Feasibility study of a peristaltic pump as a power source in an extracorporeal liver perfusion device

Feasibility study of a peristaltic pump as a power source in an extracorporeal liver perfusion device | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Feasibility study of a peristaltic pump as a power source in an extracorporeal liver perfusion device Dong Xianda, Jiang Dawei, Li Mingqian, Yang Huixiang, Ding Jiansheng, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increasing number of patients with end-stage liver disease in recent years, liver transplantation plays an indispensable role in the treatment of patients with end-stage liver disease. Recently there has been a large increase in the number of organs from organ donation sources after the death of citizens, for which a large number of marginal hepatic donors, such as elderly donor livers and fatty liver donor livers, have been generated, and in order to alleviate and improve the utilisation of these marginal hepatic livers, extracorporeal hepatic perfusion devices have come into being, but at present, the cost of a single extracorporeal perfusion session is too high. Here we show our self-developed a multi-membrane extracorporeal liver perfusion device using a peristaltic pump as the power unit with a multi-mode control system, which reduces the cost of a single extracorporeal perfusion to a greater extent, in order to explore a more time-consuming extracorporeal perfusion device to improve the marginal hepatic. Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Biomedical engineering Health sciences/Medical research/Translational research Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Sensors and probes Liver disease liver transplantation peristaltic pump marginal hepatic extracorporeal perfusion Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Introduction Multi-mode mechanical perfusion with oxygen is a modern medical technology based on multidisciplinary and high-tech, which can simulate the normal physiological state of the human body and preserve the donor liver with elevated quality 1 , 2 . In essence, it is a set of extracorporeal circulation system constructed for the transplanted liver, which can effectively protect the utilisation of the donor liver, increase the survival rate of the organ, increase the survival rate of the patient and reduce the postoperative complications. Comparing with the traditional method of cryogenic refrigeration, multi-modal mechanical perfusion has better protection, which can maximally mimic the physiological function of the liver, and provide sufficient energy and oxygen to the liver to maintain the normal metabolism of the liver, as well as eliminating wastes from the body through the blood circulation 3 - 6 . Clinical discussions revealed that liver tissue preserved by prolonged warm oxygenated mechanical perfusion had significantly lower postoperative liver injury index values than those of the cryopreservation group, and the incidence of some of the post-transplantation complications, such as early graft insufficiency and bile duct complications, was significantly lower for a number of conditions. The use of multimodal mechanically perfused liver grafts for liver transplantation has been shown to be more effective in treating liver disease with a 50% improvement over cryopreservation and a 54% increase in survival rate 7 . Most of the extracorporeal liver perfusion devices on the market today use centrifugal pumps as a power source, which as a power source can provide blood flow closer to that of human arteries, but centrifugal pumps are used as a disposable consumable in liver perfusion devices, which greatly increases the cost of perfusion of liver for extracorporeal transplantation 8 , 9 . With the current increase of transplantable marginal livers, the future will face the problem of converting a large number of transplantable marginal livers and improving the utilisation rate of marginal livers, for this reason, we developed an extracorporeal multimembrane liver perfusion system, which uses a peristaltic pump as a power source with a flow regulating valve and a pulse damper in a reasonable combination, aiming to ensure a long period of smooth extracorporeal perfusion while decreasing the cost of liver transplantation perfusion and the marginal liver utilisation 10 , 11 . Material and Methods Analysis of human hepatic arterial blood flow. A numerical algorithm was introduced on the basis of Womerseley's algorithm to establish a hemodynamic solution and analysis system based on arterial blood flow waves in the cardiac cycle, and then a more comprehensive hemodynamic study was carried out by using idealised sinusoidal waves as well as in vivo measurements of carotid arterial blood flow waves in normal physiological states and augmented extracorporeal counterpulsation states. Important haemodynamic quantities such as axial velocity distribution, wall shear distribution and oscillatory shear index in each state were also solved and analysed in the cardiac cycle 12 . Kinematics of peristaltic pump, finite element simulation analysis. Kinematics part: first of all, according to the Reynolds number to determine the flow state of the perfusion fluid, through the N-S equation to calculate the shear stress and velocity distribution state; secondly, according to the actual situation of the peristaltic pump parameters of the TH162-OEM type used in this equipment and the unpressurised viscous fluid Bernoulli's equation to calculate the initial speed required for the perfusion fluid, so as to obtain the initial speed of the peristaltic pump; and finally, to carry out the motion analysis of the peristaltic pump, to Establishment of the motion Eq. 1 3 . Finite element part: firstly based on the numerical simulation of CFD to study the internal flow characteristics of the roller pump, a complete roller pump flow field