Management of marandu grass pasture increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forest grazing systems in the brazilian cerrado

Management of marandu grass pasture increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forest grazing systems in the brazilian cerrado | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Management of marandu grass pasture increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forest grazing systems in the brazilian cerrado Arnon Henrique Campos Anésio, Márcia Vitória Santos, Leidivan Almeida Frazão, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of management practices of marandu grass, at eucalyptus shading levels in a forest grazing system, on organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) stocks, and on soil chemical characteristics in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental design adopted was entirely random with five repetitions. In the plots were allocated the environments with different light availability, and a treatment with marandu grass in full sun. The management of marandu grass pasture was distributed in the subplots with pre-pasture at 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm high. Evaluations were repeated in two crop cycles in year 1 and year 2. Soil chemical characteristics, OC and N stocks were analyzed. The management of marandu grass at 50 cm height in the forest grazing system provided higher levels of OC, N, organic matter in the soil and an increase in fertility, compared to monoculture pasture, with repercussions in two years. The integration of eucalyptus and marandu grass pasture contributes with greater stocks of OC and N in the soil strips closest to the tree row, due to greater nutrient cycling. Marandu grass in forest grazing systems with shading varying from 40 to 60% present greater efficiency and maintenance of soil chemical attributes, demonstrating greater sustainability compared to monoculture pastures. Eucalyptus spp. Sustainability Urochloa brizantha Figures Figure 1 Introduction Global climate change is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly resulting from the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (Kopittke et al., 2017). Changes in land use and management modify organic carbon (OC) storage over time, and the replacement of areas with native vegetation in tropical forests with more intensively cultivated areas, with frequent use of burning and intensive soil preparation have increased the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and decreased ecosystem services (Duran-Bautista et al., 2023; Resende et al., 2020). The cultivated pasture areas in Brazil are mostly in monoculture, and present some degree of degradation. In the Cerrado region, the second largest biome in the country, with about 2 million km 2 , pasture areas represent 28% coverage, with 218 thousand km 2 with degradation (Pereira et al., 2018). In degraded pastures, soil organic matter (SOM) losses are high, which contributes to increased GHG emissions (Cá et al., 2022). Studies have shown that the integration of production with pastures, with the adoption of forest grazing systems, can increase soil OC stocks and improve land use sustainability (Almeida et al., 2021; Frazão et al., 2021; Jose and Dollinger, 2019; Ribeiro et al., 2019; Schinato et al., 2023), increase the quality and productivity of agricultural products, and the conservation of environmental resources (Hanisch et al., 2022; Santos et al., 2019). The environmental sustainability of SSP refers mainly to the GHG mitigation process, through the productive increase of soils, the carbon sequestration capacity of the multiple species cultivated, the accumulation of SOM, and the constant addition of nutrients to the soil via nutrient cycling (Abreu et al., 2020). However, ensuring these beneficial effects depends on factors that vary according to the management of the forage species and animals; number, species and arrangement of trees; soil and climate conditions of the region where the system is implemented (Ávila-Ramírez et al., 2019). Although the response pattern of several forages to different levels of shading is well-known, regionalized studies on grazing management in SSP are still needed (Machado et al., 2020) and its effect on OC and nitrogen (N) stocks and soil fertility. The evaluation of soil quality as a function of different grazing frequencies should allow the use of more appropriate and sustainable grazing management strategies for integrated agricultural production systems. Additionally, knowing the impacts of forage crops in SSP on soil fertility will contribute to the choice of best management practices in these productive ecosystems, and promote benefits to the environment. This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of management practices of marandu grass, at eucalyptus shading levels in a forest grazing system, on OC and N stocks, and on soil chemical characteristics in the Brazilian Cerrado. Material And Methods Study area The study was conducted in an experimental area with SSP implemented in the Cerrado biome, with about nine years of implementation, located in the city of Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with geographical coordinates 20°04’40” S, 46°00’98” W, at 705 meters altitude. The climate of the region according to the Köppen climate classification, is tropical with dry winter (Aw), with average annual precipitation of 1,529 mm and average annual temperature of 20.4 °C (Alvares et al., 2013). The SSP was established in 2012 with clonal eucalyptus trees (clone I144, a hybrid between Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis ), grown in double rows with three meters spacing between trees and 12 meters spacing between the rows. The marandu grass pasture [ Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. Webster cv Marandu] was established between the tree rows in 2013, one year after Eucalypt planting. Between establishment and the beginning of the present study the forage was grazed by dairy cattle in continuous stocking without any specific management of forage height and fertilization. The beginning of the experimental period was marked by a uniform mowing of the marandu grass plants, performed with a back shredder (Stihl, São Leopoldo, Brazil), leaving a uniform residue of 20 cm from the soil. After mowing, forage plants were fertilized with an application of 100 kg N year -1 , divided into two plots, with applications in November and February, with ammonium sulfate [20% N and 22% sulfur (S)] as the source of N. The total period of the experiment was 730 days, from 11/14/2019 to 11/14/2021. It is worth mentioning that during the experimental period there was no entry and grazing with animals, the cuts being made with the aid of the back grazer and the material removed from the experimental plots, simulating grazing by cattle. The soil of the experimental area is classified as a dystrophic Red Latosol, originating from limestone, belonging to the Bambuí Group geology (EMBRAPA, 2018) with particle size composition of: 625 g kg -1 clay, 322 g kg -1 silt and 53 g kg -1 sand. The chemical characteristics of the soil, sampled at the beginning of the experiment, in the 0-20 cm layer were: pH in H 2 O: 5.1; phosphorus (P): 8.3 mg dm -3 (Mehlich); potassium (K): 115 mg dm -3 ; calcium (Ca): 3.98 cmolc dm -3 ; magnesium (Mg): 1.50 cmolc dm -3 , CTC: 5.3 cmolc dm -3 and SOM: 21.52 g kg -1 . Experimental design and treatments The experimental design adopted was entirely random with five repetitions. Treatments were arranged in subdivided plots, with the distances in relation to the arboreal component being allocated to the plots, which constitute the environments with different light availability between the rows of the forest grazing system (SSP): SSP 55-60, SSP 50-55, SSP 45-50, and SSP 40-45% shading; and an additional treatment with marandu grass grown in full sun (monoculture). In the subplots, the management of marandu grass was randomly distributed, with four pre-pasture management heights of 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm. Evaluations were repeated over two years of cultivation, year 1 and year 2. The incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (RFA, μmol m -2 s -1 ) in the environments was measured using the AccuPar LP-80 Ceptometer, taken in monoculture (full sun), in between the rows of eucalyptus, and at distances of 2, 4, and 6 m from the rows of eucalyptus, as shown in Figure 1. To determine the shading levels imposed by the eucalyptus trees, the average percentage of reduction of the RFA was evaluated in five points in each sub-plot arranged within each crop system, and the calculation was performed in relation to the plants grown in full sun. The plots of shaded and monoculture treatments had dimensions of 6 m wide by 18 m long, totaling an area of 108 m² and each subplot 27 m². Each experimental unit in SSP was composed of two double strips of eucalyptus and the marandu grass understory between them. Measurements and laboratory analyses Throughout the research period, the forage plants were cut when the marandu grass pastures reached the established pre-grazing cutting heights, to verify the contribution to the soil of different grazing managements with the U. brizantha cultivar. Harvested forage was removed from the plots to simulate grazing. Soil sampling occurred one year and two years after the beginning of forage management at different pre-grazing heights, so that five deformed soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth in each of the experimental units. After collection, soil samples were air dried, homogenized, crushed and passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve to remove undecomposed plant material (fine dry soil - TFSA). Subsequently, the dried soil was packed in plastic bags and stored for triplicate chemical analyses. Concomitantly, to determine the bulk density of the soil, samples were collected in a steel (5 cm diameter) at a depth of 0-20 cm, and the average was performed for each