The Relationship between Social Support and Dimensions of Elder Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Relationship between Social Support and Dimensions of Elder Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship between Social Support and Dimensions of Elder Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Behnaz Marzbani, Erfan Ayubi, Majid Barati, Parvaneh Sahrai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction and Aims: Many studies have investigated the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder abuse; however, their results are somehow inconsistent in terms of the association. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the published studies on the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder maltreatment. Materials and Methods An electronic search was conducted until January 2023, using such databases as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The present research included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control studies. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two researchers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa checklist was utilized to evaluate the quality of studies. The random effects model was employed to perform a meta-analysis. Results In total, 34 studies were included in this systematic review, out of which 28 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed that 72% of the studies were of high quality, and there is a significant relationship between social support and elder maltreatment. Accordingly, the lack of social support increased overall maltreatment (odds ratio: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.38; I 2 = 94.2%, p < 0.0001)). Moreover, lack of social support had an increasing effect on the level of psychological abuse (1.49, 1.12–1.97; 88.5%, p < 0.001), physical abuse (1.42, 0.72–2.78; 70.0%, p = 0.01), and neglect (2.46, 1.10–6.01; 89.1%, p < 0.001), which shows heterogeneities among the results of the included studies. On the contrary, the lack of social support showed a decreasing effect on financial abuse (0.93, 0.87–0.99; 46.0%, p = 0.10) Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence that social support in the form of structural or functional support may plays an important role in improving the quality of life of the elderly. Social Support Elder Maltreatment Elderly Neglect Meta-analysis Systematic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The phenomenon of aging is one of the most sensitive periods of human life across the world, and the elderly population is growing remarkably ( 1 , 2 ). It is predicted that by 2050, the global population aged 60 and over will double and reach about 2.1 billion people ( 3 ). With the rapid growth of the world's elderly population, mistreatment of the elderly is becoming a growing social problem ( 4 ). Elder maltreatment is an important public health issue with serious social, economic, and health consequences ( 5 ). According to the definition by the World Health Organization (WHO), elder abuse is "a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, which causes harm or distress to an older person"( 6 – 8 ). Despite the high rate of elder abuse, its actual rate is not known and is less reported ( 9 , 10 ). Based on the results of a systematic review of the five continents, the prevalence of elder abuse has been estimated from 2.2–79.75% ( 11 ). According to the WHO definition, health refers to "complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" ( 12 ). According to this definition, social health as one of the four dimensions of health plays a significant role in the quality of life of elderly people and indicates the importance of the social dimension of human beings ( 13 ). Social support refers to the help or support provided to an individual by the members of social networks ( 14 ), and it has been defined differently: "the number of people in the participating network", "an indicator of overall satisfaction with social support", "the availability of multiple forms or types of support (e.g., informational/emotional, instrumental/tangible and affectionate)", and "positive social interaction"( 15 , 16 ). Studies have shown that higher levels of social support help to improve the quality of life related to the physical and mental health of the elderly ( 17 ) and life satisfaction ( 18 ). The review of the literature indicated extensive studies published in this regard; however, there is a dearth of comprehensive research aiming at summarizing the studies. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine opinions and issues related to social support and dimensions of elder abuse in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. The research population includes all scientific articles on the relationship between social support and the dimensions of elder maltreatment, which were indexed in such databases as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. In order to preserve all the valuable data, all articles published in English from the beginning to January 2023 were extracted by two independent researchers. The related articles were identified by combining the keywords, such as "social support", "dimensions of maltreatment", and "the elderly". The search strategy in the Table 1 . Table 1 Search strategies used for finding methods articles . Number of retrieved articles is given in the right-hand column. MEDLINE (PubMed) 684 Social support : "Social support" OR "emotional support" OR "Instrumental support" OR "information support" OR "social networking" OR "Evaluation support" AND Dimensions of abuse : "neglect" OR "abuse" OR "maltreatment" OR "mistreatment" OR "violence" OR "material abuse" OR "psychological abuse" OR "sexual abuse" OR "financial abuse" OR "emotional abuse" OR "Verbal violence" OR "physical abuse" OR "mental abuse" OR "elder abuse" AND Elderly : "aged" OR "aging" OR "elderly" OR "geriatric" OR "senior" OR "old age" OR "aged" OR "older" OR "older people" OR "older adults" OR "elder" OR "pensioner" OR "senile" OR "senescent" Web of Science 827 #24 AND #23 AND #22 #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 TS=(neglect ) TS=("material abuse") TS=("psychological abuse") TS=("sexual abuse") TS=("financial abuse") TS=("emotional abuse") TS=("Verbal violence") TS=("physical abuse") TS=("mental abuse") TS=("elder abuse") TS=("social networking") TS=("social support") TS=("emotional support") TS=("Instrumental support") TS=("information support") TS=("Evaluation support") TS=("older adults") TS=(aged) TS=(aging) TS=(elderly) TS=("older age") 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 827 237973 123046 4115236 204528 7 1409 28458 373 3619 548 10150 70 3184 21644 91818 10064 1586 2599 229 174255 3876550 3876550 355926 52136 SCOPUS 922 Social support : ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Evaluation support" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "information support" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Instrumental support" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "emotional support" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "social support" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "social networking" ) ) ) AND Dimensions of abuse : ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( neglect ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "elder abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "mental abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "physical abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Verbal violence" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "emotional abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "financial abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "sexual abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "psychological abuse" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "material abuse" ) ) ) AND Elderly : ( ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "older age" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( elderly ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( aging ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( aged ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "older adults" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( senescent ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( senile ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( pensioner ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( elder ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "older people" ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( geriatric ) ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( senior ) ) ) View less Study selection Endnote X7.5 software was used to organize the studies. After removing duplicates by carefully examining the titles and abstracts, irrelevant articles in terms of topic and inclusion criteria were discarded. If it was not possible to make a decision based on the title and abstract, the full text was examined. Moreover, to ensure the retrieval of all documents, the references of articles were also searched. Following that, the full texts of the articles were checked to identify the articles that fully meet the inclusion criteria. In all stages, disagreements were resolved through discussion and finally with the opinion of the third researcher. Eligibility criteria The inclusion criteria were 1) articles published in English from the beginning to January 2023, 2) types of observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort), 3) the study population (male and female elderly people), and 4) studies with association measures, such as odds ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) and type of determinants (social support and types of maltreatment). On the other hand, interventional and qualitative studies, articles with no reviews, and letters to the editor were excluded from the study owing to the lack of use of primary data. Moreover, studies the abstracts of which had no information were also removed from the research procedure. Data extraction and quality assessment The information extracted from the studies in the analysis and recorded in Excel software included the type of study, year of publication, first author, study population, gender, country, number of participants, the questionnaire used, results related to social support, the outcome of the study: dimensions of maltreatment (e.g., physical, financial, psychological, sexual, and neglect), and the results of the studies. After examining the aims of the studies and the inclusion criteria, the eligible studies were evaluated in terms of methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa (for observational studies). This tool examined the quality of studies considering selection, comparability, and results. It should be mentioned that two independent researchers evaluated the quality of the articles at all stages. According to this scale, the articles were scored from zero (the weakest study) to nine (the strongest). Studies with a score higher than six were considered high quality. Statistical analysis The information of individual studies and corresponding pooled measure are summarized in forest plots. Between studies heterogeneity was evaluated using the I 2 value and substantial heterogeneity was set as I 2 > 50%. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled associations. Publication bias was checked using funnel plot and Begg’s test and Egger’s test. Meta-analysis was performed using and Stata 11 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Results Study selection Figure 1 illustrates the process of selecting the presented articles. A total of 2,433 articles were retrieved by searching three international databases. After removing 534 duplicate articles, 1,899 studies remained. Of these, 1,764 articles were removed after reviewing the titles and abstracts. Afterward, the full texts of 135 articles were evaluated, and after a careful review of the literature, 101 articles were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria. The relationship between social support and the dimensions of maltreatment was investigated in 34 articles as the main or secondary aim, and eight articles were not included in the meta-analysis due to the lack of reporting the OR index ( 19 – 26 ). It should be mentioned that only 26 studies reported OR with a confidence interval that entered the meta-analysis. In total, 10 articles were removed due to repetitive content and re-reporting of information in the form of a new article ( 27 – 36 ). Furthermore, six articles were excluded due to the difference in the type of index extracted despite the use of similar data, among which two studies ( 23 , 37 ) had different target groups (urban and rural elderly) and four studies ( 38 – 41 ) reported different aspects of maltreatment. Study Characteristics The sample size varied from 128 ( 20 ) to 26,229 ( 42 ) Participants. These studies were geographically diverse and included 22 countries (three joint studies in several countries) ( 38 , 39 , 43 ) in five WHO regions, including Africa ( 44 ), America ( 21 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 45 – 51 ), Europe ( 38 , 39 , 52 – 56 ), Southeast Asia ( 23 , 37 , 57 ), and Western Pacific Ocean ( 19 , 20 , 25 , 42 , 58 – 61 ). Table 2 tabulates the characteristics of the articles. Table 2 Main Characteristics of Studies Included in the Systematic Review and Meta Analyses Author1 Year country Study population% Sample size Type of Abuse Measure of Abuse social support Measure of association Tools Result Zhao et al., 2022 Chinese (19) M = 46.38 F = 53.62 511 self-neglect Mean (SD) 13.65 ± 10.65 Social support β = -0.15(-0.27, -0.09) ESNA Social Support Revalued Scale Geriatric Psychological Capital Scale Social support and psychological capital were found to be negatively related