Planar Rotating Permanent Magnetic Mechanical Antenna Array for Beamforming

Planar Rotating Permanent Magnetic Mechanical Antenna Array for Beamforming | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Planar Rotating Permanent Magnetic Mechanical Antenna Array for Beamforming Huifeng Cheng, Xinlei Jia, Lifeng Sun, Yue Wang, Jingwen Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7221840/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mechanical antenna (MA) is a novel low frequency (LF) transmitter which has a much smaller size, costs less energy and owns higher power conversion efficiency compared to electrically small antenna (ESA) of the same frequency. The expressions of magnetic flux density induced by single rotating permanent magnetic mechanical antenna (RPMMA) are derived based on Maxwell’s equation. The radiation field patterns and directivity of single RPMMA are given subsequently. The beam width of single RPMMA is relatively wide and its directivity is not large enough to meet the demands of high-resolution detections and long-distance communications in far-field observations. A 3×3 planar RPMMA array is designed to narrow the beam and enhance the directivity under the inspiration of antenna array theory. The array achieved a narrow main lobe above the working plane with the function of a phased array by changing the progressive phase between adjacent elements in the array. The feasibility of the RPMMA array is verified by finite element method (FEM). The work paves the way for future research on MA arrays and other forms of MA combined with antenna theory such as the theory of reflector antennas. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 01 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 31 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7221840","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498859181,"identity":"d29c0351-8099-4a6d-af5e-76cbbfa5752c","order_by":0,"name":"Huifeng Cheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Institute of Coal Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huifeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheng","suffix":""},{"id":498859182,"identity":"9f53b22d-b8f4-4a6b-89e7-5f13924aa90e","order_by":1,"name":"Xinlei Jia","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSCuYLDh4edvIEXLGYY0GckZB0jTctjGoCGBSB0Gt3vMJA78Oc9jwHCA8cPHHGK03DkD1MJzm8ecuYFZcuY2YrTcyDGT/iBxm8ey4QAbMy+xWiQOGJzjMTiQQJKWhAMkaJG8c6zY4sCBZB7JGQebifML3+3mjTcO/LGz5+dvPvjhIzFaFA5wmEhAmIwNRKgHAvkG9scfiFM6CkbBKBgFIxYAAItOO2sPdVeoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Institute of Coal Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinlei","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":498859183,"identity":"93cb8b31-2116-4d0e-bfbe-4d3549d6048c","order_by":2,"name":"Lifeng Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Institute of Coal Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lifeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":498859184,"identity":"fbada805-f22e-44d7-9c86-9cf6c48c9ab6","order_by":3,"name":"Yue Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Institute of Coal Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yue","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":498859185,"identity":"fd3c685b-908c-4039-8904-dd5f77c59656","order_by":4,"name":"Jingwen Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Institute of Coal Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-26 14:38:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7221840/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7221840/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28918-2","type":"published","date":"2025-11-23T15:58:23+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96651044,"identity":"bee69128-782c-49a1-bd9c-619be6fb8328","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 16:13:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":522776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7221840/v1_covered_721bf31d-6365-4fdc-abf4-511a54e6fa19.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Planar Rotating Permanent Magnetic Mechanical Antenna Array for Beamforming","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7221840/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7221840/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMechanical antenna (MA) is a novel low frequency (LF) transmitter which has a much smaller size, costs less energy and owns higher power conversion efficiency compared to electrically small antenna (ESA) of the same frequency. 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