cultivation system evaluated in SSP and monoculture. A portion of the soil samples was used for routine chemical analyses, according to Embrapa (2009) methodology. For pH in H 2 O and in KCl 1 mol L -1 , immersed in soil/water suspension in the proportion of 1: 2.5; Ca and Mg, were extracted by KCl 1 mol L -1 and quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Analyst 700, Perkin Elmer, USA); P and K were extracted with double-acid solution HCl 0.05 mol L -1 + H 2 SO 4 0.0125 mol L -1 (Mehlich 1), with available P determined by spectrophotometry and K by the flame photometer method. The available S in the form of sulfate was extracted with CaCl 2 0.01 mol L -1 and dosed by turbidimetry. Based on the results, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (V) were calculated. After the initial processing, the soil samples were ground and passed through 0.150 mm sieves to determine soil OC and N contents. Subsequently, OC was determined by wet oxidation according to the methodology proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988). Soil N was determined by sulfuric digestion followed by distillation, according to the Kjeldhal method (Bremner and Mulvaney, 1982). Soil bulk density was determined using the core method (stainless steel rings—Ø 5 cm) for all samples (Blake and Hartge, 1986). The soil C and N stocks were determined from the multiplication of C or N content by the bulk density and soil depth layer. Statistical analyses Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level, evaluating the effects of pasture management height × cropping system × year and the interaction between factors. When the triple interaction was not significant, the unfolding of the double interactions was performed, and when it was not significant, the main effect of cropping system and pasture management height were compared. When there was interaction between the factors or significance in any of the factors the Tukey’s test was used at 5% significance level for comparison of means. All statistical analyses were performed in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program, version 9. Results Management of marandu grass at the pre-grazing height at 50 cm in relation to light availability in SSP provided higher OC, N, and SOM contents (Table 1). In this condition of marandu grass management the contents of OC, N and SOM were higher within the SSP with eucalyptus compared to the monoculture pasture (Table 1). However, it was observed that with the management of marandu grass at heights of 30, 40 and 60 cm, lower OC, N and SOM contents were observed with greater light availability in SSP, not differing from the system in full sun cultivation (Table 1). Compared to the first year of implementation of forage management practices, the contents of OC, N, S and P in the second year of evaluation were higher for all management heights of marandu grass evaluated, regardless of the availability of light in the growing environment (Table 2). Ca and Mg contents showed better values in the treatment with management of marandu grass at 50 cm height, each year of evaluation (Table 2). However, when comparing the two years of evaluation, these soil attributes did not change. The CO, N, Mg, K contents and the soil OC stock, N stock, CEC, and V values as a function of light availability in the growing environment were higher in the second year of evaluation compared to the first year of implementation of forage management practices, regardless of the management height of marandu grass (Table 3). The Ca contents in the soils showed no difference between the years of evaluation. The lower light availability in the growing environment, in SSP 55-60 and SSP 50-55 systems corresponds to the highest levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, K and the highest soil OC stock, N stock, CEC and V, verified in the second year after the beginning of marandu grass management at the different pre-pasture heights. In the monoculture of marandu grass, environment of greater light availability, we observed the lowest values for these variables (Table 3). The contribution of burlap is greater in areas near eucalyptus, which may have led to increased levels of Mg and K (Table 3). The contents and stocks of N were higher in SSP with shading above 50% and lower in monoculture (Table 3). The soil in the experimental area presents medium acidity (Table 3). In the treatments SSP 55-60, SSP 50-55 and SSP 45-50 obtained higher pHs in both years, compared to the other cropping systems. Discussion The results presented in Table 1 indicate that marandu grass forage plants maintained at 50 cm height and shaded with eucalyptus in the integrated system increase the contents of OC, N and SOM, compared to marandu grass monoculture. Increases in OC and N stocks in topsoil layers have been evidenced in studies introducing SSP in the Brazilian Cerrado (Almeida et al., 2021; Frazão et al., 2021), but without evaluating the influence of pasture management. The increase in soil OC and N contents in SSP occurs due to the constant contribution of litter, root decomposition, greater presence of microorganisms and with consequent greater nutrient cycling (Abreu et al., 2020; Freitas et al., 2020). The SSP present higher levels of OC in the soil, being attributed mainly to the presence of the tree component (Sarto et al., 2020; Schinato et al., 2023). However, it is also dependent on the proper management of forage crops (Table 1) being an important GHG mitigation strategy (Resende et al., 2020). The management of marandu grass plants in pre-pasture at a height of 50 cm, in the second year of conduction of the systems, resulted in higher levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, S and P in the soil in relation to the other management of pasture (Table 2). Similar results were found in a study by Cruz et al., (2021), where the effect of 30% shading of Urochloa spp. Cv. Mavuno (mavuno grass) increased its recommended management height, with no loss in forage production. The results of this research suggest that marandu grass managed at 50 cm height has better adaptation to the shaded system studied, ensuring the maintenance and/or improvement of OC, N and nutrient contents in the soil. Proper management of forage plants ensures higher biomass production and consequently promotes a dense root system, promoting the entry of organic residues through exudation (Oliveira et al., 2016) and its constant root renewal allows the increase of OC, N and nutrient contents in the soil (Santos et al., 2019). The roots of the forest system and the pasture may have contributed to greater exudation of organic and inorganic compounds (cycling), improving soil fertility (Abreu et al., 2020). Additionally, the contribution of plant residues over the years (burlap and root decomposition) and the non-disturbance of the soil contributed to the increase in OC and N contents, demonstrating the ability to recover degraded pastures through the proper management of SSP, reducing the negative effects caused by cattle farming (Cá et al., 2022; López-Santiago et al., 2023; Ribeiro et al., 2019). According to the classification proposed by Alvarez et al., (1999) the Ca and Mg contents can be classified as very good for all soils in the treatments studied (Table 2). Still according to these authors, the S contents in all treatments were classified as low to medium and the P contents as good. When evaluating forage management heights in each year of evaluation it was observed that the soil of plants managed at 50 cm presents higher values of S and P. Possibly, this occurs because plants managed at this height result in greater flow of forage tissues returning to the environment. This is because forage plants grown under shading exhibit strategies to compensate for reduced RFA in the understory, such as stem and leaf elongation; increases in chlorophylls, water use efficiency, leaf life span, and plant height, influencing their management (Cruz et al., 2021; Cruz et al., 2020; Machado et al., 2020). The lower levels of Ca, Mg and K in monoculture pastures demonstrate that SSP are more sustainable for marandu grass growing in tropical climates, including reducing the amount of soil amendment in these systems. The reduction of K in the second year of evaluation (Table 3) shows the importance of the correction of this macronutrient in monoculture pastures associated with nitrogen fertilization, due to its high demand by forage plants for growth and development. The growth stimulus caused by the addition of N may lead to K deficiency by dilution effect (Cantarella, 2007). It is common for cattle farmers to be concerned only with nitrogen fertilization of forage plants, when they do so, resulting in lower production potential of the pasture, depleted soils of other nutrients and degradation of pastures. The increase in OC and nutrient content and stock refers to the strips closer to the eucalyptus trees, which corresponds to the environments of lower light availability used in the present study. The increase in OC stocks in the soils of SSP is partially attributed to the constant decomposition of burlap and roots of the tree component (Abreu et al., 2020; Freitas et al., 2020). Studies have reported that well-managed grass pastures, which have C4-type carbon-fixing metabolism, can increase soil OC levels due to their fasciculate root system, high biomass production, and no soil disturbance (Freitas et al., 2020). Sarto et al., (2020) demonstrated in a study with the integration of eucalyptus with marandu grass pasture, the increase in OC and N stocks in integrated systems and well-managed monoculture pastures. In Tables 1 and 3 it is evidenced that the correct management of marandu grass, with emphasis on the height of 50 cm in pre-grazing, ensures improvements in soil quality, which may reflect in productivity and forage quality. The increase in N content (Table 3) can be justified by the contribution of the nutrient through chemical nitrogen fertilization, as well as greater balance of nutrient cycling with adjustment of