 NS width (mm) 1091.9 ±109.2 (906.4-1195.0) 1234.2* ±130.4 (1103.7-1521.1) 1332.2** ±154.5 (1104.9-1500.3) 1278.4* ±136.8 (1103.7-1500.3) 1288.1* ±165.7 (1104.9-1521.1) 1283.2** ±148.0 (1103.7-1521.1) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 NS length-to-width ratio 1.08 ±0.24 (0.79-1.42) 1.13 ±0.19 (0.93-1.40) 1.15 ±0.15 (0.99-1.51) 1.17 ±0.20 (0.93-1.51) 1.11 ±0.13 (0.93-1.38) 1.14 ±0.17 (0.93-1.51) variance analysis NS NS NS (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Table 3. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - the type and concentration of lithium in food on the dimensions of the left hemisphere of the insect brain GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 1153.4 ±96.0 (1023.3-1278.4) 1339.2* ±151.5 (1150.4-1554.7) 1398.6** ±190.0 (1171.7-1695.0) 1360.2* ±153.6 (1152.7-1634.6) 1377.5** ±193.1 (1150.4-1695.0) 1368.9** ±170.0 (1150.4-1695.0) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 NS width (mm) 1161.0 ±118.6 (975.8-1257.7) 1369.1* ±192.4 (1128.3-1747.2) 1424.7** ±166.1 (1175.3-1666.9) 1390.2* ±191.3 (1128.3-1747.2) 1403.5* ±172.1 (1157.0-1660.2) 1396.9** ±177.2 (1128.3-1747.2) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 NS length-to-width ratio 1.00 ±0.06 (0.91-1.05) 1.00 ±0.19 (0.75-1.34) 0.99 ±0.13 (0.80-1.19) 0.99 ±0.14 (0.83-1.25) 0.99 ±0.18 (0.75-1.34) 0.99 ±0.16 (0.75-1.34) variance analysis NS NS NS (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Table 4. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the right Corpora Cardiaca of insects GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 1401.0 ±222.7 (1137.8-1649.9) 1174.2* ±228.0 (846.8-1575.6) 1198.8 ±215.1 (945.0-1561.5) 1099.2** ±143.2 (846.8-1355.2) 1271.8 ±248.0 (916.1-1575.6) 1185.5* ±216.0 (846.8-1575.6) variance analysis NI p<0.05 NI width (mm) 241.4 ±16.8 (230.2-271.1) 258.2 ±53.2 (178.4-357.4) 255.6 ±69.4 (126.8-389.0) 233.2 ±52.0 (126.8-298.9) 280.6 ±60.8 (202.1-389.0) 256.9 ±60.2 (126.8-389.0) variance analysis NI NI NI length-to-width ratio 5.84 ±1.14 (4.82-7.17) 4.73 ±1.41 (3.25-7.60) 5.09 ±.1.94 (2.84-9.14) 5.06 ±1.88 (3.40-9.14) 4.76 ±1.50 (2.84-7.33) 4.91 ±1.66 (2.84-9.14) variance analysis NI NI NI (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Table 5. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the left Corpora Cardiaca of insects GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 1352.8 ±295.5 (1129.8-1870.7) 1185.2 ±231.5 (945.1-1549.0) 1156.8 ±232.4 (760.4-1553.4) 1009.2** ±130.2 (760.4-1216.8) 1332.8 ±181.5 (1055.17-1553.4) 1171.0 ±226.2 (760.4-1553.4) variance analysis NI p<0.01 NI width (mm) 230.8 ±41.0 (195.0-297.8) 264.9 ±38.6 (212.1-326.3) 275.4 ±49.3 (160.4-330.4) 256.7 ±49.0 (160.4-326.3) 283.5** ±34.4 (229.1-330.4) 270.1* ±43.4 (160.4-330.4) variance analysis NI NI NI length-to-width ratio 6.07 ±1.99 (4.24-9.26) 4.56* ±1.09 (2.90-6.70) 4.27* ±.0.77 (2.64-5.57) 4.08** ±0.95 (2.64-5.57) 4.75* ±0.82 (3.98-6.70) 4.41** ±0.93 (2.64-6.70) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 NI (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Table 6. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the right Corpora Allata of insects GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 380.6 ±74.4 (259.0-461.1) 448.5 ±79.1 (352.8-568.6) 528.8** ±69.9 (415.8-634.8) 506.29** ±73.6 (395.6-634.8) 471.00* ±92.8 (352.8-611.1) 488.6** ±83.5 (352.8-634.8) variance analysis p<0.01 p<0.05 NI width (mm) 385.1 ±76.3 (261.2-471.1) 397.9 ±78.9 (308.4-565.2) 422.8 ±62.2 (327.5-508.2) 402.3 ±65.6 (308.4-508.2) 418.4 ±77.4 (327.5-565.2) 410.4 ±70.3 (308.4-565.2) variance analysis NI NI NI length-to-width ratio 0.99 ±0.02 (0.96-1.02) 1.14* ±0.15 (0.90-1.34) 1.27** ±0.20 (0.92-1.67) 1.27*** ±0.11 (1.06-1.38) 1.14 ±0.23 (0.90-1.67) 1.20** ±0.18 (0.90-1.67) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 NI (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Table 7. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the left Corpora Allata of insects GI control GII-III carbonate GIV-V citrate GII i GIV Li 0,1 GIII i GV Li 0,01 GII-V lithium addition length (mm) 363.1 ±72.7 (247.0-430.6) 448.1* ±68.9 (365.2-611.6) 497.7* ±103.7 (305.6-670.1) 460.4* ±80.4 (305.6-611.6) 485.5* ±100.3 (365.2-670.1) 472.9** ±89.4 (305.6-670.1) variance analysis p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 width (mm) 377.1 ±72.8 (247.1-417.5) 417.1 ±87.0 (240.2-542.5) 414.0 ±64.8 (291.4-550.6) 404.1 ±99.6 (240.2-550.6) 427.0 ±39.6 (362.8-494.4) 415.5 ±74.7 (240.2-550.6) variance analysis NI NI NI length-to-width ratio 0.97 ±0.07 (0.85-1.03) 1.12 ±0.29 (0.81-1.81) 1.21* ±0.20 (0.99-1.58) 1.17* ±0.24 (0.99-1.81) 1.15 ±0.27 (0.81-1.58) 1.16* ±0.25 (0.81-1.81) variance analysis NI NI p<0.01 (*, **, ***) – statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p< (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively NS – no significance Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Aug, 2024 Editor invited by journal 10 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 10 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4377585","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":304136042,"identity":"0f649fb1-3355-4742-ae80-a4560dda0dff","order_by":0,"name":"Rafal W . Wojciak","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcMDDw2EDYPEPMR1sJsAFSahtDCRpwWhsMkaDFvP8wm8UHmfOLa2Q2MD962MeQR1CJzJplNcgbP7cRtdw4wG85tYygmqEWCIf/YbR6QlhsJbNK8bQyJbQS18D9mA2o5B9LC/ps4LRLJIC0HwLYwE6nlMfvPGTzJxtvuHGyWnHNOggi/8CczG3zssZPddrv54Ic3ZTZ5/IS0gAFjD0gzYwOITCBKBwPDD5BiCJNYLaNgFIyCUTCCAAASLDtTMuMJRwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafal","middleName":"W .","lastName":"Wojciak","suffix":""},{"id":304136043,"identity":"7354620d-43bd-4fe7-9d9e-18ae2ada5525","order_by":1,"name":"Paweł Marciniak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paweł","middleName":"","lastName":"Marciniak","suffix":""},{"id":304136044,"identity":"283a5958-a528-47e5-8fec-a2148d783623","order_by":2,"name":"Malgorzata Slocinska","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Malgorzata","middleName":"","lastName":"Slocinska","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-06 14:39:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18293-3","type":"published","date":"2025-09-26T15:56:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56834629,"identity":"4f94a08d-3676-4876-addc-5a39e4987972","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-21 05:38:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1517188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeneral diagram of the neuroendocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach (G. coquereliana) with marked measurement planes (arrows mark directions, length and width measurements). Markings: R-right side; L-left side; CC - Corpora Cardiaca; CA-Corpora Allata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4377585/v1/bbe6b4bd499eb917950e5358.jpg"},{"id":56834303,"identity":"95c555f8-934f-4dd6-9f11-457d23dd6711","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-21 05:30:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverage dimensions of the cerebral hemispheres in individual groups of studied insects (R-right, L-left; a,b – statistically significant differences at p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4377585/v1/bdf9cef97df4081baeb9e56b.jpg"},{"id":56834302,"identity":"b64962aa-f25d-449f-b94e-8ea8beaea711","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-21 05:30:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverage dimensions of Corpora Cardiaca in individual groups of studied insects (R-right, L-left; a,b – statistically significant differences at p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4377585/v1/a62cf63f9fce168cec2d47a3.jpg"},{"id":56834305,"identity":"6872ac10-01d3-420f-87b8-0d7e3790bab8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-21 05:30:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195561,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverage dimensions of Corpora Allata in individual groups of studied insects (R-right, L-left; a,b – statistically significant differences at p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4377585/v1/16d9f163e3c1214fa9ce2410.jpg"},{"id":92430413,"identity":"51f53bc9-845d-4e37-9bce-828941fb5d34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-29 16:01:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3137223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4377585/v1/36e49c77-a350-457c-8f3a-5f64bdbaa15b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Can lithium salts alter the size and morphology of the Madagascar hissing cockroach’s neuroendocrine system?","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLithium, especially in the form of carbonate, is a very effective drug used in psychiatry. It has normothymic effects, i.e., it can normalize the