Study on Microbial Diversity of Clothing in Maternal and Infant Population

Study on Microbial Diversity of Clothing in Maternal and Infant Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on Microbial Diversity of Clothing in Maternal and Infant Population Shai Yuan, Xiao Yang, Zhenyao Zhao, Su Yao, Lingling Pang, Jiali Kang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the improvement of Chinese people's living standards, the maintenance of infants and young children is becoming more and more sophisticated. Coupled with the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in the past few years, mother-to-child families have paid unprecedented attention and expectations to household appliances with sterilization and disinfection functions. In addition to washing machines as household clothing care equipment, clothing care machines with further sterilization, drying, and disinfection functions for infant and young children's clothing are gradually entering households, especially in southern China during the rainy season. In order to thoroughly solve the problem of sterilization of clothing from the source, the distribution of microbial contamination of clothing should be fully investigated. At present, there are few systematic studies on microbial community structure in clothing in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the microbial community structure in Chinese maternal and infant household clothing and explore the key factors affecting the microbial community structure of clothing. A plate culture method and a high-throughput sequencing technology are utilized to comprehensively analyze the community structure of the microorganism in the clothes of the mother and infant. The Chao and Shannon index were used as indicators to explore the key factors affecting the microbial community structure of clothing by one-way analysis of variance. In this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants, including 102 strains of bacteria, covering 16 genera. The bacteria with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were Staphylococcus and Micrococcus , Moraxella ; 47 strains of fungi covering 24 genera were isolated and the fungi with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were Cladosporium , Alteraria , Rhodotorula . At present, the sterilization technology of clothing care machine has not been fully investigated in combination with the distribution of clothing microorganisms. Based on the specific distribution of microorganisms in clothing and the types of microorganisms contained, clothing care machines can provide more targeted sterilization treatment for clothing. This study will help to thoroughly address the sterilization and disinfection of microorganisms in clothing from the source. Chinese family clothes care machine plate culture method high-throughput sequencing microbial diversity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Affected by the "COVID-19" epidemic situation and the infant's immune function is still not perfect, sterilization has become a new requirement for key users such as mothers and infants to purchase washing appliances. In addition to using traditional washing machines for washing and care, home clothing care machines with functions such as wrinkle removal, sterilization, and drying have gradually entered thousands of households [1] , especially for mother and baby households that pay special attention to sterilization and disinfection. Analyzing the microbial community structure and related influencing factors of clothing among maternal and infant user groups will provide data support for enterprises to upgrade the sterilization function of clothing care machines [2] . With the development and progress of the times, China's maternal and child consumption capacity has also unprecedentedly improved, and it has now entered the era of fine parenting. According to the survey, for pregnant women, nearly 90% of users will pay attention to maternal and infant household appliances. For newborn babies, their skin is still in a state of growth and development, keratinocytes are smaller than adults, and the stratum corneum has not yet been fully formed. Subcutaneous secretory glands are also immature, and pathogenic microorganisms are more likely to infect infant skin and cause infant diseases. The skin has not yet formed a stable microecology, and foreign pathogens may also be transmitted to the skin of infants through clothing [3] . For postpartum mothers, milk leakage may accompany the whole lactation period, and the rich nutrients in breast milk may lead to microbial growth, and cause odors in intimate clothe. Therefore, the clothing care machine with the function of sterilization and disinfection is favored by maternal and infant users. There are many clothes care machines for disinfection and sterilization of maternal and infant clothes in the Chinese market. However, there is no nationwide large-scale survey on the microbial diversity of clothing in maternal and infant population in China. In order to better upgrade the sterilization function of the clothing care machine, aiming at the maternal and infant groups with high requirements for clothing sterilization. In this study, the intimate clothes of mothers and infants were collected. And through high-throughput sequencing technology and culture method, the microbial community structure of clothing samples from mothers and infants was systematically analyzed, and the species and distribution of microorganisms in clothing were explored. At present, international research mainly focuses on the composition and influencing factors of clothing microbial community. The microbial community composition of clothing is directly related to its material, wearing environment, wearer's skin, washing methods and other factors. Callewaert et al. [4] collected clothing samples from 26 healthy subjects after exercise, Bacterial strains were isolated and identified by culture method, and the effects of material differences on microbial communities in clothing were determined by independent inoculation growth experiments. The research in China mainly focuses on the microbial isolation types and strain characteristics of mildewed clothing. Yuyan Xiao et al. [5] isolated mildewed strains from 5 pieces of mildewed cotton clothes, and studied the inhibitory effect of inhibitors on the isolated strains. At present, the research at home and abroad mainly focuses on the microbial community and key strains of clothing in the general population. There is no in-depth and systematic study on the microbial community information of maternal and infant clothing. 1 Samples and Methods 1.1 Sample information In this study, the microbial status of clothing for mothers and infants was investigated in spring and summer. In terms of clothing sources, compared with the northern region, the southern region of China has a higher temperature and humid climate throughout the year. New type of clothing care machine ensures that that clothe of consumers are dry and do not get damp in the rainy season. It has gradually become a necessary household appliance product for southern families. Therefore, cloth samples from mother and baby families in Nanjing and Hangzhou were chose and colleted. Nanjing and Hangzhou were the representative cities of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which were the main sales areas of clothing care machines. According to the characteristics of mother-infant population, mothers and infants aged 0-6 months were selected as the target mother-infant population. In terms of clothing types, the odor of breast-feeding underwear is often caused by milk leakage, which is a painful problem for breast-feeding mothers. In order to deeply analyze the relationship between microbial community and the odor of nursing underwear, In this study, breast-feeding underwear was selected as the representative clothing samples of breast-feeding mothers. Baby conjoined clothes is the most commonly worn intimate clothing for infants aged 0-6 months. Its hygienic condition is of great significance to the stability of infant skin microecology. In this study, infant conjoined clothes were selected as representative clothing samples for infants aged 0-6 months. In terms of clothing materials, the indoor environment is