forage management and deposition of SOM through the tree component (Table 1). The increase of the root system of grasses of the genus Urochloa with nitrogen fertilization favors the improvement of the soil porous system (Fernandes et al., 2016), which, in turn, promotes higher rates of decomposition of SOM, higher microbial activity and consequently higher N mineralization. Proper management of marandu grass in SSP allows increased tissue flux, improving soil chemical quality. Changes in acidity have been observed in SSP when compared with forage monoculture, due to the continuous flow of SOM deposited in the system by the tree component (Battisti et al., 2018). In the current study, soil pH levels were higher (Table 3) in the evaluations performed in the environments with greater shading and near the eucalyptus, due to the greater deposition of SOM (Table 3) and soils were more acidic in the monoculture pasture. The higher stocks of SOM may also have favored the increase in V and TCC in the second year of evaluation, especially for the treatments in SSP with greater shading. Corroborating with the results obtained in the current research, Olaya-Montes et al., (2021) observed higher values of CEC and V in SSP when compared with monoculture pastures. The enrichment of SOM provides an increase in the number of negative charges of the colloids in the soil, therefore raising the value of TCC (Santos et al., 2021). The correct management of SSP, including forage management, contributes to soil maintenance in the Brazilian Cerrado (Tonucci et al., 2017), leading to improvements in the chemical quality and sustainability of these ecosystems; thus, SSP presents potential for the recovery of degraded areas. It is evident that under conditions of land use and/or management in which the addition of residues is more frequent and in larger quantities, as in SSP. The proper management of forage and the shading imposed by the arboreal component allows for adequate forage production and tissue flow, which contributes to the improvement of nutrient availability, guaranteeing an increase in fertility and in soil OC and N stocks. Conclusions The integration of eucalyptus and marandu grass pasture contributes to a greater intake of residues and constant renewal of the root system, ensuring greater stocks of OC and N in the soil strips closest to the tree row. The proper management of marandu grass in SSP favors the increase of fertility and OC stocks in the soil, already showing effects in two years of adopting the practices. In the management of marandu grass in light-restricted systems, a cutting height of 50 cm is recommended before grazing. Marandu grass in SSP with shading varying from 40 to 60% presents greater efficiency and maintenance of the chemical attributes of the soil, being able to guarantee higher levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, K, P, V and CTC, demonstrating greater benefits for soil quality in relation to monoculture pastures. Declarations Acknowledgements This study was funded in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and the Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais – Campus Bambuí. Author contribution All authors reviewed the final version and approved the manuscript before submission. References Abreu, L.H.G., Freitas, I.C., Santana, P.H.L., Barbosa, D.L.A., Tuffi-Santos, L.D., Santos, M.V., Sanglard, D.M., Frazão, L.A. 2020. 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Global Change Biology 23:2509-2519. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13513 . López-Santiago, J.G., Villanueva-López, G., Casanova-Lugo, F., Aryal, D.R., Pozo-Leyva, D. 2023. Livestock systems with scattered trees in paddocks reduce soil CO 2 fluxes compared to grass monoculture in the humid tropics. Agroforestry Systems 97:209-221. doi: 10.1007/s10457-022-00799-8 . Machado, V.D., Fonseca, D.M., Lima, M.A., Martuscello, J.A., Paciullo, D.S.C., Chizotti, F.H.M. 2020. Grazing management strategies for Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. Webster in a silvopastoral system under rotational stocking. Grass and Forage Science 75:266-278. doi: 10.1111/gfs.12491 . Olaya-Montes, A., Llanos-Cabrera, M.P., Cherubin, M.R., Herrera-Valencia, W., Ortiz-Morea, F.A., Silva-Olaya, A.M. 2021. Restoring soil carbon and chemical properties through silvopastoral adoption in the Colombian Amazon region. Land Degradation & Development 32:1-11. doi: 10.1002/ldr.3832 . 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Ciência Florestal 29:913-923. doi: 10.5902/1980509825310 . Santos, F.M., Terra, G., Piotto, D., Chaer, G.M. 2021. Recovering ecosystem functions through the management of regenerating community in agroforestry and plantations with Khaya spp. in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 482:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118854 Santos, M.V., Fonseca, D.M., Silva, L.D., Souza, W.F., Oliveira, T.S., Ferreira, L.R., Oliveira Neto, S.N., Paciullo, D.S.C. 2019. Integrated crop–forage–forestry for sustainable agricultural systems: productive performance. Agroforestry Systems 94:417-427. doi: 10.1007/s10457-019-00404-5 . Sarto, M.V.M., Borges, W.L.B., Sarto, J.R.W., Rice, C.W., Rosolem, C.A. 2020. Deep soil carbon stock, origin, and root interaction in a tropical integrated crop–livestock system. Agroforestry Systems 94:1865-1877. doi: 10.1007/s10457-020-00505-6 . Schinato, F., Munka, M.C., Olmos, V.M., Bussoni, A.T. 2023. Microclimate, forage production and carbon storage in a eucalypt-based silvopastoral system. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 344:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.108290 . Soares, M.B., Freddi, O.S., Matos, E.S., Tavanti, R.F.R., Wruck, F.J., Lima, J.P., Marchioro, V., Franchini, J.C. 2020. Integrated production systems: An alternative to soil chemical quality restoration in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone. Catena 185:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104279 . Tonucci, R.G., Nair, V.D., Ramachandran Nair, P.K., Garcia, R. 2017. Grass vs. tree origin of soil organic carbon under different land-use systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Plant and Soil 419:281-292. doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3347-1 . Yeomans, J.C., Bremner, J.M.A. 1988. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 19:1467-1476. doi: 10.1080/00103628809368027 . Tables Table 1 - OC , N and SOM contents (g kg -1 ) as a function of incident light availability in the environments and management height of marandu grass in pre-pasture in forest grazing system and monoculture in the Brazilian Cerrado Cropping systems Management height (cm) 30 40 50 60 OC Content (g kg -1 )* SSP 55-60 19,55Ab 19,76Ab 20,51Aa 19,66Ab SSP 50-55 19,23Ab 19,43Ab 20,33Aa 19,14Ab SSP 45-50 18,85ABb 19,19ABb 20,33Aa 18,74ABb SSP 40-45 18,55Bb 18,67Bb 20,06Aa 18,66Bb Monoculture 18,10Bb 18,54Bab 19,11Ba 18,24Bb N Content (g kg -1 ) * SSP 55-60 1,82Ab 1,85Ab 1,98Aa 1,83Ab SSP 50-55 1,76ABb 1,78ABb 1,89Aa 1,75ABb SSP 45-50 1,72Bb 1,76Bb 1,89Aa 1,72Bb SSP 40-45 1,70Bb 1,73Bb 1,87Aa 1,70Bb Monoculture 1,60Bb 1,64Bb 1,70Ba 1,57Bb SOM Content (g kg -1 )* SSP 55-60 34,58Ab 34,73Ab 35,47Aa 33,90Ab SSP 50-55 33,84Ab 34,18Ab 35,45Aa 33,09Ab SSP 45-50 32,90Bb 33,54Bb 35,09Aa 32,25Bb SSP 40-45 32,90Bb 33,45Bb 34,74Aa 32,32Bb Monoculture 32,51Bb 33,09Bb 33,77Ba 32,26Bb * the interaction of shading versus heights was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Table 2 - OC and N contents (g kg -1 ), Ca and Mg contents (cmolc dm -3 ), S and P contents (mg dm -3 ) in the soil of forest grazing system and monoculture of marandu grass as a function of different management heights in the forage pre-pasture, in two years of cultivation in the Brazilian Cerrado Height (cm) OC (g kg -1 ) * N (g kg -1 ) * Ca (cmol c dm -3 )* Mg (cmol c dm -3 )* S (mg dm -3 )* P (mg dm -3 )* Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 30 18,99Cb 20,31Ba 1,74Bb 1,79Ca 4,20Ba 4,37Ba 1,52Ba 1,54Ba 4,05Bb 7,09Ba 10,02Bb 10,56Ba 40 19,48Bb 20,39Ba 1,72Bb 1,85Ba 4,41Aa 4,46Ba 1,56Ba 1,58Aa 4,24Bb 7,00Ba 10,01Bb 10,86Ba 50 20,47Ab 21,14Aa 1,80Ab 1,96Aa 4,61Aa 4,76Aa 1,62Aa 1,63Aa 4,39Ab 7,15Aa 10,51Ab 11,49Aa 60 18,60Cb 20,07Ca 1,71Bb 1,75Ca 4,15Ba 4,28Ba 1,51Ba 1,52Ba 3,73Cb 6,05Ca 9,75Bb 10,55Ba * the interaction of shading versus year was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Table 3 - OC and N contents (g kg -1 ), OC and N stocks (mg ha -1 ), Ca and Mg contents (cmol c dm -3 ), K contents (mg dm -3 ), pH, base saturation (V) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil in forest grazing system and monoculture of marandu grass as a function of light availability in the environment, in two years of cultivation in the Brazilian Cerrado Cropping systems OC (g kg -1 ) * N (g kg -1 ) * OC Stock (mg ha -1 )* N Stock (mg ha -1 )* Ca (cmol c dm -3 )* Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 SSP 55-60 18,92Ab 21,18Aa 1,77Ab 1,87Aa 50,14Ab 52,94Aa 4,65Ab 4,76Aa 4,52Aa 4,54Aa SSP 50-55 18,70ABb 20,72Aa 1,77Ab 1,82Aa 48,06Ab 51,01Aa 4,37Ab 4,48Aa 4,52Aa 4,50Aa SSP 45-50 18,57Bb 20,18Ba 1,70Bb 1,76Ba 45,44Bb 48,93Ba 4,26Bb 4,36Ba 4,40Ba 4,45Ba SSP 40-45 18,30Bb 20,20Ba 1,67Bb 1,67Ba 45,93Bb 49,59Ba 4,17Bb 4,26Ba 4,07Ba 4,25Ba Monoculture 17,20Cb 19,50Ca 1,53Cb 1,64Ca 40,61Cb 45,66Ca 4,07Cb 4,15Ca 3,60Ca 3,92Ca Mg (cmol c dm -3 )* K (mg dm -3 )* pH* V (%)* CTC (cmol c dm -3 )* Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 SSP 55-60 1,61Ab 1,74Aa 154,85Ab 160,05Aa 5,92Aa 6,00Aa 73,47Ab 75,05Aa 6,56Ab 6,70Aa SSP 50-55 1,58Ab 1,68Aa 146,35Ab 151,85Aa 5,92Aa 5,92Aa 68,52Ab 69,33ABa 6,40ABb 6,67Aa SSP 45-50 1,52Bb 1,58Ba 136,15Bb 142,65Ba 5,83Aa 5,93Aa 64,07Bb 67,86Ba 6,28Bb 6,48Ba SSP 40-45 1,48Bb 1,56Ba 130,85Bb 135,50Ba 5,62Ba 5,68Ba 61,03Bb 68,29Ba 5,95Bb 6,29Ba Monoculture 1,37Cb 1,40Ca 101,10Ca 93,75Cb 5,64Ba 5,67Ba 57,81Cb 61,73Ca 5,58Cb 6,06Ca * the interaction of height versus year was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2720571","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":186305124,"identity":"db0140f1-7c68-4a8b-ac01-b5147603d249","order_by":0,"name":"Arnon