The Relationship between Health-Related Procrastination, Personality Type, and Quality of Life in Nurses

The Relationship between Health-Related Procrastination, Personality Type, and Quality of Life in Nurses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship between Health-Related Procrastination, Personality Type, and Quality of Life in Nurses Zahra Behzad Far, Mehdi Basiri Moghaddam, Fateme Afshari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Procrastination is the tendency to delay tasks despite awareness of its negative consequences. Health-related procrastination (HRP) can have serious and harmful effects on health. The relationship between procrastination in academic and daily tasks with personality type and quality of life has been established, but the association between HRP, personality type, and quality of life remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine the relationship between HRP, quality of life, and personality type among nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 274 nurses at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, including Allameh Bahlool Gonabadi and Shahid Madani hospitals in 2024. The sample was selected through a non-probability census sampling method. Data collection was done using demographic, NEO personality, HRP, and WHOQOL quality of life questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and linear regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results : Findings indicated that the nurses’ level of HRP was moderate. The average quality of life score was 80.18. Mean scores for personality type dimensions were: Neuroticism 37.44, Extroversion 34.01, Openness 34.82, Agreeableness 35.07, and Conscientiousness 37.71. A significant inverse correlation was found between HRP and nurses' quality of life (p < 0.001). Additionally, HRP had a significant inverse association with the personality dimensions of Conscientiousness (p < 0.001) and Extroversion (p = 0.007) and a significant direct association with Neuroticism (p < 0.001). There was no significant association between HRP and the dimensions of Agreeableness (p = 0.900) and Openness (p = 0.966). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that quality of life and personality dimensions, except for Agreeableness and Openness, were significantly associated with HRP among nurses. These findings contribute to our overall understanding of HRP among nurses. Health policymakers should consider the roles of personality types and quality of life in HRP among nurses. Procrastination Health-related procrastination Quality of life Personality type Introduction Procrastination is a prevalent behavior that affects various areas of life and human activity. Procrastination involves delaying tasks that should be completed within a specific time frame. Procrastinators struggle with executing their decisions or completing tasks they have already started. This delay encompasses both essential and non-essential behaviors and is a widespread phenomenon impacting multiple life domains ( 1 ). In everyday life, procrastination, or general procrastination, ranges from postponing responses to emails to delaying getting out of bed in the morning or waiting until the last moment to purchase necessary items. In the academic realm, academic procrastination includes behaviors like completing assignments right before the due date, returning library books at the last possible date, delaying essay writing, and wasting time on other tasks instead of preparing for exams ( 2 ). HRP refers to an irrational gap between the intention and action of performing essential tasks for physical, mental, social, and spiritual health ( 3 ). The occurrence of procrastination generally depends on contextual factors and individual circumstances. This means that procrastination may appear occasionally or manifest as a habitual behavior in individuals ( 4 ). A study examining various forms of HRP in diabetic patients revealed that their behaviors included poor self-care, lack of adherence to treatment and medication regimens, neglecting disease monitoring, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles ( 5 ). Another study investigating the relationship between personality types and academic procrastination in students found a significant positive relationship between academic procrastination and both neuroticism and extroversion. Conversely, a significant negative relationship was observed between academic procrastination and both conscientiousness and openness. This implies that higher levels of neuroticism lead to increased procrastination, while higher levels of conscientiousness and commitment are associated with decreased procrastination ( 6 ). On the other hand, quality of life is essential for nurses, who work closely with human lives, to deliver more effective care. Individuals with higher quality of life tend to perform better professionally. Therefore, enhancing nurses' quality of life can lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness in their roles, ultimately resulting in improved patient care ( 7 ). Quality of life is a multifaceted concept referring to factors associated with an individual’s satisfaction and happiness in life. This concept is not limited to material well-being but encompasses a wide range of subjective and objective factors that affect a person’s sense of life satisfaction ( 8 ). One study showed an inverse relationship between quality of life and academic procrastination among students, with higher quality of life associated with lower levels of academic procrastination ( 9 ). According to research reports, procrastination and quality of life in nursing staff directly affect an organization’s ability to provide adequate services to clients. Without assessment, these aspects cannot be effectively improved or maintained. Enhancing quality of life and reducing procrastination can improve nurses' physical and mental health. Given that the relationships between quality of life, personality type, and general or academic procrastination have been studied—but that the association between quality of life, personality type, and HRP remains largely unknown—this study aimed to determine the relationship between HRP, quality of life, and personality type among nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Methods Study design This analytical study was conducted in 2024 on 274 nurses employed at Allameh Behloul Gonabadi and Bajestan hospitals. Setting and sample Participants were selected through non-probabilistic census sampling. Inclusion criteria were having a bachelor's degree or higher in nursing, willingness to participate, and working in clinical departments for at least six months. Nurses who responded to less than 80% of the questionnaire were excluded from the study. The sample size was determined using G*Power version 3.1.9.1, with the Exact distribution family and the Correlation: Bivariate normal model statistical test, considering a 95% confidence level and 90% test power for a two-tailed test. A sample size of 258 was calculated, and with a 5% allowance for potential dropouts, a final sample of 270 nurses was determined. Based on a similar study, a correlation coefficient of 0.2 (correlation between Openness and procrastination) was used in the calculation ( 10 ). Instruments The tools used in this study included the short form of the NEO questionnaire, the HRP Questionnaire, and the WHOQOL Quality of Life Questionnaire. The short form of the NEO questionnaire is a 60-item questionnaire used to assess the five main personality traits. It is structured on a Likert scale (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree), with scoring as follows: Strongly Disagree = 4, Disagree = 3, Neutral = 2, Agree = 1, and Strongly Agree = 0. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been confirmed, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.84 for the five factors ( 11 ). Another tool in this study was the HRP Scale developed by Basiri Moghaddam et al. This scale consists of 29 items across five dimensions: Preventive Tasks and Health Promotion (8 items), Quitting Unhealthy Behaviors (3 items), Physical Health (4 items), Mental Health (3 items), Social Health (7 items), and Spiritual Health (4 items). It is designed on a 5-point Likert scale with responses assigned as follows: Never = 1, Rarely = 2, Sometimes = 3, Often = 4, and Always = 5. The minimum and maximum scores on this scale are 29 and 145, respectively, with higher scores indicating a greater level of HRP. This questionnaire was developed and psychometrically validated as part of a doctoral dissertation at Iran University of Medical Sciences. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95, and the intraclass correlation coefficient after a test-retest method on 50 nurses over a 2-week interval was reported at 0.85 ( 12 ). The third tool used in this study was the WHOQOL Quality of Life Questionnaire, a 26-item instrument that assesses an individual's overall and general quality of life. It includes four subscales and an overall score. These subscales are: Physical Health, Mental Health, Social Relationships, and Environment Health, along with a general score. Initially, a raw score is obtained for each subscale, which is then converted to a standardized score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in a study conducted in Tehran. Test-retest reliability for the subscales was reported as follows: Physical Health 0.77, Mental Health 0.77, Social Relationships 0.75, and Environment Health 0.84. Internal consistency, measured using Cronbach's alpha, ranged from 0.52 to 0.84 across the questionnaire dimensions ( 13 ). Data Analysis Descriptive statistics, including absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean, and standard deviation, were used to describe the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed to check data distribution. Given the non-normality of data distribution, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between quality of life variables and HRP. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between HRP and personality type dimensions. SPSS software version 19 was utilized for the analysis, with a significance level set at less than 0.05. Ethical Considerations The researcher obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (IR.GMU.1402.066) and presented it to the hospital authorities in the study. All ethical guidelines were strictly followed and participants were assured that their data would be kept confidential. The study objectives were explained to participants, and written informed consent was obtained. Participation was entirely voluntary. Results The findings of this study indicated that the mean age of the participants was 37.81 years, with an average work experience of 14.26 years. The majority of participants were female (59.1%), married (82.2%), urban residents (79.9%), and held a bachelor's degree (74.5%). Regarding economic status, 39.4% of participants reported being somewhat satisfied, 6.2% very satisfied, and 5.5% very dissatisfied. Additionally, 37.6% of participants had a history of underlying health conditions, while 62.4% did not. The mean scores for the personality dimensions were as follows(Table 1 ): - Neuroticism: 37.44, Extroversion: 34.01, Openness: 34.82, Agreeableness: 35.07, Conscientiousness: 33.71 Table 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of Personality Dimensions of Participants Variable No. Standard Deviation ± Mean Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness 274 274 274 274 274 37.4 ± 44.39 34.4 ± 01.63 34.4 ± 82.39 35.3 ± 07.47 33.4 ± 71.15 The mean quality of life for the participants was 80.18 and 94.42. There was a significant and inverse correlation between HRP and the quality of life of the nurses (p < 0.001). As the quality of life increased, the HPR of the nurses decreased (Table 2 ). Table 2 Relationship Between Health-related Procrastination and Quality of Life Variable No. Standard Deviation ± Mean Results of Spearman Correlation Test Quality of Life Health-related Procrastination 274 274 .13 ± 18.80 39 94.42 ± 23.54 p < 0.001 r = − 0.85 The results of the linear regression test showed that HRP had a significant negative correlation with the dimensions of Conscientiousness (p < 0.001) and Extroversion (p = 0.007), while it had a significant positive correlation with the dimension of Neuroticism (p < 0.001). HRP did not have a significant relationship with the personality dimensions of Agreeableness (p = 0.900) and Openness (p = 0.966) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Relationship of HPR with Personality Dimensions Using Linear Regression Variable B Beta t P-value Constant Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Extroversion 163.05 0.01 0.34 -2.26 1.25 -1.21 - 0.003 0.005 -0.398 0.234 -0.238 8.70 0.04 0.13 -5.29 4.79 -2.74 < 0.001 0.966 0.900 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.007 Discussion The findings of the present study showed that the mean HRP was 42.94, indicating a moderate level. Consistent with the current study, a study conducted by Basiri et al. reported a moderate level of HRP among nurses. ( 3 ) Kroese et al. ( 14 ) reported moderate HRP concerning sleep, while Chinaveh et al. ( 15 ) reported moderate procrastination among nurses, and Chehrezad et al. ( 16 ) reported moderate procrastination among students. Rezaei et al. ( 17 ) reported that 9.10% of nursing managers and staff exhibited very low procrastination, 70.5% had low procrastination, 17.1% had moderate procrastination, and 1.5% had high procrastination. The results of a study by Bakar et al. ( 18 ) on students indicated that none of the participants