emotional states and behaviors of patients suffering from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The mechanism of action of lithium in this regard is not fully known. Most lithium salts are highly soluble in water, which is why they are easily absorbed in the human digestive tract; hence, they are administered orally\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Presumably, this element acts as an inhibitor of enzymes that are key to the functioning of neurotransmitter systems inside neurons\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, lithium is a strong inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B), which is an enzyme that plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system and influences the density and function of synapses in people suffering from affective disorders\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta regulates gene transcription and affects apoptosis, cell structure, stress resistance, synaptic plasticity, and, ultimately, biological rhythms. The inhibitory effect of lithium on GSK-3B is probably important for the mechanism of therapeutic action of lithium in affective and neurodegenerative diseases because this enzyme also plays a role in the metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein and is also important in the phosphorylation of tau protein. On the other hand, Rybakowski\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e suggested that the effect of lithium on GSK-3B may cause side effects, including disruption of the function of the thyroid gland and kidneys. Lithium also affects the metabolism of magnesium, and according to Birch\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, its urinary excretion significantly increases in people treated with this element. Lithium also inhibits inositol monophosphatase-1, which causes the depletion of inositol stores and, according to one hypothesis, may be a therapeutic factor in affective disorders\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, the inhibition of protein C kinase and adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine monophosphate, also plays a role in the mechanism of action of lithium. As described by Rybakowski\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, an important element of this system is the CREB protein activated by lithium (cellular transcription factor, protein binding the C-AMP response element, i.e., protein binding to CRE), which is a specific transcription factor and a regulator of the expression of many genes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithium probably also stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is necessary for the proper functioning and survival of neurons. Brain trophic factors modulate the activity of many neurotransmitters, including glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin; hence, abnormalities in the neurotrophin system are important in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective diseases. Experimental studies using experimental animals have shown that lithium increases the expression of the BDNF gene in the brain, and one of the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon is the activation of the CREB protein\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Clinical studies have shown that the concentration of BDNF in serum is reduced during manic and depressive episodes and increases after the use of lithium\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne might assume that the described effects of lithium would be reflected in the structure of the brain. There are few data on this subject. Observations of people treated with lithium, as well as studies on rodents, have shown that lithium increases the weight of the total brain and gray matter, the thickness of the cerebral cortex, and the intensification of neurotransmitter activity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It is assumed that the enlargement of brain structures may be related to the intensification of brain plasticization processes under the influence of lithium compounds\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. There are no clear works on this subject.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of lithium compounds (citrate and carbonate) on the morphology of the neuroendocrine system of the Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina coquereliana. The size and dimensions of the brain and retrocerebral complex were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigures 2-3 show the influence of the tested experimental factors on selected morphological elements of the\u0026nbsp;neuroendocrine\u0026nbsp;system of cockroaches. Tables 2-7 present the factor statistical analysis of the obtained results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average size of the insect brain divided\u0026nbsp;by hemisphere\u0026nbsp;and the ratio of the length to the width of both hemispheres of the\u0026nbsp;cockroach\u0026nbsp;brain are shown in Fig. 2. The ratio of length to width for all studied groups, measured for both hemispheres, was close to 1.0, which means that the brain hemispheres were similar to the figures. spherical and did not significantly\u0026nbsp;differ among\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;groups. In this case, neither the type of lithium salt nor its content in the diet nor the combined effect of these factors on this parameter was demonstrated (Tables 2 and 3). However, a significant impact of the tested parameters on the sizes of the insects\u0026apos; cerebral hemispheres was\u0026nbsp;observed. The average length and width of the right hemisphere were significantly smaller in the control group (1165\u0026nbsp;mm and 1092\u0026nbsp;mm, respectively) than in the study groups (approx. 1350-1550\u0026nbsp;mm and 1220-1330\u0026nbsp;mm, respectively). The size of the right hemisphere did not differ significantly\u0026nbsp;between\u0026nbsp;the groups receiving lithium\u0026nbsp;and those receiving\u0026nbsp;the diet. Similar observations have also been made concerning the left hemisphere of the insect brain. A statistically significant effect of the type and content of lithium in the diet on the length and width of both cerebral hemispheres was demonstrated (Tables 2 and 3). Although the average sizes of these structures were significantly larger in the groups\u0026nbsp;treated with\u0026nbsp;lithium than in the control group, there was no combined effect of the studied factors. However, the type of lithium salt\u0026nbsp;had an influence\u0026nbsp;on the length of the right and left hemispheres (p\u0026lt;0.01 and p\u0026lt;0.05, respectively) as well as on their width (p\u0026lt;0.05 and p\u0026lt;0.05, respectively). A similar effect\u0026nbsp;on the length and width of both hemispheres\u0026nbsp;was observed\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;the effect of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;lithium content in the diet\u0026nbsp;(all p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 and Tables 4 and 5 present the average results and their statistical analysis in relation to measurements of the length and width of Corpora Cardiaca in the studied insects. A statistically significant effect was observed on the shortening of the average length of the right and left Corpora Cardiaca in the groups taking higher concentrations of lithium, regardless of its type (GII and GIV), from approximately 1,400 \u0026mu;m in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;GI\u0026nbsp;tract\u0026nbsp;to approximately 1,000 \u0026mu;m in the remaining groups. No significant effect on the width of this structure was observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the average length-to-width ratio of the right\u0026nbsp;Corpora Cardiaca\u0026nbsp;did not differ significantly and ranged from 4.6 to 5.8, statistically significant differences were observed in the left. The average length-to-width ratio of the left Corpora Cardiaca was the highest in the control group and the group\u0026nbsp;treated with\u0026nbsp;lower concentrations of lithium carbonate (approx. 5.5) and differed significantly\u0026nbsp;from that in the\u0026nbsp;other groups (approx. 