Henrique Campos Anésio","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHADxgaGDwZyYKYEA8MB4rQwzjAwJkkLAwMzDwMRWvhnnz34uIDBLo+f/3DjY5sCg2h5B+aDt3kY7uTj0iJxLi/ZeAZDcrHkjMRm4xwDg9yNB9iSrXkYnlk24NJzhsdMmoeBOXHDDcY26RyDP7kbG8Aihw1w6ZCHaKlP3H/+YJu0BciWBv5veLUYQLQcTtzAkNgmzQDUMp+Bhw2vFsMzPMbGPAbHE2fcSGw27AFq2cDMZmw5x+AZTi1yZ3gMH/NUVCf29x9/+ODHH6At7c0Pb7ypuINTC9R5yOzD6CIEgXwDKapHwSgYBaNgJAAA881O5hkWP1UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais - 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Campus Bambuí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafael","middleName":"Bastos","lastName":"Teixeira","suffix":""},{"id":186305128,"identity":"3c94a82a-7caa-433b-9d62-9dba2042716e","order_by":4,"name":"Leonardo David Tuffi-Santos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leonardo","middleName":"David","lastName":"Tuffi-Santos","suffix":""},{"id":186305129,"identity":"ac6cbec2-26d7-4e6f-91a4-7162d86fdcf5","order_by":5,"name":"Rodinei Facco Pegoraro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rodinei","middleName":"Facco","lastName":"Pegoraro","suffix":""},{"id":186305130,"identity":"2440adc7-f1d7-4b3f-85ca-7bac2f238540","order_by":6,"name":"Josiane Aparecida de Souza Barboza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (Departamento de Zootecnia)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Josiane","middleName":"Aparecida de Souza","lastName":"Barboza","suffix":""},{"id":186305131,"identity":"6d4878df-a218-4ffa-b318-c1a6887f870c","order_by":7,"name":"Mariana Almeida Dumont","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (Departamento de Agronomia)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mariana","middleName":"Almeida","lastName":"Dumont","suffix":""},{"id":186305132,"identity":"c1837db1-33e8-413b-9c8d-6759e0d0b751","order_by":8,"name":"Josimari Regina Paschoaloto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahia Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Josimari","middleName":"Regina","lastName":"Paschoaloto","suffix":""},{"id":266351234,"identity":"9d120d0b-36f1-4115-9234-5761315b28ea","order_by":9,"name":"Konrad Passos e Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Konrad","middleName":"Passos e","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-03-22 00:59:20","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49441357,"identity":"9f24eb9d-d6a8-48f7-abcd-3f2b2ee0cc3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 22:23:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":590710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of light availability in SSP with the sampling locations/plot (between row; 2, 4 and 6 m north and south) and pasture in monoculture (full sun).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2720571/v2/6fdd584c71aab7969e96cda2.png"},{"id":49441489,"identity":"8064cd7c-707e-4dd8-b162-2f2125b313e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 22:31:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":790851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2720571/v2/e04776f0-1817-4f72-a52c-27b3c2aea808.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManagement of marandu grass pasture increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forest grazing systems in the brazilian cerrado\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal climate change is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly resulting from the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (Kopittke et al., 2017). Changes in land use and management modify organic carbon (OC) storage over time, and the replacement of areas with native vegetation in tropical forests with more intensively cultivated areas, with frequent use of burning and intensive soil preparation have increased the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and decreased ecosystem services (Duran-Bautista et al., 2023; Resende et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cultivated pasture areas in Brazil are mostly in monoculture, and present some degree of degradation. In the Cerrado region, the second largest biome in the country, with about 2 million km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, pasture areas represent 28% coverage, with 218 thousand km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with degradation (Pereira et al., 2018). In degraded pastures, soil organic matter (SOM) losses are high, which contributes to increased GHG emissions (C\u0026aacute; et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that the integration of production with pastures, with the adoption of forest grazing systems, can increase soil OC stocks and improve land use sustainability (Almeida et al., 2021; Fraz\u0026atilde;o et al., 2021; Jose and Dollinger, 2019; Ribeiro et al., 2019; Schinato et al., 2023), increase the quality and productivity of agricultural products, and the conservation of environmental resources (Hanisch et al., 2022; Santos et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe environmental sustainability of SSP refers mainly to the GHG mitigation process, through the productive increase of soils, the carbon sequestration capacity of the multiple species cultivated, the accumulation of SOM, and the constant addition of nutrients to the soil via nutrient cycling (Abreu et al., 2020). However, ensuring these beneficial effects depends on factors that vary according to the management of the forage species and animals; number, species and arrangement of trees; soil and climate conditions of the region where the system is implemented (\u0026Aacute;vila-Ram\u0026iacute;rez et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the response pattern of several forages to different levels of shading is well-known, regionalized studies on grazing management in SSP are still needed (Machado et al., 2020) and its effect on OC and nitrogen (N) stocks and soil fertility. The evaluation of soil quality as a function of different grazing frequencies should allow the use of more appropriate and sustainable grazing management strategies for integrated agricultural production systems. Additionally, knowing the impacts of forage crops in SSP on soil fertility will contribute to the choice of best management practices in these productive ecosystems, and promote benefits to the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper aimed to evaluate the influence of management practices of marandu grass, at eucalyptus shading levels in a forest grazing system, on OC and N stocks, and on soil chemical characteristics in the Brazilian Cerrado.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in an experimental area with SSP implemented in the Cerrado biome, with about nine years of implementation, located in the city of Bambu\u0026iacute;, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with geographical coordinates 20\u0026deg;04\u0026rsquo;40\u0026rdquo; S, 46\u0026deg;00\u0026rsquo;98\u0026rdquo; W, at 705 meters altitude.\u0026nbsp;The climate of the region according to the K\u0026ouml;ppen climate classification, is tropical with dry winter (Aw), with average annual precipitation of 1,529 mm and average annual temperature of 20.4 \u0026deg;C (Alvares et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SSP was established in 2012 with clonal eucalyptus trees (clone I144, a hybrid between \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus urophylla\u003c/em\u003e \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e), grown in double rows with three meters spacing between trees and 12 meters spacing between the rows.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe marandu grass pasture [\u003cem\u003eUrochloa brizantha\u003c/em\u003e (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. Webster cv Marandu] was established between the tree rows in 2013, one year after Eucalypt planting.\u0026nbsp;Between establishment and the beginning of the present study the forage was grazed by dairy cattle in continuous stocking without any specific management of forage height and fertilization.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe beginning of the experimental period was marked by a uniform mowing of the marandu grass plants, performed with a back shredder (Stihl, S\u0026atilde;o Leopoldo, Brazil), leaving a uniform residue of 20 cm from the soil.\u0026nbsp;After mowing, forage plants were fertilized with an application of 100 kg N year\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, divided into two plots, with applications in November and February, with ammonium sulfate [20% N and 22% sulfur (S)] as the source of N. The total period of the experiment was 730 days, from 11/14/2019 to 11/14/2021. It is worth mentioning that during the experimental period there was no entry and grazing with animals, the cuts being made with the aid of the back grazer and the material removed from the experimental plots, simulating grazing by cattle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe soil of the experimental area is classified as a dystrophic Red Latosol, originating from limestone, belonging to the Bambu\u0026iacute; Group geology (EMBRAPA, 2018) with particle size composition of:\u0026nbsp;625 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e clay, 322 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e silt and 53 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e sand.\u0026nbsp;The chemical characteristics of the soil, sampled at the beginning of the experiment, in the 0-20 cm layer were: pH in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO: 5.1; phosphorus (P): 8.3 mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e (Mehlich); potassium (K): 115 mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e; calcium (Ca): 3.98 cmolc dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e; magnesium (Mg): 1.50 cmolc dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e, CTC: 5.3 cmolc dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e and SOM: 21.52 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExperimental design and treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental design adopted was entirely random with five repetitions.