Feasibility of Improving the Quality of Treated Wastewater Owing to Soil Improvement

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To do this, we did 20 irrigation activities in four small channels, and then we checked the quality of the water that flowed out and the water that ran off. Studies have shown that the amount of dirt and salt in the wastewater increased significantly when it was dumped on the ground. The increase in electrical conductivity during the irrigation season is greater when the substrate becomes more stable. However, the changes in the biological factors of the wastewater (Chemical Oxygen Demand and number of Total-coliforms) were different when it moved through the furrow compared to when it was initially used for irrigation. The increase of these markers in the first water system is due to damage caused by high temperature and increased pollution in the air and soil. It could be possible to decrease pollution in future water systems by combining oxygen in the air and increasing the flow of wastewater. Also, the soil can help remove some harmful bacteria. The results indicate that when the SAR, TSS, COD, and EC levels of the incoming wastewater are high, the reduction of pollution decreases due to advancements in technology. Appear consider is one of the important factors that analyze how technology affects the quality of wastewater in the soil. Wastewater treatment relies on how well the soil is working when it comes to jute irrigation. This includes factors like the quality of the liquid being put into the soil, how strong the liquid is in eroding the soil, the speed of the air, and the temperature of the air. The treatment process is very sensitive to the quality of the liquid being treated, and the point at which the irrigation is turned on is more important than other factors. Additionally, when considering how well soil acts as a natural filter, it is recommended to compare how well water drains through the soil and the water that runs off from using jet water irrigation. We can study how different amounts of water movement affect plants, soils, and the strength of different flows and seasonal changes in improving or worsening the quality of wastewater in surface irrigation. Given the current lack of water, it is important to study how using wastewater for irrigation affects soil pollution and plant health. Quality of Wastewater EC COD TSS SAR Coliforms Soil Surface Effluent Treatment Soil Advancement Furrow Irrigation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Water crisis is a huge problem in the world and many people cannot get clean water. In many countries, people use untreated wastewater for farming. This is a big problem for the environment and people's health worldwide. Instead of using dirty water that hasn't been cleaned, using water that has been cleaned is a better and more eco-friendly choice. The findings indicate that we can make significant progress in using wastewater for farming with the improvements in treatment techniques that we already have (Kesari et al, 2021 ). But, to make sure that wastewater irrigation is safe and can continue in the long term, we need to check the quality of the water and inspect the soil, crops, and irrigation systems (Yerli and SAHİN, 2022 ). The findings revealed that over a long period of time, soils watered with wastewater contain a high amount of heavy metals compared to fields watered with fresh water. The amount of heavy metals in the soil was much higher in clay soils that were watered with wastewater compared to sandy soils that were also watered with the same wastewater (Alnaimy et al, 2021 ). Soil can act as a sustainable solution and natural filter for wastewater treatment. The structure of the soil and its ingredients are very effective for this purpose. To increase the efficiency of this treatment, the soil structure can be modified by adding materials such as woodchips (Martínez-Hernández et al, 2020 ). The results show that zeolite in permeable layers of soil is more useful for reducing pollutants than gravel. Also, the use of steel waste slag can increase the soil's ability to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater (Chen, 2021 ). Soil-based wetlands for the release of treated wastewater have gotten to be a prevalent strategy to diminish stream to surface waters as well as give extra treatment that can be exceptionally advantageous in evacuating phosphorus from wastewater (Morvannou et al, 2022 ). Studies have shown that harmful substances like bacteria and chemicals in wastewater decrease when they go through soil. The earth can get better on its own over time, which helps to lower the amount of pollution (Behrooz, 2005). When tiny organisms in a place are allowed to grow and the temperature goes up, especially above 13 degrees, it can also speed up the process of getting rid of harmful substances. It's important to understand that soil can continue to remove substances like phosphorus from wastewater for a long time (Doosky et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013 ; Eveborn et al., 2012 ). Using dirt to clean dirty city water helps make more air in the water and reduces the dirty air in the water. It also helps to get rid of things floating in the water, make the water less cloudy, and make less harmful bacteria. This wastewater treatment process is different because it doesn't use air chemicals or mechanical energy, and it doesn't need a lot of space (Kadam et al., 2009 ). Soil can help clean dirty water by removing some of the dirt in it. (Teerlink et al., 2012 ). Soil-based systems are becoming more important in places without centralized wastewater systems. These systems treat and remove wastewater. Research has shown that soil can naturally filter out certain things like COD, SS (Suspended Solids), phosphorus, and nitrogen. Natural soils can help to clean wastewater fast (Baykuş et al, 2022 ). A special type of soil called multilayer soil can effectively clean dirty water. It is also good at taking care of nature. It can take away almost all of the dirt and waste from the water, as well as most of the nutrients. This special soil technology helps pollutants move from the top layers of the ground to the exit. It stays in touch with the surroundings and helps to get rid of pollutants using different ways. Rewrite this passage in simpler language (Sbahi et al, 2022 ). Sunlight can affect the quality of wastewater. In simple terms, using sunlight to clean dirty water can ensure that crops, like lettuce, which are watered with this clean water, are safe from harmful E-coli bacteria (Bichai et al., 2012 ). Sunlight and warmer weather are the main causes of coliforms dying (Yukselen et al., 2002 ). Coliform are very small living things that can be found in water and can cause sickness. The bacteria called coli struggle to survive and grow in very hot temperatures. Additionally, if there isn't enough food or if the temperature rises above 37 degrees Celsius, they won't be able to survive in the water and might turn into solid form (Sakyi, 2012 and Asare; Ghasemi, 1988 ). When there is more sunlight and the disinfection