4.0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis\u0026nbsp;finding\u0026nbsp;was confirmed by factor analysis, which\u0026nbsp;revealed\u0026nbsp;the influence of the type (p\u0026lt;0.05) and lithium content in the diet (p\u0026lt;0.05) on the length-to-width ratio of the left, but not the right, Corpora Cardiaca. The combined effect of these factors was not demonstrated. However,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;lithium content in the diet\u0026nbsp;had a statistically significant effect\u0026nbsp;on the length of the right (p\u0026lt;0.05) and left Corpora Cardiaca (p\u0026lt;0.01)\u0026nbsp;bones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the observed effect of lithium salts on Corpora Cardiaca mostly concerned the shortening of the length of this structure, in the case of Corpora Allata,\u0026nbsp;this effect was different (Fig. 4). The use of lithium in the diet of experimental insects resulted in a statistically significant increase in the average length of this structure in both the right and left Corpora Allata, from 381\u0026nbsp;mm and 363\u0026nbsp;mm in GI, respectively, to approximately 450-550\u0026nbsp;mm in the remaining groups, except for the group that received lithium carbonate\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;a lower concentration (approx. 420\u0026nbsp;mm), in which the average length of the tested structure did not differ significantly compared to the averages of the control group and other groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in the average width of Corpora Allata (approximately 400\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;m on average) between\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;GI\u0026nbsp;tract\u0026nbsp;and the other groups\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;within the study groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the differences in the average length influenced the occurrence of significant changes in the length-to-width ratio, which is the smallest parameter, close to 1.0, regardless of the location of the structure, and was observed to be significantly lower in the control group than in the groups receiving a high content of lithium in the form of carbonate and citrate. lithium regardless of the concentration (approx. 1.2). No such effect was observed in the group with lower dietary lithium carbonate content. The observed differences in means were reflected in the analysis of the main and total effects of the examined factors on the structure of Corpora Allata (Tables 6 and 7). The addition of lithium, regardless of the type and content of this element in the diet, increased the average length of the right Corpora Allata, but there was no combined effect of the type and content of lithium on this parameter (Table 6). Considering the examined factors separately, a statistically significant effect of the type of lithium salt given to the animals (p\u0026lt;0.01) and the lithium content in the diet (p\u0026lt;0.05) was shown on the length of the right Corpora Allata and the ratio of the length to the width of this structure (p\u0026lt;0.05). There was no significant effect of the tested factors on the width of the Corpora Allata. In the case of the left Corpora Allata (Table 7), there was a significant effect of both the type of lithium salt given (p\u0026lt;0.05) and the lithium content in the diet (p\u0026lt;0.05), as well as the combined effect of both factors (p\u0026lt;0.05), on the length of this structure. There was no influence of the examined factors on the width of the left Corpora Allata. In the case of the average length-to-width ratio of the left Corpora Allata, although a significant effect of lithium salts on increasing this parameter was observed, there was no effect of either the type or content of lithium. However, a statistically significant (p\u0026lt;0.01) effect of the combined effect of both factors on the ratio of length to width of the left Corpora Allata was demonstrated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of the type of lithium salt and its content in the diet on the morphology of the brain and the endocrine system\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt could be assumed that the influence of lithium compounds on changes in the behavior of experimental animals, as observed in many studies, would be reflected in the differences observed at the neuroendocrine and morphological levels. The present work did not assess physiological mechanisms at the neuronal level but only differences in biometric parameters of the brain and retrocerebral complex of the studied insects. Regardless of the form, lithium increased both the length and width of both brain hemispheres by approximately 20\u0026ndash;30%. However, this increase, in the case of the lower dose of lithium carbonate, was by far the smallest compared to the use of the higher dose and in the case of citrate. lithium. Interestingly, the changes in brain size in the tested cockroaches were proportional, so the ratio of length to width in both hemispheres did not change. Due to improvements in imaging techniques in recent years, it has become possible to observe brain structures in real life, both in humans and animals, which has led to many interesting observations. Using magnetic resonance imaging, Vernon et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e compared the effects of two drugs, haloperidol (an antipsychotic drug) and lithium, on the brain structures of rats. Chronic haloperidol treatment induced a reduction in the volume of the whole brain (4%) and cerebral cortical gray matter (6%), accompanied by an increase in the corpus striatum (14%). In contrast, chronic Li treatment induced increases in whole brain (5%) and cortical gray matter (3%) volumes without significant effects on striatal volume. By 8 weeks after drug discontinuation, haloperidol-induced changes in brain volume had normalized, whereas Li-treated animals retained significantly greater total brain volume, as confirmed postmortem. Similar observations are made in people treated with lithium. Anand et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e showed that in patients who were introduced to lithium monotherapy, after 2 weeks, an increase in the gray matter of the brain of 0.2% (statistically nonsignificant increase) was detected, and after 8 weeks, an increase of 0.4% (statistically significant value) was detected. At the same time, a significant decrease in the ventricular volume of the brain was observed (-2.4 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.6%), while an increase in structures such as total thickness of the cerebral cortex (0.8 and 1.1%, respectively), thickness of the frontal cortex (1.0 and 1.5%, respectively) and parietal cortex (0.9 and 1.3%, respectively) were observed. Similar results on the effect of lithium on the human brain were also obtained by Abramovic et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who compared 266 patients with 171 people in the control group. Moreover, in patients, these authors examined the relationship between the use of lithium and other antipsychotic drugs and measures of the total brain and various brain structures. Patients without lithium had significantly smaller total brain, thalamus, putamen, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens volumes than patients treated with lithium. According to Gray \u0026amp; McEwen\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the increase in brain volume observed in animal and human studies is related to the initiation and maintenance of enhanced neuroplasticity processes in the brain by lithium. Therefore, lithium pharmacotherapy is often accompanied by an increase in the concentration of trophic factors or stabilization of the levels of neuropeptides, neurohormones, and neurotransmitters. Another element of this effect is the protective effect of lithium on neurons under stress. Evidence for this effect of lithium salts is provided not only by changes observed in the structure of cortical structures in the brain but also by an increase in the volume of subcortical structures, primarily those responsible for generating emotions (hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, part of the lenticular nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary). Observations of an increase in the volume of these structures in patients during a short period of lithium treatment were described by the previously cited Anand et al.