considered themselves non-procrastinators; 21% had no serious procrastination, 67% were procrastinators, and 12% were severe procrastinators. In a study conducted by Ozer et al. ( 19 ), the results showed that 39% of master's degree students, 53% of high school students, and undergraduate students always or almost always procrastinated in completing their academic tasks. Another study by Ebtsam et al. ( 20 ) in Egypt reported that the level of procrastination among nurses working in Minia University Hospital was generally high. The prevalence of procrastination varies across cultures and countries. For instance, a study conducted on nursing students from a university in Nigeria and a nursing school affiliated with a university in Egypt found that 29.6% of Egyptian students exhibited high levels of academic procrastination, while 33.3% had low levels. In contrast, Nigerian students showed only 5.6% with high levels of academic procrastination, and 78.8% had low levels ( 21 ). This discrepancy in the prevalence of procrastination may be attributed to cultural differences. Procrastination is a culture-dependent concept, with varying levels reported across different cultures ( 14 ). The values and cultural contexts of individuals can influence their choices in engaging with or avoiding challenging tasks, as well as how they interpret procrastinatory behavior ( 22 ). In the present study, the average quality of life score for nurses was 18.80. A study in China reported an average quality of life score of 13.52 for nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic ( 23 ). Additionally, the average quality of life for nurses in two hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, was reported as 56.64 ( 24 ). The average quality of life in these two studies is lower than in our study. Given that both studies coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lower quality of life in these studies compared to ours is to be expected. Furthermore, unlike the hospitals in our study, the hospitals in larger cities like Tabriz have high-stress surgical departments, such as cardiothoracic and neurosurgery. This stress may impact the quality of life for nurses, thus justifying the higher quality of life observed in our study. Quality of life is a broad concept that comprehensively encompasses physical health, psychological status, level of independence, and social relationships. The differences in the average quality of life scores among nurses may stem from various factors such as differing working conditions, economic circumstances, and variations in supportive resources ( 25 ). The results of the present study indicated that the mean personality traits were Neuroticism 37.44, Extroversion 34.01, Openness 34.82, Agreeableness 35.07, and Conscientiousness 33.71. In the study by Brunt Donnellan et al. ( 26 ), the average scores were reported as Neuroticism 50.10, Extroversion 51.58, Openness 51.08, Agreeableness 50.00, and Conscientiousness 47.88 for individuals aged 20 to 29 years. In the study by Sotodehasl et al. ( 27 ), the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 38.5, Extroversion 41.2, Openness 37.8, Agreeableness 41.8, and Conscientiousness 45. In the study by Molavynejad et al. ( 28 ) conducted on nurses, the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 27.41, Agreeableness 43.65, Conscientiousness 46.28, and Extroversion 44.86. In the study by Razapour et al. ( 29 ) conducted on nursing students, the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 34.59, Extroversion 40.88, Openness 38.39, Agreeableness 41.13, and Conscientiousness 43.73. Considering that nurses experience higher levels of stress and anxiety compared to the general population, and that this anxiety and stress can impact personality dimensions ( 30 ), the differences in results are justifiable. Regarding the relationship between HRP and the personality traits of nurses, the findings of this study indicated that HRP had an inverse relationship with the personality traits of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, while a significant direct relationship was found with Neuroticism. Specifically, as Extroversion and Conscientiousness increased, the procrastination of nurses decreased, whereas an increase in Neuroticism was associated with an increase in their procrastination. No significant relationship was observed between HRP and the personality traits of Agreeableness and Openness. In the study by Mansourinejad et al. ( 31 ) consistent with our findings, academic procrastination showed a significant direct correlation with Neuroticism, an inverse significant correlation with Conscientiousness, and no significant correlation with Agreeableness. However, contrary to our study, procrastination had a significant inverse correlation with Openness and no significant correlation with Extroversion. In our study, Openness did not have a significant correlation with HRP, while Extroversion showed a significant inverse correlation. The results of the Bivariate Analysis conducted by Awad et al. ( 10 ) indicated a significant inverse correlation between procrastination and both Extroversion and Conscientiousness, which aligns with our study. However, it is inconsistent with our findings as procrastination was inversely correlated with Neuroticism and showed a significant direct correlation with Openness, whereas in our study, HRP had a significant direct correlation with Neuroticism and no significant correlation with Openness. In the study by Johnson et al. ( 32 ) procrastination exhibited an inverse correlation with Conscientiousness and a direct correlation with Neuroticism, with Openness and Agreeableness showing no significant correlation with procrastination, which aligns with our findings. Additionally, Johnson's study noted a slight inverse correlation between Extroversion and procrastination, but this correlation was not significant, while our present study found a significant inverse correlation between HRP and Extroversion. It appears that responsible individuals exhibit fewer procrastinatory behaviors; however, there is a need for further studies in this area. Regarding the relationship between HRP and the quality of life of nurses, the results of the present study indicated a significant correlation between HRP and quality of life. The findings of the study by Codina et al. ( 33 ) showed that individuals who engage in sufficient physical activity have a more positive perception of their quality of life in terms of physical and mental health. This perception, in turn, is associated with lower levels of procrastination. Consistent with the current study, the results of the research by Najat et al. ( 34 ) demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between academic procrastination and quality of life among students. Limitations One of the limitations of