Studies on Diversity of Spider at Hadapsar, Pune

Studies on Diversity of Spider at Hadapsar, Pune | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Studies on Diversity of Spider at Hadapsar, Pune Prachi Devidas choure, Swapnil Somnath Basate, Archana Hemant Patil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Insects, which comprise the largest taxonomic group in the animal kingdom, hold immense ecological significance. Biodiversity encompasses the collective presence of various populations, species, and communities within specific areas. Among these, spiders play a crucial role as they primarily act as predators, playing a pivotal role in maintaining the balance of insect populations in environment. With a wide range of species, spiders are considered key components of all ecosystems, serving as an important indicator of overall species abundance and terrestrial ecosystem health. However, despite their relevance, a comprehensive study on spider diversity in Pune, Maharashtra, India remains partial. Consequently, our current study aims to fill this gap by providing valuable insights and pertinent information regarding spiders. The research was conducted during December 2022 and April 2023, encompassing various locations such as houses, gardens, warehouse, farms and libraries within the Hadapsar area which is in Located Pune district. Species Spider diversity insect predatory biological tenancy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 I. Introduction Biodiversity forms the groundwork of the big range of surroundings services that severely contribution to human welfare. Spiders are vital part in agroecosystems as they make contributions greatly to biodiversity and play a beneficial function in natural pest control [ 1 ]. They are useful indicators of environment changes. They are most important as regulators of herbivore populations especially pest. They also good source of the food higher tropic levels like birds, small mammal’s amphibians, small reptiles and also for some predatory insects [ 2 ]. Spiders can be used in conservation ecology and assessment of environmental changes as their richness correlates with abundance of other animals like mollusks, arthropods, carabids, and birds. Spiders have been also shown to accumulate many trace metals and known to be good indicators of ecotoxicological studies. There are many environmental factors that affect species diversity [ 3 ]. The demand for and dependence on herbal enemies for pest control is increasing in particular for farmers who do not use agrochemicals. For natural farmers, the diversity of herbal enemies may additionally be economically important. But high predator variety does no longer necessarily have an effect on organic control [ 4 ]. Contradictory to experiments trying out the impact of herbal enemy species richness on organic manipulate [ 5 ]. Finding that predator species identity is more important for advantageous pest suppression than growing species richness. Even so, maintaining biodiversity for spatiotemporal insurance plan for essential ecosystem offerings such as biological manage may also be imperative for coping with environmental modifications in the future [ 6 ]. However, earlier than drawing conclusions about whether biodiversity is recommended for organic control, we want statistics about the biodiversity in the ecosystem we are studying. All the populace species and businesses in a well-defined region is cited as the biodiversity. Spider variety are a quite a number group of terrestrial hunters, though overview about territory used by means of spiders is hard by using their widespread diversity in looking out approaches [ 7 ]. Among in animals spider represent 18% of diversity. An earliest and functionally essential invertebrate lives in all classes of territories. Spiders are included in category Arachnida, Order Araneae below the Phylum Arthropoda are an historical and profitable team of invertrabrate animals. Spider poisons are very diverse in chemical composition and modes of action. Study of the spider can be very much recommended for considerate biodiversity outline [ 8 ]. Now-a-days, distributions and diversity of spiders has been studied in one-of-a-kind components of the conception. Spiders are an important meal for lizards, birds, and other animals. A complete of 44,540 species of spiders belonging to 3,924 genera of 112 households have been allotted all over the world [ 9 ]. They involving the excellent warning signs of the fluctuating climate situation and changes in their variety resource to consider the circumstance of habitat. Spiders make up order Araneae in the category Arachnida. There are currently over 39000 described spices positioned in 3,642 genera and 111 families. Spiders are the dominant predatory businesses discovered in ecosystems in India. They have one-of-a-kind adaptation toward a predatory way of life. Spiders are the cosmopolitan in distribution and domestically abundant in phrases of the men and women and taxa. There are small physique measurement lets in them to keep their neighborhood in small area. They are a fundamental part of ecosystem taking part in a necessary role in the shape of communities and food webs. Spider types one of the most ubiquitous organizations of predaceous organisms in the animal kingdom. Spiders are cosmopolitan in distribution and regionally considerable in terms of men and women and taxa. Their small physique dimension allows them to keep their