Hazardous Base Surges of Taal’s 2020 Eruption

Hazardous Base Surges of Taal’s 2020 Eruption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hazardous Base Surges of Taal’s 2020 Eruption Alfredo Mahar Francisco Lagmay, Maria Ines Rosana Balangue, Mario Aurelio, and 11 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract After 43 years of repose, Taal Volcano erupted on 12 January 2020 forming hazardous base surges. Using field, remote sensing (i.e. UAV and LiDAR), and numerical methods, we gathered primary data to generate well-constrained empirical information on dune bedform characteristics, impact dynamic pressures and velocities of base surges to advance our knowledge on this hazard to understand and evaluate its consequences and risks. The base surges traveled at 50-60 km/hr near the crater and decelerated before making impact on coastal communities with dynamic pressures of at least 1.7-2.1 kPa. The base surges killed more than a thousand livestock in the southeast of Taal Volcano Island, and then traveled another 600 meters offshore. This work is a rare document of a complete, fresh and practically undisturbed base surge deposit, important in the study of dune deposits formed by volcanic, and other processes on Earth and other planets. Geology Taal Volcano UAV and LiDAR Earth and other planets dynamic pressures Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Full-Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 24 May, 2021 Reviews received at journal 25 Apr, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Apr, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Apr, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 08 Apr, 2021 Editor invited by journal 08 Apr, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Apr, 2021 First submitted to journal 02 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-385254","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":20225765,"identity":"a1eccb5f-9e79-4d33-a7e6-3788127f8f6e","order_by":0,"name":"Alfredo Mahar Francisco Lagmay","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYwxQ8m2YBYgqAWRogWyQaStRgcIFYLf/vBxo9fc+wSN9/IPcDwoewwg7l0A34tEmcSm6VltyUnbruRl8A449xhBss5BwhYcyCxQVpyGzNQS44BM2/bYQaDGwn4dciff9j8W3JbfeLmGUAtf4nRYnAjsU3y47bDiRskgFoYidFieONhmzXjtuPGM868SzjYcy6dx3IGAS1y55MP3/y5rVq2vz334IMfZdZy5hIEtIAAMw8Dg2MDAw/DASCHx4CwBmBk/mBgsAcqhvCI0jIKRsEoGAUjCgAAO4xLySI2GSEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alfredo","middleName":"Mahar Francisco","lastName":"Lagmay","suffix":""},{"id":20225766,"identity":"93046893-f5c2-420c-bd99-ff129e1bd5a8","order_by":1,"name":"Maria Ines Rosana Balangue","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"Ines Rosana","lastName":"Balangue","suffix":""},{"id":20225753,"identity":"f0002ccc-bfc6-4af8-b214-7663aa1c24e9","order_by":2,"name":"Mario Aurelio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mario","middleName":"","lastName":"Aurelio","suffix":""},{"id":20225755,"identity":"0b1af798-890b-494b-b368-58b921a798d1","order_by":3,"name":"Audrei Anne Ybanez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Diliman","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Audrei","middleName":"Anne","lastName":"Ybanez","suffix":""},{"id":20225754,"identity":"4cf2340a-91c3-4939-9d74-4a20d534737e","order_by":4,"name":"Richard Ybanez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"","lastName":"Ybanez","suffix":""},{"id":20225756,"identity":"874b264f-bbe0-4637-9d38-9bca94f14780","order_by":5,"name":"Jolly Joyce Sulapas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jolly","middleName":"Joyce","lastName":"Sulapas","suffix":""},{"id":20225757,"identity":"1b29b45c-ed6e-441c-a58e-7073ea6272ce","order_by":6,"name":"Criselda Baldago","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Criselda","middleName":"","lastName":"Baldago","suffix":""},{"id":20225758,"identity":"270c77c6-1cf6-495b-bb6e-1e83575675f7","order_by":7,"name":"Dana Marielle Sarmiento","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dana","middleName":"Marielle","lastName":"Sarmiento","suffix":""},{"id":20225759,"identity":"91bd72f5-e350-49b0-9290-465d32d3a773","order_by":8,"name":"Hillel Cabria","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture Sustainability Initiatives for Nature, Inc.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hillel","middleName":"","lastName":"Cabria","suffix":""},{"id":20225760,"identity":"782e9dc9-df6b-4c3a-9714-38da71ae62ca","order_by":9,"name":"Raymond Rodolfo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ateneo de Manila University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raymond","middleName":"","lastName":"Rodolfo","suffix":""},{"id":20225761,"identity":"c8c3b45f-5fc4-4130-a09f-4bbb60ef3c1d","order_by":10,"name":"Dwayne Rafael","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dwayne","middleName":"","lastName":"Rafael","suffix":""},{"id":20225762,"identity":"f0996412-e0bf-4e2b-94fa-876dd20979ae","order_by":11,"name":"Jose Rainier Trinidad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jose","middleName":"Rainier","lastName":"Trinidad","suffix":""},{"id":20225763,"identity":"4ffdee35-07c8-43eb-be62-0cccbbb80e7a","order_by":12,"name":"Eligio Obille Jr.