this study is that HRP is a relatively new concept, and fewer studies have been conducted in this area, which makes discussing the topic challenging. Another limitation of this study is that HRP, personality type, and quality of life were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Given the potential unacceptability of certain behaviors, responses to questions may differ from an individual's actual behavior. To some extent, this limitation was addressed by ensuring confidentiality and building trust with the research participants. Conclusion The results of this study indicated a significant relationship between HRP and the quality of life of nurses, such that an increase in the quality of life of nurses was associated with a significant decrease in their HRP. Additionally, there was a significant indirect relationship between HRP and the personality dimensions of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, as well as a significant direct relationship between HRP and the personality dimension of Neuroticism. However, there was no significant relationship between HRP and the personality dimensions of Agreeableness and Openness. Recommendations Reducing procrastination among nurses requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Given that Conscientiousness had the most significant impact on the HRP of nurses, interventions aimed at enhancing self-discipline, orderliness, and dutifulness, as well as promoting the quality of life of nurses, can contribute to a reduction in their HRP. Abbreviations HRP Health-related procrastination NEO Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness WHOQOL World Health Organization Quality of Life Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval and consent to participate the research proposal was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (code: IR.GMU.1402.066), and informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Authors' contributions All the authors were involved in designing the study. B.Z: data acquisition, data analysis, drafted the paper, B.M: design of the work, data analysis, A.F: design of the work, data acquisition. revising the paper. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgements Authors would like to extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the esteemed Deputy of Research and Technology at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, as well as all the participants who took part in this study. Their valuable contributions and cooperation were essential to the successful completion of this research. References Rozental A, Carlbring P. Understanding and treating procrastination: A review of a common self-regulatory failure. Psychology. 2014;5(13):1488. Schouwenburg HC, Lay CH. 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Investigating the relationship between academic procrastination and quality of lif among first grad female high school students in Shiraz in the academic year of 1402 – 1401. Iran J Psychol Behav Sci 1401(33):38–49. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6707967","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":471291583,"identity":"db73fff6-1bc2-442f-8519-d381dfc09988","order_by":0,"name":"Zahra Behzad Far","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gonabad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zahra","middleName":"Behzad","lastName":"Far","suffix":""},{"id":471291584,"identity":"3b977aed-d839-4c2b-8bd4-c1e743bf9f38","order_by":1,"name":"Mehdi Basiri Moghaddam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gonabad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehdi","middleName":"Basiri","lastName":"Moghaddam","suffix":""},{"id":471291585,"identity":"45305567-2f7d-48b2-9031-88afe0eec5f3","order_by":2,"name":"Fateme Afshari","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGhg+MQIINxAIDZgJaeA4wMM4AawGySNTCIJFApMN4GJgfNv7cYZfPJ/n86mYeBjt5BnbeBwS0sBk2855JtmyTzim7zcOQbNjAzG6AV4s9A4P5Y8Y2ZgM26Zw0oBbmBAZmNkIOY//Y+LOt3oBN8gxISz0xWngMG3jbDhuwSbAfA2o5TIQWZp7CZt624wZsPDlsN+cYHDdsI6iFvX0j0GHVBvLtx5/deFNRLc/Pfwy/FqSI4wEGFBARsAMFsD8gQfEoGAWjYBSMJAAA5aI3eExcl0kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Gonabad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fateme","middleName":"","lastName":"Afshari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-20 12:53:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85384738,"identity":"775a8034-9a96-47ac-9575-9d881bd7912f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 09:39:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":529291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6707967/v1/7fe52293-cfbe-4b7c-b2ae-2ec1b9b02cfc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Relationship between Health-Related Procrastination, Personality Type, and Quality of Life in Nurses","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eProcrastination is a prevalent behavior that affects various areas of life and human activity. Procrastination involves delaying tasks that should be completed within a specific time frame. Procrastinators struggle with executing their decisions or completing tasks they have already started. This delay encompasses both essential and non-essential behaviors and is a widespread phenomenon impacting multiple life domains (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn everyday life, procrastination, or general procrastination, ranges from postponing responses to emails to delaying getting out of bed in the morning or waiting until the last moment to purchase necessary items. In the academic realm, academic procrastination includes behaviors like completing assignments right before the due date, returning library books at the last possible date, delaying essay writing, and wasting time on other tasks instead of preparing for exams (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRP refers to an irrational gap between the intention and action of performing essential tasks for physical, mental, social, and spiritual health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of procrastination generally depends on contextual factors and individual circumstances. This means that procrastination may appear occasionally or manifest as a habitual behavior in individuals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). A study examining various forms of HRP in diabetic patients revealed that their behaviors included poor self-care, lack of adherence to treatment and medication regimens, neglecting disease monitoring, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother study investigating the relationship between personality types and academic procrastination in students found a significant positive relationship between academic procrastination and both neuroticism and extroversion. Conversely, a significant negative relationship was observed between