\u0026nbsp;Treatments were arranged in subdivided plots, with the distances in relation to the arboreal component being allocated to the plots, which constitute the environments with different light availability between the rows of the forest grazing system (SSP):\u0026nbsp;SSP 55-60, SSP 50-55, SSP 45-50, and SSP 40-45% shading; and an additional treatment with marandu grass grown in full sun (monoculture). In the subplots, the management of marandu grass was randomly distributed, with four pre-pasture management heights of 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm. Evaluations were repeated over two years of cultivation, year 1 and year 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (RFA, \u0026mu;mol m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) in the environments was measured using the AccuPar LP-80 Ceptometer, taken in monoculture (full sun), in between the rows of eucalyptus, and at distances of 2, 4, and 6 m from the rows of eucalyptus, as shown in Figure 1. To determine the shading levels imposed by the eucalyptus trees, the average percentage of reduction of the RFA was evaluated in five points in each sub-plot arranged within each crop system, and the calculation was performed in relation to the plants grown in full sun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plots of shaded and monoculture treatments had dimensions of 6 m wide by 18 m long, totaling an area of 108 m\u0026sup2; and each subplot 27 m\u0026sup2;. Each experimental unit in SSP was composed of two double strips of eucalyptus and the marandu grass understory between them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeasurements and laboratory analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThroughout the research period, the forage plants were cut when the marandu grass pastures reached the established pre-grazing cutting heights, to verify the contribution to the soil of different grazing managements with the \u003cem\u003eU. brizantha\u003c/em\u003e cultivar. Harvested forage was removed from the plots to simulate grazing. Soil sampling occurred one year and two years after the beginning of forage management at different pre-grazing heights, so that five deformed soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth in each of the experimental units.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter collection, soil samples were air dried, homogenized, crushed and passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve to remove undecomposed plant material (fine dry soil - TFSA). Subsequently, the dried soil was packed in plastic bags and stored for triplicate chemical analyses.\u0026nbsp;Concomitantly, to determine the bulk density of the soil, samples were collected in a steel (5 cm diameter) at a depth of 0-20 cm, and the average was performed for each cultivation system evaluated in SSP and monoculture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA portion of the soil samples was used for routine chemical analyses, according to Embrapa (2009) methodology.\u0026nbsp;For pH in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and in KCl 1 mol L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, immersed in soil/water suspension in the proportion of 1: 2.5; Ca and Mg, were extracted by KCl 1 mol L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Analyst 700, Perkin Elmer, USA); P and K were extracted with double-acid solution HCl 0.05 mol L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e + H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 0.0125 mol L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (Mehlich 1), with available P determined by spectrophotometry and K by the flame photometer method. The available S in the form of sulfate was extracted with CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e 0.01 mol L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and dosed by turbidimetry. Based on the results, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (V) were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the initial processing, the soil samples were ground and passed through 0.150 mm sieves to determine soil OC and N contents. Subsequently, OC was determined by wet oxidation according to the methodology proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988). Soil N was determined by sulfuric digestion followed by distillation, according to the Kjeldhal method (Bremner and Mulvaney, 1982). Soil bulk density was determined using the core method (stainless steel rings\u0026mdash;\u0026Oslash; 5 cm) for all samples (Blake and Hartge, 1986). The soil C and N stocks were determined from the multiplication of C or N content by the bulk density and soil depth layer.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level, evaluating the effects of pasture management height \u0026times; cropping system \u0026times; year and the interaction between factors. When the triple interaction was not significant, the unfolding of the double interactions was performed, and when it was not significant, the main effect of cropping system and pasture management height were compared. When there was interaction between the factors or significance in any of the factors the Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test was used at 5% significance level for comparison of means. All statistical analyses were performed in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program, version 9.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eManagement of marandu grass at the pre-grazing height at 50 cm in relation to light availability in SSP provided higher OC, N, and SOM contents (Table 1). In this condition of marandu grass management the contents of OC, N and SOM were higher within the SSP with eucalyptus compared to the monoculture pasture (Table 1). However, it was observed that with the management of marandu grass at heights of 30, 40 and 60 cm, lower OC, N and SOM contents were observed with greater light availability in SSP, not differing from the system in full sun cultivation (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to the first year of implementation of forage management practices, the contents of OC, N, S and P in the second year of evaluation were higher for all management heights of marandu grass evaluated, regardless of the availability of light in the growing environment (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCa and Mg contents showed better values in the treatment with management of marandu grass at 50 cm height, each year of evaluation (Table 2). However, when comparing the two years of evaluation, these soil attributes did not change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CO, N, Mg, K contents and the soil OC stock, N stock, CEC, and V values as a function of light availability in the growing environment were higher in the second year of evaluation compared to the first year of implementation of forage management practices, regardless of the management height of marandu grass (Table 3). The Ca contents in the soils showed no difference between the years of evaluation. The lower light availability in the growing environment, in SSP 55-60 and SSP 50-55 systems corresponds to the highest levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, K and the highest soil OC stock, N stock, CEC and V, verified in the second year after the beginning of marandu grass management at the different pre-pasture heights. In the monoculture of marandu grass, environment of greater light availability, we observed the lowest values for these variables (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contribution of burlap is greater in areas near eucalyptus, which may have led to increased levels of Mg and K (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contents and stocks of N were higher in SSP with shading above 50% and lower in monoculture (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe soil in the experimental area presents medium acidity (Table 3). In the treatments SSP 55-60, SSP 50-55 and SSP 45-50 obtained higher pHs in both years, compared to the other cropping systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results presented in Table 1 indicate that marandu grass forage plants maintained at 50 cm height and shaded with eucalyptus in the integrated system increase the contents of OC, N and SOM, compared to marandu grass monoculture. Increases in OC and N stocks in topsoil layers have been evidenced in studies introducing SSP in the Brazilian Cerrado (Almeida et al., 2021; Fraz\u0026atilde;o et al., 2021), but without evaluating the influence of pasture management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in soil OC and N contents in SSP occurs due to the constant contribution of litter, root decomposition, greater presence of microorganisms and with consequent greater nutrient cycling (Abreu et al., 2020; Freitas et al., 2020). The SSP present higher levels of OC in the soil, being attributed mainly to the presence of the tree component (Sarto et al., 2020; Schinato et al., 2023). However, it is also dependent on the proper management of forage crops (Table 1) being an important GHG mitigation strategy (Resende et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe management of marandu grass plants in pre-pasture at a height of 50 cm, in the second year of conduction of the systems, resulted in higher levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, S and P in the soil in relation to the other management of pasture (Table 2). Similar results were found in a study by Cruz et al., (2021), where the effect of 30% shading of \u003cem\u003eUrochloa\u003c/em\u003e spp. Cv. Mavuno (mavuno grass) increased its recommended management height, with no loss in forage production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this research suggest that marandu grass managed at 50 cm height has better adaptation to the shaded system studied, ensuring the maintenance and/or improvement of OC, N and nutrient contents in the soil. Proper management of forage plants ensures higher biomass production and consequently promotes a dense root system, promoting the entry of organic residues through exudation (Oliveira et al., 2016) and its constant root renewal allows the increase of OC, N and nutrient contents in the soil (Santos et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe roots of the forest system and the pasture may have contributed to greater exudation of organic and inorganic compounds (cycling), improving soil fertility (Abreu et al., 2020). Additionally, the contribution of plant residues over the years (burlap and root decomposition) and the non-disturbance of the soil contributed to the increase in OC and N contents, demonstrating the ability to recover degraded pastures through the proper management of SSP, reducing the negative effects caused by cattle farming (C\u0026aacute; et al., 2022; L\u0026oacute;pez-Santiago et al., 2023; Ribeiro et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the classification proposed by Alvarez et al., (1999) the Ca and Mg contents can be classified as very good for all soils in the treatments studied (Table 2). Still according to these authors, the S contents in all treatments were classified as low to medium and the P contents as good.