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eligio","middleName":"","lastName":"Obille","suffix":"Jr."},{"id":20225764,"identity":"9d98b23b-f76c-4971-a2b2-7528756c82e0","order_by":13,"name":"Neon Tomas Rossel II","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture Sustainability Initiatives for Nature, Inc.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neon","middleName":"Tomas Rossel","lastName":"II","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-02 08:29:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94866-2","type":"published","date":"2021-08-03T15:01:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":7933515,"identity":"dbdbd4dc-d64c-4073-ac1b-85c05ea3f21c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:32:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Photographs and screenshots of videos of the 12 January 2020 eruption of Taal. A)\nEruption showing a lateral basal cloud with an estimated fountain height of 361 m; B) Umbrella cloud and convective regions; C) Magnified view of Base Surge flows (dilute and “wet” PDCs) forming in the southeast sector of TVI; D) Dust covering the southeastern slopes of TVI. Photo credits: Dante Pamintuan, CNN News and Andres Alisuag.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/8198ab4c6e34494180a4ef51.jpg"},{"id":7933932,"identity":"7560b216-8cd2-44b3-8041-7b16cb37a6c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:35:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":136935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Dunes of TVI. A) General location of Taal Volcano Island. B) Distribution of the 2020\nbase surge dunes. Circles refer to upper slope, middle slope and lowerslope boundaries. C) Photograph of the dune field. D) Digital Surface Model of school overwhelmed by base surges. Sinuous dunes and runup of the base surge also occur inside the classrooms. E) Plan view image of dunes showing elongate and lunate dunes. Bifurcation of dunes are also shown.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/928e2f42032e942218672bb5.jpg"},{"id":7933931,"identity":"2b0ccc07-2ef6-4caa-a1c3-949c787a1081","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:35:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"A) Graph of dune waveheight vs wavelength for subaerial dry and moist pyroclastic\nflows, eolian, fluvial and aqueous sediment-gravity (epiclastic) flows. Modified from Moorehouse and White (2016)34; B) Thickness of surge deposits in the upper, middle and lower slopes of the southeast sector of TVI. Profiles also show dunes with measured angles of stoss and lee sides at different gradients of underlying slope.","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/6af3ff255cb1c30884ee5180.jpg"},{"id":7933933,"identity":"aa9d1bbd-f49e-41b1-bc5a-33ea1768f75b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:35:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143690,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"A) Location 1 (14.002304, 121.008571) where samples were collected; B) Ash components including vitric, lithic, and crystals; C) Grain size distribution graph per sampled layer; D) Accretionary lapilli found in Samples 3 and 4; E) Relative abundance of the components of ash per sample.","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/33ec7420021552da21f6e08b.jpg"},{"id":7934055,"identity":"cd7e58eb-7b5e-4f38-8e8b-7e8a3c9fef28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:38:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Stratigraphy of different dune bedforms in the southeast sector of TVI showing foresets, backsets, erosional features, curved surfaces, and ballistic fragments on the surface. See locations designated by letters A-F.