process lasts longer, and the radiation is stronger, it does a better job of killing harmful microorganisms like coliform bacteria. This means that when the sun is out for longer periods, there is more time for sunlight to clean and make the water safer to use (Doosti et al. 2011 ). When the water is very dirty, it can make it easier for harmful organisms to grow and spread, and it becomes more difficult to clean the water (Dobaradaran et al., 2006 ; Dezuane, 1997 ). Other factors that can make dirty water less bad include weakening it and moving it around. For example, when poop goes into the river and goes with the current, the water's dirtiness will be different in different places and at different times (Ji, 2008 ). Pollutants in unusual or non-traditional sources of water are a major issue, especially when it comes to using wastewater and water that runs off from land for farming. We must deal with this problem because we are having a shortage of water (Hasan Akhli, 2006). However, when water used for irrigation enters surface water, it can make the water quality worse and cause more algae and weeds to grow. This can also make the water harmful and unclean. So, the oxygen in the water goes down. At the same time, soil that erodes easily is being added. Please simplify this text to make it easy to understand (Fred Lee et al., 2007). Studying the cleanliness of runoff water when using wastewater for irrigation is important because it helps us figure out how to either dispose of it properly or reuse it. This research is one of the first to explore how soil movement influences the quality of wastewater. Most studies have looked at how wastewater goes into the ground and how that affects the treatment of the wastewater. It is important to mention that there hasn't been a lot of research on this subject using Persian and Latin sources. Materials and Methods Methodology In Isfahan, Iran, a field was chosen to investigate 12 furrows. These furrows were 42 meters long and 60 cm wide. The furrows had a slight slope of around 0. 1%. They also had the same soil structure and texture. The irrigation was done for four days. There were 20 operations divided across four main furrows, with each operation repeated five times. The qualities of the soil used for testing are listed in Table. 1: Table 1 We studied the size and texture of soil particles in two layers (0–15 cm and 15–40 cm) on farms, along with other soil characteristics.. Soil Particles Some Physical and Chemical Characteristics Depth Sand Silt Clay Soil Texture Gravel Apparent Density of Soil Materials to Percent EC pH (cm) (%) (%) (%) - (%) (g/cm 3 ) (%) (ds/m) - 0–15 52.3 20.3 27.4 Sandy Clay loam 36.2 1.68 < 1 1.40 8.08 15–40 54.2 18.8 27.0 Sandy Clay loam 46.5 1.70 < 1 1.43 8.14 The water that was used comes from a place called Isfahan where they treat wastewater in special pools. The plan is for 9,000 people and involves using special ponds called aeration ponds. The aeration ponds have two parts: the aerobic-anaerobic pond and the Seagate sub-basin. The wastewater stays in each basin for around 20 days (Fig. 1 ). In each test, the amount of current flowing in was set at 0. 8 liters per second, based on the highest flow rate that did not cause stress. The flow rate for the channel was picked based on the highest possible non-eroding flow rate of 0. 8 liters per second for each test. Each main furrow had two side furrows added to prevent any negative effects. The time it took for the water to flow to the end of the furrow was measured. Also, the amount of water coming in and going out was measured by the WSC-flume. We used two tanks to store water and another tank to make sure the water going into the furrows and pipe was steady. This helped create a smooth flow of water to the furrows. We kept watering the plants until we reached the highest rate at which the soil could absorb the water, as shown in Fig. 2. The waste and water that flowed from the furrow were tested using specific methods to make sure they were okay (Research and Improvement Center for Water and Wastewater Industry Efficiency, 1995 and American Public Health Association, 1998). We examined the quality of the trash going into and coming out of the system. The samples were brought to the lab fast, and they were chilled with ice bags. The little containers were a dark brown color and made of flexible plastic material. They can hold from zero to very little. Two and one litre of liquid. We use containers made from different materials because sometimes the surfaces are sticky and it's hard to see microorganisms. We did sampling to test chemicals, objects, and living beings. We measure a few things to check if the water is good quality. These include EC, pH (which tells us if something is acidic or basic), TSS (which tells us if there are solid particles in the water), COD (which tells us how polluted the water is), Total-coliform (which helps us detect harmful bacteria in the water), and the temperature of the wastewater. We are checking the amount of water from our operations and from the trenches. The scientists checked the weather at the farm's weather station to see if temperature and sunlight affected how coliform bacteria grew. We tried different ways to find harmful substances like TSS, COD, and coliform. We used special paper to measure TSS, a specific type of spectroscopy for COD, and different methods for measuring coliform. The test results told us how many coliforms there were in every 100 ml of liquid (National Water and Wastewater Industry Efficiency Research and Improvement, 1995 and American Public Health Association, 1998). The pollution levels were checked at the start, middle, and end of the irrigation period. Furthermore, we measured the number of positive and negative ions in the wastewater before and after the irrigation period using flames and volume techniques. Findings and Discussions The findings we obtained were determined by the design and measurements we employed. The information in Table 2 explains how the environment and soil affect the quality of wastewater. Whenever we water crops, the weather is always good with lots of sunshine. Also, the temperature of the water varies based on the amount we use. The speed of the water flow can be different depending on how frequently the area is watered. In our experiments, we discovered that when we watered the area for the first time, the water flow was slower. This happened because of the ground conditions and the amount of water that ran off. Table 2 Characteristics related to how environmental conditions and soil characteristics affect the quality of waste water. Irrigation Period Public air Condition Average air Temperature Average inlet effluent temperature Average outlet effluent temperature Advance Speed Runoff Final infiltration rate - 0 C 0 C 0 C (m/min) (%) (mm/hr) First Smooth and Sunny 32 29.2 30.0 1.27 14.6 71.8 Center Smooth and Sunny 31 28.8 29.6 3.22 47.5 45.1 End Smooth and Sunny 28 23.5 25.7 3.12 49.4 45.8 The table displays the amount of substances dissolved in the water we are using. Even though the amount of small particles in the waste water stayed about the