considered to be the main activity place for mothers and infants. Skin-friendly cotton intimate clothing is the main clothing worn by mothers and infants at home. Therefore, this study collected close-fitting cotton clothes for mothers and infants in spring and summer. In addition, according to the characteristics of mother-infant population, this study designed a sample collection questionnaire. It also conducted a comprehensive survey on the situation of mother's milk leakage, the odor of intimate clothing, infant's eating habits and other information. The questionnaire is shown in Figure 1. After screening, 6 families of mothers and infants were selected to collect clothing samples, and 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants were collected. The statistical results of participants' information are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Information of participants and samples of mother and infant population Participant No City Infant Clothes Stain Type Does the mother leak milk? Season Type of clothing Sample number Clothing material MA Hangzhou Milk, saliva, feces, urine, sweat Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear MA1 Cotton Baby onesie MA2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear MA3 Cotton Baby onesie MA4 Cotton MB Hangzhou Milk, saliva, feces, urine, sweat Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear MB1 Cotton Baby onesie MB2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear MB3 Cotton Baby onesie MB4 Cotton MC Hangzhou Milk, saliva, feces, urine Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear MC1 Cotton Baby onesie MC2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear MC3 Cotton Baby onesie MC4 Cotton MD Nanjing Milk, saliva, feces, urine Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear MD1 Cotton Baby onesie MD2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear MD3 Cotton Baby onesie MD4 Cotton ME Nanjing Milk, saliva, feces, urine Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear ME1 Cotton Baby onesie ME2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear ME3 Cotton Baby onesie ME4 Cotton MF Nanjing Milk, saliva stains, stool stains, complementary food residues Yes Spring Breastfeeding underwear MF1 Cotton Baby onesie MF2 Cotton Summer Breastfeeding underwear MF3 Cotton Baby onesie MF4 Cotton 1.2 Experimental method 1.2.1 Collection and handling of clothing samples Sample collection work was carried out in April and June 2022, respectively. The clothing samples were folded and placed in sterile collection bags, stored at 2-8 ℃, and transported to the laboratory. Open the collection bag in a sterile environment, take out the clothing sample, and use sterile scissors to evenly cut and accurately weigh 25g of the clothing sample at the collar, cuffs, and armpits. Cut it into small pieces and add it to a homogeneous bag containing 225mL of sterile physiological saline. Use a tapping oscillator to beat for 1-2 minutes, fully mix and obtain a 1:10 sample homogenization [6] . 1.2.2 Isolation, screening and identification of microbial strains based on culturable technology According to the literature research, combined with the common microbial species and characteristics in the fabric, skin and environment, A plurality of culture media and culture conditions are designed, a dilution coating plate method and a plate streaking method are adopted, Separating and screening the microorganism in the fabric sample. The culture medium and culture conditions used for the isolation and screening of bacteria are shown in Table 2. TSA is an eutrophic medium, which is suitable for the growth of most aerobic bacteria. R2A culture medium is oligotrophic culture medium, and sodium pyruvate in the culture medium has a certain repair effect on injured thalli. Fortified costridium media was used to isolate anaerobic bacteria from the sample. In addition, culture temperature is also an important factor affecting the isolation and screening of bacteria. In this study, two culture temperatures, 30 ℃ and 37 ℃, were selected for the isolation and screening of bacteria in clothing. Table 2 Culture medium and culture conditions for isolation and screening of bacteria in clothing samples Culture medium Culture conditions Culture temperature TSA Aerobic 30℃、37℃ R2A Aerobic 30℃、37℃ Fortified Clostridium culture medium Anaerobic 30℃ The culture medium and culture conditions used for the isolation and screening of fungi are shown in Table 3. In which that main nutrient component of MEA culture medium is malt extract to provide carbon source and inorganic ion. Peptone to provide carbon source and vitamin, Its pH value is slightly acidic, which is mainly suitable for the isolation and culture of yeast. The main nutritional components of the PDA culture medium are potato extract powder and glucose, wherein the potato contains natural inorganic ions and nutrients. The glucose provides a carbon source, the pH value of the culture medium is neutral, and the culture medium is a broad-spectrum culture medium suitable for the growth of most fungi, which is mainly used for isolating filamentous fungi. Dixon culture medium contains glycerol, Tween and other components, which is mainly used to isolate lipophilic fungi common in human skin. All media prepared were supplemented with chloramphenicol, which inhibited the growth of most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Considering the contact between clothing and skin, the culture conditions of 20 ℃ and 28 ℃ were selected, which were suitable for the growth of most fungi. Table 3 Medium and culture conditions for isolation and screening of fungi in clothing samples Culture medium Culture conditions Culture temperature MEA Aerobic 20℃、28℃ PDA Aerobic 20℃、28℃ Dixon medium Aerobic 20℃、28℃ The selected single colony is purified by a plate streaking method. The pure strain was obtained by two times of separation and purification under the appropriate culture medium and culture temperature, and was identified rapidly by MALDI-TOF MS. For the isolates that could not be identified by MALDI-TOF MS, the bacteria were analyzed by 16s rRNA gene sequence. Its rRNA gene sequence analysis was used to determine the taxonomic status of the isolate. 1.2.3 Analysis of microbial community structure based on culture-independent technology In this study, the metagenome of the collected samples was extracted by culture-independent analysis. The bacterial and fungal community structures in clothing samples were systematically analyzed by 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region and ITS1 gene amplicon sequencing, respectively. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the collected clothing samples using QIAGEN DNA extraction kit. 30 ng of qualified metagenomic DNA sample and the corresponding fusion primer were used for PCR amplification. The PCR amplification products were purified by Agencourt AMPure XP magnetic beads and dissolved in elution buffer to complete the library construction. Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was used to detect the fragment range and concentration of the constructed library. According to the size of the inserted fragment, the qualified library selected the corresponding HiSeq platform for amplicon sequencing. After that amplicon has been sequenced, the data information analysis process includes data filtering, Tag splicing, out clustering and species annotation (Fig. 2). The specific steps are as follows: the offline data is filtered, and the remaining high-quality Clean data is used for later analysis; The reads are spliced into Tags through the overlap relationship among the reads, the Tags are clustered into OTUs and compared with a database to carry out species annotation. Sample species complexity analysis, inter group species difference analysis, correlation analysis and model prediction based on OTU and annotation results. 