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen evaluating forage management heights in each year of evaluation it was observed that the soil of plants managed at 50 cm presents higher values of S and P. Possibly, this occurs because plants managed at this height result in greater flow of forage tissues returning to the environment. This is because forage plants grown under shading exhibit strategies to compensate for reduced RFA in the understory, such as stem and leaf elongation; increases in chlorophylls, water use efficiency, leaf life span, and plant height, influencing their management (Cruz et al., 2021; Cruz et al., 2020; Machado et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe lower levels of Ca, Mg and K in monoculture pastures demonstrate that SSP are more sustainable for marandu grass growing in tropical climates, including reducing the amount of soil amendment in these systems. The reduction of K in the second year of evaluation (Table 3) shows the importance of the correction of this macronutrient in monoculture pastures associated with nitrogen fertilization, due to its high demand by forage plants for growth and development. The growth stimulus caused by the addition of N may lead to K deficiency by dilution effect (Cantarella, 2007). It is common for cattle farmers to be concerned only with nitrogen fertilization of forage plants, when they do so, resulting in lower production potential of the pasture, depleted soils of other nutrients and degradation of pastures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in OC and nutrient content and stock refers to the strips closer to the eucalyptus trees, which corresponds to the environments of lower light availability used in the present study. The increase in OC stocks in the soils of SSP is partially attributed to the constant decomposition of burlap and roots of the tree component (Abreu et al., 2020; Freitas et al., 2020). Studies have reported that well-managed grass pastures, which have C4-type carbon-fixing metabolism, can increase soil OC levels due to their fasciculate root system, high biomass production, and no soil disturbance (Freitas et al., 2020). Sarto et al., (2020) demonstrated in a study with the integration of eucalyptus with marandu grass pasture, the increase in OC and N stocks in integrated systems and well-managed monoculture pastures. In Tables 1 and 3 it is evidenced that the correct management of marandu grass, with emphasis on the height of 50 cm in pre-grazing, ensures improvements in soil quality, which may reflect in productivity and forage quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in N content (Table 3) can be justified by the contribution of the nutrient through chemical nitrogen fertilization, as well as greater balance of nutrient cycling with adjustment of forage management and deposition of SOM through the tree component (Table 1). The increase of the root system of grasses of the genus \u003cem\u003eUrochloa\u003c/em\u003e with nitrogen fertilization favors the improvement of the soil porous system (Fernandes et al., 2016), which, in turn, promotes higher rates of decomposition of SOM, higher microbial activity and consequently higher N mineralization. Proper management of marandu grass in SSP allows increased tissue flux, improving soil chemical quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in acidity have been observed in SSP when compared with forage monoculture, due to the continuous flow of SOM deposited in the system by the tree component (Battisti et al., 2018). In the current study, soil pH levels were higher (Table 3) in the evaluations performed in the environments with greater shading and near the eucalyptus, due to the greater deposition of SOM (Table 3) and soils were more acidic in the monoculture pasture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe higher stocks of SOM may also have favored the increase in V and TCC in the second year of evaluation, especially for the treatments in SSP with greater shading. Corroborating with the results obtained in the current research, Olaya-Montes et al., (2021) observed higher values of CEC and V in SSP when compared with monoculture pastures. The enrichment of SOM provides an increase in the number of negative charges of the colloids in the soil, therefore raising the value of TCC (Santos et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correct management of SSP, including forage management, contributes to soil maintenance in the Brazilian Cerrado (Tonucci et al., 2017), leading to improvements in the chemical quality and sustainability of these ecosystems; thus, SSP presents potential for the recovery of degraded areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is evident that under conditions of land use and/or management in which the addition of residues is more frequent and in larger quantities, as in SSP. The proper management of forage and the shading imposed by the arboreal component allows for adequate forage production and tissue flow, which contributes to the improvement of nutrient availability, guaranteeing an increase in fertility and in soil OC and N stocks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe integration of eucalyptus and marandu grass pasture contributes to a greater intake of residues and constant renewal of the root system, ensuring greater stocks of OC and N in the soil strips closest to the tree row.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proper management of marandu grass in SSP favors the increase of fertility and OC stocks in the soil, already showing effects in two years of adopting the practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the management of marandu grass in light-restricted systems, a cutting height of 50 cm is recommended before grazing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarandu grass in SSP with shading varying from 40 to 60% presents greater efficiency and maintenance of the chemical attributes of the soil, being able to guarantee higher levels of OC, N, Ca, Mg, K, P, V and CTC, demonstrating greater benefits for soil quality in relation to monoculture pastures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded in part by the Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal de N\u0026iacute;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u0026iacute;fico e Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico (CNPq), the Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and the Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais \u0026ndash; Campus Bambu\u0026iacute;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed the final version and approved the manuscript before submission.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAbreu, L.H.G., Freitas, I.C., Santana, P.H.L., Barbosa, D.L.A., Tuffi-Santos, L.D., Santos, M.V., Sanglard, D.M., Fraz\u0026atilde;o, L.A. 2020. 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Grazing management strategies for \u003cem\u003eUrochloa decumbens\u003c/em\u003e (Stapf) R. Webster in a silvopastoral system under rotational stocking. Grass and Forage Science 75:266-278. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12491\"\u003e10.1111/gfs.12491\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOlaya-Montes, A., Llanos-Cabrera, M.P., Cherubin, M.R., Herrera-Valencia, W., Ortiz-Morea, F.A., Silva-Olaya, A.M. 2021. Restoring soil carbon and chemical properties through silvopastoral adoption in the Colombian Amazon region. Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development 32:1-11. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3832\"\u003e10.1002/ldr.3832\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOliveira, S.P., C\u0026acirc;ndido, M.J.D., Weber, O.B., Xavier, F.A.S., Escobar, M.E.O., Oliveira, T.S. 2016. Conversion of forest into irrigated pasture I. Changes in the chemical and biological properties of the soil. Catena 137:508-516. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.017\"\u003e10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.017\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePereira, O.J.R., Ferreira, L.G., Pinto, F., Baumgarten, L. 2018. Assessing pasture degradation in the Brazilian Cerrado based on the analysis of MODIS NDVI time-series. Remote Sensing 10:1-14. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111761\"\u003e10.3390/rs10111761\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResende, L.O., M\u0026uuml;ller, M.D., Kohmann, M.M., Pinto, L.F.G., Cullen Junior, L., de Zen, S., Rego, L.F.G. 2020. Silvopastoral management of beef cattle production for neutralizing the environmental impact of enteric methane emission. 