parameter model is established, and the analytical expression of the peristaltic pump flow field motion boundary is derived. Secondly, based on the model and the formula, the dynamic geometry can be automatically generated and meshed throughout the simulation process, by comparing the effects of different structural parameters and operating conditions on the flow and shear stress. Finally, for the whole pipeline, finite element analysis is carried out to establish a three-dimensional model of the pipeline, and the whole fluid pipeline is pumped out for analysis in the finite element software. Overall design of multi-mode liver extracorporeal perfusion system. A model design is carried out through seven parts, namely, bracket, monitoring component, power component, oxygenator component, consumable component, temperature control equipment and liver storage device, and installed in accordance with the regulations, so as to make the equipment more miniaturised and rationalised. Reliable power supply is selected to ensure the stability of the perfusion solution and meet the requirements of medical hygiene and disinfection, appropriate oxygen delivery equipment and consumables are selected, and appropriate temperature is selected to ensure the perfusion temperature in the liver. In order to perform extracorporeal perfusion safely, stably and efficiently, real-time pipeline pressure and flow rate are detected on the equipment 14 . Biological experimental analysis. The animals used in this part of the experiment were from the Translational Research Animal Experiment Centre of the First Hospital of Jilin University, and all the animals ordered were male Parma miniature pigs, and the experimental animals were all approved by the the institutional ethics committee of Jilin University (JLU-20220701). The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Result Analysis of calculation results. The results of the axial blood flow state in the fully developed segment of the hepatic arterial vasculature in vivo, calculated by the Womerseley algorithm, with different velocities at different locations of the axial vasculature diameter are shown in Fig. 1 . Through the N-S equation derived from the analysis of the axial liquid flow state in the tube, the maximum pipe in the maximum speed of 1.238m / s, the maximum shear force of 2.37N, and the real initial speed of the perfusion fluid for: 28ml / s, then the peristaltic pump speed: 210rad / min. Calculated from the fully developed stage of the circular tube speed and the distribution of the state of the shear stress distribution, such as speed and shear stress distribution is shown in Fig. 2 . The multimodal liver perfusion equipment designed in this paper mainly takes a peristaltic pump as the power source, but after the peristaltic pump, the pipeline is divided into two arterial perfusion and venous perfusion through a tee, this equipment is arranged with a pulse damper in the venous pipeline, and a flow regulating valve in the arterial pipeline, and the rest of sensors are the same, and this paper carries out the fluid computation and the fluid simulation of the two pipelines respectively, but the results obtained are The results are roughly the same, so this paper only takes the arterial pipeline as an example, and the result graph shown here is for the arterial pipeline. CFD simulation results. The results of axial velocity calculation in each period of the cardiac cycle obtained by CFD simulation are shown in Fig. 3 , and through the comparative analysis of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 , it can be clearly seen that the results of axial velocity calculation in each period of the cardiac cycle obtained by CFD simulation and the results of axial blood flow in the fully developed section within the hepatic arterial vasculature in vivo calculated by the Womerseley algorithm have reached the ideal state. Peristaltic pump pipeline part of the two-dimensional section of the velocity and pressure cloud results shown in Fig. 4 , can be seen in the pipeline pump extrusion for the perfusate caused by the real-time state analysis. At the same time to analyse the peristaltic pump for the pipeline extrusion degree as shown in Fig. 5 , you can see that the stick for the rubber pipeline extrusion degree does not affect the survival rate of the cells, and through the finite element analysis of the 10h within the long time under the perfusion of the stick for the rubber pipeline under the rolling friction for the pipeline loss of about 10% and can still operate normally. The following finite element analysis results for the whole line are shown in Fig. 6 for the pressure and velocity maps. The total combined flow of the entire pipeline at the outlet of the portal vein line and the outlet of the hepatic artery line, as well as the flow of each branch is shown in Fig. 7 . Through the finite element analysis of the flow of the entire pipeline, it can be seen that the peristaltic pump as a power source is theoretically reliable. Overall design of multi-mode liver extracorporeal perfusion system. According to ECMO and some existing organ perfusion devices, we carried out the design of an autonomous liver perfusion pipeline system and combined it with the evaluation and suggestions from experts of the First Transformation Hospital of Jilin University, and the final pipeline perfusion system is shown in Fig. 8 . Discussion The Parma miniature pigs were housed in a clean-barrier environment, with the temperature inside the barriers being maintained at 25-27°C, with free access to food and water, and with circadian rhythms the same as those of nature, with 12 h of light and 12 h of no Light. The results of the experiments were obtained after liver acquisition, ex vivo perfusion, sample acquisition, liver injury marker detection, blood gas analysis, and statistical analysis as follows 15 - 