Electrocalorimetric Measurement of the TrueEnergy Stored in Supercapacitors

Electrocalorimetric Measurement of the TrueEnergy Stored in Supercapacitors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Electrocalorimetric Measurement of the TrueEnergy Stored in Supercapacitors Anis Allagui, Raghed Melhem, Enrique Hernández Balaguera This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8819977/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A simple experimental system based on the energy balance between (i) the input electrical energy supplied to a supercapacitor and (ii) its splitting into stored energy and reversible/irreversible heat is presented to allow the correct measurement of the true energy storage capability of these devices. Unlike conventional approaches that rely solely on electrical measurements, this electrocalorimetric system quantifies the total heat generated during charging and discharging, enabling the decomposition of heat into irreversible losses (Joule heating) and reversible heat (entropic contribution). The net recoverable energy is then determined by subtracting the irreversible heat losses from the total electrical energy supplied to the device. A typical setup consists of an electrical unit with bidirectional capability, high-precision sensing, and a calorimetric enclosure for thermal loss quantification. It has been used to test experimentally one commercial supercapacitor under different electrical conditions. The results show that the usual electrical-only characterization overstimates the true stored energy in these devices by about 5-10%. The proposed method provides thermodynamically-consistent and more realistic values, which is necessary for their accurate characterization and proper integration in real-world energy applications. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 30 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8819977","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":606868108,"identity":"9c0dedfb-5a91-40a0-af79-6a6030e731fc","order_by":0,"name":"Anis Allagui","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBElEQVRIie2PsUrEQBCGZwloM2HbHER9hZVAQAR9FZeANuEam4MTnGvOJnqvtGFBm0ja2LmNVTqbKHfi5uDKvWh3cPsVOzOwHzM/gMezkwQzZV/kgH2Bqz8ojNbKiP6rgFC4HocV/lCS6r51nNSv5eckvhjDoX6HbuJWokpS+fikMW3G2ajC7BbwWrCi2rJGSVJh0SsobJ5AEuQA4dxtnNSGypVVkkWVfBHeS+ItsNWPWxGNJI2dRgF5ardoSVEOQUhu5bQxpI/oBqMmT88IX+Q8+hA6fnYrx3VWmnZ5fsntYW+zYioXPDOmvdsSv4dtwrIC4MBWNSBYlpumG/7r8Xg8+8cvt6xYOBfnga0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sharjah","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anis","middleName":"","lastName":"Allagui","suffix":""},{"id":606868111,"identity":"6902c9dd-db1f-458c-81aa-d8e975df01b3","order_by":1,"name":"Raghed Melhem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sharjah","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raghed","middleName":"","lastName":"Melhem","suffix":""},{"id":606868115,"identity":"6245c779-3db6-413d-85d5-23e70e4cda07","order_by":2,"name":"Enrique Hernández Balaguera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Juan Carlos University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Enrique","middleName":"Hernández","lastName":"Balaguera","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-08 08:08:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8819977/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8819977/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105035755,"identity":"d55ec78a-5883-4649-8147-8f50ea8d5224","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-20 07:26:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":308864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Archive.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8819977/v1_covered_17ea6f15-4ae8-4107-8b9a-7ed20666d12c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Electrocalorimetric Measurement of the TrueEnergy Stored in Supercapacitors","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-electrochemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Electrochemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44373)","snPcode":"44373","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44373/3","title":"Discover Electrochemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8819977/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8819977/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"A simple experimental system based on the energy balance between (i) the input electrical energy supplied to a supercapacitor and (ii) its splitting into stored energy and reversible/irreversible heat is presented to allow the correct measurement of the true energy storage capability of these devices. 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