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Forest Ecology and Management 482:1-13. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118854\"\u003e10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118854\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantos, M.V., Fonseca, D.M., Silva, L.D., Souza, W.F., Oliveira, T.S., Ferreira, L.R., Oliveira Neto, S.N., Paciullo, D.S.C. 2019. Integrated crop\u0026ndash;forage\u0026ndash;forestry for sustainable agricultural systems: productive performance. Agroforestry Systems 94:417-427. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00404-5\"\u003e10.1007/s10457-019-00404-5\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSarto, M.V.M., Borges, W.L.B., Sarto, J.R.W., Rice, C.W., Rosolem, C.A. 2020. Deep soil carbon stock, origin, and root interaction in a tropical integrated crop\u0026ndash;livestock system. Agroforestry Systems 94:1865-1877. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00505-6\"\u003e10.1007/s10457-020-00505-6\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchinato, F., Munka, M.C., Olmos, V.M., Bussoni, A.T. 2023. Microclimate, forage production and carbon storage in a eucalypt-based silvopastoral system. Agriculture, Ecosystems \u0026amp; Environment 344:1-12. doi: \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108290\"\u003e10.1016/j.agee.2022.108290\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoares, M.B., Freddi, O.S., Matos, E.S., Tavanti, R.F.R., Wruck, F.J., Lima, J.P., Marchioro, V., Franchini, J.C. 2020. Integrated production systems: An alternative to soil chemical quality restoration in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone. Catena 185:1-10. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104279\"\u003e10.1016/j.catena.2019.104279\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTonucci, R.G., Nair, V.D., Ramachandran Nair, P.K., Garcia, R. 2017. Grass vs. tree origin of soil organic carbon under different land-use systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Plant and Soil 419:281-292. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3347-1\"\u003e10.1007/s11104-017-3347-1\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYeomans, J.C., Bremner, J.M.A. 1988. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil.\u0026nbsp;Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 19:1467-1476. doi:\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628809368027\"\u003e10.1080/00103628809368027\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:1.75pt;'\u003eTable 1 -\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e, N and SOM contents (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) as a function of incident light availability in the environments and management height of marandu grass in pre-pasture in forest grazing system and monoculture in the Brazilian Cerrado\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 3.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width:70.25pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eCropping systems\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:281.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eManagement height (cm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:281.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Content (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 55-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,55Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,76Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,51Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,66Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 50-55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,23Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,43Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,33Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,14Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 45-50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,85ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,19ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,33Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,74ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 40-45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,55Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,67Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,06Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,66Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMonoculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,10Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,54Bab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,11Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,24Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:281.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eN Content (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 55-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,82Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,85Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,98Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,83Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 50-55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,76ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,78ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,89Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,75ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 45-50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,72Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,76Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,89Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,72Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 40-45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,70Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,73Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,87Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,70Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMonoculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,60Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,64Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,70Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,57Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width:281.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eSOM Content (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 55-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e34,58Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e34,73Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e35,47Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,90Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 50-55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,84Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e34,18Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e35,45Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,09Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 45-50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,90Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,54Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e35,09Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,25Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eSSP 40-45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,90Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,45Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e34,74Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,32Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.45pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMonoculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-7.95pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,51Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,09Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-3.35pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e33,77Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:-.75pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e32,26Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-right:58.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:56.65pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Gungsuh\",serif;'\u003e* the interaction of shading versus heights was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-right:47.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:49.6pt;'\u003eTable 2 \u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e and N contents (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), Ca and Mg contents (cmolc dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e), S and P contents (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) in the soil of forest grazing system and monoculture of marandu grass as a function of different management heights in the forage pre-pasture, in two years of cultivation in the Brazilian Cerrado\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 5.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:42.