community in small area. They are an integral section of ecosystem playing an important position in the shape of communities and meals webs, each as a man or woman numbers and as electricity consumers. Ground residing food electricity can be transmitted to higher stage of food electricity via spiders. Spider has also a vital function in the ecosystem maintenance. They are regarded as the potential organic manipulate sellers [ 10 ]. They feed on small insect and in turn eaten by using birds and other carnivores preserving the trophic stability of nature. Spiders are distributed all over the world and have occupied almost all ecological habitats, except open air and the open sea. Male spiders are almost usually smaller and have a shorter existence span than females. All spiders are carnivorous. There are many environmental factors that have an effect on species diversity. However, when spiders have been divided according to their useful crew there used to be a full-size effect of habitat on the range of these groups. The net building and foliage going for walks spiders remember on vegetation for some phase of their lives, both for discovering food, constructing retreats or for net building. The structure of the vegetation is consequently anticipated to influence the range of spiders found in the habitat. Studies have validated that a correlation exists between the structural complexity of habitats and species range [ 11 ]. Diversity typically will increase when a greater range of habitat sorts are existing [ 12 ]. Suggests that structurally greater complex shrubs can guide a more diverse spider neighborhood. have proven that spiders are extraordinarily touchy to small changes in the habitat structure, consisting of habitat complexity, litter depth and microclimate characteristics. Spiders generally have humidity and temperature preferences that restriction them to areas within the vary of their "physiological tolerances" which make them ideal candidates for land conservation research [ 13 ]. Therefore, documenting spider diversity patterns in this ecosystem can supply necessary statistics to justify the conservation of this ecosystem. However, that study was carried out for a length of extra than one 12 months and sampling for the current find out about was done in a confined range of days solely [ 14 ]. Mentioned that the species richness of spiders is significantly higher in structures that have no longer been closely manipulated. Species richness is only one way of assessing habitat quality. The forte of species compositions, as indicated with the aid of ranges of endemism and habitat specialization, is greater necessary in setting up regional conservation priorities. The purpose of the current find out about was once to document the extent of spider assemblages that exists amongst a number of sorts of habitats, their identification and affiliation sample in the Hadapsar, Pune campus. Spiders are completely carnivorous and sociality among spiders is a rare phenomenon. Spiders are assorted predators that are distinctly influenced by way of modifications in plant community structure, heterogeneous habitats maintain high spider range and abundance. The spider is placed in the Phylum Arthropoda, Class - Arachnida, Order- Araneae. They represent largest order of arachnids. They rank seventh in total species diversity. Currently 43,678 species in 3,898 genera and 112 families have been described. Updated checklist of Indian spiders includes 1,686 species, 438 genera and 60 families. Order Araneae is similarly divided into 3 sub- orders, the Mesothelae (most primitive spiders), the Mygalomorph (primitive spiders), the Araneomorph (contemporary spiders). II. Study Area Geography of Pune district is huge, and it covers an area of 1,110 square kilo meters. This district in the state of Maharashtra in India is located at an elevation of the western margin of the Deccan plateau, at an altitude of 560 m (1,840 ft) above mean sea level. The latitudinal and longitudinal of this district are 18.516726 ° N & 73.8567 °. The study was conducted in S. M. Joshi college, Hadapsar and Uruli Kanchan area. These areas are important because of its unique biological diversity. The area is very green with good floral diversity. The study was done between the months of December 2022 to April 2023. Three different habitats namely trees, plants, shrub and human housing area were selected for this study. III. Methodology Photography and identification: - The camera used for capturing the images is Samsung SM-J 610F/DS with 13megapixels Full HD. The data and location were noted, and other morphological features were observed. After taking photographs of collected spiders, they were released into their natural habitat. Sampling techniques: - The study was carried out in the Morning session 7: 00 am to 9:00 am at farm and garden, Afternoon session 12:00–01.00 pm at S. M. Joshi college and basement, home, warehouses and Evening 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm (In Farm & garden). Data Collection : - A total of 4 places were selected for study. The predominant structures of habitat of studied places were characterized mainly by developing plants and graminoids. Ground hand collection : Spiders were searched on the surface of the ground, rock and plants below the knee level. The spiders were identified by following techniques : Optical Searching: - Collection of the spiders by visual searches of plants, shrubs, kitchen, doors, wall, windows. The