17 . Perfusion parameters during donor liver preservation. The portal vein flow and pressure were stable during the perfusion of the donor liver as shown in Fig. 10(a)(b). The flow rate of hepatic artery decreased in the 3rd hour, and then increased after 3 hours, and finally increased from 129±3.8 ml/min at the beginning to 142±7.6 ml/min as shown in Fig. 10(c), which was consistent with the change of hepatic arterial pressure, and the hepatic arterial pressure showed an increasing trend in the first 3 hours of the infusion, and then the pressure gradually decreased after 3 hours and was maintained constant as shown in Fig. 10(d). The constant portal vein perfusion pressure and flow rate indicated stable microcirculation within the hepatic sinusoids, and the hepatic artery perfusion pressure from the beginning of the increase to the decrease and maintenance of constant after 3 hours indicated that the spastic arteries were relieved and the microcirculation within the liver was effectively improved after 3 hours of perfusion, suggesting that the donor liver was preserved efficiently during the perfusion period. Changes of liver injury markers during donor liver preservation. The changes of LDH, ALT and AST during the preservation of donor liver using ambient mechanical perfusion are shown in Fig. 11, with an increase at the beginning of perfusion, and the levels of LDH and AST were maintained at a stable level after 2 h as shown in Fig. 11(a)(b).The level of AST reached the highest level at 1 h of perfusion, and then the level declined at 2 h of perfusion, and was maintained until the end of perfusion as shown in Fig. 11(c). Although the liver damage markers were elevated at the beginning, they were maintained at a constant level without significant increase, indicating that the liver metabolism was maintained stable without further liver damage after 3 hours of perfusion, suggesting that the donor liver was well preserved in vitro 18 , 19 . The donor liver had a drain placed in the common bile duct during perfusion, and the other side was connected to a drainage bag as shown in Fig. 12(a), and bile was collected hourly during perfusion and the amount of bile was recorded as shown in Fig. 12(b). It can be seen that the bile was continuously produced from the beginning to the end of perfusion and showed an increasing trend as shown in Figure 12(c). The continuous production of bile by the liver throughout the perfusion indicates that the liver maintained its metabolic activity during perfusion and the donor liver was well preserved. Histopathological examination of donor liver. Under the light microscope, it can be seen that no obvious cell necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, endothelial swelling and thrombosis were seen in the liver before the start of perfusion and at the end of perfusion as shown in Figure 13(a)(b). The hepatic lobules were structurally intact, and the hepatic cords were neatly arranged without obvious abnormalities. This indicates that the tissues of the liver were effectively protected during in vitro preservation by normothermic mechanical perfusion 20 . Conclusion Through the support of the extracorporeal multi-membrane liver perfusion system, the porcine liver was perfused at ambient temperature in vitro for more than ten hours, and the liver was more stable in the first six hours, and the analysis of the liver showed that the bile secretion was normal after one hour, and the bile production tended to be at a stable value during the period of 2–6 hours, and the flow and pressure of the portal vein and the hepatic artery were all at a relatively stable range of values. Currently, with the use of extracorporeal multi-membrane liver perfusion equipment, it is possible to extend the storage time of porcine livers in extracorporeal perfusion to six hours in ambient mode. In addition, the device is equipped with a temperature control device and a temperature sensor, which can support multiple modes of cryoperfusion, subcryogenic perfusion and normothermic perfusion. In the next section, we will analyse the effects of perfusion in different modes on the livers, and seek to prolong the preservation time of livers in vitro. Declarations This experiment was not designed for human experiment, and the experimental animals were all approved by the Ethics Committee. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics approval All procedures used in this study have been approved by the Ethics Committee Center of the Institute of Transformation Research, Jilin University. Funding Open Access funding provided by Research project of integrated liver in vitro support system of Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department(20230204084YY). Author Contribution D.X.D wrote the original draft of the manuscript. D.J.S and J.D.W designed and built the experimental equipment. L.M.Q was responsible for the biological methodology. Y.H.X analysed the data. L.S.X performed the biological experiments and supervised the study. All authors issued final approval for the version submitted. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr Jiansheng Ding for providing the control system equipment for the device, Dr David Jiang for providing theoretical guidance on the construction of the equipment for the multimodal extracorporeal liver perfusion system, and Dr Shuxuan Li for providing the site for the porcine liver perfusion experiments. Data Availability All procedures used in this study have been approved by Changchun University of Technology and the Ethics Committee Center of the Institute of Transformation Research, Jilin University. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the specific data related to the core data of the equipment is being developed, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Felix, J., Benno, C., Heinz, Z., Stefan, S. & Rupert, Q. Leveraging normothermic liver machine perfusion as a platform for oncologic assessment in cirrhotic livers[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 82(1): e12-e14. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2024.08.027 (2025). Caroline, A. et al. Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion and Static Cold Storage Drive Distinct Immunomodulation During Liver Transplantation: A Pilot Study.[J]. Transplantation, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000005274 (2024). Nasralla, D., Coussio, C. & Mergental, H. A Randomized Trial of Normothermic Preservation in Liver Transplantation[J]. TRANSPLANTATION, 102(8): 1197–1198 (2018). (2018). Eshmumino, D. et al. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5977415","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436993282,"identity":"4f0ec7ac-2bfc-4617-968a-9bd3fb99b5bd","order_by":0,"name":"Dong Xianda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong","middleName":"","lastName":"Xianda","suffix":""},{"id":436993284,"identity":"86beaf78-2101-498a-8674-d17a34c1eb5c","order_by":1,"name":"Jiang Dawei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Dawei","suffix":""},{"id":436993286,"identity":"f8e4fa9c-4c8f-4351-970e-c188bf457c95","order_by":2,"name":"Li Mingqian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"First Hospital of Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Mingqian","suffix":""},{"id":436993291,"identity":"ba0dfdda-6233-4a9e-b04c-0545102615d2","order_by":3,"name":"Yang Huixiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Huixiang","suffix":""},{"id":436993294,"identity":"8842b1b5-fab8-45af-8342-f71b00637937","order_by":4,"name":"Ding Jiansheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ding","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiansheng","suffix":""},{"id":436993295,"identity":"f8d45ec6-fd01-48fb-adc0-043f6f88a53a","order_by":5,"name":"Li Shuxuan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAArUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYg8YHHAsQ2IE4LG1AL4wweCVK0ADEzDwNJWtjZn0nbyEgkNrA3b5NgqLlDjMN4jI1zeIBaeI6VSTAce0aUFsbHYC0SOWYSjA2HidHC/uCwBUiL/BuitTAYPmYA28JDtBYeY8MeHgnjNp60YouEY0Ro4ec//kziZ4+NbD/74Y03PtQQoQUMGHsgEcSQQKQGIPhBvNJRMApGwSgYgQAAFjsqYXA3X5wAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"First Hospital of Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Shuxuan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-07 03:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79813435,"identity":"6700552f-6073-4126-8d2a-2773a7769452","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCalculation results of axial velocity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/6f6fbf40ff432fddeb73fd56.png"},{"id":79813439,"identity":"c7954961-0294-4578-8d8c-8008b9e388c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVelocity and shear stress distribution. (a) is the velocity distribution plot; (b) is the shear stress distribution plot.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/164a9b1e5ee98b630421680c.jpeg"},{"id":79813431,"identity":"f2130735-f1b1-407c-ade5-57175e81dcd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61375,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCalculated results of axial velocities for each period of the cardiac cycle.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/f8ef2b232e49c40ca3770d97.png"},{"id":79813428,"identity":"8f1c12ba-39f4-4dcd-9f4a-8a54a62c0e7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:45","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTwo-site pressure and velocity cloud of the liquid in the peristaltic pump. (a) For the pressure and velocity cloud at stick rotation angle = 0°; (b) Pressure and velocity maps for stick rotation angle = 45°; (c) Pressure and velocity maps for stick rotation angle = 90°; (d) Pressure and velocity maps for stick rotation angle = 135°.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/da75c6cd7678d50fb7feb14c.jpeg"},{"id":79813408,"identity":"e6eeff2f-ee08-43e3-ab17-15df9c697129","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eForce diagram of the pipe. (a) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 0°; (b) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 30°; (c) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 60°; (d) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 120°; (e) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 150°; (f) is the force diagram of the pipe for stick rotation angle = 180°.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/976afef25e5e155fe59fd6b7.jpeg"},{"id":79813452,"identity":"1c5888a0-2c32-4c6e-8aee-cf42e33800bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall simulation of the pipeline. (a) is the pressure cloud of the overall pipeline simulation (its outlet is set to 0 Pa); (b) is the velocity cloud of the overall pipeline simulation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/d576f42a8ed719f0ba1629b7.png"},{"id":79813434,"identity":"2ad124d9-f623-420e-b6a4-7a6449bc7c1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":256282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated flow graph at the outlet. (a) shows the graph of the average flow rate of the total flow in the portal vein line and the hepatic artery line after peristaltic pumping; (b) shows the flow rate at the outlet of the portal vein line; (c) shows the flow rate at the outlet of the hepatic artery line.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/5ce9cbbaa019fa5835ddab2a.jpeg"},{"id":79813961,"identity":"dcc5fe3a-1e16-40e5-a587-f04ac84a57a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:16:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":179825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the perfusion circuit of a one-piece multi-membrane liver perfusion device (the arrows in the diagram show the direction of flow of the liquid).