Towards upscaling of building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics

Towards upscaling of building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Towards upscaling of building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics Hadi Rostamzadeh, Hamid Montazeri This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713733/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A multiscale computational framework is proposed for scaling up perovskite photovoltaics from cell scale to building integration. This framework includes three key modeling components: (i) cell scale, incorporating a coupled optical-electrical-thermal model to characterize performance and hysteresis of small-area perovskite solar cells, (ii) module scale, designing monolithically interconnected perovskite minimodules and quantifying upscaling losses, and (iii) building scale, assessing complex interactions between environmental factors and building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics. Comprehensive scale-based validations are performed to assess the accuracy and reliability of each modeling component. The application of the framework is illustrated for perovskite photovoltaics integrated into the windward façade of a cubic building. The results reveal significant variability in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and hysteresis across the façade due to spatial variations in wind-induced forced convective heat flux. In this case, wind impacts both the ionic and electronic characteristics of perovskite solar cells, playing a double-edged role in building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics by enhancing PCE while inducing hysteresis. This wind-induced PCE enhancement originates at the interfaces, reducing recombination losses at the electron transport layer/perovskite interface and resistance to charge carrier transport at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface. The investigation also highlights that scaling up perovskite photovoltaics from small-area cells into monolithically interconnected minimodules is essential for advancing toward large-scale integration of perovskite solar cells into buildings. The developed multiscale computational framework aims to support the advancement of building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics by addressing critical challenges in performance, stability, and scalability, ultimately contributing to the wider adoption of sustainable energy solutions in the built environment. Mathematical Physics Computational Physics Photonics/optics Renewable Resources Perovskite solar cells Scaling up Multiscale Ion migration Hysteresis BIPV Multiphysics Monolithic Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SI.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4713733","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":324848133,"identity":"b4e8f670-22c0-4fd6-9e35-fef9ceb632fc","order_by":0,"name":"Hadi Rostamzadeh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hadi","middleName":"","lastName":"Rostamzadeh","suffix":""},{"id":324848280,"identity":"2b7a60a0-65e4-4ee1-b8e9-4573d22b63b0","order_by":1,"name":"Hamid Montazeri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamid","middleName":"","lastName":"Montazeri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-09 17:22:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713733/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713733/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60417116,"identity":"ece0dfe9-86b1-421d-b67d-41d5f260ab44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 14:05:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":723660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptonline.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4713733/v1_covered_1ad29d22-65e3-455a-b3e4-dd1827e75ebf.pdf"},{"id":60415552,"identity":"2e735986-3fb6-4b34-948f-36e94b2d26c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:48:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2606905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SI.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4713733/v1/54a4973c914ffb9a4d121f2d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTowards upscaling of building-integrated perovskite photovoltaics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Perovskite solar cells, Scaling up, Multiscale, Ion migration, Hysteresis, BIPV, Multiphysics, Monolithic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713733/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713733/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA multiscale computational framework is proposed for scaling up perovskite photovoltaics from cell scale to building integration. 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