to self-neglect. psychological capital acts as a mediator between social support and self-neglect. Xu et al., 2022 China (58) M = 64.60 F = 35.40 452 self-neglect 30.3 Social support OR = 0.96(0.91,1.01) AGSS SSRS social support related to self-neglect in the elderly (P = 0.108) Okojie et al., 2022 Nigeria (44) Rural = 51.2 Urban = 48.74 913 elder abuse Rural (Past-Year) 14.7 poor social support OR = 3.55(1.64,7.69) structured questionnaire elder abuse urban (Past-Year) 13.3 poor social support OR = 2.249(1,5.03) psychological abuse (rural) 86.2 psychological abuse (urban) 84.2 sexual abuse (rural) 3.4 sexual abuse (urban) 9.2 Santos et al., 2022 Brazil (45) M = 23.27 F = 76.73 159 Risk for violence 60.7 Emotional/informational support OR = 0.95(0.91,0.98) H-S/EAST MOS-SSS The results showed that with the increase of material and informational social support and social interaction, the risk of violence decreased (p < 0.000). Dias et al., 2022 Portugal (52) M = 36.78 F = 63.22 677 elder abuse 23.9 Low social support OR = 3.96(1.22,12.83) MSPSS CTS UK survey of elder abuse/ neglect Older people who report abuse were more likely to have perceived insufficient income and low social support, and have experienced stressful life events. The abuse was also significantly associated with poor health status and depressive symptoms psychological abuse 19.9 Physical abuse 2.5 financial abuse 5.8 sexual abuse 1.9 Simmons et al., 2021 Sweden (53) M = 55.52 F = 44.48 607 One form of victimization 7.74 social support (No) OR = 2.15(0.94,4.93) NorAQ SOC One item from the annual Swedish national public health survey (social support) The results showed that found an overall negative association between polyvictimization and mental as well as physical health status, mediated by sense of coherence, and moderated by social support Any violence 26.35 Emotional violence 12.52 Physical violence 19.60 Sexual violence 7.74 Oetzel et al., 2021 New Zealand (20) M = 24.22 F = 75.78 128 Loneliness Mean (SD) 1.57(0.64) Social Support Correlations = − 28 Questionnaire made by a researcher on elder abuse and social support Loneliness was negatively associated with support and positively associated with elder abuse and missing pleasure with whanau (extended family). Elder Abuse Mean (SD) 0.15(0.26) Social Support Correlations = − 0.18 Sooryanarayana et al., 2020 Malaysia (62) M = 41.06 F = 42.46 3466 Elder abuse 9.0 Poor Social support OR = 5.028(2.25,1.21) ECAQ 11-item Duke’s Social Support Index odds of experiencing abuse are higher among males, those with a previous history of abuse, poor social support and limitations in performing ADLs. Neglect abuse 7.5 Financial abuse 0.8 Physical abuse 0.2 Sexual abuse 0.1 Psychological abuse 0.7 Koga et al., 2020 Japan (42) M = 46.7 F = 53.93 26229 Physical abuse 1.26 emotional support OR = 1.14(0.69,1.89) Researcher-made questionnaire Relationship between Social Capital and Elder Abuse Participants who received a particular type of social support, i.e., instrumental support, were less likely to suffer physical and psychological abuses. found no significant association between elder abuse and receiving or providing emotional support or providing instrumental support. Psychological abuse 11.11 emotional support OR = 0.86(0.72,1.03) financial abuse 1.45 emotional support OR = 0.92(0.61,1.39) Multiple abuse(past year) 12.3 emotional support OR = 0.89(0.75,1.06) Zheng et al., 2019 USA (46) 3157 Elder abuse 15.01 Negative social support OR = 1.51(1.41,1.61) H-S/EAST Researcher-made questionnaire of social support The results on the relationships between PSS from spouse, PSS from family members, and EM were similar to overall PSS. But PSS from friends had a nonsignificant association with EM. Greater levels of NSS from spouse, family members, and friends were associated with increased risks of EM. Park et al., 2018 South Korea (59) 10674 Emotional abuse 9.3 No Social support OR = 1.71(1.37,2.12) Researcher-made questionnaire depression, poor social support, and having chronic illnesses are significant factors associated with emotional abuse among the Korean older adult population. Williams et al., 2017 USA (40) M = 39.8 F = 60.2 5,776 Multiple abuse 1.7 Low social support OR = 1.64(1,2.67) MOS-SSS A series of behaviorally specific questions regarding mistreatment Risk of polyvictimization was greater among older adults needing help with ADLs, those with low social support, and those who had experienced a prior traumatic event. Emotional abuse 27.1 Physical abuse 6.9 Sexual abuse 3.4 Neglect 33.5 Financial abuse 34.5 Compt et al., 2017 USA (47) 526 Elder abuse 33.4 social support OR = 0.57(0.34,0.94) GMS OSS-3 social support buffers the association between depression and elder abuse. Elder abuse and ADLs negatively predicted social support, as did depression and ADLs even though depression had a higher effect size over social support than elder abuse. Physical abuse 3.8 Psychological abuse 30.6 Neglect 5.1 Financial abuse 8.4 Sexual abuse 1.1 Liu et al., 2017 USA (21) M = 27.46 F = 72.54 386 Financial abuse 20 Social Support β= −.022 OAFEM ISEL SNI The relationship between social support and financial misconduct was not significant (p = .976) and social support (p = .976) was not a significant predictor. The correlation was − 0.02, which reduces misconduct by 0.02 per unit of social support, but it was not significant. Nisha et al., 2016 India (57) M = 44.5 F = 55.5 200 Elder abuse 16 (Absent)social support OR = 6.1(1.8,20.2) EAST ECAQ standard questionnaire (social support) many elderly patients had experienced multiple forms of abuse. There was statistically significant association between elder abuse and total financial dependence, lack of social support, and depression among the elderly patients. verbal abuse 12.5 neglect 11 financial abuse 8.5 physical abuse 1.5 Melchiorre et al., 2016 Europe (38) F = 57.29 M = 42.71 4,467 Multiple abuse 22.1 Social support (MSPSS) OR = 0.98(0.97,0.99) Violence based on the UK study on elder abuse CTS MSPSS A low level of social support and social isolation may indeed represent crucial risk factors for elder abuse. In addition to individual variables, age appeared to gain statistical significance, namely increasing age decreased the probability of being abused. physical abuse 2.7 Sexual abuse 0.7 financial abuse 3.8 psychological abuse 19.4 Beach et al., 2016 USA (48) F = 73.3 M = 26.7 903 Financial abuse (Past 6 months) 3.5 social support OR = 0.94(0.88,0.99) ISEL SNI protective effects of perceived social support are greatest for those with the largest social networks. Older adults with large diverse social networks combined with low perceived social support were at highest risk for FE. whereas family network size and perceived support did not interact. Wong et al., 2016 USA (22) F = 52.10 M = 47.90 2,261 Verbal abuse 15.4 social support β= -0.112 Hwalek–Sengstock VASS NFLM Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale financial mistreatment increases later loneliness, and those with more support from spouses and family were buffered against its effect. past verbal mistreatment increases later loneliness, current social support decreases it, and their interaction produces a complex buffering effect. Financial abuse 5.8 β= -0.106 Leung et al., 2015 China (60) F: 60.6 M = 39.4 3435 Multiple abuse 0. 3 informal support OR = 5.29(1.35,20.78) Researcher-made questionnaire “Neglect, abuse, or maltreatment” were statistically significant including age and informal support were positively associated, whereas care activities was negatively associated with the likelihood of being neglected, abused and mistreated. Chokkanathan et al., 2015 India (23) Rural 100 897 Elder abuse 21 Support β = -0.07(-0.08, -0.05) CTS Duke Social Support and Stress Scale MOS-SSS In the moderation model, social support buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment and also buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment through loneliness. psychological abuse 19.2 financial abuse 12.7 neglect 12.4 physical abuse 12.3 Guedes et al., 2015 Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil (43) M = 47.87 F = 52.13 1995 psychological abuse by their partners 14.82 social support (LOW) OR = 1.29(0.77,2.17) HITS scale Tool of social network Psychological intimate partner violence was more prevalent among women and those with low levels of support from partners, children, and family. James et al., 2013 USA (24) M = 23.16 F = 76.84 639 Scams Mean (SD) 2.88 (0.70) Social support β= −0.074(0.67, -0.81) De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale MSPSS Social network size Financial victimization had a positive relationship and a negative relationship with income, cognition, psychological well-being, social support and literacy. less social support, were associated with greater susceptibility to scams. LEE et al., 2014 South Korea (25) M = 82.8 F = 17.20 1,023 self-neglect 22.80% family social support β= –.155 SSEA LSNS-6 Formal social support social networks of friends and use of social services (formal social support) did not affect the frequency of self-neglect. older adults who had larger family social networks were less likely to commit elder self-neglect Adamczyk et al., 2013 Poland (54) M = 38.2 F = 61.8 518 Any type of violence(Women) 63.4 Low social support OR = 1.93(0.98,3.82) De Jong–Gierveld Loneliness Scale Researcher-made questionnaire social support factors as poor assessment of psychological health, number of chronic conditions, suffering from emotional and social loneliness and lack of social support in everyday life significantly increased the risk of being a victim of domestic violence in older citizens of Krakow. Any type of violence (Men) 36.6 Low social support OR = 1.35(0.46,3.93) Psychological violence(Men) 30.2 Low social support OR = 0.71(0.15,3.62) Psychological violence(Women) 69.8 Low social support OR = 2.64(0.99,7.09) neglect (Men) 38.1 Low social support OR = 0.51(0.13,1.96) neglect (Women) 61.9 Low social support OR = 2.51(1.02,6.15) Financial violence (Men) 32 High social limitations OR = 0.2(0.03,1.4) Financial violence (Women) 68 High social limitations OR = 0.38(0.12,1.17) Physical violence (Women) 69.2 Physical violence (MEN) 30.8 Macassa et al., 2013 Europe (39) F = 57.29 M = 42.71 4467 psychological abuse (Female) 19.4 Social support OR = 0.98(0.98,0.99) CTS UK study of abuse/neglect of older people MSPSS Low social support, living in rented housing, alcohol use, frequent health care use, and high scores in anxiety and somatic complaints were associated with increased risk of psychological abuse. Psychological abuse was more prevalent in Northern than Southern countries and factors such as low social support and high anxiety levels played an important role. psychological abuse (Male) 20.3 Dong et al., 2013 USA (49) Urban 66.58 rural 33.42 404 Elder abuse (Urban) 31.22 Social support OR = 1.11(1.04,1.19) VASS Loneliness Scale SSI Regarding social and psychological factors, urban elderly who were mistreated were more dissatisfied with life and most likely had lower levels of social support measures. Elder abuse (Rural) 44.44 Social support OR = 1.19(1.08,1.31) Yan et al., 2012 USA (50) F = 42.37 M = 57.63 937 Physical abuse 2.5 Social support OR = 0.14(0.02,0.76) CTS (violence) FNS:( Risk factors for IPV) PRP FNS A low level of social support also increased the odds of physical abuse (p < 0.05). A low level of anger management and a high number of stressful conditions were both independently associated with higher levels of psychological aggression (p < 0.01 and 0.05). Sexual abuse 1.2 Social support OR = 0.29(0.03,2.45) Psychological abuse 36.1 Social support OR = 1.16 (0.77,1.76) Cevirme et al., 2012 Turkey (56) M = 54 F = 46 452 elder abuse 28.5 social support OR = 0.76 (0.70,0.82) MSPSS Researcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse A higher social support level was observed in non-EAN group. After binary regression, only perceived social support (P < 0, 001) was found to be associated with elder abuse and neglect. emotional abuse 57.4 physical abuse 14.7 economic abuse 27.9 Naughton et al., 2011 Ireland (55) F = 55 M = 45 2021 Multiple abuse (Past Year) 2.2 Social support (Poor) OR = 3.11(1.29,7.46) CTS financial abuse and neglect (UK and NY prevalence studies) ADL:(neglect) Oslo-3 In the univariate analysis lower income, impaired physical health, mental health, and poor social support were associated with a higher risk of mistreatment but only social support and mental health remained independent predictors Financial abuse 1.3 Psychological abuse 1.20 Physical abuse 0.5 Sexual abuse 0.05 Neglect 0.3 Wu et al., 2011 China (61) villages 2000 Multiple abuse 36.2 practical support from family OR = 1.28(1.01,1.63) VASS Researcher-made questionnaire of social support physical abuse 4.90 emotional abuse 27.3 neglect 15.8 financial exploitation 2 Amstadter et al., 2011 USA (51) F = 59.9 M = 40.1 902 Emotional abuse (Past year) 5.1 Social support (low) OR = 3.51(1.63,7.53) Researcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse MOS-SSS Emotional, physical, and financial abuse were associated with needing help with activities of daily living, having low social support, and using social services. Physical abuse (Past year) 1.8 Social support (low) OR = 8.14(0.8,83.26) Neglect (Past year) 5.4 Social support (low) OR = 6.74(1.54,29.62) Financial abuse (Past year) 6.6 Social support (low) OR = 1.77(0.71,4.42) Sexual abuse (Past year) 0.3 Acierno et al., 2010 USA (41) F = 60.2 M = 39.8 5777 Emotional abuse (Past-Year) 4.6 Social support (low) OR = 3.17(2.14,4.69) only previous experience of traumatic events and low social support remained predictive of sexual mistreatment Physical abuse (Past-Year) 1.6 Social support (low) OR = 2.95(1.19,7.3) Sexual abuse (Past-Year 0.6 Social support (low) OR = 5.68(1.3,2.44) Neglect (Past-Year) 5.1 Social support (low) OR = 