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and other authors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the brain, which is responsible for synchronizing and coordinating endocrine processes, plays a key role in the neuroendocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach, as well as in other insects, the retrocerebral complex, composed of the corpora cardiaca (Latin: corpora cardiaca, CC) and the adjacent body (Latin: corpora allata, CA), is also an important element of the functioning of the system, constituting a neurohemal organ [Nowicki et al. 2018]. Although neurohormones secreted in the brain are transported and stored in the retrocerebral complex, in addition to their storage function, the CC is also capable of producing and secreting hormones [Marciniak et al. 2011]. The CC neurosecretory lobe produces neuropeptides that exhibit adipokinetic/hypertrehalosemic (regulating the metabolism of sugars, including trehalose) or cardiotropic effects. In contrast, CA produces juvenile hormones (responsible for the control of larval development and reproduction)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The present work showed that lithium at high doses caused a significant shortening of the CC length without significantly affecting the width of this structure. The release of hormones into the CC from intercerebral cells occurs via two routes: axons concentrated in NCCI (Latin: nervi corporis cardiaci I) and axons of lateral cells concentrated in NCCII (Latin: nervi corporis cardiaci II)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Assuming that this flow is not disturbed, even assuming any increased secretion of hormones in the enlarged brain, keeping them in the CC store is probably shortened, and therefore, they reach the body faster, affecting metabolism and heart function. This may increase the metabolic rate and activity of the cardiovascular system (faster-targeted delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues) in animals taking lithium and thus improve food utilization. This could explain why the animals that consumed lithium consumed less food but gained a similar body weight to the insects in the control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA similar effect of lithium was observed when analysing the size of CA in the tested insects. Both lithium carbonate and citrate at high doses significantly influenced the length of this structure, and in the case of citrate, such an effect was also observed when a lower dose was used. There was no effect of either compound on CA width. Due to their partially analogous action (the role of CA in oogenesis and vitellogenesis, CC in metabolism and heart function), the entire retrocerebral complex can be compared with the mammalian pituitary gland, whose endocrine action, although much broader, also involves the processes of reproduction and metabolism. The action of pituitary hormones also results in emotional states, triggering the need for closeness and attachment resulting from, among other factors, the action of oxytocin through euphoric states resulting from the production of endorphins to depressive states related to deficiencies of thyroid-stimulating hormones\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The pituitary gland is strongly connected with the hypothalamus and cerebellum\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The latter structure, although traditionally considered in the field of motor functions, has recently been described in the context of strong connections with emotional memory\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. All these elements may be responsible for the tendencies observed in insects to group together or become less nervous as a result of exposure to stress, as well as the lack of caution in exploring the environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Summary","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe morphotic changes in the endocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach shown in the study resulting from the intake of lithium in the diet confirm the changes in the size of some brain structures of people and animals administered lithium preparations indicated in the publications. At the same time, many studies indicate that patients who use lithium exhibit metabolic changes resulting from changes in the activity of many enzymes described above. This is particularly related to the changes observed in the structures of the retrocerebral complex of insects, which is an analogue of the human pituitary gland. In summary, it seems that changes in the structures of the brain and retrocerebral complex result from the modification of enzymatic activity by lithium. The mechanism of this process is unknown and requires further, more detailed work in various models, including the use of molecular biology techniques. It is not known whether this type of effect of lithium is beneficial or unfavourable for the effects of lithium, especially in healthy people. Additionally, whether the effect of structural changes is a temporary or permanent effect of lithium on the structure of the brain and nervous system is unclear. These considerations are becoming increasingly important, especially because of, on the one hand, the increase in the incidence of mental illnesses in industrial societies that require the use of lithium preparations. On the other hand, the increasing level of lithium in the environment results from the increased use of this metal in the electrical industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and research methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExperimental animals and the course of research\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out using Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina coquereliana). The study involved 75 males from a breeding facility run at the Department of Physiology and Animal Development, Faculty of Biology, University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań. At the beginning of the study, the animals were divided in terms of size and body weight into five test groups (15 animals each) so that the dimensions and body weight of the animals were similar on average in each group. The research was conducted under constant, monitored conditions. Insectaria (350x210x150 mm), made of PP, were placed in a room\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;a constant temperature of\u0026nbsp;27\u0026deg;C,\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;relative humidity of 50-60%, and a\u0026nbsp;light\u0026nbsp;cycle of 6/18 hours. During the 10 weeks of the study, the animals\u0026apos; condition was checked once a week. Dead animals were removed. The diet was administered once a week,\u0026nbsp;and 5 g of the diet was weighed. The animals had free access to distilled water in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;PP containers,\u0026nbsp;and the wall of the insectarium was sprinkled with\u0026nbsp;distilled water. Each week, the insectaria were disinfected with an aqueous solution of 70% ethyl alcohol, during which time the animals were isolated in a weighing container.\u0026nbsp;Sterile\u0026nbsp;cellulose filter paper was used as a substrate in the insectariums. The elements of the insectarium also included sterile cellulose egg packaging. Before use, the containers were disinfected with a 1% aqueous solution of Virkon S (Bayer) by spraying the surface and disinfected for 0.5 hours using a\u0026nbsp;UV‒C\u0026nbsp;lamp (Philips).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the study, after the adaptation period (7 days, basic diet), the animals were assigned to 5 test\u0026nbsp;groups: GI-control (fed a test diet), GII \u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;GIII: which\u0026nbsp;were given a test diet enriched with lithium carbonate at a level of 0.1 and 0,01%, respectively,\u0026nbsp;based on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;elements\u0026nbsp;in the diet, and GIV \u0026ndash; GV, which were fed a test diet enriched with lithium citrate at the level of 0.1 and 0.01%, respectively, based on the element in the diet. The source of lithium was:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; lithium carbonate (Li\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Warchem, p. a.) \u0026ndash; molar mass 73.89; 19% Li in the molecule; 100 mg Li \u0026ndash; 527.8 mg Li\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; lithium citrate tetrahydrate (Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003ex4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Warchem, part d a.) \u0026ndash; molar mass\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;281.98; 7.5% Li in the molecule, 100 mg Li \u0026ndash; 1342.8 mg Li\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003ex 4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basic research period lasted 10 weeks, after which the insects were subjected to low-temperature anaesthesia (30-60 min at\u0026nbsp;5\u0026deg;C). After decapitation, microsurgery was performed on the\u0026nbsp;neuroendocrine\u0026nbsp;system (brain and retrocerebral complex) of\u0026nbsp;10\u0026nbsp;randomly selected insects from each group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTest diets\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo achieve the assumed objectives of the work, an experiment was designed in a two-factor system (2x2), in which the experimental factors were two lithium salts administered in the\u0026nbsp;diet \u0026ndash; inorganic\u0026nbsp;(carbonate) and organic (citrate)\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash; in\u0026nbsp;two doses in the food (0.1 and 0.01%, respectively,\u0026nbsp;calculated as the element). The basis of the experimental diet was commercial, complete food intended for feeding German Shepherd Puppy\u0026nbsp;Dogs\u0026nbsp;(Royal Canin).