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/83b45dc3ec05d8afa249a773.jpeg"},{"id":79813960,"identity":"9856eb9b-83e5-46b1-b950-f5c23c0a572b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:16:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":236238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMulti-modal liver perfusion device. (a) is the SolidWorks 3D top view; (b) is the rear view of the multimodal liver perfusion device; (c) is the top view of the multimodal liver perfusion device. (1) flow regulating valve; (2) peristaltic pump; (3) membrane oxygenator; (4) liver storage device; (5) pressure transducer; (6) overall frame of the device; (7) flow transducer; (8) air bubble transducer; (9) power control screen; (10) flow damper; (11) temperature control regulating device.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/baf2d1f814680670028fd5c3.jpeg"},{"id":79813443,"identity":"017fa509-685f-43e6-8546-115bd074d6bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":348152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePerfusion parameters during normothermic mechanical perfusion preservation. (a) change in portal flow; (b) change in portal pressure; (c) change in hepatic artery flow; (d) change in hepatic artery pressure.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/7c7b3db32f2bb85a2ab5408a.jpeg"},{"id":79813414,"identity":"c1184a03-3123-4bcc-90d8-0f8db92bb20b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:43","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMarkers of liver injury in perfusate during preservation. Changes in the levels of A, LDH; B, ALT and C, AST in ambient mechanical perfusate; Changes in bile production during donor liver preservation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/f624da7d02f934dc574e8b6d.png"},{"id":79813442,"identity":"b7032bf6-e86a-433a-ac2e-3b59c182ab95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:47","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":214855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBile production during donor liver perfusion. (a) choledochal tube placement for drainage; (b) collection of bile per hour and recording of the amount of bile; (c) bile production per hour during perfusion.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/6d7ac8e33b2d10faccd4f369.png"},{"id":79813423,"identity":"79f4e842-1ace-46de-af57-f1689e6ac205","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 07:08:45","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":357886,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePathology of donor liver at the start of perfusion and at the end of perfusion. (a) histopathology before the start of perfusion; (b) histopathology at the end of perfusion. Scale bar = 100 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/286151ab4b61f571a3c76f92.png"},{"id":81409736,"identity":"c7fa5102-99d3-4cd4-8db9-cce8a2f4671e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 20:01:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3053522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5977415/v1/c7b1238a-bbca-4f84-9afe-076a41099f1b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Feasibility study of a peristaltic pump as a power source in an extracorporeal liver perfusion device","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMulti-mode mechanical perfusion with oxygen is a modern medical technology based on multidisciplinary and high-tech, which can simulate the normal physiological state of the human body and preserve the donor liver with elevated quality\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. In essence, it is a set of extracorporeal circulation system constructed for the transplanted liver, which can effectively protect the utilisation of the donor liver, increase the survival rate of the organ, increase the survival rate of the patient and reduce the postoperative complications. Comparing with the traditional method of cryogenic refrigeration, multi-modal mechanical perfusion has better protection, which can maximally mimic the physiological function of the liver, and provide sufficient energy and oxygen to the liver to maintain the normal metabolism of the liver, as well as eliminating wastes from the body through the blood circulation\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. Clinical discussions revealed that liver tissue preserved by prolonged warm oxygenated mechanical perfusion had significantly lower postoperative liver injury index values than those of the cryopreservation group, and the incidence of some of the post-transplantation complications, such as early graft insufficiency and bile duct complications, was significantly lower for a number of conditions. The use of multimodal mechanically perfused liver grafts for liver transplantation has been shown to be more effective in treating liver disease with a 50% improvement over cryopreservation and a 54% increase in survival rate\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the extracorporeal liver perfusion devices on the market today use centrifugal pumps as a power source, which as a power source can provide blood flow closer to that of human arteries, but centrifugal pumps are used as a disposable consumable in liver perfusion devices, which greatly increases the cost of perfusion of liver for extracorporeal transplantation \u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. With the current increase of transplantable marginal livers, the future will face the problem of converting a large number of transplantable marginal livers and improving the utilisation rate of marginal livers, for this reason, we developed an extracorporeal multimembrane liver perfusion system, which uses a peristaltic pump as a power source with a flow regulating valve and a pulse damper in a reasonable combination, aiming to ensure a long period of smooth extracorporeal perfusion while decreasing the cost of liver transplantation perfusion and the marginal liver utilisation\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of human hepatic arterial blood flow.