4.14(2.34,7.35) Financial abuse by family (Past-Year) 5.2 Use of social services (no) OR = 0.75(0.57,0.98) Choi et al., 2008 USA (26) 370 self-neglect 22.2 Social support β = 0.35(0.70,0.002) Researcher-made questionnaire elders who had more social support and who had more difficulty with ADLs were more likely to have been physically and/or psychologically abused and/or financially exploited than were just financially exploited. Financial abuse 38.4 Social support β = 0.72(1.29,0.15) Multiple abuse 51.9 Physical 10.5 psychological abuse 10.5 Sexual abuse 1 Chokkanathan et al., 2005 India (37) M = 50.5 F = 49.5 400 elder abuse (Past-Year) 14 Social support OR = 1.07(1.04,1.09) CTS MOS-SSS Researcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse revealed gender, social support, and subjective rating of physical health as significant factors associated with abuse. verbal abuse 10.8 financial abuse 5 physical abuse 4.30 neglect 4.30 Elder Self-Neglect Assessment (ESNA) Abrams Geriatric Self-Neglect Scale (AGSS) Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS) Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST ) Medical Outcome Study: Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS) Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MS-SSS) Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS) NorVold Abuse Questionnaire(violence) NorAQ Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) Antonovsky’s Sense of coherence instrument (SOC) Geriatric Mistreatment Scale three-item Oslo scale (social support) (OSS-3) Older Adult Financial Exploitation Measure (OAFEM) Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) Social Network Index (SNI) Elder Abuse Screening Test (EAST) Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) UK Study of Abuse and Neglect of Older People: Qualitative Findings NSHAP Felt Loneliness Measures (NFLM) short instrument for Domestic violence (DV) screening (HITS scale) Screening Scale for Elder Abuse (SSEA) Lubben Social Network Scale (family network and friend network) (LSNS-6) Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS) RUCLA Loneliness Scale Social Support Instrument (SSI) Family Needs Screener (Risk factors for IPV) (FNS) short version of the Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP) Activities of Daily Living tool (ADL) Social Support Scale (Oslo-3) After reviewing, 18 articles ( 20 , 23 , 26 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 44 – 47 , 49 , 52 – 55 , 57 , 61 , 62 ) reported maltreatment in general. Other studies investigated some dimensions of maltreatment, such as neglect ( 19 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 47 , 51 , 54 – 58 , 60 – 62 ), sexual ( 26 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 47 , 50 – 53 , 55 , 62 ), verbal ( 22 , 37 , 57 ), physical ( 23 , 26 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 43 , 47 , 50 – 57 , 60 – 62 ), financial ( 21 – 23 , 26 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 42 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 54 – 57 , 61 , 62 ), and psychological abuse dimensions ( 23 , 24 , 26 , 38 – 44 , 47 , 50 – 56 , 59 , 61 , 62 ), as well as loneliness ( 20 , 23 ). Social support was also evaluated using such different indicators as the size of the social network ( 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 53 , 59 ), emotional support ( 42 , 45 , 60 ), informational support ( 19 , 45 ), instrumental support ( 19 , 22 , 41 , 42 , 61 ), and social support using special scales ( 20 , 23 , 26 , 37 – 40 , 44 , 47 – 58 , 62 ). The results also showed that in addition to the relationship between social support and the dimensions of maltreatment, some articles investigated other dimensions, including the mediating role of social capital ( 19 , 42 , 53 ), domestic violence ( 43 , 50 , 54 ), the ecological framework of the elder abuse image ( 38 ), as well as direct and indirect effects of social support on maltreatment ( 23 ). The majority of the studies used standard tools, and the tool in just one study was not clear ( 41 ). The most widely used tools for evaluating maltreatment and social support were the tactical scale of conflict, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and the medical consequences: the social support scale, in descending order. Quality of studies All 34 included studies were quantitative (cross-sectional = 32, cohort = 1, and case-control = 1) and in English. Furthermore, 23 studies were considered high quality ( 19 , 22 – 24 , 26 , 37 – 43 , 46 , 47 , 50 – 55 , 58 , 59 , 62 ). Due to the lack of access to the full text of the article, the quality assessment of the two studies was not completed ( 44 , 61 ). Table 3 tabulates the evaluation of the quality of articles. Table 3 Results of the quality assessment Author, year (Study) Design Items Total NOS stars Selection Comparability Outcome/exposure Wong, 2016(22) Cohort **** ** *** ********* Choi, 2008(26) Case controls *** ** ** ******* Zhao, 2022(19) Cross sectional **** ** * ******* Xu, 2022(58) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Santos, 2022(45) Cross sectional *** ** * ****** Dias, 2022(52) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Simmons, 2021(53) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Oetzel, 2021(20) Cross sectional ** ** ** ****** Sooryanarayana, 2020(62) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Koga, 2020(42) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Zheng, 2019(46) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Park, 2018(59) Cross sectional **** ** * ******* Williams, 2017(40) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Compte, 2017(47) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Liu, 2017(21) Cross sectional ** ** ** ****** Nisha, 2016(57) Cross sectional * ** ** ***** Melchiorre, 2016(38) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Beach, 2016(48) Cross sectional **** ** * ******* Leung, 2015(60) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Chokkanathan, 2015(23) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Guedes, 2015(43) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** James, 2014(24) Cross sectional **** ** ** ****** Lee, 2014(25) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Adamczyk, 2013(54) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Macassa, 2013(39) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Dong, 2013(49)(26) Cross sectional ** ** ** ****** Yan, 2012(50)(27) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Cevirme, 2012(56) Cross sectional ** ** ** ****** Naughton, 2011(55) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Amstadter, 2011(51) Cross sectional **** ** ** ******** Acierno, 2010(41) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Chokkanathan, 2005(37) Cross sectional *** ** ** ******* Meta-analysis results The results of the present study show that the lack of social support has increased the chance of all kinds of elder maltreatment by 27%. The meta-analysis estimation was obtained with a confidence interval of 1.38 and 1.17, which was statistically significant. The value of the I 2 statistic in this analysis was obtained at 94.2%, which indicates the high heterogeneity of the results of the included studies (Fig. 2 ). (Begg's test , p = 0.65 and Egger's test , p = 0.04) The relationship between social support and dimensions of maltreatment is presented in Fig. 3 . The lack of social support had an increasing effect on the chances of psychological (OR = 1.49 [1.12 and 1.97]) and physical (OR = 1.42 [0.72 and 2.78]) maltreatment, as well as neglect (OR = 2.46 [1.01 and 6.01]) (Fig. 3 B, C, D, respectively). On the contrary, lack of social support had a decreasing effect on financial maltreatment (OR = 0.93 [0.87 and 0.99]) in the elderly, and it was not statistically significant (Fig. 3 A). Figure 3 A, B, C, D illustrate the values of I 2 statistic that are 46%, 88.5%, 70%, and 2.46%, respectively, which indicates the heterogeneity of all the results of the included studies, except for the financial abuse, which represents the homogeneity of the results of the included studies. The meta-analysis estimate for sexual maltreatment in the elderly was not investigated due to the limited number of data ( 41 , 50 ). On stratification elder maltreatment types, there was no publication bias according to Begg's test and Egger's test ( p > 0.05). Discussion This systematic review was conducted based on a comprehensive search strategy to better recognize the relationship between social support and dimensions of elder abuse. In total, 34 studies were included in this review, of which 26 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results of the study show that the lack of social support had increasing effects on maltreatment in general and all dimensions, except for financial issues. Moreover, it had the greatest impact on the dimension of neglect (neglect by others and self-neglect). Lack of social support increases the chance of elder abuse by 27%, which was similar to the results of some studies ( 37 , 38 , 45 ); however, it was not consistent with the findings of other studies ( 52 , 57 , 60 ). One of the reasons for the similarity of the relationship in the study ( 38 ) is that it indicated the relationship using an ecological framework. This may reveal the low level of social support and social isolation as important risk factors for male elder abuse. In addition, some cultural social norms, as well as mass media encourage tolerance and a kind of "normalization" towards violence. Furthermore, the lack of social support from friends weakens the self-efficacy or inner strength of the elderly and makes them more vulnerable to the experience of Elder Maltreatment ( 46 ). The results also revealed that the lack of social support reduced the chance of financial maltreatment by 7%, which is not in line with the results of some studies ( 41 , 42 , 51 , 54 ); however, they were consistent with the findings of a study ( 48 ). A possible explanation for this consistency is that it investigated the relationship among social support, social network size, and financial exploitation. Moreover, higher levels of perceived social support were associated with a reduced risk of Financial Exploitation, whereas those with large non-family networks along with low perceived social support were most at risk. Therefore, the encouragement of social network expansion through "making new friends" should be de-emphasized until it is ensured that these new network members support older adults. The lack of social support also increased the chances of psychological maltreatment by 46%, which was consistent with the results of some studies ( 39 , 42 , 59 ); however, it was not in line with the findings of other studies ( 54 , 60 ). One of the reasons for this relationship is that social support may act as a protector against stressful situations ( 39 ). Additionally, the elderly who have been subjected to domestic violence have weak emotional relationships with their close social network (including relatives) and also suffer from a lack of social relationships ( 54 ). It is worth noting that age, chronic diseases, social support, and depression are factors related to emotional abuse in this group of people ( 59 ). Another result revealed that the lack of social support increased the chance of physical abuse by 42%, which had the most consistency with the findings of some studies ( 42 , 60 ) and the least similarity to the results of other studies ( 50 , 51 ). Regarding physical violence, a set of predictors, including previous exposure to a traumatic event, weak social support, and limitations in doing daily life activities are of significant importance ( 51 ). As with social support, seniors who had a positive view of community trust were less likely to experience physical or psychological abuse. Moreover, the relationship between social capital and maltreatment shows that the elderly who received a certain type of social support (instrumental support) were less exposed to physical and psychological abuse ( 42 ). Older men are more likely to be victims of physical abuse by an intimate partner than women ( 50 ). According to the analysis of studies ( 41 , 51 , 54 , 58 ), the lack of social support increases the chance of neglect by 42%, and they reported almost the same results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the high prevalence of self-neglect due to the social distancing strategy and strict quarantine policies limited the access of the elderly to social support structures (58). Additionally, elderly individuals from minority groups (racial/ethnic) were more likely to be neglected than white people ( 51 ). Another explanation is that it is somewhat difficult to identify or even define neglect since instead of maltreatment, the offender fails to perform the appropriate action ( 41 ), and people with high emotional or social loneliness are significantly more victims of psychological violence and neglect ( 54 ). Considering the relationship between social support and the dimension of sexual maltreatment, due to the limited number of studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. Among the reasons for not reporting sexual abuse, it can be acknowledged that these victims may see themselves as dependent on the abuser, which makes it difficult or basically impossible for them to leave the abusive relationship ( 63 ) or because of the fear of disclosure, they do not report it ( 51 ). Furthermore, it can also be mentioned that only previous experiences of traumatic events and low social support predicted sexual abuse ( 41 ). One of the limitations of the study is the lack of studies using tools aimed at evaluating the aspects of social support and its relationship with the risk of elder maltreatment. Accordingly, to understand the relationship, it was attempted to assess other phenomena in other fields and evaluate the theories deeply and in more detail. In addition, although our comprehensive search strategy identified many relevant studies, most of the studies included in the meta-analysis were from high-income countries. Conclusion This study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis that presents the relationship between social support and elder abuse. Overall, the important contribution of our results from previous findings showed that low levels of social support are likely to report high levels of all types of maltreatment (except for financial abuse). It seems that the evidence obtained in the studies and the definition of targeted policies are of crucial importance for decision-makers and old age. Investment in the design and implementation of social support interventions are effective components in preventing all types of elder abuse and should be considered a public health priority. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Ethical approval code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1401.993). Consent for publication Not Applicable. 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Elder abuse by caregivers: A study of prevalence and risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese families. J Family Violence. 2004;19(5):269–77. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Dec, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 18 Oct, 2023 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2023 Reviews received at journal 29 Sep, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Sep, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 19 Sep, 2023 Editor invited by journal 03 Jun, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Jun, 2023 First submitted to journal 09 May, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2911103","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":206464579,"identity":"27ebc9bc-5d35-4eb0-9129-9fbd25c3f189","order_by":0,"name":"Behnaz Marzbani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Behnaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Marzbani","suffix":""},{"id":206464580,"identity":"dce1d19a-3715-4919-abc0-33a672db68ea","order_by":1,"name":"Erfan Ayubi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erfan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ayubi","suffix":""},{"id":206464581,"identity":"dbc2e0f6-a8e4-4659-ae44-b214f9a30e2e","order_by":2,"name":"Majid Barati","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwhpAyR4ICJsRGk5YJBGshaGwwgtBIE5+9mHnz8UnE9c23/24AeGGjsGPukD+LVY9qQbSxwwuJ247UZesgTDsWQGNr4EAg47kMYA1cJjIMHAdoCBjZADDc4/Y/5xwOBc4rbzZ4x/MPwjRsuNNDagLQcStx3IMZNgbCNCi+WMZ2wWZwySjbfdyDGzSOxL5iGoxZw/jflGxR87WZDDbnz4Zicn30NACypIID52RsEoGAWjYBTgAwAifj+4ee+KPwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majid","middleName":"","lastName":"Barati","suffix":""},{"id":206464582,"identity":"e2eb833f-3d03-43b7-b3d4-714f000c923d","order_by":3,"name":"Parvaneh Sahrai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Parvaneh","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahrai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-05-09 09:14:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04541-6","type":"published","date":"2023-12-18T15:01:16+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":38099226,"identity":"a8227f82-cb83-4ae5-b2ba-b7b49d76c47d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-06 14:22:51","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy selection and exclusion according to the PRISMA fow diagram\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2911103/v1/b903fc3a98487dcf3c7da1f2.png"},{"id":38101020,"identity":"6a211c9b-40f5-4764-a95b-68259b2130cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-06 14:30:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis of low social support and risk of multiple abuses in elderly\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2911103/v1/f7eb2fb1a6f1f841d495777a.png"},{"id":38099228,"identity":"87d16a60-6d2c-42a7-8b31-f6b53e05510d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-06 14:22:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeta-analysis of low social support and dimensions of abuse in the elderly\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA) financial abuse. B) psychological abuse. C) physical. D) neglect.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2911103/v1/e23c8a1e238eb6e8be6c0b77.png"},{"id":48776961,"identity":"dd9085a0-6380-4602-9da1-aaecea9917fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-25 15:09:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1384648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2911103/v1/c036fa46-45d3-4624-ad56-426e88eaeb57.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Relationship between Social Support and Dimensions of Elder Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of aging is one of the most sensitive periods of human life across the world, and the elderly population is growing remarkably (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is predicted that by 2050, the global population aged 60 and over will double and reach about 2.1\u0026nbsp;billion people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). With the rapid growth of the world's elderly population, mistreatment of the elderly is becoming a growing social problem (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Elder maltreatment is an important public health issue with serious social, economic, and health consequences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). According to the definition by the World Health Organization (WHO), elder abuse is \"a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, which causes harm or distress to an older person\"(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the high rate of elder abuse, its actual rate is not known and is less reported (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the results of a systematic review of the five continents, the prevalence of elder abuse has been estimated from 2.2\u0026ndash;79.75% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). According to the WHO definition, health refers to \"complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity\" (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). According to this definition, social health as one of the four dimensions of health plays a significant role in the quality of life of elderly people and indicates the importance of the social dimension of human beings (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support refers to the help or support provided to an individual by the members of social networks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), and it has been defined differently: \"the number of people in the participating network\", \"an indicator of overall satisfaction with social support\", \"the availability of multiple forms or types of support (e.g., informational/emotional, instrumental/tangible and affectionate)\", and \"positive social interaction\"(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that higher levels of social support help to improve the quality of life related to the physical and mental health of the elderly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) and life satisfaction (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The review of the literature indicated extensive studies published in this regard; however, there is a dearth of comprehensive research aiming at summarizing the studies. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine opinions and issues related to social support and dimensions of elder abuse in a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. The research population includes all scientific articles on the relationship between social support and the dimensions of elder maltreatment, which were indexed in such databases as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. In order to preserve all the valuable data, all articles published in English from the beginning to January 2023 were extracted by two independent researchers. The related articles were identified by combining the keywords, such as \"social support\", \"dimensions of maltreatment\", and \"the elderly\". The search strategy in the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSearch strategies used for finding methods articles\u003c/b\u003e. Number of retrieved articles is given in the right-hand column.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEDLINE (PubMed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial support\u003c/b\u003e: \"Social support\" OR \"emotional support\" OR \"Instrumental support\" OR \"information support\" OR \"social networking\" OR \"Evaluation support\" AND\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDimensions of abuse\u003c/b\u003e: \"neglect\" OR \"abuse\" OR \"maltreatment\" OR \"mistreatment\" OR \"violence\" OR \"material abuse\" OR \"psychological abuse\" OR \"sexual abuse\" OR \"financial abuse\" OR \"emotional abuse\" OR \"Verbal violence\" OR \"physical abuse\" OR \"mental abuse\" OR \"elder abuse\" AND\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElderly\u003c/b\u003e: \"aged\" OR \"aging\" OR \"elderly\" OR \"geriatric\" OR \"senior\" OR \"old age\" OR \"aged\" OR \"older\" OR \"older people\" OR \"older adults\" OR \"elder\" OR \"pensioner\" OR \"senile\" OR \"senescent\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeb of Science\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e827\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e#24 AND #23 AND #22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e#12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e#6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(neglect )\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"material abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"psychological abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"sexual abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"financial abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"emotional abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"Verbal violence\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"physical abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"mental abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"elder abuse\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"social networking\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"social support\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"emotional support\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"Instrumental support\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"information support\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"Evaluation support\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"older adults\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(aged)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(aging)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(elderly)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTS=(\"older age\")\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e827\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e237973\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e123046\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4115236\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e204528\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1409\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28458\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e373\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3619\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e548\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10150\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3184\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21644\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e91818\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10064\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1586\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2599\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e174255\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3876550\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3876550\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e355926\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e52136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCOPUS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e922\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial support\u003c/b\u003e: (\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"Evaluation support\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"information support\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"Instrumental support\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"emotional support\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"social support\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"social networking\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;AND\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDimensions of abuse\u003c/b\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;neglect\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"elder abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"mental abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"physical abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"Verbal violence\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"emotional abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"financial abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"sexual abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"psychological abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"material abuse\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;AND\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElderly\u003c/b\u003e: (\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"older age\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;elderly\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;aging\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;aged\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"older adults\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;senescent\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;senile\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;pensioner\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;elder\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;\"older people\"\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;geriatric\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;OR\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;TITLE-ABS-KEY\u0026nbsp;(\u0026nbsp;senior\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;)\u0026nbsp;View less\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndnote X7.5 software was used to organize the studies. After removing duplicates by carefully examining the titles and abstracts, irrelevant articles in terms of topic and inclusion criteria were discarded. If it was not possible to make a decision based on the title and abstract, the full text was examined. Moreover, to ensure the retrieval of all documents, the references of articles were also searched. Following that, the full texts of the articles were checked to identify the articles that fully meet the inclusion criteria. In all stages, disagreements were resolved through discussion and finally with the opinion of the third researcher.