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/6e67f8cbdd3dc06b881fd10f.jpg"},{"id":7933935,"identity":"1aa95fc8-7f08-4e62-9f63-8cd33a859d6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:35:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Photos of the effect of Base Surges on the southeast portion of TVI. A) Snapped and splintered tree trunk of Ceiba pentrada with trunk diameter \u00180.5 m; B) Ruptured bamboo (Culm diameter = 12 cm); C) Scorched and debarked tree on the side facing the crater; D) Base Surge deposit run-up against school wall facing the crater. Inset photo shows plastered base surge deposits. This unique feature of pasty materials persistently sticking on walls is proposed to be called ”ludite”.","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/2ae4f5c08da15bc4a35a87de.jpg"},{"id":7934403,"identity":"a9e70e68-3ac7-40bd-b72f-7e2e6ddb9aab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:41:35","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Projection of energy line model along the southeast profile of Taal Volcano Island where observation and calculation points for velocity are located from the vent center to the projected maximum runout distance. Velocities calculated using different methods (vC) and velocities calculated using the energy line model (vEL) for each of the four observation points are shown. A) Location of southeast profile and observation points. B) Image from timelapse video at 36 seconds showing 500-600 m open area within the southeast inner crater. C) Image from time-lapse video at 46 seconds showing the area from B being covered by a moving base surge.","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1/4a814bf6fb32a487f00704fe.jpg"},{"id":13619405,"identity":"7d30fb50-ed31-46de-b66c-93f61886b789","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 07:00:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4523002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HazardousBaseSurges15.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":7934649,"identity":"417ae875-f24e-4d37-a2a0-6c9e48d41136","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-12 22:44:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":13682254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HazardousBaseSurges15.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-385254/v1_stamped.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eHazardous Base Surges of Taal’s 2020 Eruption\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full-Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Taal Volcano, UAV and LiDAR, Earth and other planets, dynamic pressures","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAfter 43 years of repose, Taal Volcano erupted on 12 January 2020 forming hazardous base surges. Using field, remote sensing (i.e. UAV and LiDAR), and numerical methods, we gathered primary data to generate well-constrained empirical information on dune bedform characteristics, impact dynamic pressures and velocities of base surges to advance our knowledge on this hazard to understand and evaluate its consequences and risks. The base surges traveled at 50-60 km/hr near the crater and decelerated before making impact on coastal communities with dynamic pressures of at least 1.7-2.1 kPa. The base surges killed more than a thousand livestock in the southeast of Taal Volcano Island, and then traveled another 600 meters offshore. This work is a rare document of a complete, fresh and practically undisturbed base surge deposit, important in the study of dune deposits formed by volcanic, and other processes on Earth and other planets.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hazardous Base Surges of Taal’s 2020 Eruption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-04-12 22:32:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-385254/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-05-25T03:22:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-04-25T08:23:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"a0b26c11-f4e3-43fa-9339-b78fa24a8f06","date":"2021-04-22T08:44:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"756fc3fb-e1a1-4895-949c-a8d26396fdb8","date":"2021-04-13T08:28:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-04-12T16:07:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-04-08T10:20:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-04-08T09:25:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-04-07T07:13:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-04-02T08:15:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5c7a783d-2aa0-4cb2-b84d-c9f2a13d5daf","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 12th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":3557121,"name":"Geology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-22T15:24:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-385254","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94866-2","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2021-08-03 15:01:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 3rd, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-04-12 22:32:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-021-94866-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94866-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-385254","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-385254","identity":"rs-385254","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}