same throughout the period, there was a big danger of sodium damage in the beginning, but it turned out to cause the least damage in the end. The amount of chlorine has always been easy to notice. Table 3 The quality of the wastewater when it comes to the amount of salts it contains. Irrigation Period Na + K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ CO 3 2− HCO 3 − Cl − SO 4 2− Total Positive and Negative Charges SAR (meq/lit) (meq/lit) (meq/lit) 1/2 First Period 9.5 0.9 4.5 1.7 0.0 4.4 10.6 1.6 16.6 5.4 Second Period 4.8 0.3 6.2 5.0 0.5 4.9 10.6 0.3 16.3 2.0 Table 4 displays the findings from examinations conducted on wastewater. This has information about how the water quality changes after it goes through the wells. Table 4 The level of cleanliness of the water going into and coming out of a furrow during different times of the irrigation season. Irrigation period Check location pH Changes EC Changes TSS Changes COD Changes Coliform Changes - (%) (ds/m) (%) mg/lit (%) (mg/lit) (%) 1000MPN/100cc (%) First Input 8.26 1% 0.99 17% 60 1465% 92 16% 233 108% Output 8.34 1.16 939 107 485 P-value 0.62 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.04 Center Input 7.26 11% 1.10 23% 68 1126% 110 -13% 69 -13% Output 8.06 1.35 834 96 60 P-value 0.22 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.63 End Input 8.01 3% 1.1 30% 53 1136% 84 -20% 176 -77% Output 8.25 1.43 655 67 40 P-value 0.53 0.19 0.01 0.04 0.02 Standard Border Agriculture 6-8.5 - - - 100 - 200 - 1 - Discharge 6-8.5 - - - 40 - 60 - 1 - Summary of Iran's Environmental Organization Report (Mohammadi, 2006 ). The water quality of the waste water is good enough to water plants. We know this because the pH, TSS, and COD results in the table are all within normal levels. There is a lot of stuff floating in the air when the birds fly around. We can improve and purify wastewater by creating favorable conditions as it flows through the soil. Soil that is not clean can make wastewater more polluted and prevent it from seeping into the ground, which can make the water beneath the surface dirty. You can put air in the dirty water as it goes through the soil in certain types of soil. The soil's drainage bed should be made in a way that stops Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from going up. In this situation, we should use the force and how fluids flow to impact the soil pieces. Before you can begin treating the soil, you need to wash it to get rid of the salty stuff. It is necessary to stop the waste water from becoming saltier during the experiment. The level of acidity in the soil might be suitable for the treatment conditions. The way the treatment works is not good for the tiny living things in the area, which makes the water dirtier. The pH and EC levels in both the input and output were similar, as shown in Table 4 . There was a huge difference between where we began and where we ended up. The final point was above where it started. In the first irrigation, there was more COD that came out than went in. After the first time water was used to water the plants, the number of coliform bacteria in the water was higher if there was more pollution in the water during the later rounds of watering. In other words, more coliforms were put into the water than taken out during the irrigation. In wastewater, the amounts of alkaline and acidic substances slowly go up over time. The table shows that there is a small increase, reaching 11% in the middle of the period. This means that the waste water may have substances that can break down and mix with the soil. This is because the index doesn't easily change when the substances involved change. This is also proven by observing that the electrical conductivity (EC) increases or decreases by 20 to 30% when the current moves through the furrow. TSS is a way to measure how clean or dirty something is. It shows that there is a big difference in the amount of things moving in and out. This change can happen by increasing irrigation by around 11 times (which is a 1100% increase) from no irrigation to nearly 15 times better in the first irrigation. Doing more work in the furrow bed leads to achieving more results. When we add more water to the soil, it becomes harder and prevents soil erosion. But when we put salt in water, it makes the soil even more salty. This text is saying that soil erosion is caused by two important things: high levels of salt in the soil and low amounts of electrical conductivity in the water. So, if there is more wearing away of the soil, it may be because of the salt and electrical conductivity in the water that was used for the initial watering (Lentz et al., 1996 ; Li et al., 2010). This is necessary for making dirty water clean. When erosion increases, it takes more dirt and makes the water look cloudy. This makes it more difficult for the sun's rays to kill harmful microorganisms. The COD index and the total number of coliforms both go up or down together. However, after the first watering, their values decrease as they travel along the furrow in the next watering. The water became cleaner when we changed the path of the water during the first watering because it became warmer. This happened because there were more tiny things and dirt in the water, and the heat made them move around. This watering system has more harmful bacteria called coliform, which causes less oxygen in the water. This information helps the analysis. Coliforms are not a serious problem in water. They can be found in dirt and plants that have not been grown, also in animals and dead plants (Hashemi-Karouei et al, 2012). The increase of harmful bacteria in the first watering can be understood. In these water treatments, when there is less oxygen in the wastewater, there is more dissolved oxygen. This occurs because the dirty water flows faster and can combine with air. In this experiment, we will look at how coliforms decrease in the furrows of soil when they are absorbed by the soil or possibly when they are exposed to less sunlight. The amount and times when the wastewater was used for the last watering has improved the reduction of substances in it because of the cloudy water. The soil's ability to allow water to go through it can also impact how much wastewater can be cleaned using the soil, along with other cleaning requirements. When water goes into the soil, erosion happens less and the soil doesn't absorb as many harmful bacteria. The speed at which water goes into the ground also determines how fast the treatment is completed and how much oxygen is added to the water being treated. This could be another reason to back the idea of giving more treatment at the end of the period. In the first time water was used to water the crops, there was a lot of water going into the ground. But, the pollution got worse because the irrigation lasted a long time, the water used was not good quality, and the water moved too quickly. The earlier research in this article examined how dirty water impacts how well water flows through the soil. But, those studies did not apply to the subject of this article because they examined different situations. Conclusions