academic procrastination and both conscientiousness and openness. This implies that higher levels of neuroticism lead to increased procrastination, while higher levels of conscientiousness and commitment are associated with decreased procrastination (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, quality of life is essential for nurses, who work closely with human lives, to deliver more effective care. Individuals with higher quality of life tend to perform better professionally. Therefore, enhancing nurses' quality of life can lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness in their roles, ultimately resulting in improved patient care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of life is a multifaceted concept referring to factors associated with an individual\u0026rsquo;s satisfaction and happiness in life. This concept is not limited to material well-being but encompasses a wide range of subjective and objective factors that affect a person\u0026rsquo;s sense of life satisfaction (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne study showed an inverse relationship between quality of life and academic procrastination among students, with higher quality of life associated with lower levels of academic procrastination (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to research reports, procrastination and quality of life in nursing staff directly affect an organization\u0026rsquo;s ability to provide adequate services to clients. Without assessment, these aspects cannot be effectively improved or maintained. Enhancing quality of life and reducing procrastination can improve nurses' physical and mental health. Given that the relationships between quality of life, personality type, and general or academic procrastination have been studied\u0026mdash;but that the association between quality of life, personality type, and HRP remains largely unknown\u0026mdash;this study aimed to determine the relationship between HRP, quality of life, and personality type among nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis analytical study was conducted in 2024 on 274 nurses employed at Allameh Behloul Gonabadi and Bajestan hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSetting and sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were selected through non-probabilistic census sampling. Inclusion criteria were having a bachelor's degree or higher in nursing, willingness to participate, and working in clinical departments for at least six months. Nurses who responded to less than 80% of the questionnaire were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was determined using G*Power version 3.1.9.1, with the Exact distribution family and the Correlation: Bivariate normal model statistical test, considering a 95% confidence level and 90% test power for a two-tailed test. A sample size of 258 was calculated, and with a 5% allowance for potential dropouts, a final sample of 270 nurses was determined. Based on a similar study, a correlation coefficient of 0.2 (correlation between Openness and procrastination) was used in the calculation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstruments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tools used in this study included the short form of the NEO questionnaire, the HRP Questionnaire, and the WHOQOL Quality of Life Questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe short form of the NEO questionnaire is a 60-item questionnaire used to assess the five main personality traits. It is structured on a Likert scale (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree), with scoring as follows: Strongly Disagree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, Disagree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, Neutral\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, Agree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, and Strongly Agree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been confirmed, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.84 for the five factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother tool in this study was the HRP Scale developed by Basiri Moghaddam et al. This scale consists of 29 items across five dimensions: Preventive Tasks and Health Promotion (8 items), Quitting Unhealthy Behaviors (3 items), Physical Health (4 items), Mental Health (3 items), Social Health (7 items), and Spiritual Health (4 items). It is designed on a 5-point Likert scale with responses assigned as follows: Never\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, Rarely\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, Sometimes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, Often\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, and Always\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5. The minimum and maximum scores on this scale are 29 and 145, respectively, with higher scores indicating a greater level of HRP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis questionnaire was developed and psychometrically validated as part of a doctoral dissertation at Iran University of Medical Sciences. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95, and the intraclass correlation coefficient after a test-retest method on 50 nurses over a 2-week interval was reported at 0.85 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third tool used in this study was the WHOQOL Quality of Life Questionnaire, a 26-item instrument that assesses an individual's overall and general quality of life. It includes four subscales and an overall score. These subscales are: Physical Health, Mental Health, Social Relationships, and Environment Health, along with a general score. Initially, a raw score is obtained for each subscale, which is then converted to a standardized score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed in a study conducted in Tehran. Test-retest reliability for the subscales was reported as follows: Physical Health 0.77, Mental Health 0.77, Social Relationships 0.75, and Environment Health 0.84. Internal consistency, measured using Cronbach's alpha, ranged from 0.52 to 0.84 across the questionnaire dimensions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics, including absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean, and standard deviation, were used to describe the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed to check data distribution. Given the non-normality of data distribution, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between quality of life variables and HRP. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between HRP and personality type dimensions. SPSS software version 19 was utilized for the analysis, with a significance level set at less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The researcher obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (IR.GMU.1402.066) and presented it to the hospital authorities in the study. All ethical guidelines were strictly followed and participants were assured that their data would be kept confidential. The study objectives were explained to participants, and written informed consent was obtained. Participation was entirely voluntary.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicated that the mean age of the participants was 37.81 years, with an average work experience of 14.26 years. The majority of participants were female (59.1%), married (82.2%), urban residents (79.9%), and held a bachelor's degree (74.5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding economic status, 39.4% of participants reported being somewhat satisfied, 6.2% very satisfied, and 5.5% very dissatisfied. Additionally, 37.6% of participants had a history of underlying health conditions, while 62.4% did not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean scores for the personality dimensions were as follows(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Neuroticism: 37.44, Extroversion: 34.01, Openness: 34.82, Agreeableness: 35.07, Conscientiousness: 33.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and Standard Deviation of Personality Dimensions of Participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroticism\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtroversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpenness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgreeableness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConscientiousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;01.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;82.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;07.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean quality of life for the participants was 80.18 and 94.42. There was a significant and inverse correlation between HRP and the quality of life of the nurses (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). As the quality of life increased, the HPR of the nurses decreased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship Between Health-related Procrastination and Quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of Spearman Correlation Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth-related Procrastination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.80 39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the linear regression test showed that HRP had a significant negative correlation with the dimensions of Conscientiousness (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and Extroversion (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), while it had a significant positive correlation with the dimension of Neuroticism (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). HRP did not have a significant relationship with the personality dimensions of Agreeableness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.900) and Openness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.966) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship of HPR with Personality Dimensions Using Linear Regression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpenness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgreeableness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConscientiousness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroticism\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtroversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.398\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study showed that the mean HRP was 42.94, indicating a moderate level. Consistent with the current study, a study conducted by Basiri et al. reported a moderate level of HRP among nurses. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Kroese et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) reported moderate HRP concerning sleep, while Chinaveh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) reported moderate procrastination among nurses, and Chehrezad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) reported moderate procrastination among students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRezaei et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) reported that 9.10% of nursing managers and staff exhibited very low procrastination, 70.5% had low procrastination, 17.1% had moderate procrastination, and 1.5% had high procrastination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of a study by Bakar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) on students indicated that none of the participants considered themselves non-procrastinators; 21% had no serious procrastination, 67% were procrastinators, and 12% were severe procrastinators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted by Ozer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), the results showed that 39% of master's degree students, 53% of high school students, and undergraduate students always or almost always procrastinated in completing their academic tasks. Another study by Ebtsam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) in Egypt reported that the level of procrastination among nurses working in Minia University Hospital was generally high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of procrastination varies across cultures and countries. For instance, a study conducted on nursing students from a university in Nigeria and a nursing school affiliated with a university in Egypt found that 29.6% of Egyptian students exhibited high levels of academic procrastination, while 33.3% had low levels. In contrast, Nigerian students showed only 5.6% with high levels of academic procrastination, and 78.8% had low levels (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis discrepancy in the prevalence of procrastination may be attributed to cultural differences. Procrastination is a culture-dependent concept, with varying levels reported across different cultures (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The values and cultural contexts of individuals can influence their choices in engaging with or avoiding challenging tasks, as well as how they interpret procrastinatory behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the average quality of life score for nurses was 18.80. A study in China reported an average quality of life score of 13.52 for nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the average quality of life for nurses in two hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, was reported as 56.64 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The average quality of life in these two studies is lower than in our study. Given that both studies coincided with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lower