2 Results and discussion In this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 samples of maternal and infant clothing by culturable technology, including 102 strains of bacteria which covered 16 genera, and the most frequently isolated bacteria at the genus level were Staphylococcus , Micrococcus , Moraxella , Pseudomonas , and Bacillus . Among them, Staphylococcus , Micrococcus , Moraxella were the bacterial genus with the largest number of isolates in all samples, and distributed in most clothing samples. The results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 . A total of 47 strains of fungi were isolated, covering 24 genera. At the genus level, the most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium , Alteraria , Rhodotorula , Aspergillus , and Penicillium . Among them, Cladosporium , Alteraria and Rhodotorula were the fungus genus with the largest number of isolates in all samples, and distributed in most of the clothing samples. The results are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 . Staphylococcus was the most isolated bacteria in all the samples of maternal and infant clothing samples, and distributed in a plurality of clothing sample. 39 strains of Staphylococcus were isolated from 16 samples, accounting for 38.2% of the total isolated strains, belonging to 6 species. They were as follows: Staphylococcus hominis , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus xylosus , Staphylococcus haemolyticcus and Staphylococcus caspitis , which were often isolated from human skin. They mainly exist in human nostrils, armpits, groins and other parts [ 7 ] . Some strains of this genus are conditionally pathogenic and can cause diseases by producing pathogenic factors such as plasma coagulase and hemolysin [ 8 ] . In addition, Moraxella , Micrococcus and Pseudomonas were isolated. Among them, Moraxella is often isolated from humans and other warm-blooded animals. The key isolate, Moraxella osloensis , is widely distributed in human skin and human-related environments, infected with this bacterium may lead to bacteremia in patients. It had been reported that the "wet rag-like" odor of clothes after drying may be due to Moraxella Osloensis . It was caused by the metabolism of osloensis to produce 4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid, which has potential odor-causing characteristics [ 9 ] . Micrococcus is often isolated from human skin, natural environment and food. Key isolate of Micrococcus luteus , is widely distributed in mammalian skin. And is mainly obtained by separating the skin of the head, the leg and the arm of a human body. The strain metabolizes cadaverine through lysine decarboxylase to make human body and clothes generate peculiar smell. And Micrococcus luteus is a conditional pathogenic bacterium, may cause bacteremia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and meningitis [ 10 ] . The genus Pseudomonas is widely isolated from natural environments such as water, soil and plant roots. It was also separated from terylene, flax and wool fabrics. Some strains of this genus have both animal pathogenicity and plant pathogenicity. Some strains can cause corneal infection, respiratory tract infection and polycystic fibrosis through virulence factors and quorum sensing. Two strains of Rothia were isolated in this study, which were often isolated from human throat and oral cavity [ 11 ] . At the same time, it is also a common intestinal bacteria in infants, which has low virulence to infants, and has been reported to be related to infant health. In that cloth sample of the mother and infant population, Cladosporium , Rhodotorula , and Alternaria were that most isolate in all sampled genus of numerous fungi. Seven Cladosporium strains were isolated from seven clothing samples, accounting for 14.9%.These fungi are widely distributed in soil, some animal feces, vegetables, rotten wood, birds'nests and rotten fruits. It is a common environmental microorganism and has a high abundance in pet skin. This bacterium belongs to the third class of opportunistic pathogens, and the spores infected with this bacterium may be sinusitis, fungal allergy and so on. At the same time, cellulose can be degraded by cellulose hydrolase, resulting in the deterioration of cotton, and keratin can be decomposed, resulting in the deterioration of wool. Some strains can produce eumelanin and melanophil, which may lead to clothing contamination. Six strains of Rhodotorula were isolated from six clothes samples, accounting for 12.8% of the total isolated strains. These fungi are widely distributed in the natural environment of animals and plants, rivers, lakes and oceans. A few species are opportunistic pathogens. Six Alternaria strains were isolated from six clothes samples, accounting for 12.8% of the total number of isolates. This kind of bacteria is widely distributed in water environment, soil and air, and is the resident bacteria of human skin. Some strains of the genus have both animal and plant pathogenicity, which can cause tinea, asthma and allergy in humans. Infected plants can cause disease spots on crops, cash crops and other plants, which can cause serious economic losses. At the same time, the strain has cellulose degradation ability, can degrade cotton fabrics, and has potential fabric damage. A total of 3155 OTUs were sequenced from 24 samples by high-throughput sequencing analysis using culture-independent technology, including 1490 OTUs in bacteria. Fungi 1665 OUT. A total of 1490 OTUs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing of 16s rRNA genes from 24 samples. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum in the clothing samples, with a relative abundance of 60.7%. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, as shown in Fig. 7 A. Enhydrobacter and Acinetobacter were that dominant bacteria in the clot samples, the relative abundances were 30.92% and 15.91%, respectively, as shown in Fig. 7 B. Based on the results of OTU cluster analysis, the Alpha diversity index of different groups of samples was calculated. The influence of season, city, wearer and other factors on the bacterial community structure of clothing was analyzed. The results are shown in Table 4 . The statistical results show that factors such as season, wearer and city had significant effects on the bacterial community structure of clothing. Table 4 Microbial diversity index of clothing for mothers and infants grouped by different factors Grouping Category Quantity The Chao index The Shannon index Average value p-value Average value p-value Season Spring 12 405 0.34736 1.99 0.9774 Summer 12 378 1.96 The wearer Baby 12 406 0.37769 1.96 0.9323 Mother 12 315 2.04 City Hangzhou 12 333 0.08873 1.59 0.05966 Nanjing 12 490 2.14 High-throughput sequencing of ITS rRNA genes was performed on 24 samples, and 2016 OTUs were obtained. At the phylum level, Bsidiomycota and Ascomycota are the dominant fungal phyla in clothing samples. The relative abundances are 66.97% and 32.50%, respectively, as shown in Fig. 8 A. In order to further clarify the species composition of fungal community, the fungal composition of clothing samples from mothers and infants was analyzed at the subordinate level. As shown in Fig. 8 B. Malassezia was the dominant fungi in the clothing samples, with a relative abundance of 39.08%. The relative abundance of Aspergillus , Cladosporium and Rhodotorula was more than 5%, which was 6.94%, 6.19% and 6.01% respectively. Based on the results of OTU cluster analysis, the Alpha diversity index of different groups of samples was calculated. The influence of season, city, wearer and other factors on fungal community structure of clothing was analyzed. The results are shown in Table 5 . The statistical results show that factors such as season, wearer and city had significant effects on the fungal community structure of clothing. Table 5 Microbial diversity index of clothing for mothers and infants grouped by different factors Grouping Category Quantity The Chao index The Shannon index Average value p-value Average value p-value Season Spring 12 236 0.236 3.41 0.589 Summer 12 203 3.58 The wearer Mother 12 179 0.068 3.42 0.842 Baby 12 239 3.48 City Hangzhou 12 212 0.794 3.51 0.755 Nanjing 12 221 3.58 3 Conclusion In this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants, including 102 strains of bacteria, covering 16 genera. The bacteria with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were Staphylococcus , Micrococcus , and Moraxella ; 47 strains of fungi covering 24 genera were isolated, and the fungi with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were Cladosporium , Alteraria , and Rhodotorula . Based on the comparative analysis