In this study, we examined how the quality of wastewater changes when the surface of the soil moves during irrigation. We did 20 irrigation operations in four furrows and checked the quality of the dirty water and runoff to reach our goal. Research has found that when wastewater goes into the soil, the amount of solid particles and electrical charge in it increases a lot. The level of EC (electrical conductivity) increases during the irrigation season when the substrate is more stable. But, the amount of COD and coliform bacteria in the wastewater has been going down after it was moved into the furrow. The numbers on these signs increase when it gets hotter and there is less rainfall. This can lead to erosion and more dirt and pollution in the soil. When the dirt soaks up coliforms and protects them from the sun, and when the dirty water moves fast and mixes with air oxygen, it can lower pollution when the water is used again for irrigation. The results revealed that when the levels of SAR, TSS, and COD in wastewater were high, and the EC level was also high, the improvements in reducing pollution were less effective. This research is one of the earliest to investigate how soil movement impacts the quality of wastewater. Wastewater treatment depends on how effectively soil is used for irrigating jute. This means that the quality of the dirty water going into it, how it is used to water the plants, how much it causes the soil to break down, and how fast and hot the air is around it are all important factors. The quality of wastewater and when it is used for irrigation have a big impact on how well the treatment works, more than other things. Additionally, we can compare how well the soil naturally filters substances by looking at the quality of drainage (water passing through the soil) and runoff (water flowing over the ground) when using jet water irrigation. Also, we can learn about how plants, soil, and the strength of water flows and seasonal changes are affected by different amounts of water movement. This information can help us see how these things can make the water used in surface irrigation better or worse. With the water shortage we have now, it is important to study how using wastewater for irrigation affects the pollution in soil and the health of plants. Abbreviations TSS Total Suspended Solid EC electrical conductivity COD Chemical Oxygen Demand SAR Sodium adsorption ratio SS Suspended Solids DO Dissolved Oxygen pH Potential of Hydrogen Ion Declarations Availability of data and materials Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request. Competing Interests There is no competing of interest. Funding Funding information is not applicable. No funding was received. No grants were received. Author’s Contributions All authors designed the study, collected data, wrote the manuscript and revised it. Ethical Approval The present Study and ethical aspect was approved by Water Engineering Department. Consent to Participate All authors designed the study, collected data, wrote the manuscript and revised it. Consent to Publish All authors agree to publish this manuscript. There is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Alnaimy, M. 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Effect of temperature on the wastewater treatment of a novel anti-clogging soil infiltration system. Ecological Engineering. 57 (1): 375-379. Yukselen, M. A., B. Calli, O. Gokyay and A. Saatci. 2002. Inactivation of coliform bacteria in Black Sea waters due to solar radiation. Environment International. 29 (1): 45-50. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3839648","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":266689328,"identity":"ba507719-d7cd-455a-99ae-ac0f80bba695","order_by":0,"name":"Hamid Raeisi Vanani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahrekord University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamid","middleName":"Raeisi","lastName":"Vanani","suffix":""},{"id":266689329,"identity":"fac72502-4870-4f45-b79e-dd5bd6fda5f0","order_by":1,"name":"Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCSBmBrPYGxsOJFSAuMwNRGrhOXzwwYczIC4jsVok0pINZ7aBWAS0SLafMXxcwGAjz9+QYybNO682mr8dqOVHxTacWqR5coyNZzCkGc44cAaoZdvx3BmHGRsYe87cxqlFjiEtTZqHAajsYA9Iy7HcBiCbmbENjxb+Z+m/gVrs5x/mAWqZcyx3PiEt0hLJx5iBWhI3HGMDer+hJncDIS2SMx4fluYxSEveeIYZGMjHDuRuBDsSj18kzic2fuapsLGdd/8hMCpr6nLnnQdG0I8K3FogwADOOgwmDxBQjwLqSFE8CkbBKBgFIwQAAASgXBak3BGRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Manchester Metropolitan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaveh","middleName":"","lastName":"Ostad-Ali-Askari","suffix":""},{"id":266689330,"identity":"c124fde6-ee48-4c01-aa99-00ac37380a88","order_by":2,"name":"Peiman Kianmehr","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"American University in Dubai","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peiman","middleName":"","lastName":"Kianmehr","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-06 11:59:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3839648/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3839648/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49662158,"identity":"7d3dcc93-a8d4-4871-af36-db201b11d56a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-16 05:53:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReduce the amount of wastewater collected and treated in Isfahan.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3839648/v1/e196d50c07572e382eb1c469.png"},{"id":49662159,"identity":"009a7448-f9d7-463c-bf2b-05818935452b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-16 05:53:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eField looks at the ability to count and the sources of water supply (a), Pilot (b) and moving sewage (c).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3839648/v1/48f77cc17f540840824fab52.png"},{"id":49662288,"identity":"9f0cabe0-e920-4cb3-96d6-992dce107c61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-16 06:01:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":860296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3839648/v1/cf3cbce7-9507-4dba-8e23-02edbea52f45.