spiders were collected in plastic bags and boxes with proper ventilation irrespective of their size. Dynamic searching: - Whenever and wherever in study sites the spiders were faced, they were carefully selected without hurting them. Inactive spiders found on the leaf blades, tree trunks and those on the traps were caught in the jar or plastic bags, box by storing it open beneath them and by selecting the spider into it with the lid. Household goods : All the hideaway areas inside the houses were thoroughly searched to locate the spider. Once spider was seeing, photographs were taken at the field site for species identification and then released immediately in the same habitat. To study the diversity of spider line, transect method was followed in the survey which was conducted for 5 months from December 2022 to April 2023. Total length of transect 25 km, which included 4 sites which are in and around Hadapsar area. They are: Farm (Leaf, plants, shrubs, flower) S. M. Joshi College and basement area of same college Home (Garden, kitchen, Wall-windows, door) Warehouses IV. Result and Discussion Table No 1: Found the spider spices in research area Sr. No. Area Name of the Spider 1 Farm Telamonia dimidiate Pardosa modica Cheiracanthium mildei 2 S. M. Joshi College and basement area of same college Saitis barbipes Araneus ventricous Pseudeuophrys erratica Plexippus paykulli Araneus gemmoides Pisaurina mira Steatoda grossa 3 Home Parasteatoda tepidariorum Hasarius adansoni Platyoryptus undatus Olios argelasius Cheiracanthium inclusum Heteropoda venatoria Lycosa singoriensis Loxosceles reclusa 4 Warehouses Leucauge venusta Philodromus albofrenatus Tegenaria domestica Phalangium opilio Latrodectus geomericus Araneus angulatus Leiobunum rotundum Nesticus cellulanus Oecabius navus Holocnemus pluchei Pholcus opilionoides Scytodes globula During the study different groups of spiders were detected such as orb trap spiders, long spinneret spiders, lynx spiders, nursery web, fishing spiders, jumping spiders, hunts man’s spiders, comb footed spiders, crab spiders, daddy long leg spiders, false lycosids, crevice weavers, long legged orb weavers, violin spiders, long jawed orb weavers and various kinds of spider webs such as single line catch, the orb web, unequal nets sheet webs, funnel webs and the trio web, irregular webs, sheet webs, funnel webs and the triangle web were also seen during the survey. The spiders live in different types of habitats. Varity of spiders living on ground and flora showing caring pattern for camouflage. The order Araneae which include Spiders ranks seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms. They rank seventh in total species diversity. I found total 30 species of spider belonging to 17 Families. V. Discussion A total of 30 species of representing 17 families and 30 species were recorded in the Pune. The members of Araneae, Tetragnathidae, Salticidae this families found on the tree, bark, wall, windows, leaf, flowers. They have special adaptation towards a predatory way of life This study presents a standardized survey of the spider diversity in the different area. Spiders are taxonomically diverse and exhibit community level diversity. The web building and foliage running spiders rely on vegetation for some part of their lives, either for finding food, building retreats or for web building. The structure of the vegetation is therefore expected to influence the diversity of spiders found in the habitat. Studies have demonstrated that a correlation exists between the structural complexity of habitats and species diversity. Diversity generally increases when a greater variety of habitat types are present suggests that structurally more complex shrubs can support a more diverse spider community. have demonstrated that spiders are extremely sensitive to small changes in the habitat structure, including habitat complexity, litter depth and microclimate characteristics. Spiders generally have humidity and temperature preferences that limit them to areas within the range of their “physiological tolerances” which make them ideal candidates for land conservation studies. Therefore, documenting spider diversity patterns in this ecosystem can provide important information to justify the conservation of this ecosystem. The most striking result is the surprisingly high diversity in this biome compared with other biomes that have been surveyed in India. VI. Conclusion Present study updates the checklist of spiders in the selected habitats of Pune. This type of study of spider and their documentation would be useful in the future assessment of environmental condition as well to create awareness for their conservation. In conclusion it can be said that there is an urgent need to understand more about their diversity as they are important as bioindicators of our environmental changes. At Pune campus, we observed good spider diversity. As this ecosystem is rich in floral diversity which provides favorable environment to the spider fauna and emphasize the need for conservation of this ecosystem by characterizing species diversity. This was our attempt to document spider diversity in a Pune campus in India. The diversity both at ecosystem and microhabitat level supports large number spiders in the Hadapsar, Uruli Kanchan, S. M. Joshi College, Hadapsar, Pune and basement of the same said college, in Pune. Declarations Author Contribution "Swapnil Somnath Basate and Prachi Devidas choure. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures 1-6. All authors reviewed the manuscript."Author Contributions Statement. References Marc P, Canard A (1997) Maintaining spider biodiversity in agro ecosystems as a tool in pest control. Agric Ecosyst Environ 62(2–3):229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167- Adarsh CK, &Nameer PO (2015) Spiders of Kerala Agricultural University Campus, Thrissur, Kerala, India. J Threatened Taxa 7(15):8288–8295 Rosenzweig BL, Imamura T, Okadome T, Cox GN, Yamashita H, Ten Dijke P, Miyazono K (1995) Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92(17), 7632–7636 Davey GCL (1994) The disgusting spider, the role of disease and illness in the perpetuation of fear of spiders. Soc Anim Acad Sci 2:17–25 Suter RB (1999) An aerial lottery: the physics of ballooning in a chaotic atmosphere. J Arachnology 27:281–293 McKenney D (2004) Influence of habitat and microhabitat on epigeal spider (Araneae) assemblages in four stand types. Biodivers Conserv 13:1305–1334 Salomon M, Aflalo ED, Coll M, Lubin Y (2015) Dramatic histological changes preceding suicidal maternal care in the sub social spider Stegodyphus lineatus (Araneae: Eresidea). J Arachnology 43(1):77–85 Platnick NI (1991) Patterns of biodiversity. –. In: Eldredge N (ed) Systematics, ecology and the biodiversity crisis. Colombia University Press, New York, pp 15–24 Platnick NI (2014) The World Spider Catalog, version 14.5. American Museum of Natural History Riechert SE, Bishop L (1990) Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in a garden test system. Ecology; 71:1441–1450 Acharya K, Pradhan P, Chakraborty N, Dutta AK, Saha S, Sarkar S, Giri S (2010) Two species of Lysurus Fr.: Additions to the macrofungi of West Bengal. Journal of Botanical Society of Bengal. 2010a, 64(2), 175–178 Reid-Miller M (1994), August List ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90. In Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures (pp. 104–113) Uetz GW (1991) Habitat structure and spider foraging. Habitat structure: the physical arrangement of objects in space, 325–348 Culin D, Yeargan KV (1983) Spider fauna of alfalfa and soybean in Central Kentucky. Trans Ky Acad Sci 44:40–45 Tables Table 2 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3826949","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":264594912,"identity":"ab0f7427-5217-45db-9dbf-b3f8133cd674","order_by":0,"name":"Prachi Devidas choure","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Modern education Society’s Nowrosjee Wadia College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prachi","middleName":"Devidas","lastName":"choure","suffix":""},{"id":264594913,"identity":"4f7ef4db-41ae-4af5-8aee-857a428c4c84","order_by":1,"name":"Swapnil Somnath Basate","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2TOgQcVQJKZuYGwlgMwLQlnQFoYSdDCkNgGIgloMWc//vDzh4q6xP7ZvQcPJM6rjeZvB2r5UbENpxbLnhxjiQNnDifOuHMu4UDituO5Mw4zNjD2nLmN22EHchgkDrYdyG24kWMA1HIstwGohZmxDY+W888f/zj4ry53PljLnGO58wlquZFgJnGwgTl3A1hLQ03uBkJaLGe8MbM4c+xw/cY7ZwwOJBw7kLsRqOUgPr+Y86c/vlFRU2csd7vH+MOHmrrceecPH3zwowK3FgSQAJOHweQBItTDtdQRp3gUjIJRMApGFAAAhIJq7NucmuYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s, S. 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Joshi College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Archana","middleName":"Hemant","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-01 06:44:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49102285,"identity":"a38ed181-6cad-4882-b4ca-521f999e508b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-03 06:17:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1415428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Study Area section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"UF1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3826949/v1/34c9d7c240835efd4ed111a0.png"},{"id":49102676,"identity":"5f09d2b1-669e-4751-bee5-16be0f06ef21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-03 06:25:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":321575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Discussion section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpiders found at the study Area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"UF2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3826949/v1/84739ad19a06858b13aa6d6c.png"},{"id":49355757,"identity":"da6cd1a3-b55d-4421-ac55-8c45674ae40a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-09 08:07:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1285427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3826949/v1/94f00c66-3044-493e-8631-edf673848f7d.pdf"},{"id":49102286,"identity":"85a97076-f502-45ac-bff4-d560bc196d32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-03 06:17:40","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1200743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3826949/v1/fdcb5f46f3e4bddc843f08c6.