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore starting the research, the food was ground using an electric burr grinder. The obtained loose food constituted 98% of the test diet. The remaining 2% was potato starch, which was also the carrier of the tested additives. In the prepared test diets, the dry matter content was measured using the weighing-drying method, and the\u0026nbsp;contents\u0026nbsp;of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Li\u0026nbsp;were measured using\u0026nbsp;flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after prior wet mineralization of the sample.\u0026nbsp;The diets\u0026nbsp;averaged approximately 94% dry matter. When analysing the mineral components, the test diets met the assumptions of the study in terms of the planned Li content (0.1 and 0.01% of the element in the diet). The average content of other elements in the test diets was similar regardless of the diet and averaged approximately\u0026nbsp;5.8\u0026nbsp;mg/g diet weight for Ca, 0.7\u0026nbsp;for Mg,\u0026nbsp;0.2\u0026nbsp;for Zn,\u0026nbsp;0.02\u0026nbsp;for Cu, and 0.37\u0026nbsp;for Fe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study of the\u0026nbsp;neuroendocrine\u0026nbsp;system of the cockroach \u003cem\u003eGromphadorhina coquereliana\u003c/em\u003e was based on biometry of the brain and retrocerebral complex of insects in which these structures were isolated by microsurgery. During the procedure, and later during microscopic measurements, the extracted and collected structures of the\u0026nbsp;neuroendocrine\u0026nbsp;system were placed in a physiological saline solution,\u0026nbsp;which is\u0026nbsp;typical for the species (Table 1), prepared in deionized water. After low-temperature anaesthesia, the\u0026nbsp;cockroaches were\u0026nbsp;decapitated,\u0026nbsp;and the\u0026nbsp;heads were\u0026nbsp;subjected to microsurgery. The cuticles on the head are cut on both sides and from above with microscissors so that the cuts form a triangle shape connecting the mouth on both sides with the eye line. After removing the triangular cuticle, the preparation\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;placed under a stereoscopic microscope on a Pertti dish covered with silicone elastomer. The preparation is stabilized by entomological pins, and\u0026nbsp;immersion\u0026nbsp;in a saline solution prevents the tissues from sticking together. Then, using\u0026nbsp;microtools, the fat bodies are carefully removed, the nerves that run around the brain are severed, and the retrocerebral complex located above the esophagus, between the cerebral hemispheres, is carefully isolated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe isolated structures were measured using a Discovery 40 stereomicroscope (Delta Optical) equipped with a DLT-Cam Basic 5Mp microscope camera (Delta Optical) with micro measurement software.\u0026nbsp;Figure\u0026nbsp;1 shows the measurement planes of the brain hemispheres and the structures of the retrocerebral complex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical evaluation of results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results obtained in the course of the work are presented in the form of tables and figures, in which descriptive statistics were used, taking into account the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, range (minimum-maximum), and percentage of detailed data measured for all elements in the group. After analysing the normality of individual distributions (Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test), the Student\u0026apos;s t-test was used to assess differences between means. The analysis of the influence of experimental factors was carried out based on the analysis of variance in a one-factor system for both factors separately \u0026ndash; the type of lithium preparation used (carbonate and citrate) and the lithium content in the test diet (0.1 and 0.01% of the elements in the diet). To determine the combined effect of both experimental factors, a multivariate analysis of variance was used. The c2 test was used to assess the significance of differences between data distributions within the study groups. All analyses were performed at the level of a = 0.05 (p\u0026lt;0.05) using the Microsoft 365 Office Excel spreadsheet and Statistica ver. 13.3.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR.W.W., designed and conducted the study, performed analyses, including anatomical measurements, wrote the article, organized references, and was the editor of the article. P.M. supervised microsurgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. M.S., she supervised all the work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKabzinska, K., Cisek-Wozniak, A., Czajeczny D., Mruczyk K. \u0026amp; Wojciak R.W. The influence of Li\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ions on pepsin and trypsin activity in vitro. J. Trace Elem. Med. 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(PZWL, 1999, 2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFastenrath, M., Spaleka, K., Coynel, D., Loos, E., Milnik, A., Egli, T., Schicktanza, N., Geissmann, L., Roozendaal, B., Papassotiropoulos, A. \u0026amp; de Quervaina, D.J.F. Human cerebellum and corticocerebellar connections involved in emotional memory enhancement. PNAS 119, 41, e2204900119. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2204900119\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1073/pnas.2204900119\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 1. Composition of physiological saline solution (pH = 7.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration in solution (mM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium chloride (NaCl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium chloride (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalcium chloride (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 2. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - the type and concentration of lithium in food on the dimensions of the right hemisphere of the insect brain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.081272084805654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.604240282685513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.081272084805654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1165.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;181.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(897.3-1369.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1375.8*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;179.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1090.8-1637.1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1520.0**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;197.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1254.8-1862.8)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1481.2*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;227.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1234.3-1862.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1414.5*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;168.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1090.9-1607.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.604240282685513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1447.9**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;198.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1090.9-1862.8)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98059964726632%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.984126984126984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.455026455026456%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.580246913580247%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.26315789473684%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.473684210526315%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.263157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.081272084805654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1091.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;109.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(906.4-1195.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1234.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;130.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1103.7-1521.1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1332.2**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;154.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1104.9-1500.3)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1278.4*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;136.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1103.7-1500.