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Feasibility of Improving the Quality of Treated Wastewater Owing to Soil Improvement","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWater crisis is a huge problem in the world and many people cannot get clean water. In many countries, people use untreated wastewater for farming. This is a big problem for the environment and people's health worldwide. Instead of using dirty water that hasn't been cleaned, using water that has been cleaned is a better and more eco-friendly choice. The findings indicate that we can make significant progress in using wastewater for farming with the improvements in treatment techniques that we already have (Kesari et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). But, to make sure that wastewater irrigation is safe and can continue in the long term, we need to check the quality of the water and inspect the soil, crops, and irrigation systems (Yerli and SAHİN, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The findings revealed that over a long period of time, soils watered with wastewater contain a high amount of heavy metals compared to fields watered with fresh water. The amount of heavy metals in the soil was much higher in clay soils that were watered with wastewater compared to sandy soils that were also watered with the same wastewater (Alnaimy et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Soil can act as a sustainable solution and natural filter for wastewater treatment. The structure of the soil and its ingredients are very effective for this purpose. To increase the efficiency of this treatment, the soil structure can be modified by adding materials such as woodchips (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The results show that zeolite in permeable layers of soil is more useful for reducing pollutants than gravel. Also, the use of steel waste slag can increase the soil's ability to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater (Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Soil-based wetlands for the release of treated wastewater have gotten to be a prevalent strategy to diminish stream to surface waters as well as give extra treatment that can be exceptionally advantageous in evacuating phosphorus from wastewater (Morvannou et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have shown that harmful substances like bacteria and chemicals in wastewater decrease when they go through soil. The earth can get better on its own over time, which helps to lower the amount of pollution (Behrooz, 2005). When tiny organisms in a place are allowed to grow and the temperature goes up, especially above 13 degrees, it can also speed up the process of getting rid of harmful substances. It's important to understand that soil can continue to remove substances like phosphorus from wastewater for a long time (Doosky et al., 2013; Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Eveborn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Using dirt to clean dirty city water helps make more air in the water and reduces the dirty air in the water. It also helps to get rid of things floating in the water, make the water less cloudy, and make less harmful bacteria. This wastewater treatment process is different because it doesn't use air chemicals or mechanical energy, and it doesn't need a lot of space (Kadam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Soil can help clean dirty water by removing some of the dirt in it. (Teerlink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Soil-based systems are becoming more important in places without centralized wastewater systems. These systems treat and remove wastewater. Research has shown that soil can naturally filter out certain things like COD, SS (Suspended Solids), phosphorus, and nitrogen. Natural soils can help to clean wastewater fast (Baykuş et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). A special type of soil called multilayer soil can effectively clean dirty water. It is also good at taking care of nature. It can take away almost all of the dirt and waste from the water, as well as most of the nutrients. This special soil technology helps pollutants move from the top layers of the ground to the exit. It stays in touch with the surroundings and helps to get rid of pollutants using different ways. Rewrite this passage in simpler language (Sbahi et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Sunlight can affect the quality of wastewater. In simple terms, using sunlight to clean dirty water can ensure that crops, like lettuce, which are watered with this clean water, are safe from harmful E-coli bacteria (Bichai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Sunlight and warmer weather are the main causes of coliforms dying (Yukselen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Coliform are very small living things that can be found in water and can cause sickness. The bacteria called coli struggle to survive and grow in very hot temperatures. Additionally, if there isn't enough food or if the temperature rises above 37 degrees Celsius, they won't be able to survive in the water and might turn into solid form (Sakyi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e and Asare; Ghasemi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). When there is more sunlight and the disinfection process lasts longer, and the radiation is stronger, it does a better job of killing harmful microorganisms like coliform bacteria. This means that when the sun is out for longer periods, there is more time for sunlight to clean and make the water safer to use (Doosti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). When the water is very dirty, it can make it easier for harmful organisms to grow and spread, and it becomes more difficult to clean the water (Dobaradaran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Dezuane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Other factors that can make dirty water less bad include weakening it and moving it around. For example, when poop goes into the river and goes with the current, the water's dirtiness will be different in different places and at different times (Ji, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Pollutants in unusual or non-traditional sources of water are a major issue, especially when it comes to using wastewater and water that runs off from land for farming. We must deal with this problem because we are having a shortage of water (Hasan Akhli, 2006). However, when water used for irrigation enters surface water, it can make the water quality worse and cause more algae and weeds to grow. This can also make the water harmful and unclean. So, the oxygen in the water goes down. At the same time, soil that erodes easily is being added. Please simplify this text to make it easy to understand (Fred Lee et al., 2007). Studying the cleanliness of runoff water when using wastewater for irrigation is important because it helps us figure out how to either dispose of it properly or reuse it. This research is one of the first to explore how soil movement influences the quality of wastewater. Most studies have looked at how wastewater goes into the ground and how that affects the treatment of the wastewater. It is important to mention that there hasn't been a lot of research on this subject using Persian and Latin sources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethodology\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Isfahan, Iran, a field was chosen to investigate 12 furrows. These furrows were 42 meters long and 60 cm wide. The furrows had a slight slope of around 0. 1%. They also had the same soil structure and texture. The irrigation was done for four days. There were 20 operations divided across four main furrows, with each operation repeated five times. The qualities of the soil used for testing are listed in Table. 1:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe studied the size and texture of soil particles in two layers (0\u0026ndash;15 cm and 15\u0026ndash;40 cm) on farms, along with other soil characteristics..