of literature research, Staphylococcus , Micrococcus , Acinetobacter, Moraxella , and Rhodotorula resident in human skin [ 12 ] ,were also a common isolate strain in human intimate clothes. There were fewer kinds of microorganisms that can be cultured in the clothing of mothers and infants. Human skin is the main potential source of microbial communities in maternal and infant clothing. Consistent with the separation result of culturable strain, sequencing results showed that Enhydrobacter , Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Acinetobacter , Malassezia , Rhodotorula were the high abundance microorganisms of maternal and infant clothing. These bacteria are resident in human skin. It is worth noting that Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are the main skin microorganisms in early infant life. It accounts for up to 60% of the skin microbial community [ 13 ] . These two bacterial genera were also the dominant bacterial genera with high abundance characteristics in the clothing of mothers and infants in this study. In addition, Veillonella and Rothia with high abundance were also common bacteria in infant intestinal tract. It had been proved in many studies that it was a key bacterial genus related to the health of infants in early life. Therefore, combining culturable and non-culturable results, it is speculated that human microflora (skin resident bacteria, intestinal flora) may be an important potential source of clothing microorganisms for mothers and infants. In addition, studies have found that the microorganisms distributed in maternal and infant clothing are not only healthy flora resident in the skin, there are also pathogenic strains and conditional pathogenic strains, which need to be paid attention to. The sterilization effect of the clothes nursing machine can be better verified according to the data, and the sterilization function of the clothes nursing machine can be further upgraded. Declarations Author Contribution Shuai Yuan is the first authors. Shuai Yuan, Xiao Yang and Zhenyao Zhao were equally contributed to work. All authors reviewed the manuscript References Su Liang. To achieve a clean living. The segmented market of health care washing machines has accumulated new momentum. Household appliances, 2019, 11:100-1. Hou Tingting. Health and intelligence make the washing machine have high premium ability [J]. Household Appliances, 2021, (05): 76-7. Zeng Danning. Analysis of bacterial community diversity in maternal and fetal skin by high-throughput sequencing. Shanghai, Fudan University, 2012: 9-10. CALLEWAERT C, DE MAESENEIRE E, KERCKHOF F M, et al.Microbial odor profile of polyester and cotton clothes after a fitness session [J].Appl Environ Microbiol, 2014, 80(21): 6611-9. Xiao Yuyan, Ren, Yang Yu, Gao yuan, Liu Jianli. Identification and inhibition of microorganisms on mildewed cotton clothes [J]. Modern Textile Technology, 2023: 1-8. Guo Huiqing. Microbiological detection technology of textiles [M]. China Quality Inspection Press, China Standards Press, 2018. Leeming J P, Holland K ＆ Cunliffe W. The microbial ecology of pilosebaceous unites isolted from human skin[J].Journal of general microbiology, 1984, 130, (4):803-807. Cogen A, Nizet V＆Gallo R. Skin microbiota：a source of disease or defence? [J].British Journal of Dermatology, 2008,158,(3):442-455. Yutaka Niwano. Takeuchi Kohei. Cause analysis of "raw, dry and smelly" clothes and development of deodorizing fabric care products [J].China Cleaning Industry, 2013, 2. Roth R R ＆James W D. Microbial ecology of the skin[J].Annual Reviews in Microbiology,1988,42,(1):441-464. Aas J A, Paster B J, Stokes L N, et al. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity[J].Journal Clinical Microbiology, 2005, 43, (11):5721-5732. Zeng Danning. Analysis of bacterial community diversity in maternal and fetal skin by high-throughput sequencing. Shanghai, Fudan University, 2012: 1-3. Capone K A, Dowd S E, Stamatas G N, et al. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life[J].Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2011,131,(10): 2026-20232. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation2024.3.18.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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07:48:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53886182,"identity":"148fe223-1c24-40cb-ac64-a2759ae7d9a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire for participants of mother-infant population\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/2d0092193f11652119821bb9.jpeg"},{"id":53886181,"identity":"da133adf-50b5-4530-911a-20bae52d3e20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":138605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAmplicon sequencing data analysis flow\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/3eb14b8becbc91b41fdfb22c.jpeg"},{"id":53886180,"identity":"dc760e35-1cc3-4810-a604-10d20fccb34f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBacterial isolation from clothes of mothers and infants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/34fe6eb11c2d0d1a5b0d39d4.jpeg"},{"id":53886183,"identity":"0d92e8d7-33c1-4346-8063-c7336575e973","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22125,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Bacteria on Clothes of Mothers and Infants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/1ff0da593a2f31370d42d281.png"},{"id":53886184,"identity":"737c4a0c-6e9f-4469-b75f-f48f5757655b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":215580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFungal isolation from clothes of mothers and infants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/7106dc87aca7b6b7927fc847.jpeg"},{"id":53886186,"identity":"0a5efa15-b6ba-4dd1-888f-1a3af04c4a60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":731541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Fungi on Clothes of Mothers and Infants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/15e04df7a557e4f74e9d09de.jpeg"},{"id":53886187,"identity":"4a0d96ed-4104-4123-a6f9-0760a0c5fc0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":606507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBacterial species composition of clothing samples A: phylum level; B: species level\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/67ce0c8a026d3465a4a19ad9.jpeg"},{"id":64606270,"identity":"c2faac84-af15-4754-9aa9-a0cb5ffafbe5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-16 13:03:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2566705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/307f7c83-a263-46cb-a8bb-b2f153aa1b6a.pdf"},{"id":53886179,"identity":"e9b79640-6f80-472d-9fc4-3f5363608fad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-01 19:25:12","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation2024.3.18.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4121047/v1/d1795a11c4fa077103fcb8ab.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study on Microbial Diversity of Clothing in Maternal and Infant Population","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAffected by the \u0026quot;COVID-19\u0026quot; epidemic situation and the infant\u0026apos;s immune function is still not perfect, sterilization has become a new requirement for key users such as mothers and infants to purchase washing appliances. In addition to using traditional washing machines for washing and care, home clothing care machines with functions such as wrinkle removal, sterilization, and drying have gradually entered thousands of households\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e, especially for mother and baby households that pay special attention to sterilization and disinfection. Analyzing the microbial community structure and related influencing factors of clothing among maternal and infant user groups will provide data support for enterprises to upgrade the sterilization function of clothing care machines \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the development and progress of the times, China\u0026apos;s maternal and child consumption capacity has also unprecedentedly improved, and it has now entered the era of fine parenting. According to the survey, for pregnant women, nearly 90% of users will pay attention to maternal