\u003c/b\u003e A numerical algorithm was introduced on the basis of Womerseley's algorithm to establish a hemodynamic solution and analysis system based on arterial blood flow waves in the cardiac cycle, and then a more comprehensive hemodynamic study was carried out by using idealised sinusoidal waves as well as in vivo measurements of carotid arterial blood flow waves in normal physiological states and augmented extracorporeal counterpulsation states. Important haemodynamic quantities such as axial velocity distribution, wall shear distribution and oscillatory shear index in each state were also solved and analysed in the cardiac cycle\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKinematics of peristaltic pump, finite element simulation analysis.\u003c/b\u003e Kinematics part: first of all, according to the Reynolds number to determine the flow state of the perfusion fluid, through the N-S equation to calculate the shear stress and velocity distribution state; secondly, according to the actual situation of the peristaltic pump parameters of the TH162-OEM type used in this equipment and the unpressurised viscous fluid Bernoulli's equation to calculate the initial speed required for the perfusion fluid, so as to obtain the initial speed of the peristaltic pump; and finally, to carry out the motion analysis of the peristaltic pump, to Establishment of the motion Eq.\u0026nbsp;1\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite element part: firstly based on the numerical simulation of CFD to study the internal flow characteristics of the roller pump, a complete roller pump flow field parameter model is established, and the analytical expression of the peristaltic pump flow field motion boundary is derived. Secondly, based on the model and the formula, the dynamic geometry can be automatically generated and meshed throughout the simulation process, by comparing the effects of different structural parameters and operating conditions on the flow and shear stress. Finally, for the whole pipeline, finite element analysis is carried out to establish a three-dimensional model of the pipeline, and the whole fluid pipeline is pumped out for analysis in the finite element software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOverall design of multi-mode liver extracorporeal perfusion system.\u003c/b\u003e A model design is carried out through seven parts, namely, bracket, monitoring component, power component, oxygenator component, consumable component, temperature control equipment and liver storage device, and installed in accordance with the regulations, so as to make the equipment more miniaturised and rationalised. Reliable power supply is selected to ensure the stability of the perfusion solution and meet the requirements of medical hygiene and disinfection, appropriate oxygen delivery equipment and consumables are selected, and appropriate temperature is selected to ensure the perfusion temperature in the liver. In order to perform extracorporeal perfusion safely, stably and efficiently, real-time pipeline pressure and flow rate are detected on the equipment\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiological experimental analysis.\u003c/b\u003e The animals used in this part of the experiment were from the Translational Research Animal Experiment Centre of the First Hospital of Jilin University, and all the animals ordered were male Parma miniature pigs, and the experimental animals were all approved by the the institutional ethics committee of Jilin University (JLU-20220701). The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of calculation results.\u003c/b\u003e The results of the axial blood flow state in the fully developed segment of the hepatic arterial vasculature in vivo, calculated by the Womerseley algorithm, with different velocities at different locations of the axial vasculature diameter are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough the N-S equation derived from the analysis of the axial liquid flow state in the tube, the maximum pipe in the maximum speed of 1.238m / s, the maximum shear force of 2.37N, and the real initial speed of the perfusion fluid for: 28ml / s, then the peristaltic pump speed: 210rad / min. Calculated from the fully developed stage of the circular tube speed and the distribution of the state of the shear stress distribution, such as speed and shear stress distribution is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multimodal liver perfusion equipment designed in this paper mainly takes a peristaltic pump as the power source, but after the peristaltic pump, the pipeline is divided into two arterial perfusion and venous perfusion through a tee, this equipment is arranged with a pulse damper in the venous pipeline, and a flow regulating valve in the arterial pipeline, and the rest of sensors are the same, and this paper carries out the fluid computation and the fluid simulation of the two pipelines respectively, but the results obtained are The results are roughly the same, so this paper only takes the arterial pipeline as an example, and the result graph shown here is for the arterial pipeline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCFD simulation results.