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil Particles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSome Physical and Chemical Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil Texture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGravel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApparent Density of Soil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterials to Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ds/m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandy Clay loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandy Clay loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe water that was used comes from a place called Isfahan where they treat wastewater in special pools. The plan is for 9,000 people and involves using special ponds called aeration ponds. The aeration ponds have two parts: the aerobic-anaerobic pond and the Seagate sub-basin. The wastewater stays in each basin for around 20 days (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn each test, the amount of current flowing in was set at 0. 8 liters per second, based on the highest flow rate that did not cause stress. The flow rate for the channel was picked based on the highest possible non-eroding flow rate of 0. 8 liters per second for each test. Each main furrow had two side furrows added to prevent any negative effects. The time it took for the water to flow to the end of the furrow was measured. Also, the amount of water coming in and going out was measured by the WSC-flume. We used two tanks to store water and another tank to make sure the water going into the furrows and pipe was steady. This helped create a smooth flow of water to the furrows. We kept watering the plants until we reached the highest rate at which the soil could absorb the water, as shown in Fig. 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe waste and water that flowed from the furrow were tested using specific methods to make sure they were okay (Research and Improvement Center for Water and Wastewater Industry Efficiency, 1995 and American Public Health Association, 1998). We examined the quality of the trash going into and coming out of the system. The samples were brought to the lab fast, and they were chilled with ice bags. The little containers were a dark brown color and made of flexible plastic material. They can hold from zero to very little. Two and one litre of liquid. We use containers made from different materials because sometimes the surfaces are sticky and it\u0026apos;s hard to see microorganisms. We did sampling to test chemicals, objects, and living beings. We measure a few things to check if the water is good quality. These include EC, pH (which tells us if something is acidic or basic), TSS (which tells us if there are solid particles in the water), COD (which tells us how polluted the water is), Total-coliform (which helps us detect harmful bacteria in the water), and the temperature of the wastewater. We are checking the amount of water from our operations and from the trenches. The scientists checked the weather at the farm\u0026apos;s weather station to see if temperature and sunlight affected how coliform bacteria grew. We tried different ways to find harmful substances like TSS, COD, and coliform. We used special paper to measure TSS, a specific type of spectroscopy for COD, and different methods for measuring coliform. The test results told us how many coliforms there were in every 100 ml of liquid (National Water and Wastewater Industry Efficiency Research and Improvement, 1995 and American Public Health Association, 1998). The pollution levels were checked at the start, middle, and end of the irrigation period. Furthermore, we measured the number of positive and negative ions in the wastewater before and after the irrigation period using flames and volume techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings we obtained were determined by the design and measurements we employed. The information in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e explains how the environment and soil affect the quality of wastewater. Whenever we water crops, the weather is always good with lots of sunshine. Also, the temperature of the water varies based on the amount we use. The speed of the water flow can be different depending on how frequently the area is watered. In our experiments, we discovered that when we watered the area for the first time, the water flow was slower. This happened because of the ground conditions and the amount of water that ran off.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics related to how environmental conditions and soil characteristics affect the quality of waste water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic air Condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage air Temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage inlet effluent temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage outlet effluent temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvance Speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunoff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal infiltration rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(m/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm/hr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmooth and Sunny\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmooth and Sunny\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmooth and Sunny\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table displays the amount of substances dissolved in the water we are using. Even though the amount of small particles in the waste water stayed about the same throughout the period, there was a big danger of sodium damage in the beginning, but it turned out to cause the least damage in the end. The amount of chlorine has always been easy to notice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of the wastewater when it comes to the amount of salts it contains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Positive and Negative Charges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(meq/lit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(meq/lit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(meq/lit)\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e displays the findings from examinations conducted on wastewater. This has information about how the water quality changes after it goes through the wells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe level of cleanliness of the water going into and coming out of a furrow during different times of the irrigation season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheck location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColiform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ds/m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/lit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/lit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000MPN/100cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1465%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCenter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1126%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1136%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-77%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Border\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Iran's