Enhanced Urine Glucose Sensing Using Two-Dimensional TMDCs-Based SPR Biosensor

Enhanced Urine Glucose Sensing Using Two-Dimensional TMDCs-Based SPR Biosensor | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Enhanced Urine Glucose Sensing Using Two-Dimensional TMDCs-Based SPR Biosensor Biswajit Dey, Md Tawabur Rahman, Arnab Saha This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract While surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology has been extensively applied in various biomedical applications, traditional SPR sensors often suffer from limited sensitivity. In this study, a bi-metallic/Two-Dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-based SPR biosensor has been proposed to achieve improved performance in urine glucose detection. The design incorporates different TMDC materials, including WS 2 , WSe 2 , MoS 2 , and MoSe 2, to enhance the sensor’s sensitivity. The Lumerical Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation platform is utilized to design and assess the sensor’s performance. Among the tested sensing materials, the MoS 2 -based SPR biosensor demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to WS 2 , WSe 2 , and MoSe 2 . The optimized CaF 2 –Ag–Al–MoS 2 sensor has effectively detected glucose concentrations in urine ranging from 0 to 0.015 g/dL in non-diabetic persons and from 0.625 to 10 g/dL in diabetic persons, corresponding to a refractive index (RI) range from 1.335 to 1.347. The sensor reveals a broad linear response to urine glucose, indicating accurate and reliable detection. Moreover, the monolayer MoS 2 -based SPR sensor has achieved outstanding performance, with a high sensitivity of 455.83°/RIU, a detection accuracy of 1.32, and a quality factor of 110.10 RIU − 1 for urine glucose monitoring. Additionally, the electric field distribution of the proposed configuration has been studied, revealing that the integration of TMDCs significantly enhances the sensor’s sensitivity. Furthermore, the observed penetration depth is approximately 190 nm, indicating the sensor’s effectiveness in detecting target molecules. This improved sensing capability is mainly achieved due to the strong light absorption and large surface-to-volume ratio of TMDCs. Among them, MoS 2 stands out with the highest refractive index, which strengthens the confinement of the evanescent field and increases its interaction with biomolecules, thereby boosting the sensitivity. Consequently, the developed SPR biosensor shows promise as a cost-effective, label-free refractive index sensor for non-invasive tracking of glucose levels in the human body. Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Surface Plasmon Resonance Bi-Metallic TMDCs FDTD Urine Glucose Biosensor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 04 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 31 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7990004","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541384303,"identity":"a74b4fd2-4bd3-48e8-ba58-f88f592293c3","order_by":0,"name":"Biswajit Dey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University of Engineering \u0026 Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biswajit","middleName":"","lastName":"Dey","suffix":""},{"id":541384304,"identity":"d446c34d-b914-4847-b3e4-8b07251f6a74","order_by":1,"name":"Md Tawabur Rahman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZiCWAzEYG+AibLiV80C1GMO0SBCtJbGBaC327GcMPxe23UvvZ28+wDizzaaOgf3wA+aCMjy28OQYS89sK86d2XMsgXFjW5oEA0+aAfOMc/gclrtBmrctIXfDjRwDxodth4EOy2Fg5m3Do4X/7ebfQC3p9vfffwBq+S/BwP+GgBaJ3G0gWxIMJHgYgA47IMEgQciWG++/Wc84l2A440yawcEZ55Il2ySeGRzG5xf2/rTk2wVlCfL87YcfPuwps+Pn509++BhfiKGAAyCCDcYYBaNgFIyCUUA+AACzWUpDn6VFPgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University of Engineering \u0026 Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Tawabur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":541384309,"identity":"bf95d9ba-fbbd-4935-82be-5960a1c3bd16","order_by":2,"name":"Arnab Saha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University of Engineering \u0026 Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arnab","middleName":"","lastName":"Saha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-30 13:38:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40664-7","type":"published","date":"2026-02-27T15:59:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95973029,"identity":"226eaa58-7dcc-409f-a784-65a17836a6e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":680044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FinalVersionManuscriptSubmissionScientificReports.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/c09a2e631f68c5cca6c3c13f.docx"},{"id":96247024,"identity":"f16d14dd-52b2-49f2-8faf-3eee2289edab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:27:03","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5780,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"38442027e6c844a49a6c5b5b88dc98c0.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/f61a0076db598ce202faca36.json"},{"id":95973024,"identity":"5fc94532-a22f-4b30-bdb2-9d3821ff0f18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"38442027e6c844a49a6c5b5b88dc98c01enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/27c1a84915c146a7c7e12e24.xml"},{"id":95973030,"identity":"7252b834-c0c4-414d-bf38-da2186ac9521","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"eps","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage2.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/9d898f12f195d34351151131.eps"},{"id":95973027,"identity":"c7834239-5a65-412f-89d8-3d55798f8a3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"eps","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage3.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/6849f946ff9d609367ac69fb.eps"},{"id":95973028,"identity":"4047ff79-9b2c-4c6d-885a-731bf2d3f58a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"eps","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage4.