\u003c/b\u003e The results of axial velocity calculation in each period of the cardiac cycle obtained by CFD simulation are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and through the comparative analysis of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, it can be clearly seen that the results of axial velocity calculation in each period of the cardiac cycle obtained by CFD simulation and the results of axial blood flow in the fully developed section within the hepatic arterial vasculature in vivo calculated by the Womerseley algorithm have reached the ideal state. Peristaltic pump pipeline part of the two-dimensional section of the velocity and pressure cloud results shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, can be seen in the pipeline pump extrusion for the perfusate caused by the real-time state analysis. At the same time to analyse the peristaltic pump for the pipeline extrusion degree as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, you can see that the stick for the rubber pipeline extrusion degree does not affect the survival rate of the cells, and through the finite element analysis of the 10h within the long time under the perfusion of the stick for the rubber pipeline under the rolling friction for the pipeline loss of about 10% and can still operate normally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following finite element analysis results for the whole line are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e for the pressure and velocity maps. The total combined flow of the entire pipeline at the outlet of the portal vein line and the outlet of the hepatic artery line, as well as the flow of each branch is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Through the finite element analysis of the flow of the entire pipeline, it can be seen that the peristaltic pump as a power source is theoretically reliable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall design of multi-mode liver extracorporeal perfusion system.\u003c/b\u003e According to ECMO and some existing organ perfusion devices, we carried out the design of an autonomous liver perfusion pipeline system and combined it with the evaluation and suggestions from experts of the First Transformation Hospital of Jilin University, and the final pipeline perfusion system is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Parma miniature pigs were housed in a clean-barrier environment, with the temperature inside the barriers being maintained at 25-27\u0026deg;C, with free access to food and water, and with circadian rhythms the same as those of nature, with 12 h of light and 12 h of no Light. The results of the experiments were obtained after liver acquisition, ex vivo perfusion, sample acquisition, liver injury marker detection, blood gas analysis, and statistical analysis as follows\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerfusion parameters during donor liver preservation.\u003c/strong\u003e The portal vein flow and pressure were stable during the perfusion of the donor liver as shown in Fig. 10(a)(b). The flow rate of hepatic artery decreased in the 3rd hour, and then increased after 3 hours, and finally increased from 129\u0026plusmn;3.8 ml/min at the beginning to 142\u0026plusmn;7.6 ml/min as shown in Fig. 10(c), which was consistent with the change of hepatic arterial pressure, and the hepatic arterial pressure showed an increasing trend in the first 3 hours of the infusion, and then the pressure gradually decreased after 3 hours and was maintained constant as shown in Fig. 10(d). The constant portal vein perfusion pressure and flow rate indicated stable microcirculation within the hepatic sinusoids, and the hepatic artery perfusion pressure from the beginning of the increase to the decrease and maintenance of constant after 3 hours indicated that the spastic arteries were relieved and the microcirculation within the liver was effectively improved after 3 hours of perfusion, suggesting that the donor liver was preserved efficiently during the perfusion period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChanges of liver injury markers during donor liver preservation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe changes of LDH, ALT and AST during the preservation of donor liver using ambient mechanical perfusion are shown in Fig. 11, with an increase at the beginning of perfusion, and the levels of LDH and AST were maintained at a stable level after 2 h as shown in Fig. 11(a)(b).The level of AST reached the highest level at 1 h of perfusion, and then the level declined at 2 h of perfusion, and was maintained until the end of perfusion as shown in Fig. 11(c). Although the liver damage markers were elevated at the beginning, they were maintained at a constant level without significant increase, indicating that the liver metabolism was maintained stable without further liver damage after 3 hours of perfusion, suggesting that the donor liver was well preserved in vitro\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe donor liver had a drain placed in the common bile duct during perfusion, and the other side was connected to a drainage bag as shown in Fig. 12(a), and bile was collected hourly during perfusion and the amount of bile was recorded as shown in Fig. 12(b). It can be seen that the bile was continuously produced from the beginning to the end of perfusion and showed an increasing trend as shown in Figure 12(c). The continuous production of bile by the liver throughout the perfusion indicates that the liver maintained its metabolic activity during perfusion and the donor liver was well preserved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistopathological examination of donor liver.