quality of life in these studies compared to ours is to be expected. Furthermore, unlike the hospitals in our study, the hospitals in larger cities like Tabriz have high-stress surgical departments, such as cardiothoracic and neurosurgery. This stress may impact the quality of life for nurses, thus justifying the higher quality of life observed in our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of life is a broad concept that comprehensively encompasses physical health, psychological status, level of independence, and social relationships. The differences in the average quality of life scores among nurses may stem from various factors such as differing working conditions, economic circumstances, and variations in supportive resources (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study indicated that the mean personality traits were Neuroticism 37.44, Extroversion 34.01, Openness 34.82, Agreeableness 35.07, and Conscientiousness 33.71. In the study by Brunt Donnellan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e), the average scores were reported as Neuroticism 50.10, Extroversion 51.58, Openness 51.08, Agreeableness 50.00, and Conscientiousness 47.88 for individuals aged 20 to 29 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study by Sotodehasl et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 38.5, Extroversion 41.2, Openness 37.8, Agreeableness 41.8, and Conscientiousness 45.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study by Molavynejad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) conducted on nurses, the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 27.41, Agreeableness 43.65, Conscientiousness 46.28, and Extroversion 44.86.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study by Razapour et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) conducted on nursing students, the mean personality traits were reported as follows: Neuroticism 34.59, Extroversion 40.88, Openness 38.39, Agreeableness 41.13, and Conscientiousness 43.73.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that nurses experience higher levels of stress and anxiety compared to the general population, and that this anxiety and stress can impact personality dimensions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), the differences in results are justifiable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the relationship between HRP and the personality traits of nurses, the findings of this study indicated that HRP had an inverse relationship with the personality traits of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, while a significant direct relationship was found with Neuroticism. Specifically, as Extroversion and Conscientiousness increased, the procrastination of nurses decreased, whereas an increase in Neuroticism was associated with an increase in their procrastination. No significant relationship was observed between HRP and the personality traits of Agreeableness and Openness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study by Mansourinejad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e) consistent with our findings, academic procrastination showed a significant direct correlation with Neuroticism, an inverse significant correlation with Conscientiousness, and no significant correlation with Agreeableness. However, contrary to our study, procrastination had a significant inverse correlation with Openness and no significant correlation with Extroversion. In our study, Openness did not have a significant correlation with HRP, while Extroversion showed a significant inverse correlation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the Bivariate Analysis conducted by Awad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) indicated a significant inverse correlation between procrastination and both Extroversion and Conscientiousness, which aligns with our study. However, it is inconsistent with our findings as procrastination was inversely correlated with Neuroticism and showed a significant direct correlation with Openness, whereas in our study, HRP had a significant direct correlation with Neuroticism and no significant correlation with Openness. In the study by Johnson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) procrastination exhibited an inverse correlation with Conscientiousness and a direct correlation with Neuroticism, with Openness and Agreeableness showing no significant correlation with procrastination, which aligns with our findings. Additionally, Johnson's study noted a slight inverse correlation between Extroversion and procrastination, but this correlation was not significant, while our present study found a significant inverse correlation between HRP and Extroversion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt appears that responsible individuals exhibit fewer procrastinatory behaviors; however, there is a need for further studies in this area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the relationship between HRP and the quality of life of nurses, the results of the present study indicated a significant correlation between HRP and quality of life. The findings of the study by Codina et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) showed that individuals who engage in sufficient physical activity have a more positive perception of their quality of life in terms of physical and mental health. This perception, in turn, is associated with lower levels of procrastination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with the current study, the results of the research by Najat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between academic procrastination and quality of life among students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the limitations of this study is that HRP is a relatively new concept, and fewer studies have been conducted in this area, which makes discussing the topic challenging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother limitation of this study is that HRP, personality type, and quality of life were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Given the potential unacceptability of certain behaviors, responses to questions may differ from an individual's actual behavior. To some extent, this limitation was addressed by ensuring confidentiality and building trust with the research participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study indicated a significant relationship between HRP and the quality of life of nurses, such that an increase in the quality of life of nurses was associated with a significant decrease in their HRP. Additionally, there was a significant indirect relationship between HRP and the personality dimensions of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, as well as a significant direct relationship between HRP and the personality