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStudies on Diversity of Spider at Hadapsar, Pune\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiodiversity forms the groundwork of the big range of surroundings services that severely contribution to human welfare. Spiders are vital part in agroecosystems as they make contributions greatly to biodiversity and play a beneficial function in natural pest control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. They are useful indicators of environment changes. They are most important as regulators of herbivore populations especially pest. They also good source of the food higher tropic levels like birds, small mammal\u0026rsquo;s amphibians, small reptiles and also for some predatory insects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Spiders can be used in conservation ecology and assessment of environmental changes as their richness correlates with abundance of other animals like mollusks, arthropods, carabids, and birds. Spiders have been also shown to accumulate many trace metals and known to be good indicators of ecotoxicological studies. There are many environmental factors that affect species diversity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The demand for and dependence on herbal enemies for pest control is increasing in particular for farmers who do not use agrochemicals. For natural farmers, the diversity of herbal enemies may additionally be economically important. But high predator variety does no longer necessarily have an effect on organic control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Contradictory to experiments trying out the impact of herbal enemy species richness on organic manipulate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Finding that predator species identity is more important for advantageous pest suppression than growing species richness. Even so, maintaining biodiversity for spatiotemporal insurance plan for essential ecosystem offerings such as biological manage may also be imperative for coping with environmental modifications in the future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, earlier than drawing conclusions about whether biodiversity is recommended for organic control, we want statistics about the biodiversity in the ecosystem we are studying. All the populace species and businesses in a well-defined region is cited as the biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpider variety are a quite a number group of terrestrial hunters, though overview about territory used by means of spiders is hard by using their widespread diversity in looking out\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eapproaches [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Among in animals spider represent 18% of diversity. An earliest and functionally essential invertebrate lives in all classes of territories. Spiders are included in category Arachnida, Order Araneae below the Phylum Arthropoda are an historical and profitable team of invertrabrate animals. Spider poisons are very diverse in chemical composition and modes of action. Study of the spider can be very much recommended for considerate biodiversity outline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Now-a-days, distributions and diversity of spiders has been studied in one-of-a-kind components of the conception. Spiders are an important meal for lizards, birds, and other animals. A complete of 44,540 species of spiders belonging to 3,924 genera of 112 households have been allotted all over the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. They involving the excellent warning signs of the fluctuating climate situation and changes in their variety resource to consider the circumstance of habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiders make up order Araneae in the category Arachnida. There are currently over 39000 described spices positioned in 3,642 genera and 111 families. Spiders are the dominant predatory businesses discovered in ecosystems in India. They have one-of-a-kind adaptation toward a predatory way of life. Spiders are the cosmopolitan in distribution and domestically abundant in phrases of the men and women and taxa. There are small physique measurement lets in them to keep their neighborhood in small area. They are a fundamental part of ecosystem taking part in a necessary role in the shape of communities and food webs. Spider types one of the most ubiquitous organizations of predaceous organisms in the animal kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiders are cosmopolitan in distribution and regionally considerable in terms of men and women and taxa. Their small physique dimension allows them to keep their community in small area. They are an integral section of ecosystem playing an important position in the shape of communities and meals webs, each as a man or woman numbers and as electricity consumers. Ground residing food electricity can be transmitted to higher stage of food electricity via spiders. Spider has also a vital function in the ecosystem maintenance. They are regarded as the potential organic manipulate sellers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. They feed on small insect and in turn eaten by using birds and other carnivores preserving the trophic stability of nature. Spiders are distributed all over the world and have occupied almost all ecological habitats, except open air and the open sea. Male spiders are almost usually smaller and have a shorter existence span than females. All spiders are carnivorous. There are many environmental factors that have an effect on species diversity. However, when spiders have been divided according to their useful crew there used to be a full-size effect of habitat on the range of these groups. The net building and foliage going for walks spiders remember on vegetation for some phase of their lives, both for discovering food, constructing retreats or for net building. The structure of the vegetation is consequently