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were 1) articles published in English from the beginning to January 2023, 2) types of observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort), 3) the study population (male and female elderly people), and 4) studies with association measures, such as odds ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) and type of determinants (social support and types of maltreatment).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, interventional and qualitative studies, articles with no reviews, and letters to the editor were excluded from the study owing to the lack of use of primary data. Moreover, studies the abstracts of which had no information were also removed from the research procedure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData extraction and quality assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe information extracted from the studies in the analysis and recorded in Excel software included the type of study, year of publication, first author, study population, gender, country, number of participants, the questionnaire used, results related to social support, the outcome of the study: dimensions of maltreatment (e.g., physical, financial, psychological, sexual, and neglect), and the results of the studies. After examining the aims of the studies and the inclusion criteria, the eligible studies were evaluated in terms of methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa (for observational studies). This tool examined the quality of studies considering selection, comparability, and results. It should be mentioned that two independent researchers evaluated the quality of the articles at all stages. According to this scale, the articles were scored from zero (the weakest study) to nine (the strongest). Studies with a score higher than six were considered high quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe information of individual studies and corresponding pooled measure are summarized in forest plots. Between studies heterogeneity was evaluated using the I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value and substantial heterogeneity was set as I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled associations. Publication bias was checked using funnel plot and Begg\u0026rsquo;s test and Egger\u0026rsquo;s test. Meta-analysis was performed using and Stata 11 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the process of selecting the presented articles. A total of 2,433 articles were retrieved by searching three international databases. After removing 534 duplicate articles, 1,899 studies remained. Of these, 1,764 articles were removed after reviewing the titles and abstracts. Afterward, the full texts of 135 articles were evaluated, and after a careful review of the literature, 101 articles were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria. The relationship between social support and the dimensions of maltreatment was investigated in 34 articles as the main or secondary aim, and eight articles were not included in the meta-analysis due to the lack of reporting the OR index (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should be mentioned that only 26 studies reported OR with a confidence interval that entered the meta-analysis. In total, 10 articles were removed due to repetitive content and re-reporting of information in the form of a new article (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, six articles were excluded due to the difference in the type of index extracted despite the use of similar data, among which two studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e) had different target groups (urban and rural elderly) and four studies (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39 CR40\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e) reported different aspects of maltreatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size varied from 128 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) to 26,229 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e) Participants. These studies were geographically diverse and included 22 countries (three joint studies in several countries) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e) in five WHO regions, including Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e), America (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR46 CR47 CR48 CR49 CR50\" citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e), Europe (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR53 CR54 CR55\" citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e), Southeast Asia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e), and Western Pacific Ocean (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR59 CR60\" citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e tabulates the characteristics of the articles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain Characteristics of Studies Included in the Systematic Review and Meta Analyses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor1 Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy population%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure of Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure of association\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTools\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhao et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022 Chinese\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD) 13.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ = -0.15(-0.27, -0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eESNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support Revalued Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Psychological Capital Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support and psychological capital were found to be negatively related to self-neglect. psychological capital acts as a mediator between social support and self-neglect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXu et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022 China\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96(0.91,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support related to self-neglect in the elderly (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkojie et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022 Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelder abuse Rural (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoor social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.55(1.64,7.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estructured questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelder abuse urban (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epoor social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.249(1,5.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse (rural)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse (urban)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esexual abuse (rural)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esexual abuse (urban)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantos et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022 Brazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk for violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional/informational support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95(0.91,0.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-S/EAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOS-SSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that with the increase of material and informational social support and social interaction, the risk of violence decreased (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDias et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022 Portugal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.96(1.22,12.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSPSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK survey of elder abuse/ neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlder people who report abuse were more likely to have perceived insufficient income and low social support, and have experienced stressful life events. The abuse was also significantly associated with poor health status and depressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimmons et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021 Sweden\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne form of victimization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support (No)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.15(0.94,4.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorAQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne item from the annual Swedish national public health survey (social support)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that found an overall negative association between polyvictimization and mental as well as physical health status, mediated by sense of coherence, and moderated by social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOetzel et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021 New Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD) 1.57(0.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire made by a researcher on elder abuse and social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness was negatively associated with support and positively associated with elder abuse and missing pleasure with whanau (extended family).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder Abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD) 0.15(0.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSooryanarayana et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 Malaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor Social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.028(2.25,1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eECAQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11-item Duke\u0026rsquo;s Social Support Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eodds of experiencing abuse are higher among males, those with a previous history of abuse, poor social support and limitations in performing ADLs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoga et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 Japan\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.14(0.69,1.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between Social Capital and Elder Abuse Participants who received a particular type of social support, i.e., instrumental support, were less likely to suffer physical and psychological abuses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efound no significant association between elder abuse and receiving or providing emotional support or providing instrumental support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.86(0.72,1.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92(0.61,1.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse(past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89(0.75,1.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZheng et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.51(1.41,1.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-S/EAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire of social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results on the relationships between PSS from spouse, PSS from family members, and EM were similar to overall PSS. But PSS from friends had a nonsignificant association with EM. Greater levels of NSS from spouse, family members, and friends were associated with increased risks of EM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePark et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018 South Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.71(1.37,2.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edepression, poor social support, and having chronic illnesses are significant factors associated with emotional abuse among the Korean older adult population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilliams et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.64(1,2.