Effect of Bi Substitution on the Morphological and Transport Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Ca0.95La0.05-xBixMnO3

Effect of Bi Substitution on the Morphological and Transport Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Ca0.95La0.05-xBixMnO3 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Bi Substitution on the Morphological and Transport Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Ca 0.95 La 0.05-x Bi x MnO 3 Budhy Kurniawan, Umar Faruq, Arief Sudarmaji, Dhawud Sabilur Razaq, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9454050/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Polycrystalline Ca 0.95 La 0.05− x Bi x MnO 3 ( x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) samples have been successfully synthesized via the sol-gel method, and their transport mechanisms have been studied along with their relation to structural and morphological properties. The temperature dependence of resistivity shows that bismuth substitution decreases the resistivity of the samples, which can be addressed by the enhancement of the double exchange mechanism and an increasing grain size of the samples. The transport mechanism of Ca 0.95 La 0.05− x Bi x MnO 3 ( x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) at low temperature can be explained by both adiabatic small polaron hopping and variable range hopping model, while at the higher range of temperature, only one of the models can be used to explain the transport mechanism. The transport mechanism is mainly governed by the inter-grain hopping mechanism at the lower temperature range, shown by the consistent decrease in activation energy and characteristic temperature. In the higher temperature range, the impact of bismuth substitution can be seen from the fluctuation in the value of temperature dependence of resistivity. This phenomenon could be the impact of hybridization between bismuth 6S 2 lone pair and O2p orbitals. Bi doping electrical resistivity Perovskite Manganite Sol-Gel Transport Mechanism Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 25 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 18 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9454050","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":633538295,"identity":"b9e9877b-1363-4a17-8f5a-5b96f8482b50","order_by":0,"name":"Budhy Kurniawan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYGMyCVAMSMDSABOQjDgAEsIkGMFmNStEBAYgOyNDYt5hLJ2x7zMKQlbp/d3PiZp+ZO+vz2ww3MPAUM8vwNzI03sGixnJFWbszDkJM4587BZmmeY89yN5xJBGoxYDCccYCx2QKbw27kmEnzMFQkzpBIbJDOYTucu0GCEayFcQMDYxtWvyBpaf6d8+9wuvwMiBZ7AlpyQFrapHPbDicw3IBoScSlxbLnWZnkHIM0Y5AW6799hw1Bfjk4x0AiecZh7H4xZ0/eJvGmIll2hkT645szvh2Wl28//vDBmz82tv3t7Q+xhRgIMPEYoIkcAMcIMw71QMD4A7fcKBgFo2AUjAIGBgDnzWA3y97ZeQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Budhy","middleName":"","lastName":"Kurniawan","suffix":""},{"id":633538296,"identity":"81c8e877-1125-49b0-84a3-5783d04465ab","order_by":1,"name":"Umar Faruq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Umar","middleName":"","lastName":"Faruq","suffix":""},{"id":633538297,"identity":"f58cc616-c532-4adc-a45b-06082c22672c","order_by":2,"name":"Arief Sudarmaji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arief","middleName":"","lastName":"Sudarmaji","suffix":""},{"id":633538298,"identity":"671dc6d2-7078-46f9-9333-d7f5141c92f7","order_by":3,"name":"Dhawud Sabilur Razaq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dhawud","middleName":"Sabilur","lastName":"Razaq","suffix":""},{"id":633538299,"identity":"23908221-c39e-40f2-9dfa-c62a6c382900","order_by":4,"name":"Bambang Mulyo Raharjo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bambang","middleName":"Mulyo","lastName":"Raharjo","suffix":""},{"id":633538300,"identity":"1ccbb2b4-a91b-4347-9bd5-d9882bda9ad5","order_by":5,"name":"Gede Yudharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gede","middleName":"","lastName":"Yudharma","suffix":""},{"id":633538301,"identity":"d10bc653-c6f5-416b-b6c6-446be0ef4c28","order_by":6,"name":"Witha B. 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The temperature dependence of resistivity shows that bismuth substitution decreases the resistivity of the samples, which can be addressed by the enhancement of the double exchange mechanism and an increasing grain size of the samples. The transport mechanism of Ca\u003csub\u003e0.95\u003c/sub\u003eLa\u003csub\u003e0.05\u0026minus;\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eBi\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eMnO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) at low temperature can be explained by both adiabatic small polaron hopping and variable range hopping model, while at the higher range of temperature, only one of the models can be used to explain the transport mechanism. The transport mechanism is mainly governed by the inter-grain hopping mechanism at the lower temperature range, shown by the consistent decrease in activation energy and characteristic temperature. In the higher temperature range, the impact of bismuth substitution can be seen from the fluctuation in the value of temperature dependence of resistivity. This phenomenon could be the impact of hybridization between bismuth 6S\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e lone pair and O2p orbitals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Bi Substitution on the Morphological and Transport Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Ca0.95La0.05-xBixMnO3","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-06 07:15:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9454050/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-14T12:32:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-13T05:07:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T23:08:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182656638077173628690612468949519471965","date":"2026-04-28T11:43:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"286205351630162604125572553239444746723","date":"2026-04-28T11:08:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-28T06:37:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-25T07:24:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-25T07:23:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","date":"2026-04-18T04:25:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-sol-gel-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jsst","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10971)","snPcode":"10971","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10971/3","title":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0512d5ff-daab-485d-9aff-8751f12f124e","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-14T12:32:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-13T05:07:41+00:00","index":15,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T23:08:10+00:00","index":13,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T12:39:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-06 07:15:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9454050","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9454050","identity":"rs-9454050","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}