anticipated to influence the range of spiders found in the habitat. Studies have validated that a correlation exists between the structural complexity of habitats and species range [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Diversity typically will increase when a greater range of habitat sorts are existing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Suggests that structurally greater complex shrubs can guide a more diverse spider neighborhood. have proven that spiders are extraordinarily touchy to small changes in the habitat structure, consisting of habitat complexity, litter depth and microclimate characteristics. Spiders generally have humidity and temperature preferences that restriction them to\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eareas within the vary of their \"physiological tolerances\" which make them ideal candidates for land conservation research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, documenting spider diversity patterns in this ecosystem can supply necessary statistics to justify the conservation of this ecosystem. However, that study was carried out for a length of extra than one 12 months and sampling for the current find out about was done in a confined range of days solely [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Mentioned that the species richness of spiders is significantly higher in structures that have no longer been closely manipulated. Species richness is only one way of assessing habitat quality. The forte of species compositions, as indicated with the aid of ranges of endemism and habitat specialization, is greater necessary in setting up regional conservation priorities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the current find out about was once to document the extent of spider assemblages that exists amongst a number of sorts of habitats, their identification and affiliation sample in the Hadapsar, Pune campus. Spiders are completely carnivorous and sociality among spiders is a rare phenomenon. Spiders are assorted predators that are distinctly influenced by way of modifications in plant community structure, heterogeneous habitats maintain high spider range and abundance. The spider is placed in the Phylum Arthropoda, Class - Arachnida, Order- Araneae. They represent largest order of arachnids. They rank seventh in total species diversity. Currently 43,678 species in 3,898 genera and 112 families have been described. Updated checklist of Indian spiders includes 1,686 species, 438 genera and 60 families. Order Araneae is similarly divided into 3 sub- orders, the Mesothelae (most primitive spiders), the Mygalomorph (primitive spiders), the Araneomorph (contemporary spiders).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. Study Area","content":"\u003cp\u003eGeography of Pune district is huge, and it covers an area of 1,110 square kilo meters. This district in the state of Maharashtra in India is located at an elevation of the western margin of the Deccan plateau, at an altitude of 560 m (1,840 ft) above mean sea level. The latitudinal and longitudinal of this district are 18.516726 \u0026deg; N \u0026amp; 73.8567 \u0026deg;. The study was conducted in S. M. Joshi college, Hadapsar and Uruli Kanchan area. These areas are important because of its unique biological diversity. The area is very green with good floral diversity. The study was done between the months of December 2022 to April 2023. Three different habitats namely trees, plants, shrub and human housing area were selected for this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhotography and identification: -\u003c/b\u003e The camera used for capturing the images is Samsung SM-J 610F/DS with 13megapixels Full HD. The data and location were noted, and other morphological features were observed. After taking photographs of collected spiders, they were released into their natural habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSampling techniques: -\u003c/b\u003e The study was carried out in the Morning session 7: 00 am to 9:00 am at farm and garden, Afternoon session 12:00\u0026ndash;01.00 pm at S. M. Joshi college and basement, home, warehouses and Evening 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm (In Farm \u0026amp; garden).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Collection\u003c/b\u003e: - A total of 4 places were selected for study. The predominant structures of habitat of studied places were characterized mainly by developing plants and graminoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGround hand collection\u003c/b\u003e: Spiders were searched on the surface of the ground, rock and plants below the knee level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe spiders were identified by following techniques\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOptical Searching: -\u003c/b\u003e Collection of the spiders by visual searches of plants, shrubs, kitchen, doors, wall, windows. The spiders were collected in plastic bags and boxes with proper ventilation irrespective of their size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDynamic searching: -\u003c/b\u003e Whenever and wherever in study sites the spiders were faced, they were carefully selected without hurting them. Inactive spiders found on the leaf blades, tree trunks and those on the traps were caught in the jar or plastic bags, box by storing it open beneath them and by selecting the spider into it with the