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOS-SSS A series of behaviorally specific questions regarding mistreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk of polyvictimization was greater among older adults needing help with ADLs, those with low social support, and those who had experienced a prior traumatic event.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompt et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57(0.34,0.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support buffers the association between depression and elder abuse. Elder abuse and ADLs negatively predicted social support, as did depression and ADLs even though depression had a higher effect size over social support than elder abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiu et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ= \u0026minus;.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOAFEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eISEL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between social support and financial misconduct was not significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.976) and social support (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.976) was not a significant predictor. The correlation was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.02, which reduces misconduct by 0.02 per unit of social support, but it was not significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNisha et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016 India\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Absent)social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.1(1.8,20.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eECAQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estandard questionnaire (social support)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emany elderly patients had experienced multiple forms of abuse. There was statistically significant association between elder abuse and total financial dependence, lack of social support, and depression among the elderly patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003everbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelchiorre et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016 Europe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (MSPSS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98(0.97,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence based on the UK study on elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSPSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA low level of social support and social isolation may indeed represent crucial risk factors for elder abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to individual variables, age appeared to gain statistical significance, namely increasing age decreased the probability of being abused.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeach et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse (Past 6 months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94(0.88,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eISEL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprotective effects of perceived social support are greatest for those with the largest social networks. Older adults with large diverse social networks combined with low perceived social support were at highest risk for FE. whereas family network size and perceived support did not interact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWong et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ= -0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHwalek\u0026ndash;Sengstock\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVASS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevised UCLA Loneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial mistreatment increases later loneliness, and those with more support from spouses and family were buffered against its effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epast verbal mistreatment increases later loneliness, current social support decreases it, and their interaction produces a complex buffering effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ= -0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeung et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015 China\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF: 60.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0. 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einformal support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.29(1.35,20.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Neglect, abuse, or maltreatment\u0026rdquo; were statistically significant including age and informal support were positively associated, whereas care activities was negatively associated with the likelihood of being neglected, abused and mistreated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChokkanathan et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015 India\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ = -0.07(-0.08, -0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuke Social Support and Stress Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOS-SSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the moderation model, social support buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment and also buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment through loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuedes et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015 Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse by their partners\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support (LOW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.29(0.77,2.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHITS scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTool of social network\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological intimate partner violence was more prevalent among women and those with low levels of support from partners, children, and family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJames et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD) 2.88 (0.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ= \u0026minus;0.074(0.67, -0.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDe Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSPSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial network size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial victimization had a positive relationship and a negative relationship with income, cognition, psychological well-being, social support and literacy. less social support, were associated with greater susceptibility to scams.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLEE et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014 South Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efamily social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ= \u0026ndash;.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSNS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial networks of friends and use of social services (formal social support) did not affect the frequency of self-neglect. older adults who had larger family social networks were less likely to commit elder self-neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdamczyk et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013 Poland\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny type of violence(Women)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.93(0.98,3.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDe Jong\u0026ndash;Gierveld Loneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efactors as poor assessment of psychological health, number of chronic conditions, suffering from emotional and social loneliness and lack of social support in everyday life significantly increased the risk of being a victim of domestic violence in older citizens of Krakow.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny type of violence (Men)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.35(0.46,3.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological violence(Men)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.71(0.15,3.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological violence(Women)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.64(0.99,7.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect (Men)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.51(0.13,1.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect (Women)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.51(1.02,6.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial violence (Men)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh social limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2(0.03,1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial violence (Women)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh social limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.38(0.12,1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence (Women)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence (MEN)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacassa et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013 Europe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse (Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98(0.98,0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK study of abuse/neglect of older people\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSPSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow social support, living in rented housing, alcohol use, frequent health care use, and high scores in anxiety and somatic complaints were associated with increased risk of psychological abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse was more prevalent in Northern than Southern countries and factors such as low social support and high anxiety levels played an important role.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse (Male)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDong et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban 66.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003erural 33.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse (Urban)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.11(1.04,1.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVASS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding social and psychological factors, urban elderly who were mistreated were more dissatisfied with life and most likely had lower levels of social support measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder abuse (Rural)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.19(1.08,1.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYan et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14(0.02,0.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS (violence)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFNS:( Risk factors for IPV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA low level of social support also increased the odds of physical abuse (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A low level of anger management and a high number of stressful conditions were both independently associated with higher levels of psychological aggression (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29(0.03,2.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16 (0.77,1.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCevirme et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012 Turkey\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.76 (0.70,0.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSPSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA higher social support level was observed in non-EAN group. After binary regression, only perceived social support (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0, 001) was found to be associated with elder abuse and neglect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeconomic abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaughton et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011 Ireland\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse (Past Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (Poor)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.11(1.29,7.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse and neglect (UK and NY prevalence studies)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eADL:(neglect)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOslo-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the univariate analysis lower income, impaired physical health, mental health, and poor social support were associated with a higher risk of mistreatment but only social support and mental health remained independent predictors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWu et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011 China\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evillages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epractical support from family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.28(1.01,1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVASS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire of social support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eemotional abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial exploitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmstadter et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional abuse (Past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.51(1.63,7.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOS-SSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional, physical, and financial abuse were associated with needing help with activities of daily living, having low social support, and using social services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse (Past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.14(0.8,83.