Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election and routing protocol
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The paper studies wireless sensor networks and proposes two clustering and routing protocols aimed at improving energy efficiency and network performance. It introduces the Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election (EECHE) protocol, which dynamically selects cluster heads using residual energy and inter-cluster distance and triggers re-clustering when these criteria are violated, along with the Efficient Energy-Based Routing (EEPR) protocol, which forwards aggregated data via candidate cluster heads by selecting routes based on both shortest path and energy link stability (longest expected route energy lifetime). Mathematical analysis and simulations report better throughput, lower delay, higher packet delivery ratio, and specific improvements versus LEACH and related variants, such as ~50% higher throughput, 47% energy conservation, and 35% reduced end-to-end delay. The main limitation explicitly reflected in the presented text is that results are based on simulation and comparison to conventional protocols, without evidence from peer-reviewed empirical studies. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
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Abstract
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise spatially distributed sensor nodes with limited energy and processing capabilities. Energy efficiency remains a critical concern in WSNs, as it directly impacts network stability and lifetime. Extensive research has demonstrated that clustering techniques enhance energy efficiency by improving communication reliability and extending operational longevity. In clustering, designated Cluster Heads (CHs) perform intra-cluster data aggregation and inter-cluster communication with other CHs or the sink node. This article introduces the Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election (EECHE) protocol, which dynamically selects CHs based on two key criteria: residual energy and inter-CH distance. Re-clustering is initiated whenever these criteria are violated. Additionally, we propose the Efficient Energy-Based Routing (EEPR) protocol, which facilitates forwarding of aggregated data from Cluster Members (CMs) to the sink via candidate CHs. The optimal forwarding route is selected by evaluating both the shortest route and energy link stability, quantified through the longest expected route energy lifetime. By integrating these protocols with topology-aware constraints, the proposed approach achieves balanced energy distribution and maximizes the network performance. Mathematical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocols significantly enhance network performance—achieving higher throughput, lower delay, and improved packet delivery ratio—when compared to conventional protocols such as LEACH, ELEACH, Q-LEACH, and FL-QLEACH. The simulation results improves that the proposed work achieving 50% improvement in throughput, conserving 47% in energy, and reducing end-to-end-delay by 35%, all compared with LEACH protocol.
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Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election and routing protocol | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election and routing protocol Ahmad Abuashour This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7219850/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise spatially distributed sensor nodes with limited energy and processing capabilities. Energy efficiency remains a critical concern in WSNs, as it directly impacts network stability and lifetime. Extensive research has demonstrated that clustering techniques enhance energy efficiency by improving communication reliability and extending operational longevity. In clustering, designated Cluster Heads (CHs) perform intra-cluster data aggregation and inter-cluster communication with other CHs or the sink node. This article introduces the Efficient Energy-Based Cluster Head Election (EECHE) protocol, which dynamically selects CHs based on two key criteria: residual energy and inter-CH distance. Re-clustering is initiated whenever these criteria are violated. Additionally, we propose the Efficient Energy-Based Routing (EEPR) protocol, which facilitates forwarding of aggregated data from Cluster Members (CMs) to the sink via candidate CHs. The optimal forwarding route is selected by evaluating both the shortest route and energy link stability, quantified through the longest expected route energy lifetime. By integrating these protocols with topology-aware constraints, the proposed approach achieves balanced energy distribution and maximizes the network performance. Mathematical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocols significantly enhance network performance—achieving higher throughput, lower delay, and improved packet delivery ratio—when compared to conventional protocols such as LEACH, ELEACH, Q-LEACH, and FL-QLEACH. The simulation results improves that the proposed work achieving 50% improvement in throughput, conserving 47% in energy, and reducing end-to-end-delay by 35%, all compared with LEACH protocol. WSN Energy-based CH election routing LEACH EECHE EEBR Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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