and infant household appliances. For newborn babies, their skin is still in a state of growth and development, keratinocytes are smaller than adults, and the stratum corneum has not yet been fully formed. Subcutaneous secretory glands are also immature, and pathogenic microorganisms are more likely to infect infant skin and cause infant diseases. The skin has not yet formed a stable microecology, and foreign pathogens may also be transmitted to the skin of infants through clothing \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. For postpartum mothers, milk leakage may accompany the whole lactation period, and the rich nutrients in breast milk may lead to microbial growth, and cause odors in intimate clothe. Therefore, the clothing care machine with the function of sterilization and disinfection is favored by maternal and infant users. There are many clothes care machines for disinfection and sterilization of maternal and infant clothes in the Chinese market. However, there is no nationwide large-scale survey on the microbial diversity of clothing in maternal and infant population in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to better upgrade the sterilization function of the clothing care machine, aiming at the maternal and infant groups with high requirements for clothing sterilization. In this study, the intimate clothes of mothers and infants were collected. And through high-throughput sequencing technology and culture method, the microbial community structure of clothing samples from mothers and infants was systematically analyzed, and the species and distribution of microorganisms in clothing were explored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt present, international research mainly focuses on the composition and influencing factors of clothing microbial community. The microbial community composition of clothing is directly related to its material, wearing environment, wearer\u0026apos;s skin, washing methods and other factors. Callewaert et al.\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e collected clothing samples from 26 healthy subjects after exercise, Bacterial strains were isolated and identified by culture method, and the effects of material differences on microbial communities in clothing were determined by independent inoculation growth experiments. The research in China mainly focuses on the microbial isolation types and strain characteristics of mildewed clothing. Yuyan Xiao et al. \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e isolated mildewed strains from 5 pieces of mildewed cotton clothes, and studied the inhibitory effect of inhibitors on the isolated strains. At present, the research at home and abroad mainly focuses on the microbial community and key strains of clothing in the general population. There is no in-depth and systematic study on the microbial community information of maternal and infant clothing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1 Samples and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Sample information\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the microbial status of clothing for mothers and infants was investigated in spring and summer. In terms of clothing sources, compared with the northern region, the southern region of China has a higher temperature and humid climate throughout the year. New type of clothing care machine ensures that that clothe of consumers are dry and do not get damp \u0026nbsp;in the rainy season. It has gradually become a necessary household appliance product for southern families. Therefore, cloth samples from mother and baby families in Nanjing and Hangzhou were chose and colleted. Nanjing and Hangzhou were the representative cities of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which were the main sales areas of clothing care machines.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the characteristics of mother-infant population, mothers and infants aged 0-6 months were selected as the target mother-infant population. In terms of clothing types, the odor of breast-feeding underwear is often caused by milk leakage, which is a painful problem for breast-feeding mothers. In order to deeply analyze the relationship between microbial community and the odor of nursing underwear, In this study, breast-feeding underwear was selected as the representative clothing samples of breast-feeding mothers. Baby conjoined clothes is the most commonly worn intimate clothing for infants aged 0-6 months. Its hygienic condition is of great significance to the stability of infant skin microecology. In this study, infant conjoined clothes were selected as representative clothing samples for infants aged 0-6 months. In terms of clothing materials, the indoor environment is considered to be the main activity place for mothers and infants. Skin-friendly cotton intimate clothing is the main clothing worn by mothers and infants at home. Therefore, this study collected close-fitting cotton clothes for mothers and infants in spring and summer. In addition, according to the characteristics of mother-infant population, this study designed a sample collection questionnaire. It also conducted a comprehensive survey on the situation of mother\u0026apos;s milk leakage, the odor of intimate clothing, infant\u0026apos;s eating habits and other information. The questionnaire is shown in Figure 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter screening, 6 families of mothers and infants were selected to collect clothing samples, and 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants were collected. The statistical results of participants\u0026apos; information are shown in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Information of participants and samples of mother and infant population\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"106%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipant No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Clothes Stain Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes the mother leak milk?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of clothing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClothing material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHangzhou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva, feces, urine, sweat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMA2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Summer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMA3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMA4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHangzhou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva, feces, urine, sweat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Summer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHangzhou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva, feces, urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Summer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva, feces, urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Summer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva, feces, urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.789473684210526%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk, saliva stains, stool stains, complementary food residues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.157894736842106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.923076923076923%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.30769230769231%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding underwear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.89473684210526%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaby onesie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMF4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.05263157894737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2 Experimental method\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.2.1 Collection and handling of clothing samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample collection work was carried out in April and June 2022, respectively. The clothing samples were folded and placed in sterile collection bags, stored at 2-8\u0026nbsp;℃, and transported to the laboratory. Open the collection bag in a sterile environment, take