Environmental Organization Report (Mohammadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water quality of the waste water is good enough to water plants. We know this because the pH, TSS, and COD results in the table are all within normal levels. There is a lot of stuff floating in the air when the birds fly around. We can improve and purify wastewater by creating favorable conditions as it flows through the soil. Soil that is not clean can make wastewater more polluted and prevent it from seeping into the ground, which can make the water beneath the surface dirty. You can put air in the dirty water as it goes through the soil in certain types of soil. The soil's drainage bed should be made in a way that stops Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from going up. In this situation, we should use the force and how fluids flow to impact the soil pieces. Before you can begin treating the soil, you need to wash it to get rid of the salty stuff. It is necessary to stop the waste water from becoming saltier during the experiment. The level of acidity in the soil might be suitable for the treatment conditions. The way the treatment works is not good for the tiny living things in the area, which makes the water dirtier. The pH and EC levels in both the input and output were similar, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. There was a huge difference between where we began and where we ended up. The final point was above where it started. In the first irrigation, there was more COD that came out than went in. After the first time water was used to water the plants, the number of coliform bacteria in the water was higher if there was more pollution in the water during the later rounds of watering. In other words, more coliforms were put into the water than taken out during the irrigation. In wastewater, the amounts of alkaline and acidic substances slowly go up over time. The table shows that there is a small increase, reaching 11% in the middle of the period. This means that the waste water may have substances that can break down and mix with the soil. This is because the index doesn't easily change when the substances involved change. This is also proven by observing that the electrical conductivity (EC) increases or decreases by 20 to 30% when the current moves through the furrow. TSS is a way to measure how clean or dirty something is. It shows that there is a big difference in the amount of things moving in and out. This change can happen by increasing irrigation by around 11 times (which is a 1100% increase) from no irrigation to nearly 15 times better in the first irrigation. Doing more work in the furrow bed leads to achieving more results. When we add more water to the soil, it becomes harder and prevents soil erosion. But when we put salt in water, it makes the soil even more salty. This text is saying that soil erosion is caused by two important things: high levels of salt in the soil and low amounts of electrical conductivity in the water. So, if there is more wearing away of the soil, it may be because of the salt and electrical conductivity in the water that was used for the initial watering (Lentz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., 2010). This is necessary for making dirty water clean. When erosion increases, it takes more dirt and makes the water look cloudy. This makes it more difficult for the sun's rays to kill harmful microorganisms. The COD index and the total number of coliforms both go up or down together. However, after the first watering, their values decrease as they travel along the furrow in the next watering. The water became cleaner when we changed the path of the water during the first watering because it became warmer. This happened because there were more tiny things and dirt in the water, and the heat made them move around. This watering system has more harmful bacteria called coliform, which causes less oxygen in the water. This information helps the analysis. Coliforms are not a serious problem in water. They can be found in dirt and plants that have not been grown, also in animals and dead plants (Hashemi-Karouei et al, 2012). The increase of harmful bacteria in the first watering can be understood. In these water treatments, when there is less oxygen in the wastewater, there is more dissolved oxygen. This occurs because the dirty water flows faster and can combine with air. In this experiment, we will look at how coliforms decrease in the furrows of soil when they are absorbed by the soil or possibly when they are exposed to less sunlight. The amount and times when the wastewater was used for the last watering has improved the reduction of substances in it because of the cloudy water. The soil's ability to allow water to go through it can also impact how much wastewater can be cleaned using the soil, along with other cleaning requirements. When water goes into the soil, erosion happens less and the soil doesn't absorb as many harmful bacteria. The speed at which water goes into the ground also determines how fast the treatment is completed and how much oxygen is added to the water being treated. This could be another reason to back the idea of giving more treatment at the end of the period. In the first time water was used to water the crops, there was a lot of water going into the ground. But, the pollution got worse because the irrigation lasted a long time, the water used was not good quality, and the water moved too quickly. The earlier research in this article examined how dirty water impacts how well water flows through the soil. But, those studies did not apply to the subject of this article because they examined different situations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we examined how the quality of wastewater changes when the surface of the soil moves during irrigation. We did 20 irrigation operations in four furrows and checked the quality of the dirty water and runoff to reach our goal. Research has found that when wastewater goes into the soil, the amount of solid particles and electrical charge in it increases a lot. The level of EC (electrical conductivity) increases during the irrigation season when the substrate is more stable. But, the amount of COD and coliform bacteria in the wastewater has been going down after it was moved into the furrow. The numbers on these signs increase when it gets hotter and there is less rainfall. This can lead to erosion and more dirt and pollution in the soil. When the dirt soaks up coliforms and protects them from the sun, and when the dirty water moves fast and mixes with air oxygen, it can lower pollution when the water is used again for irrigation. The results revealed that when the levels of SAR, TSS, and COD in wastewater were high, and the EC level was also high, the improvements in reducing pollution were less effective. This research is one of the earliest to investigate how soil