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1288.1*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;165.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1104.9-1521.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.604240282685513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1283.2**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;148.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1103.7-1521.1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98059964726632%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.984126984126984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.455026455026456%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.580246913580247%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.26315789473684%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.473684210526315%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.263157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.081272084805654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.79-1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.13\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.93-1.40)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.780918727915195%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.15\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.99-1.51)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.93-1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.250883392226148%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.93-1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.604240282685513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.14\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.93-1.51)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98059964726632%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.984126984126984%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.455026455026456%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.580246913580247%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.26315789473684%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.473684210526315%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.263157894736842%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 3. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - the type and concentration of lithium in food on the dimensions of the left hemisphere of the insect brain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.848167539267017%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.848167539267017%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1153.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1023.3-1278.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1339.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;151.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1150.4-1554.7)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1398.6**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;190.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1171.7-1695.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1360.2*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;153.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1152.7-1634.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1377.5**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;193.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1150.4-1695.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1368.9**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;170.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1150.4-1695.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.57443082311734%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.495621716287214%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.444833625218916%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.77922077922078%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.22077922077922%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.848167539267017%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1161.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;118.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(975.8-1257.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1369.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;192.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1128.3-1747.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1424.7**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;166.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1175.3-1666.9)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1390.2*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;191.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1128.3-1747.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1403.5*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;172.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1157.0-1660.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1396.9**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;177.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(1128.3-1747.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.57443082311734%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.495621716287214%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.444833625218916%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.77922077922078%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.22077922077922%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.848167539267017%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.91-1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.00\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.75-1.34)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.99\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.80-1.19)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.83-1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.75-1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.99\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.75-1.34)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.57443082311734%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.495621716287214%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.444833625218916%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.77922077922078%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.22077922077922%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 4. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the right Corpora Cardiaca of insects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.089316987740805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.089316987740805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1401.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;222.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1137.8-1649.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1174.2*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;228.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(846.8-1575.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1198.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;215.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(945.0-1561.5)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1099.2**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;143.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(846.8-1355.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1271.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;248.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(916.1-1575.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1185.5*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;216.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(846.8-1575.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.749562171628725%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.26970227670753%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.145833333333336%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.0625%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.089316987740805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e241.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(230.2-271.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e258.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;53.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(178.4-357.4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e255.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;69.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(126.8-389.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e233.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(126.8-298.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e280.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;60.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(202.1-389.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e256.