out the clothing sample, and use sterile scissors to evenly cut and accurately weigh 25g of the clothing sample at the collar, cuffs, and armpits. Cut it into small pieces and add it to a homogeneous bag containing 225mL of sterile physiological saline. Use a tapping oscillator to beat for 1-2 minutes, fully mix and obtain a 1:10 sample homogenization\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[6]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Isolation, screening and identification of microbial strains based on culturable technology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the literature research, combined with the common microbial species and characteristics in the fabric, skin and environment, A plurality of culture media and culture conditions are designed, a dilution coating plate method and a plate streaking method are adopted, Separating and screening the microorganism in the fabric sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe culture medium and culture conditions used for the isolation and screening of bacteria are shown in Table 2. TSA is an eutrophic medium, which is suitable for the growth of most aerobic bacteria. R2A culture medium is oligotrophic culture medium, and sodium pyruvate in the culture medium has a certain repair effect on injured thalli. Fortified costridium media was used to isolate anaerobic bacteria from the sample. In addition, culture temperature is also an important factor affecting the isolation and screening of bacteria. In this study, two culture temperatures, 30 ℃ and 37 ℃, were selected for the isolation and screening of bacteria in clothing. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Culture medium and culture conditions for isolation and screening of bacteria in clothing samples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture medium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30℃、37℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR2A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30℃、37℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortified Clostridium culture medium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnaerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe culture medium and culture conditions used for the isolation and screening of fungi are shown in Table 3. In which that main nutrient component of MEA culture medium is malt extract to provide carbon source and inorganic ion. Peptone to provide carbon source and vitamin, Its pH value is slightly acidic, which is mainly suitable for the isolation and culture of yeast. The main nutritional components of the PDA culture medium are potato extract powder and glucose, wherein the potato contains natural inorganic ions and nutrients. \u0026nbsp;The glucose provides a carbon source, the pH value of the culture medium is neutral, and the culture medium is a broad-spectrum culture medium suitable for the growth of most fungi, which is mainly used for isolating filamentous fungi. Dixon culture medium contains glycerol, Tween and other components, which is mainly used to isolate lipophilic fungi common in human skin. All media prepared were supplemented with chloramphenicol, which inhibited the growth of most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Considering the contact between clothing and skin, the culture conditions of 20 ℃ and 28 ℃ were selected, which were suitable for the growth of most fungi.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Medium and culture conditions for isolation and screening of fungi in clothing samples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture medium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20℃、28℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20℃、28℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.94642857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDixon medium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.776785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.276785714285715%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20℃、28℃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected single colony is purified by a plate streaking method. The pure strain was obtained by two times of separation and purification under the appropriate culture medium and culture temperature, and was identified rapidly by MALDI-TOF MS. For the isolates that could not be identified by MALDI-TOF MS, the bacteria were analyzed by 16s rRNA gene sequence. Its rRNA gene sequence analysis was used to determine the taxonomic status of the isolate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.2.3 Analysis of microbial community structure based on culture-independent technology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the metagenome of the collected samples was extracted by culture-independent analysis. The bacterial and fungal community structures in clothing samples were systematically analyzed by 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region and ITS1 gene amplicon sequencing, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetagenomic DNA was extracted from the collected clothing samples using QIAGEN DNA extraction kit. 30 ng of qualified metagenomic DNA sample and the corresponding fusion primer were used for PCR amplification. The PCR amplification products were purified by Agencourt AMPure XP magnetic beads and dissolved in elution buffer to complete the library construction. Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was used to detect the fragment range and concentration of the constructed library. According to the size of the inserted fragment, the qualified library selected the corresponding HiSeq platform for amplicon sequencing. After that amplicon has been sequenced, the data information analysis process includes data filtering, Tag splicing, out clustering and species annotation (Fig. 2). The specific steps are as follows: the offline data is filtered, and the remaining high-quality Clean data is used for later analysis; The reads are spliced into Tags through the overlap relationship among the reads, the Tags are clustered into OTUs and compared with a database to carry out species annotation. Sample species complexity analysis, inter group species difference analysis, correlation analysis and model prediction based on OTU and annotation results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 samples of maternal and infant clothing by culturable technology, including 102 strains of bacteria which covered 16 genera, and the most frequently isolated bacteria at the genus level were \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e. Among them, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e were the bacterial genus with the largest number of isolates in all samples, and distributed in most clothing samples. The results are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 47 strains of fungi were isolated, covering 24 genera. At the genus level, the most frequently isolated fungi were \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlteraria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e. Among them, \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlteraria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e were the fungus genus with the largest number of isolates in all samples, and distributed in most of the clothing samples. The results are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e was the most isolated bacteria in all the samples of maternal and infant clothing samples, and distributed in a plurality of clothing sample. 