lid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHousehold goods\u003c/b\u003e: All the hideaway areas inside the houses were thoroughly searched to locate the spider. Once spider was seeing, photographs were taken at the field site for species identification and then released immediately in the same habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo study the diversity of spider line, transect method was followed in the survey which was conducted for 5 months from December 2022 to April 2023. Total length of transect 25 km, which included 4 sites which are in and around Hadapsar area. They are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarm (Leaf, plants, shrubs, flower)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. M. Joshi College and basement area of same college\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome (Garden, kitchen, Wall-windows, door)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarehouses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\"\u003eTable No 1: Found the spider spices in research area\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the Spider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTelamonia dimidiate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePardosa modica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheiracanthium mildei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. M. Joshi College and basement area of same\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecollege\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaitis barbipes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraneus ventricous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudeuophrys erratica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlexippus paykulli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraneus gemmoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePisaurina mira\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSteatoda grossa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParasteatoda tepidariorum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHasarius adansoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlatyoryptus undatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlios argelasius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheiracanthium inclusum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropoda venatoria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLycosa singoriensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLoxosceles reclusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWarehouses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucauge venusta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhilodromus albofrenatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTegenaria domestica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhalangium opilio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLatrodectus geomericus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraneus angulatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeiobunum rotundum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNesticus cellulanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOecabius navus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHolocnemus pluchei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePholcus opilionoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScytodes globula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the study different groups of spiders were detected such as orb trap spiders, long spinneret spiders, lynx spiders, nursery web, fishing spiders, jumping spiders, hunts man\u0026rsquo;s spiders, comb footed spiders, crab spiders, daddy long leg spiders, false lycosids, crevice weavers, long legged orb weavers, violin spiders, long jawed orb weavers and various kinds of spider webs such as single line catch, the orb web, unequal nets sheet webs, funnel webs and the trio web, irregular webs, sheet webs, funnel webs and the triangle web were also seen during the survey. The spiders live in different types of habitats. Varity of spiders living on ground and flora showing caring pattern for camouflage. The order Araneae which include Spiders ranks seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms. They rank seventh in total species diversity. I found total 30 species of spider belonging to 17 Families.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"V. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 30 species of representing 17 families and 30 species were recorded in the Pune. The members of Araneae, Tetragnathidae, Salticidae this families found on the tree, bark, wall, windows, leaf, flowers. They have special adaptation towards a predatory way of life This study presents a standardized survey of the spider diversity in the different area. Spiders are taxonomically diverse and exhibit community level diversity. The web building and foliage running spiders rely on vegetation for some part of their lives, either for finding food, building retreats or for web building. The structure of the vegetation is therefore expected to influence the diversity of spiders found in the habitat. Studies have demonstrated that a correlation exists between the structural complexity of habitats and species diversity. Diversity generally increases when a greater variety of habitat types are present suggests that structurally more complex shrubs can support a more diverse spider community. have demonstrated that spiders are extremely sensitive to small changes in the habitat structure, including habitat complexity, litter depth and microclimate characteristics. Spiders generally have humidity and temperature preferences that limit them to areas within the range of their \u0026ldquo;physiological tolerances\u0026rdquo; which make them ideal candidates for land conservation studies. Therefore, documenting spider diversity patterns in this ecosystem can provide important information to justify the conservation of this ecosystem. The most striking result is the surprisingly high diversity in this biome compared with other biomes that have been surveyed in India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"VI. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePresent study updates the checklist of spiders in the selected habitats of Pune. This type of study of spider and their documentation would be useful in the future assessment of environmental condition as well to create awareness for their conservation. In conclusion it can be said that there is an urgent need to understand more about their diversity as they are important as bioindicators of our environmental changes. At Pune campus, we observed good spider diversity. As this ecosystem is rich in floral diversity which provides favorable environment to the spider fauna and emphasize the need for conservation of this ecosystem by characterizing species diversity. This was our attempt to document spider diversity in a Pune campus in India. The diversity both at ecosystem and microhabitat level supports large number spiders in the Hadapsar, Uruli Kanchan, S. M. Joshi College, Hadapsar, Pune and basement of the same said college, in Pune.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Swapnil Somnath Basate and Prachi Devidas choure. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures 1-6. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"Author Contributions Statement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarc P, Canard A (1997) Maintaining spider biodiversity in agro ecosystems as a tool in pest control. 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J Arachnology 43(1):77\u0026ndash;85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlatnick NI (1991) Patterns of biodiversity. \u0026ndash;. In: Eldredge N (ed) Systematics, ecology and the biodiversity crisis. Colombia University Press, New York, pp 15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlatnick NI (2014) The World Spider Catalog, version 14.5. American Museum of Natural History\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRiechert SE, Bishop L (1990) Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in a garden test system. Ecology; 71:1441\u0026ndash;1450\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcharya K, Pradhan P, Chakraborty N, Dutta AK, Saha S, Sarkar S, Giri S (2010) Two species of Lysurus Fr.: Additions to the macrofungi of West Bengal. Journal of Botanical Society of Bengal. 2010a, 64(2), 175\u0026ndash;178\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReid-Miller M (1994), August List ranking and list scan on the Cray C-90. In Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures (pp.\u0026nbsp;104\u0026ndash;113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUetz GW (1991) Habitat structure and spider foraging. Habitat structure: the physical arrangement of objects in space, 325\u0026ndash;348\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCulin D, Yeargan KV (1983) Spider fauna of alfalfa and soybean in Central Kentucky. Trans Ky Acad Sci 44:40\u0026ndash;45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Species, Spider diversity, insect predatory, biological tenancy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInsects, which comprise the largest taxonomic group in the animal kingdom, hold immense ecological significance. Biodiversity encompasses the collective presence of various populations, species, and communities within specific areas. Among these, spiders play a crucial role as they primarily act as predators, playing a pivotal role in maintaining the balance of insect populations in environment. With a wide range of species, spiders are considered key components of all ecosystems, serving as an important indicator of overall species abundance and terrestrial ecosystem health. However, despite their relevance, a comprehensive study on spider diversity in Pune, Maharashtra, India remains partial. Consequently, our current study aims to fill this gap by providing valuable insights and pertinent information regarding spiders. The research was conducted during December 2022 and April 2023, encompassing various locations such as houses, gardens, warehouse, farms and libraries within the Hadapsar area which is in Located Pune district.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Studies on Diversity of Spider at Hadapsar, Pune","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-03 06:17:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3826949/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b738861e-0df5-4825-825e-75e8dbc15f6b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-09T07:59:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-03 06:17:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3826949","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3826949","identity":"rs-3826949","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}