movement impacts the quality of wastewater. Wastewater treatment depends on how effectively soil is used for irrigating jute. This means that the quality of the dirty water going into it, how it is used to water the plants, how much it causes the soil to break down, and how fast and hot the air is around it are all important factors. The quality of wastewater and when it is used for irrigation have a big impact on how well the treatment works, more than other things. Additionally, we can compare how well the soil naturally filters substances by looking at the quality of drainage (water passing through the soil) and runoff (water flowing over the ground) when using jet water irrigation. Also, we can learn about how plants, soil, and the strength of water flows and seasonal changes are affected by different amounts of water movement. This information can help us see how these things can make the water used in surface irrigation better or worse. With the water shortage we have now, it is important to study how using wastewater for irrigation affects the pollution in soil and the health of plants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Suspended Solid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eelectrical conductivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Oxygen Demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSAR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium adsorption ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspended Solids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolved Oxygen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential of Hydrogen Ion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no competing of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding information is not applicable. No funding was received. No grants were received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor’s Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors\u0026nbsp;designed the study, collected data, wrote the manuscript and revised it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present Study and ethical aspect was approved by\u0026nbsp;Water Engineering Department.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors\u0026nbsp;designed the study, collected data, wrote the manuscript and revised it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors\u0026nbsp;agree to publish this manuscript. There is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlnaimy, M. A., Shahin, S. A., Vranayova, Z., Zelenakova, M., \u0026amp; Abdel-Hamed, E. M. W. (2021). Long-term impact of wastewater irrigation on soil pollution and degradation: A case study from Egypt. Water, 13(16), 2245.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162245.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous.1995. Laboratory Instructions for Water and Wastewater, Research and Improvement Center for the Water and Wastewater Industry of the country.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition. United State.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBaykuş, N., Karpuzcu, M., \u0026amp; Yurtsever, A. (2022). 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Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(3), 497-506.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1139773.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYuan, H. J. Nie, N. Zhu, C. Miao and N. Lu. 2013. Effect of temperature on the wastewater treatment of a novel anti-clogging soil infiltration system. Ecological Engineering. 57 (1): 375-379.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYukselen, M. A., B. Calli, O. Gokyay and A. Saatci. 2002. Inactivation of coliform bacteria in Black Sea waters due to solar radiation. Environment International. 29 (1): 45-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quality of Wastewater, EC, COD, TSS, SAR, Coliforms, Soil Surface, Effluent Treatment, Soil Advancement, Furrow Irrigation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3839648/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3839648/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study looked at how the quality of wastewater changed when the soil surface was improved during furrow irrigation. To do this, we did 20 irrigation activities in four small channels, and then we checked the quality of the water that flowed out and the water that ran off. Studies have shown that the amount of dirt and salt in the wastewater increased significantly when it was dumped on the ground. The increase in electrical conductivity during the irrigation season is greater when the substrate becomes more stable. However, the changes in the biological factors of the wastewater (Chemical Oxygen Demand and number of Total-coliforms) were different when it moved through the furrow compared to when it was initially used for irrigation. The increase of these markers in the first water system is due to damage caused by high temperature and increased pollution in the air and soil. It could be possible to decrease pollution in future water systems by combining oxygen in the air and increasing the flow of wastewater. Also, the soil can help remove some harmful bacteria. The results indicate that when the SAR, TSS, COD, and EC levels of the incoming wastewater are high, the reduction of pollution decreases due to advancements in technology. Appear consider is one of the important factors that analyze how technology affects the quality of wastewater in the soil. Wastewater treatment relies on how well the soil is working when it comes to jute irrigation. This includes factors like the quality of the liquid being put into the soil, how strong the liquid is in eroding the soil, the speed of the air, and the temperature of the air. The treatment process is very sensitive to the quality of the liquid being treated, and the point at which the irrigation is turned on is more important than other factors. Additionally, when considering how well soil acts as a natural filter, it is recommended to compare how well water drains through the soil and the water that runs off from using jet water irrigation. We can study how different amounts of water movement affect plants, soils, and the strength of different flows and seasonal changes in improving or worsening the quality of wastewater in surface irrigation. Given the current lack of water, it is important to study how using wastewater for irrigation affects soil pollution and plant health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feasibility of Improving the Quality of Treated Wastewater Owing to Soil Improvement","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-16 05:53:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3839648/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dad23ac9-5b22-4d2a-88ed-4fc60ee4d948","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-08T16:36:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-16 05:53:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3839648","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3839648","identity":"rs-3839648","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}