A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system

A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system Juliano Slongo, Cleber A. Lindino, Leila D. Martins, Fabio A. Spanhol, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Low-cost sensors integrated with the Internet of Things can enable real-time envi-ronmental monitoring networks and provide valuable water quality informationto the public. However, the accuracy and precision of the values measured bythe sensors are critical for widespread adoption. In this study, 19 different low-cost sensors, commonly found in the literature, from four different manufacturersare tested for measuring five water quality parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen,oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, and temperature. The low-cost sensorsare evaluated for each parameter by calculating the error and precision com-pared to a typical multiparameter probe assumed as a reference. The comparisonwas performed in a controlled environment with simultaneous measurements ofreal water samples. The relative error ranged from -0.33 to 33.77% and most of them were ≤ 5%. The pH and temperature were the ones with the most accurate results. In conclusion, low-cost sensors are a complementary alternative toquickly detect changes in water quality parameters. Further studies are necessaryto establish a guideline for the operation and maintenance of low-cost sensors. low-cost sensors water quality statistical analysis water quality monitoring monitoring system Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4009742","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281858163,"identity":"00ca8160-a7b8-4bfe-b356-141b6f7da983","order_by":0,"name":"Juliano Slongo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology – Paraná","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juliano","middleName":"","lastName":"Slongo","suffix":""},{"id":281858164,"identity":"2b7e1054-9092-469d-aac7-f33e99a114e5","order_by":1,"name":"Cleber A. Lindino","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of West Paraná","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cleber","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Lindino","suffix":""},{"id":281858165,"identity":"db21fe81-51e1-4f04-965a-91fed6180302","order_by":2,"name":"Leila D. Martins","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology – Paraná","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leila","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Martins","suffix":""},{"id":281858166,"identity":"9c8de4bc-0152-4155-8483-496ff4203838","order_by":3,"name":"Fabio A. Spanhol","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology – Paraná","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fabio","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Spanhol","suffix":""},{"id":281858167,"identity":"d1541b98-5439-4729-a0f1-1043bf168fea","order_by":4,"name":"Edipo Carneiro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Overtech Technologic Solutions","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edipo","middleName":"","lastName":"Carneiro","suffix":""},{"id":281858168,"identity":"c12e2490-b0c4-4a2e-bc2e-172972e2ed40","order_by":5,"name":"Edson T. Camargo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBCCuYGBgbwBx2BgYDIjTcoZBgucASVoY20jRws+e/vBx4bzDdTzSvQ8YPpQdZjCXPoBfi2TPG2PjmdsOS/DIHDdgnHHuMINlXwJ+LQY3ctikeYFa7CXSGJh52w4zGJwh4DD7G+nPpHnnAG0BaflLjBYDiQQzad4GqBZGYrRInAH6hedYumSPzDGGgz3n0nksewho4W8HhhhPjTU/j3Qb44MfZdZy5jwEtCDZx8BwAEgRrwGsZRSMglEwCkYBVgAAsa47iR/xnIoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology – Paraná","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edson","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Camargo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-03 22:06:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53272267,"identity":"0ca7be06-3f9a-47a2-a499-655936b595b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 16:55:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1158644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Amultilowcostsensorsanalysisforremoteandrealtimewaterqualitymonitoringsystem4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4009742/v1_covered_34317180-a44c-4d90-92a9-0b52a7a14a81.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"low-cost sensors, water quality, statistical analysis, water quality monitoring, monitoring system","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Low-cost sensors integrated with the Internet of Things can enable real-time envi-ronmental monitoring networks and provide valuable water quality informationto the public. However, the accuracy and precision of the values measured bythe sensors are critical for widespread adoption. In this study, 19 different low-cost sensors, commonly found in the literature, from four different manufacturersare tested for measuring five water quality parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen,oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, and temperature. The low-cost sensorsare evaluated for each parameter by calculating the error and precision com-pared to a typical multiparameter probe assumed as a reference. The comparisonwas performed in a controlled environment with simultaneous measurements ofreal water samples. The relative error ranged from -0.33 to 33.77% and most of them were ≤ 5%. The pH and temperature were the ones with the most accurate results. In conclusion, low-cost sensors are a complementary alternative toquickly detect changes in water quality parameters. Further studies are necessaryto establish a guideline for the operation and maintenance of low-cost sensors.","manuscriptTitle":"A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-22 16:47:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4009742/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-24T00:30:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-20T13:56:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-20T13:56:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","date":"2024-03-03T22:02:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-monitoring-and-assessment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Monitoring and Assessment](http://link.springer.com/journal/10661)","snPcode":"10661","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10661/3","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c60a3c7b-5640-4554-8bf1-f2a1feedc5e5","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-28T13:01:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-22 16:47:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4009742","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4009742","identity":"rs-4009742","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}