39 strains of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e were isolated from 16 samples, accounting for 38.2% of the total isolated strains, belonging to 6 species. They were as follows: \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus hominis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus xylosus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus haemolyticcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus caspitis\u003c/em\u003e, which were often isolated from human skin. They mainly exist in human nostrils, armpits, groins and other parts\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Some strains of this genus are conditionally pathogenic and can cause diseases by producing pathogenic factors such as plasma coagulase and hemolysin \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e were isolated. Among them, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e is often isolated from humans and other warm-blooded animals. The key isolate, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella osloensis\u003c/em\u003e, is widely distributed in human skin and human-related environments, infected with this bacterium may lead to bacteremia in patients. It had been reported that the \"wet rag-like\" odor of clothes after drying may be due to \u003cem\u003eMoraxella Osloensis\u003c/em\u003e. It was caused by the metabolism of osloensis to produce 4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid, which has potential odor-causing characteristics\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e is often isolated from human skin, natural environment and food. Key isolate of \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus luteus\u003c/em\u003e, is widely distributed in mammalian skin. And is mainly obtained by separating the skin of the head, the leg and the arm of a human body. The strain metabolizes cadaverine through lysine decarboxylase to make human body and clothes generate peculiar smell. And \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus luteus\u003c/em\u003e is a conditional pathogenic bacterium, may cause bacteremia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and meningitis \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The genus \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e is widely isolated from natural environments such as water, soil and plant roots. It was also separated from terylene, flax and wool fabrics. Some strains of this genus have both animal pathogenicity and plant pathogenicity. Some strains can cause corneal infection, respiratory tract infection and polycystic fibrosis through virulence factors and quorum sensing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo strains of \u003cem\u003eRothia\u003c/em\u003e were isolated in this study, which were often isolated from human throat and oral cavity \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. At the same time, it is also a common intestinal bacteria in infants, which has low virulence to infants, and has been reported to be related to infant health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn that cloth sample of the mother and infant population, \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e were that most isolate in all sampled genus of numerous fungi. Seven \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e strains were isolated from seven clothing samples, accounting for 14.9%.These fungi are widely distributed in soil, some animal feces, vegetables, rotten wood, birds'nests and rotten fruits. It is a common environmental microorganism and has a high abundance in pet skin. This bacterium belongs to the third class of opportunistic pathogens, and the spores infected with this bacterium may be sinusitis, fungal allergy and so on. At the same time, cellulose can be degraded by cellulose hydrolase, resulting in the deterioration of cotton, and keratin can be decomposed, resulting in the deterioration of wool. Some strains can produce eumelanin and melanophil, which may lead to clothing contamination. Six strains of \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e were isolated from six clothes samples, accounting for 12.8% of the total isolated strains. These fungi are widely distributed in the natural environment of animals and plants, rivers, lakes and oceans. A few species are opportunistic pathogens. Six \u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e strains were isolated from six clothes samples, accounting for 12.8% of the total number of isolates. This kind of bacteria is widely distributed in water environment, soil and air, and is the resident bacteria of human skin. Some strains of the genus have both animal and plant pathogenicity, which can cause tinea, asthma and allergy in humans. Infected plants can cause disease spots on crops, cash crops and other plants, which can cause serious economic losses. At the same time, the strain has cellulose degradation ability, can degrade cotton fabrics, and has potential fabric damage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 3155 OTUs were sequenced from 24 samples by high-throughput sequencing analysis using culture-independent technology, including 1490 OTUs in bacteria. Fungi 1665 OUT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 1490 OTUs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing of 16s rRNA genes from 24 samples. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum in the clothing samples, with a relative abundance of 60.7%. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA. \u003cem\u003eEnhydrobacter\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u003c/em\u003e were that dominant bacteria in the clot samples, the relative abundances were 30.92% and 15.91%, respectively, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of OTU cluster analysis, the Alpha diversity index of different groups of samples was calculated. The influence of season, city, wearer and other factors on the bacterial community structure of clothing was analyzed. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The statistical results show that factors such as season, wearer and city had significant effects on the bacterial community structure of clothing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial diversity index of clothing for mothers and infants grouped by different factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrouping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chao index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shannon index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wearer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaby\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHangzhou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanjing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-throughput sequencing of ITS rRNA genes was performed on 24 samples, and 2016 OTUs were obtained. At the phylum level, Bsidiomycota and Ascomycota are the dominant fungal phyla in clothing samples. The relative abundances are 66.97% and 32.50%, respectively, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eA. In order to further clarify the species composition of fungal community, the fungal composition of clothing samples from mothers and infants was analyzed at the subordinate level. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eB. \u003cem\u003eMalassezia\u003c/em\u003e was the dominant fungi in the clothing samples, with a relative abundance of 39.08%. The relative abundance of \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e was more than 5%, which was 6.94%, 6.19% and 6.01% respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of OTU cluster analysis, the Alpha diversity index of different groups of samples was calculated. The influence of season, city, wearer and other factors on fungal community structure of clothing was analyzed. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The statistical results show that factors such as season, wearer and city had significant effects on the fungal community structure of clothing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial diversity index of clothing for mothers and infants grouped by different factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrouping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chao index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shannon index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wearer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanjing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants, including 102 strains of bacteria, covering 16 genera. The bacteria with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e; 47 strains of fungi covering 24 genera were isolated, and the fungi with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlteraria\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the comparative analysis of literature research, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter, Moraxella\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e resident in human skin \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e,were also a common isolate strain in human intimate clothes. There were fewer kinds of microorganisms that can be cultured in the clothing of mothers and infants. Human skin is the main potential source of microbial communities in maternal and infant clothing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with the separation result of culturable strain, sequencing results showed that \u003cem\u003eEnhydrobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMalassezia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e were the high abundance microorganisms of maternal and infant clothing. These bacteria are resident in human skin. It is worth noting that \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus\u003c/em\u003e are the main skin microorganisms in early infant life. It accounts for up to 60% of the skin microbial community \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. These two bacterial genera were also the dominant bacterial genera with high abundance characteristics in the clothing of mothers and infants in this study. In addition, \u003cem\u003eVeillonella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRothia\u003c/em\u003e with high abundance were also common bacteria in infant intestinal tract. It had been proved in many studies that it was a key bacterial genus related to the health of infants in early life. Therefore, combining culturable and non-culturable results, it is speculated that human microflora (skin resident bacteria, intestinal flora) may be an important potential source of clothing microorganisms for mothers and infants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, studies have found that the microorganisms distributed in maternal and infant clothing are not only healthy flora resident in the skin, there are also pathogenic strains and conditional pathogenic strains, which need to be paid attention to. The sterilization effect of the clothes nursing machine can be better verified according to the data, and the sterilization function of the clothes nursing machine can be further upgraded.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eShuai Yuan is the first authors. Shuai Yuan, Xiao Yang and Zhenyao Zhao were equally contributed to work. All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSu Liang. To achieve a clean living. The segmented market of health care washing machines has accumulated new momentum. Household appliances, 2019, 11:100-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHou Tingting. Health and intelligence make the washing machine have high premium ability [J]. Household Appliances, 2021, (05): 76-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeng Danning. Analysis of bacterial community diversity in maternal and fetal skin by high-throughput sequencing. Shanghai, Fudan University, 2012: 9-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCALLEWAERT C, DE MAESENEIRE E, KERCKHOF F M, et al.Microbial odor profile of polyester and cotton clothes after a fitness session [J].Appl Environ Microbiol, 2014, 80(21): 6611-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao Yuyan, Ren, Yang Yu, Gao yuan, Liu Jianli. Identification and inhibition of microorganisms on mildewed cotton clothes [J]. Modern Textile Technology, 2023: 1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo Huiqing. Microbiological detection technology of textiles [M]. China Quality Inspection Press, China Standards Press, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeeming J P, Holland K ＆ Cunliffe W. The microbial ecology of pilosebaceous unites isolted from human skin[J].Journal of general microbiology, 1984, 130, (4):803-807.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCogen A, Nizet V＆Gallo R. Skin microbiota：a source of disease or defence? [J].British Journal of Dermatology, 2008,158,(3):442-455.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYutaka Niwano. Takeuchi Kohei. Cause analysis of \u0026quot;raw, dry and smelly\u0026quot; clothes and development of deodorizing fabric care products [J].China Cleaning Industry, 2013, 2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoth R R ＆James W D. Microbial ecology of the skin[J].Annual Reviews in Microbiology,1988,42,(1):441-464.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAas J A, Paster B J, Stokes L N, et al. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity[J].Journal Clinical Microbiology, 2005, 43, (11):5721-5732.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeng Danning. Analysis of bacterial community diversity in maternal and fetal skin by high-throughput sequencing. Shanghai, Fudan University, 2012: 1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapone K A, Dowd S E, Stamatas G N, et al. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life[J].Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2011,131,(10): 2026-20232.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Chinese family, clothes care machine, plate culture method, high-throughput sequencing, microbial diversity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the improvement of Chinese people's living standards, the maintenance of infants and young children is becoming more and more sophisticated. Coupled with the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in the past few years, mother-to-child families have paid unprecedented attention and expectations to household appliances with sterilization and disinfection functions. In addition to washing machines as household clothing care equipment, clothing care machines with further sterilization, drying, and disinfection functions for infant and young children's clothing are gradually entering households, especially in southern China during the rainy season. In order to thoroughly solve the problem of sterilization of clothing from the source, the distribution of microbial contamination of clothing should be fully investigated. At present, there are few systematic studies on microbial community structure in clothing in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the microbial community structure in Chinese maternal and infant household clothing and explore the key factors affecting the microbial community structure of clothing. A plate culture method and a high-throughput sequencing technology are utilized to comprehensively analyze the community structure of the microorganism in the clothes of the mother and infant. The Chao and Shannon index were used as indicators to explore the key factors affecting the microbial community structure of clothing by one-way analysis of variance. In this study, 149 strains of microorganisms were isolated from 24 clothing samples of mothers and infants, including 102 strains of bacteria, covering 16 genera. The bacteria with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e; 47 strains of fungi covering 24 genera were isolated and the fungi with higher isolation frequency and wider distribution were \u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlteraria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhodotorula\u003c/em\u003e. At present, the sterilization technology of clothing care machine has not been fully investigated in combination with the distribution of clothing microorganisms. Based on the specific distribution of microorganisms in clothing and the types of microorganisms contained, clothing care machines can provide more targeted sterilization treatment for clothing. This study will help to thoroughly address the sterilization and disinfection of microorganisms in clothing from the source.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on Microbial Diversity of Clothing in Maternal and Infant Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-01 19:25:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4121047/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"942e31e9-e53e-4b77-b0f0-e8be7c4c971a","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-20T09:46:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-01 19:25:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4121047","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4121047","identity":"rs-4121047","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}