\u003c/strong\u003e Under the light microscope, it can be seen that no obvious cell necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, endothelial swelling and thrombosis were seen in the liver before the start of perfusion and at the end of perfusion as shown in Figure 13(a)(b). The hepatic lobules were structurally intact, and the hepatic cords were neatly arranged without obvious abnormalities. This indicates that the tissues of the liver were effectively protected during in vitro preservation by normothermic mechanical perfusion\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThrough the support of the extracorporeal multi-membrane liver perfusion system, the porcine liver was perfused at ambient temperature in vitro for more than ten hours, and the liver was more stable in the first six hours, and the analysis of the liver showed that the bile secretion was normal after one hour, and the bile production tended to be at a stable value during the period of 2\u0026ndash;6 hours, and the flow and pressure of the portal vein and the hepatic artery were all at a relatively stable range of values. Currently, with the use of extracorporeal multi-membrane liver perfusion equipment, it is possible to extend the storage time of porcine livers in extracorporeal perfusion to six hours in ambient mode. In addition, the device is equipped with a temperature control device and a temperature sensor, which can support multiple modes of cryoperfusion, subcryogenic perfusion and normothermic perfusion. In the next section, we will analyse the effects of perfusion in different modes on the livers, and seek to prolong the preservation time of livers in vitro.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis experiment was not designed for human experiment, and the experimental animals were all approved by the Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures used in this study have been approved by the Ethics Committee Center of the Institute of Transformation Research, Jilin University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFunding\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Access funding provided by Research project of integrated liver in vitro support system of Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department(20230204084YY).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.X.D wrote the original draft of the manuscript. D.J.S and J.D.W designed and built the experimental equipment. L.M.Q was responsible for the biological methodology. Y.H.X analysed the data. L.S.X performed the biological experiments and supervised the study. All authors issued final approval for the version submitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Dr Jiansheng Ding for providing the control system equipment for the device, Dr David Jiang for providing theoretical guidance on the construction of the equipment for the multimodal extracorporeal liver perfusion system, and Dr Shuxuan Li for providing the site for the porcine liver perfusion experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures used in this study have been approved by Changchun University of Technology and the Ethics Committee Center of the Institute of Transformation Research, Jilin University. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the specific data related to the core data of the equipment is being developed, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFelix, J., Benno, C., Heinz, Z., Stefan, S. \u0026amp; Rupert, Q. Leveraging normothermic liver machine perfusion as a platform for oncologic assessment in cirrhotic livers[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 82(1): e12-e14. (2025). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2024.08.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.JHEP.2024.08.027\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaroline, A. et al. 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Use of Machine Perfusion in the United States Increases Organ Utilization and Improves DCD Graft Survival in Liver Transplantation.[J]. Transplantation direct, 10(12): e1726. (2024). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000001726\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1097/TXD.0000000000001726\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Liver disease, liver transplantation, peristaltic pump, marginal hepatic, extracorporeal perfusion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the increasing number of patients with end-stage liver disease in recent years, liver transplantation plays an indispensable role in the treatment of patients with end-stage liver disease. Recently there has been a large increase in the number of organs from organ donation sources after the death of citizens, for which a large number of marginal hepatic donors, such as elderly donor livers and fatty liver donor livers, have been generated, and in order to alleviate and improve the utilisation of these marginal hepatic livers, extracorporeal hepatic perfusion devices have come into being, but at present, the cost of a single extracorporeal perfusion session is too high. Here we show our self-developed a multi-membrane extracorporeal liver perfusion device using a peristaltic pump as the power unit with a multi-mode control system, which reduces the cost of a single extracorporeal perfusion to a greater extent, in order to explore a more time-consuming extracorporeal perfusion device to improve the marginal hepatic.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feasibility study of a peristaltic pump as a power source in an extracorporeal liver perfusion device","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-03 07:08:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5977415/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f3c8a0ec-7c33-441b-bae4-89810a45731f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46532016,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"},{"id":46532017,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Biomedical engineering"},{"id":46532018,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research/Translational research"},{"id":46532019,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Sensors and probes"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-25T19:53:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-03 07:08:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5977415","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5977415","identity":"rs-5977415","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}