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect (Past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.74(1.54,29.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse (Past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.77(0.71,4.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse (Past year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcierno et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional abuse (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.17(2.14,4.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eonly previous experience of traumatic events and low social support remained predictive of sexual mistreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.95(1.19,7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse (Past-Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.68(1.3,2.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglect (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.14(2.34,7.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse by family (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of social services (no)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75(0.57,0.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoi et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008 USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself-neglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35(0.70,0.002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelders who had more social support and who had more difficulty with ADLs were more likely to have been physically and/or psychologically abused and/or financially exploited than were just financially exploited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72(1.29,0.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epsychological abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChokkanathan et al.,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2005 India\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelder abuse (Past-Year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.07(1.04,1.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOS-SSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher-made questionnaire on elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erevealed gender, social support, and subjective rating of physical health as significant factors associated with abuse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003everbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinancial abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneglect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder Self-Neglect Assessment (ESNA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbrams Geriatric Self-Neglect Scale (AGSS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support Rate Scale (SSRS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST\u003csup\u003e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical Outcome Study: Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MS-SSS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict Tactic Scales (CTS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorVold Abuse Questionnaire(violence) NorAQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntonovsky\u0026rsquo;s Sense of coherence instrument (SOC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Mistreatment Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ethree-item Oslo scale (social support) (OSS-3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlder Adult Financial Exploitation Measure (OAFEM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network Index (SNI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElder Abuse Screening Test (EAST)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUK Study of Abuse and Neglect of Older People: Qualitative Findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSHAP Felt Loneliness Measures (NFLM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eshort instrument for Domestic violence (DV) screening (HITS scale)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScreening Scale for Elder Abuse (SSEA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLubben Social Network Scale (family network and friend network) (LSNS-6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRUCLA Loneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support Instrument (SSI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Needs Screener (Risk factors for IPV) (FNS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eshort version of the Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities of Daily Living tool (ADL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support Scale (Oslo-3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter reviewing, 18 articles (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR45 CR46\" citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR53 CR54\" citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e) reported maltreatment in general. Other studies investigated some dimensions of maltreatment, such as neglect (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR55 CR56 CR57\" citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR61\" citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e), sexual (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e), verbal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e), physical (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53 CR54 CR55 CR56\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR61\" citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e), financial (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR55 CR56\" citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e), and psychological abuse dimensions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39 CR40 CR41 CR42 CR43\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53 CR54 CR55\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e), as well as loneliness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support was also evaluated using such different indicators as the size of the social network (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e), emotional support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e), informational support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e), instrumental support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e), and social support using special scales (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR38 CR39\" citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48 CR49 CR50 CR51 CR52 CR53 CR54 CR55 CR56 CR57\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results also showed that in addition to the relationship between social support and the dimensions of maltreatment, some articles investigated other dimensions, including the mediating role of social capital (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e), domestic violence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e), the ecological framework of the elder abuse image (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), as well as direct and indirect effects of social support on maltreatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of the studies used standard tools, and the tool in just one study was not clear (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). The most widely used tools for evaluating maltreatment and social support were the tactical scale of conflict, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and the medical consequences: the social support scale, in descending order.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality of studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 34 included studies were quantitative (cross-sectional\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32, cohort\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, and case-control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) and in English. Furthermore, 23 studies were considered high quality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR38 CR39 CR40 CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53 CR54\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the lack of access to the full text of the article, the quality assessment of the two studies was not completed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e tabulates the evaluation of the quality of articles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the quality assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor, year (Study)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal NOS stars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome/exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWong, 2016(22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCohort\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoi, 2008(26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCase controls\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhao, 2022(19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXu, 2022(58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantos, 2022(45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDias, 2022(52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimmons, 2021(53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOetzel, 2021(20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSooryanarayana, 2020(62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoga, 2020(42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZheng, 2019(46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePark, 2018(59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilliams, 2017(40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompte, 2017(47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiu, 2017(21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNisha, 2016(57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelchiorre, 2016(38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeach, 2016(48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeung, 2015(60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChokkanathan, 2015(23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuedes, 2015(43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJames, 2014(24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLee, 2014(25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdamczyk, 2013(54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacassa, 2013(39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDong, 2013(49)(26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYan, 2012(50)(27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCevirme, 2012(56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaughton, 2011(55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmstadter, 2011(51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e********\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcierno, 2010(41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChokkanathan, 2005(37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCross sectional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*******\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeta-analysis results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study show that the lack of social support has increased the chance of all kinds of elder maltreatment by 27%. The meta-analysis estimation was obtained with a confidence interval of 1.38 and 1.17, which was statistically significant. The value of the I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e statistic in this analysis was obtained at 94.2%, which indicates the high heterogeneity of the results of the included studies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003e(Begg's test\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;0.65 and Egger's test\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;0.04)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between social support and dimensions of maltreatment is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The lack of social support had an increasing effect on the chances of psychological (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.49 [1.12 and 1.97]) and physical (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.42 [0.72 and 2.78]) maltreatment, as well as neglect (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.46 [1.01 and 6.01]) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB, C, D, respectively). On the contrary, lack of social support had a decreasing effect on financial maltreatment (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93 [0.87 and 0.99]) in the elderly, and it was not statistically significant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA, B, C, D illustrate the values of I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e statistic that are 46%, 88.5%, 70%, and 2.46%, respectively, which indicates the heterogeneity of all the results of the included studies, except for the financial abuse, which represents the homogeneity of the results of the included studies. The meta-analysis estimate for sexual maltreatment in the elderly was not investigated due to the limited number of data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). On stratification elder maltreatment types, there was no publication bias according to Begg's test and Egger's test (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review was conducted based on a comprehensive search strategy to better recognize the relationship between social support and dimensions of elder abuse. In total, 34 studies were included in this review, of which 26 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results of the study show that the lack of social support had increasing effects on maltreatment in general and all dimensions, except for financial issues. Moreover, it had the greatest impact on the dimension of neglect (neglect by others and self-neglect).