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/a6f58a5cda5bc005b118cc92.eps"},{"id":96245214,"identity":"83a12374-8ea2-4cdc-b724-738cc61a5252","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:20:04","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/01f9e83248ba5140460a5cd7.png"},{"id":95973035,"identity":"b4b7d51e-07d9-46cf-ad7f-ce655d5ec1ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":806295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/d6b97121b77167d326d1256d.jpeg"},{"id":96244568,"identity":"66a4dd7b-c6c3-4d79-96e9-d050d734a2b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:18:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/de8c76cb1af4e2404337bb6f.jpeg"},{"id":96246459,"identity":"018f6363-207f-440d-b5a5-0fed27ee8461","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:26:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/6694a72760bb36a89d75b1af.jpeg"},{"id":95973060,"identity":"fca74306-a394-4c1e-91d5-bf3327ff6339","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":663388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/6cd4ff0a7d6b00985dfb7371.jpeg"},{"id":95973040,"identity":"27a2d5fd-d02b-4ef3-9099-c5d26452626e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25474,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/b8a3971440b26d2f2b1e19af.png"},{"id":95973064,"identity":"7366b313-438d-45d9-b6c0-50f3ff6858c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/62a6af41c4dd74914ff9cd8d.jpeg"},{"id":95973034,"identity":"f36f6015-7ed2-4413-a306-923fe7c91268","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/a664b8fc7c846129036c2e4b.png"},{"id":95973039,"identity":"b3fa85a9-04dc-4794-95be-f5cedaddb530","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37515,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/1667f7bdbc6d51b8d926b1ab.png"},{"id":95973044,"identity":"a47e413f-fcc0-4ed6-a201-0a79a52b4e6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37749,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/d393c6ae6ba068c0d6ff5377.png"},{"id":95973038,"identity":"a24ed73a-6dcb-4dd3-8393-816a6347544a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/d2f9a0a89b49c7fdf1438ed4.png"},{"id":95973067,"identity":"fa2084f9-8b4a-456b-8da3-77593cdd4eca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/b0030bb4b85bed63181f24e3.png"},{"id":96246047,"identity":"3e20b5ef-7da5-4593-921f-876b672875e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:24:20","extension":"jpeg","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/812254aa5813d2966de3c94f.jpeg"},{"id":95973033,"identity":"8c512e72-0890-46b1-b32a-c4b2605f9849","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/2364edef2333e84767f1136d.jpeg"},{"id":95973032,"identity":"77ac0ace-337b-4a57-b469-1ae1edc594f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/f5923b044fce42f5bf036fb6.jpeg"},{"id":96245576,"identity":"976064db-be23-4206-9cd2-5e81ce5dbba4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:21:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/8676dbc205ef65a01171747e.jpeg"},{"id":95973041,"identity":"a0c06e7b-4524-4a67-b2b9-e81602725217","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/e59124143d025a0a0e9d8ff4.jpeg"},{"id":96246055,"identity":"3fb183b8-9bdc-4bbd-b31c-8284ff91f9ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:24:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/8ac99c45b504bdacdf825967.jpeg"},{"id":95973045,"identity":"860af40c-7ffe-4944-9a6c-baf84a4ae039","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/517e5d40f955c3183e1a910d.png"},{"id":96245628,"identity":"ac971988-6aae-438a-83f2-bf04b6b708fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:21:22","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/a69ef3cbacb5170cb8f5c29e.png"},{"id":96246447,"identity":"0169a515-6979-428a-be1d-6f38c029c64d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:26:01","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/de906b4305c26459035565e4.png"},{"id":95973061,"identity":"1ae04d48-90a9-4306-809c-1aa134c3315f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/df6663ee67a23a8d7bddb8f6.png"},{"id":96246520,"identity":"0a02f8b6-5487-4ac8-98ab-2d586e685c78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:26:09","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/b747dfd82836296bcbf6c43b.png"},{"id":95973047,"identity":"5259cb4b-bb1b-4f22-91dc-ea4f86b660f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5351,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/415c7f236a6a66bd8531ca35.png"},{"id":95973068,"identity":"e6e7ca23-ab26-4681-a206-78442d86a077","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/0abd6eb613388af2962c1eec.png"},{"id":95973048,"identity":"e3b8e6c7-07eb-40e1-9dee-bc42d0add66d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/ad2c739554fbf68d0c384a89.png"},{"id":95973065,"identity":"9b32ea9a-7fbc-487a-b210-cbcac8b88b12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/9989d3c00a1f35326d2cd6f9.png"},{"id":96244928,"identity":"8d14ee72-a71f-4ec5-ba84-ba4625b026cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:19:33","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14690,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/91f71233e7bd11ee929a3de4.png"},{"id":95973058,"identity":"f02e626d-42e4-47ce-8714-3aafd25c9028","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/dae10be391df49f91574fef5.png"},{"id":95973059,"identity":"c72fb577-6678-4f72-b837-4aa2c0bbe69b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/1b61f92c0ef296b6a961f190.png"},{"id":95973043,"identity":"d9b141c4-d05f-422f-b8e5-f3203c08767b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/35dcca8dabdbab81f9afb816.png"},{"id":95973050,"identity":"cef308cf-92eb-418a-92fa-cfe09d1923c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/90fd367334e2ec8aab5c1dc5.png"},{"id":95973062,"identity":"9a8d64e2-798c-40e7-b057-a528ecd792e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/33ce95c07c7dbd2ba78f8ad3.png"},{"id":95973046,"identity":"5717a8d7-86df-4a13-85e2-7e3749493671","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:55","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/9d41e693963283cebd9bf773.png"},{"id":95973053,"identity":"03edfa10-c4a2-43bd-9fc2-1be1d1ae3d2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/eb28a3ebb0b86c4e23367bbe.png"},{"id":95973056,"identity":"46e72f7c-47ae-4227-b813-fe035c4b8b11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/8db42bf9a20f82a129520cbf.png"},{"id":95973052,"identity":"0facfe5e-664f-4010-a965-840fd3b42158","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-15 08:06:56","extension":"xml","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":129178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"38442027e6c844a49a6c5b5b88dc98c01structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/d8cf5b57c59201de66827128.xml"},{"id":96244837,"identity":"2681bd28-d8df-4d08-82d6-de4f2a11db9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:19:23","extension":"html","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":140598,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1/5fbf396c1f877c5e9d24cbba.html"},{"id":103765603,"identity":"8d09487b-052c-4874-a631-4f1b7a59d43c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 16:05:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":856303,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FinalVersionManuscriptSubmissionScientificReports.