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;60.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(126.8-389.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.749562171628725%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.26970227670753%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.145833333333336%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.0625%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.089316987740805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.82-7.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.73\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(3.25-7.60)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.09\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;.1.94\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(2.84-9.14)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.485113835376533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.40-9.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.84-7.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.91\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(2.84-9.14)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.749562171628725%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.26970227670753%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.145833333333336%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.0625%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 5. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the left Corpora Cardiaca of insects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1352.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;295.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1129.8-1870.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1185.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;231.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(945.1-1549.0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1156.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;232.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(760.4-1553.4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1009.2**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;130.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(760.4-1216.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1332.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;181.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1055.17-1553.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1171.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;226.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(760.4-1553.4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e230.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(195.0-297.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e264.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;38.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(212.1-326.3)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e275.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;49.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(160.4-330.4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e256.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(160.4-326.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e283.5**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(229.1-330.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e270.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;43.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(160.4-330.4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.24-9.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.56*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(2.90-6.70)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.27*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;.0.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(2.64-5.57)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.08**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.64-5.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.75*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.98-6.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.41**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.93\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(2.64-6.70)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 6. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the right Corpora Allata of insects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e380.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;74.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(259.0-461.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e448.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;79.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(352.8-568.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e528.8**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;69.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(415.8-634.8)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e506.29**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;73.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(395.6-634.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e471.00*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;92.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(352.8-611.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e488.6**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;83.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(352.8-634.8)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e385.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(261.2-471.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e397.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;78.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(308.4-565.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e422.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;62.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(327.5-508.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e402.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(308.4-508.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e418.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;77.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(327.5-565.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e410.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;70.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(308.4-565.2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.022687609075042%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.96-1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.961605584642234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.14*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.90-1.34)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.612565445026178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.27**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.92-1.67)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.43804537521815%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.27***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.06-1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.089005235602095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.90-1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.20**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.90-1.67)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.63525305410122%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.574171029668413%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.527050610820243%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.263525305410122%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.932642487046635%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.37823834196891%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.689119170984455%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 7. Statistical analysis of the influence of main effects - type and concentration of lithium in the food on the dimensions of the left Corpora Allata of insects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8353765323993%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-III\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarbonate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGIV-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecitrate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGII i GIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.959719789842381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGIII i GV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi 0,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGII-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elithium addition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8353765323993%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e363.