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of social support increases the chance of elder abuse by 27%, which was similar to the results of some studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e); however, it was not consistent with the findings of other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e). One of the reasons for the similarity of the relationship in the study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e) is that it indicated the relationship using an ecological framework. This may reveal the low level of social support and social isolation as important risk factors for male elder abuse. In addition, some cultural social norms, as well as mass media encourage tolerance and a kind of \"normalization\" towards violence. Furthermore, the lack of social support from friends weakens the self-efficacy or inner strength of the elderly and makes them more vulnerable to the experience of Elder Maltreatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results also revealed that the lack of social support reduced the chance of financial maltreatment by 7%, which is not in line with the results of some studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e); however, they were consistent with the findings of a study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). A possible explanation for this consistency is that it investigated the relationship among social support, social network size, and financial exploitation. Moreover, higher levels of perceived social support were associated with a reduced risk of Financial Exploitation, whereas those with large non-family networks along with low perceived social support were most at risk. Therefore, the encouragement of social network expansion through \"making new friends\" should be de-emphasized until it is ensured that these new network members support older adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lack of social support also increased the chances of psychological maltreatment by 46%, which was consistent with the results of some studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e); however, it was not in line with the findings of other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e). One of the reasons for this relationship is that social support may act as a protector against stressful situations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the elderly who have been subjected to domestic violence have weak emotional relationships with their close social network (including relatives) and also suffer from a lack of social relationships (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). It is worth noting that age, chronic diseases, social support, and depression are factors related to emotional abuse in this group of people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother result revealed that the lack of social support increased the chance of physical abuse by 42%, which had the most consistency with the findings of some studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e) and the least similarity to the results of other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding physical violence, a set of predictors, including previous exposure to a traumatic event, weak social support, and limitations in doing daily life activities are of significant importance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). As with social support, seniors who had a positive view of community trust were less likely to experience physical or psychological abuse. Moreover, the relationship between social capital and maltreatment shows that the elderly who received a certain type of social support (instrumental support) were less exposed to physical and psychological abuse (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). Older men are more likely to be victims of physical abuse by an intimate partner than women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the analysis of studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e), the lack of social support increases the chance of neglect by 42%, and they reported almost the same results. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the high prevalence of self-neglect due to the social distancing strategy and strict quarantine policies limited the access of the elderly to social support structures (58). Additionally, elderly individuals from minority groups (racial/ethnic) were more likely to be neglected than white people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Another explanation is that it is somewhat difficult to identify or even define neglect since instead of maltreatment, the offender fails to perform the appropriate action (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e), and people with high emotional or social loneliness are significantly more victims of psychological violence and neglect (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the relationship between social support and the dimension of sexual maltreatment, due to the limited number of studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. Among the reasons for not reporting sexual abuse, it can be acknowledged that these victims may see themselves as dependent on the abuser, which makes it difficult or basically impossible for them to leave the abusive relationship (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e) or because of the fear of disclosure, they do not report it (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it can also be mentioned that only previous experiences of traumatic events and low social support predicted sexual abuse (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the limitations of the study is the lack of studies using tools aimed at evaluating the aspects of social support and its relationship with the risk of elder maltreatment. Accordingly, to understand the relationship, it was attempted to assess other phenomena in other fields and evaluate the theories deeply and in more detail. In addition, although our comprehensive search strategy identified many relevant studies, most of the studies included in the meta-analysis were from high-income countries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis that presents the relationship between social support and elder abuse. Overall, the important contribution of our results from previous findings showed that low levels of social support are likely to report high levels of all types of maltreatment (except for financial abuse). It seems that the evidence obtained in the studies and the definition of targeted policies are of crucial importance for decision-makers and old age. Investment in the design and implementation of social support interventions are effective components in preventing all types of elder abuse and should be considered a public health priority.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Ethical approval\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ecode: IR.UMSHA.REC.1401.993).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.B and B.M conceptualized the Study. B.M and PS selected the studies and extracted the data. E.A performed the network meta-analysis. B.M prepared the original draft. M.B, E.A and B.M reviewed and edited the draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHamadan University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmaral TLM, Amaral CdA, NSd L, Herculano PV, Prado PRd, Monteiro GTR. Multimorbidade, depress\u0026atilde;o e qualidade de vida em idosos atendidos pela Estrat\u0026eacute;gia de Sa\u0026uacute;de da Fam\u0026iacute;lia em Senador Guiomard, Acre, Brasil. Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia \u0026amp; Sa\u0026uacute;de Coletiva. 2018; 23:3077-84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCamargo-Casas S, Suarez-Monsalve S, Zepeda MUP, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Pe\u0026ntilde;a C, Cano-Gutierrez CA. 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J Elder Abuse Negl. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePark JI. Relationship between Emotional Abuse and Depression among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Korea. J Aging Soc Policy. 2018;59(5):693\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeung DYP, Lo SKL, Leung AYM, Lou VWQ, Chong AML, Kwan JSK, et al. Prevalence and correlates of abuse screening items among community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(1):150\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu L, Hu Y, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao ZQ, Wang YJ. [Association between social support and mistreatment on elderly in the rural community of Hubei province]. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua. liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2011;32(10):978\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSooryanarayana R, Ganapathy SS, Wong NI, Rosman A, Choo WY, Hairi NN. Elder abuse: Nationwide findings among community-dwelling Malaysian older persons. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(S2):85\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYan EC-W, Tang CS-K. Elder abuse by caregivers: A study of prevalence and risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese families. J Family Violence. 2004;19(5):269\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Social Support, Elder Maltreatment, Elderly, Neglect, Meta-analysis, Systematic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction and Aims:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany studies have investigated the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder abuse; however, their results are somehow inconsistent in terms of the association. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the published studies on the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder maltreatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn electronic search was conducted until January 2023, using such databases as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The present research included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control studies. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two researchers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa checklist was utilized to evaluate the quality of studies. The random effects model was employed to perform a meta-analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn total, 34 studies were included in this systematic review, out of which 28 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed that 72% of the studies were of high quality, and there is a significant relationship between social support and elder maltreatment. Accordingly, the lack of social support increased overall maltreatment (odds ratio: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.17\u0026ndash;1.38; I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94.2%, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001)). Moreover, lack of social support had an increasing effect on the level of psychological abuse (1.49, 1.12\u0026ndash;1.97; 88.5%, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), physical abuse (1.42, 0.72\u0026ndash;2.78; 70.0%, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), and neglect (2.46, 1.10\u0026ndash;6.01; 89.1%, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), which shows heterogeneities among the results of the included studies. On the contrary, the lack of social support showed a decreasing effect on financial abuse (0.93, 0.87\u0026ndash;0.99; 46.0%, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis systematic review provides evidence that social support in the form of structural or functional support may plays an important role in improving the quality of life of the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship between Social Support and Dimensions of Elder Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-06-06 14:22:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2911103/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-10-18T04:13:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-10-13T12:45:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-09-29T14:30:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1863b33c-7586-4e66-af52-cb7c6a115b7b","date":"2023-09-20T16:40:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"ea15c400-d114-4d0b-b849-d3c74ff92b21","date":"2023-09-20T15:53:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-09-20T15:44:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-09-19T18:23:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-06-03T06:27:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-06-03T06:26:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Geriatrics","date":"2023-05-09T08:59:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8b636046-1970-45dd-92e7-236aed1752c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 6th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-25T15:07:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2911103","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04541-6","journal":{"identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Geriatrics"},"publishedOn":"2023-12-18 15:01:16","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 18th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-06-06 14:22:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12877-023-04541-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04541-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2911103","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2911103","identity":"rs-2911103","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}