dimension of Neuroticism. However, there was no significant relationship between HRP and the personality dimensions of Agreeableness and Openness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing procrastination among nurses requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Given that Conscientiousness had the most significant impact on the HRP of nurses, interventions aimed at enhancing self-discipline, orderliness, and dutifulness, as well as promoting the quality of life of nurses, can contribute to a reduction in their HRP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eHRP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Health-related procrastination\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNEO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHOQOL\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; World Health Organization Quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate the research proposal was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (code: IR.GMU.1402.066), and informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors were involved in designing the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB.Z: data acquisition, data analysis, drafted the paper, B.M: design of the work, data analysis, A.F: design of the work, data acquisition. revising the paper. \u0026nbsp;All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors would like to extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation to the esteemed Deputy of Research and Technology at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, as well as all the participants who took part in this study. Their valuable contributions and cooperation were essential to the successful completion of this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRozental A, Carlbring P. Understanding and treating procrastination: A review of a common self-regulatory failure. Psychology. 2014;5(13):1488.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchouwenburg HC, Lay CH. Trait procrastination and the big-five factors of personality. Pers Indiv Differ. 1995;18(4):481\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoghadam MB, Rafii F, Ebadi A. Health-related procrastination in nurses: prevalence and related factors. Crescent J Med Biol Sci. 2019;6(2):183\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, C\u0026ocirc;t\u0026eacute; P, Sundberg T, Onell C, et al. Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden. JAMA Netw open. 2023;6(1):e2249346\u0026ndash;e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShareinia H, Ghiyasvandian S, Rooddehghan Z, Esteghamati A. Types of health-related procrastination in patients with type-2 diabetes: a qualitative content analysis. J Diabetes Metabolic Disorders. 2022;21(2):1509\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoltafet G, Ranjbar Z. Prediction of academic procrastination based on personality traits with mediator role of self regulation skills. J psychologicalscience. 2015;14(53):55\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLayali I, Ghajar M, Abedini E, Emadian SO. Role of job stressors on quality of life in nurses. 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Procrastination at the core of physical activity (PA) and perceived quality of life: a new approach for counteracting lower levels of PA practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3413.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNejati S. Investigating the relationship between academic procrastination and quality of lif among first grad female high school students in Shiraz in the academic year of 1402\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;1401. Iran J Psychol Behav Sci 1401(33):38\u0026ndash;49.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Procrastination, Health-related procrastination, Quality of life, Personality type","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/strong\u003eProcrastination is the tendency to delay tasks despite awareness of its negative consequences. Health-related procrastination (HRP) can have serious and harmful effects on health. The relationship between procrastination in academic and daily tasks with personality type and quality of life has been established, but the association between HRP, personality type, and quality of life remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine the relationship between HRP, quality of life, and personality type among nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eThis cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 274 nurses at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, including Allameh Bahlool Gonabadi and Shahid Madani hospitals in 2024. The sample was selected through a non-probability census sampling method. Data collection was done using demographic, NEO personality, HRP, and WHOQOL quality of life questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and linear regression with a significance level of p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Findings indicated that the nurses’ level of HRP was moderate. The average quality of life score was 80.18. Mean scores for personality type dimensions were: Neuroticism 37.44, Extroversion 34.01, Openness 34.82, Agreeableness 35.07, and Conscientiousness 37.71. A significant inverse correlation was found between HRP and nurses' quality of life (p \u0026lt; 0.001). Additionally, HRP had a significant inverse association with the personality dimensions of Conscientiousness (p \u0026lt; 0.001) and Extroversion (p = 0.007) and a significant direct association with Neuroticism (p \u0026lt; 0.001). There was no significant association between HRP and the dimensions of Agreeableness (p = 0.900) and Openness (p = 0.966).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The results of this study showed that quality of life and personality dimensions, except for Agreeableness and Openness, were significantly associated with HRP among nurses. These findings contribute to our overall understanding of HRP among nurses. Health policymakers should consider the roles of personality types and quality of life in HRP among nurses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship between Health-Related Procrastination, Personality Type, and Quality of Life in Nurses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-16 11:23:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6707967/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8c950e1f-1c01-40b3-a1ad-61afc6fb83f3","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-25T09:39:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-16 11:23:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6707967","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6707967","identity":"rs-6707967","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}