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(247.0-430.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e448.1*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;68.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(365.2-611.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e497.7*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;103.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(305.6-670.1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e460.4*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;80.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(305.6-611.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.959719789842381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e485.5*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;100.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(365.2-670.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e472.9**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;89.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(305.6-670.1)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.09982486865149%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.919439579684763%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.361256544502616%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.7434554973822%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.895287958115183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidth (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8353765323993%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e377.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;72.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(247.1-417.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e417.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;87.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(240.2-542.5)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e414.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;64.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(291.4-550.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e404.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;99.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(240.2-550.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.959719789842381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e427.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;39.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(362.8-494.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e415.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;74.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(240.2-550.6)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.09982486865149%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.919439579684763%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.361256544502616%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.7434554973822%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.895287958115183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.439579684763572%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elength-to-width ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8353765323993%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.85-1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.010507880910684%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.81-1.81)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.660245183887916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.21*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.99-1.58)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.784588441330998%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.17*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.99-1.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.959719789842381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.81-1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.16*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(0.81-1.81)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.09982486865149%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evariance analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.6707530647986%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.919439579684763%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.309982486865149%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.361256544502616%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.7434554973822%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.895287958115183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(*, **, ***) \u0026ndash; statistically significant differences between means in relation to GI at p\u0026lt; (0.05, 0.01, 0.001) respectively\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNS \u0026ndash; no significance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Madagascar hissing cockroach, lithium citrate, lithium carbonate, neuroendocrine system, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLithium salts have been used in psychiatry for decades as normothymics. The full mechanism of action of these drugs is not yet known. The limited work on lithium suggests that it may affect brain structure and size in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the effect of lithium citrate and carbonate on the neuroendocrine system of Madagascar cockroaches. The animals were fed with the control and test diets (enriched with lithium citrate and carbonate at 0.1 and 0.01%, respectively). After anaesthesia, the insects were decapitated, and the brain and retrocerebral complex were removed. The study showed significant changes in the morphology of the examined elements of the neuroendocrine system of insects consuming lithium in the diet, mainly consisting of the enlargement of the examined structures, with increased doses of lithium and the preparation administered in the form of citrate having a greater effect. The morphotic changes in the endocrine system of the Madagascar cockroach exposed to lithium shown in this study may suggest that a similar phenomenon occurs in humans and animals exposed to lithium from the environment, food, or drugs. Further research on this topic may shed more light on the phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Can lithium salts alter the size and morphology of the Madagascar hissing cockroach’s neuroendocrine system?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-21 05:30:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4377585/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-24T09:18:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T05:53:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217880399663582901352109676677278684979","date":"2025-06-22T16:04:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"57475055111953637633901086804893843400","date":"2025-06-22T07:14:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-18T06:29:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"177338959057478096204296203436267952805","date":"2025-06-17T06:48:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T12:41:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"335731084817361325843838216250104310105","date":"2025-06-05T19:05:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"47476749345771248891543496473423714896","date":"2025-06-05T03:13:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-08T14:55:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"235532736274201974590721442868946946875","date":"2025-04-03T07:17:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-12T10:47:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-20T13:58:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T10:14:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T10:04:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-05-06T14:37:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"75de51e9-362e-4514-a326-63060b8cd7d8","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":32107538,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience"},{"id":32107539,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":32107540,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"},{"id":32107541,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-29T15:58:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4377585","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18293-3","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-26 15:56:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-21 05:30:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-18293-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18293-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4377585","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4377585","identity":"rs-4377585","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}