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7990004/v1_covered_78597730-610b-46d4-97e8-957935e311ce.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEnhanced Urine Glucose Sensing Using Two-Dimensional TMDCs-Based SPR Biosensor\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Surface Plasmon Resonance, Bi-Metallic, TMDCs, FDTD, Urine Glucose, Biosensor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWhile surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology has been extensively applied in various biomedical applications, traditional SPR sensors often suffer from limited sensitivity. In this study, a bi-metallic/Two-Dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-based SPR biosensor has been proposed to achieve improved performance in urine glucose detection. The design incorporates different TMDC materials, including WS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, WSe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and MoSe\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e to enhance the sensor\u0026rsquo;s sensitivity. The Lumerical Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation platform is utilized to design and assess the sensor\u0026rsquo;s performance. Among the tested sensing materials, the MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based SPR biosensor demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to WS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, WSe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and MoSe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The optimized CaF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;Ag\u0026ndash;Al\u0026ndash;MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sensor has effectively detected glucose concentrations in urine ranging from 0 to 0.015 g/dL in non-diabetic persons and from 0.625 to 10 g/dL in diabetic persons, corresponding to a refractive index (RI) range from 1.335 to 1.347. The sensor reveals a broad linear response to urine glucose, indicating accurate and reliable detection. Moreover, the monolayer MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based SPR sensor has achieved outstanding performance, with a high sensitivity of 455.83\u0026deg;/RIU, a detection accuracy of 1.32, and a quality factor of 110.10 RIU\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for urine glucose monitoring. Additionally, the electric field distribution of the proposed configuration has been studied, revealing that the integration of TMDCs significantly enhances the sensor\u0026rsquo;s sensitivity. Furthermore, the observed penetration depth is approximately 190 nm, indicating the sensor\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness in detecting target molecules. This improved sensing capability is mainly achieved due to the strong light absorption and large surface-to-volume ratio of TMDCs. Among them, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e stands out with the highest refractive index, which strengthens the confinement of the evanescent field and increases its interaction with biomolecules, thereby boosting the sensitivity. Consequently, the developed SPR biosensor shows promise as a cost-effective, label-free refractive index sensor for non-invasive tracking of glucose levels in the human body.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced Urine Glucose Sensing Using Two-Dimensional TMDCs-Based SPR Biosensor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-15 08:06:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7990004/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-19T05:29:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T08:38:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T18:32:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"245311647353658191070982634976390444106","date":"2025-11-07T07:18:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"37854378982406877601612343853535740451","date":"2025-11-06T08:33:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325273010841758355997863930624776898920","date":"2025-11-04T08:27:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T08:24:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T08:20:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T05:30:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-01T00:52:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-01T00:48:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6dad657d-5423-49e3-a0f1-405e08e8b7dd","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58035660,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":58035661,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"},{"id":58035662,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-02T16:02:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7990004","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40664-7","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-27 15:59:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-15 08:06:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-40664-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40664-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7990004","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7990004","identity":"rs-7990004","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}