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eN (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eCa (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMg (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eS (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:84.0pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eP (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,99Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,31Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,74Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,79Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,20Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,37Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,52Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,54Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,05Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e7,09Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,02Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,56Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e40\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,48Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,39Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,72Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,85Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,41Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,46Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,56Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,58Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,24Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e7,00Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,01Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,86Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,47Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e21,14Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,80Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,96Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,61Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,76Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,62Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,63Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,39Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e7,15Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,51Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e11,49Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e60\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,60Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,07Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,71Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,75Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,15Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,28Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,51Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,52Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e3,73Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e6,05Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e9,75Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e10,55Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-right:47.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:49.6pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Gungsuh\",serif;'\u003e* the interaction of shading versus year was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-right:3.1pt;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-right:3.1pt;'\u003eTable 3\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e and N contents (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e and N stocks (mg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), Ca and Mg contents (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e), K contents (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e), pH, base saturation (V) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil in forest grazing system and monoculture of marandu grass as a function of light availability in the environment, in two years of cultivation in the Brazilian Cerrado\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 6.5e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:69.15pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eCropping systems\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eN (g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;background:white;\"\u003eOC\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Stock (mg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eN Stock (mg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eCa (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eSSP 55-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,92Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e21,18Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,77Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,87Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e50,14Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e52,94Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,65Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,76Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,52Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,54Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eSSP 50-55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,70ABb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,72Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,77Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,82Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e48,06Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e51,01Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,37Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,48Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,52Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,50Aa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eSSP 45-50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e18,57Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,18Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,70Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,76Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e45,44Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e48,93Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,26Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,36Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,40Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New 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style=\"color:black;\"\u003e20,20Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,67Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,67Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e45,93Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e49,59Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,17Bb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,26Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,07Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,25Ba\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMonoculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e17,20Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e19,50Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,53Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,64Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e40,61Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e45,66Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,07Cb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e4,15Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e3,60Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e3,92Ca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eMg (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eK (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003epH*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eV (%)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:115.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eCTC (cmol\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eYear 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:69.15pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003eSSP 55-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:black;\"\u003e1,61Ab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:57.85pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='font-family:\"Gungsuh\",serif;'\u003e* the interaction of height versus year was significant at 5 % probability by the F test. Distinct lowercase letters in the rows are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05). Distinct upper-case letters in the columns are statistically significant by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (P \u0026le; 0.05).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eucalyptus spp., Sustainability, Urochloa brizantha","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper aimed to evaluate the influence of management practices of marandu grass, at eucalyptus shading levels in a forest grazing system, on organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) stocks, and on soil chemical characteristics in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental design adopted was entirely random with five repetitions. In the plots were allocated the environments with different light availability, and a treatment with marandu grass in full sun. The management of marandu grass pasture was distributed in the subplots with pre-pasture at 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm high. Evaluations were repeated in two crop cycles in year 1 and year 2. Soil chemical characteristics, OC and N stocks were analyzed. The management of marandu grass at 50 cm height in the forest grazing system provided higher levels of OC, N, organic matter in the soil and an increase in fertility, compared to monoculture pasture, with repercussions in two years. The integration of eucalyptus and marandu grass pasture contributes with greater stocks of OC and N in the soil strips closest to the tree row, due to greater nutrient cycling. Marandu grass in forest grazing systems with shading varying from 40 to 60% present greater efficiency and maintenance of soil chemical attributes, demonstrating greater sustainability compared to monoculture pastures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Management of marandu grass pasture increases soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forest grazing systems in the brazilian cerrado","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-01-10 22:23:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-03-24 18:37:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2720571/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f9e2f292-fb3b-42dd-97d6-07b89440dfe4","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-05-22T16:14:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-10 22:23:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-2720571","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2720571","identity":"rs-2720571","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}