Objectively-measured physical activity patterns and longitudinal weight category status in a rural setting

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Participants were categorised into three weight-change groups (Weight-loss: ≥25 kg.m-2→<25 kg.m-2; Weight-gain: <25 kg.m-2→≥25 kg.m-2; Weight-stability: remained <25 kg.m-2 or ≥25 kg.m-2). Daily ambulation and activity energy expenditure (AEE), measured in the 2005-7 health survey, was examined across the weight-change groups. Using the daily AEE data, the proportion of those in the weight-change groups, meeting or not meeting two PA guidelines (150- and 420 min.wk-1), was examined. Results: Weight-change was found in 18.2% of the sample. There was no significant overall body mass change (+1.2 kg, p=0.1616). However, there was significant change in body mass in the weight-gain (+15.2 kg) and weight-loss (-10.8 kg) groups (p≤0.0011). Nearly 90% of those who gained weight met the 150 min.wk-1 guideline. A significantly greater proportion of the weight-stable group (<25 kg.m-2) met the 420 min.wk-1 guideline (p<0.05). Ambulatory level was high irrespective of weight group, although the weight-stable group (<25 kg.m-2) approached 15 000 steps.day-1. There was an inconsistent and weak association between PA and weight-change in this group. Health Policy body composition anthropometry accelerometer movement monitor measurement Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The inclusion of objective measures of physical activity (PA) in population surveillance and longitudinal studies, is now a ubiquitous feature of Physical Activity Epidemiology literature, particularly from industrialized settings [1,2]. Within the South African setting, particularly rural settings, longitudinal studies which include PA measures are relatively recent developments, and have generally addressed body composition and metabolic variables [3-9]. Not surprisingly, there is a paucity of longitudinal analyses, especially in rural African settings, which have used objective measures of PA [9]. Interestingly, the causal role of PA in weight-change has been challenged, suggesting the importance of other environmental factors [9,10]. Indeed, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, but not PA, is significantly related to weight gain in low-income, urban and rural South African settings [8]. Similarly, body mass index is associated with socio-economic status, but not PA, in a rural African sample [11], and a recent longitudinal analysis found significant direct effects of socio-economic status on weight-change [3]. Moreover, longitudinal analyses suggest that meeting public health PA guidelines [12] does not translate into an improved weight status [4,13]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to relate an objective measure of PA to longitudinal weight-change and stability collected in a rural African setting during two cross-sectional surveys, separated by approximately 10 years [14,15]. More specifically, the analysis probes whether those participants meeting public health PA guidelines are more likely to present with an attenuation of weight gain through weight loss or stability. Methods All adults who had sex, age and body mass index (BMI) data across two surveys conducted in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site (DHDSS) [16] in 1997 [14] and 2005-7 [15], were included in the analysis (male: n=15; female: n=128, ≥30 years in 1997). Only the 2005-7 survey included an objective measure of PA. The methodology behind these cross-sectional survey data is described in detail elsewhere [14,15]. Using body mass (kg) and stature (m), BMI (kg.m -2 ) was calculated and classified; under-weight (UW, <18.5 kg.m -2 ), normal weight (NW, 18.5-24.9 kg.m -2 ), over-weight (OW, 25-29.9 kg.m -2 ), obese (OB, 30-34.9 kg.m -2 ) and severely obese (≥35 kg.m -2 ) [17]. In addition, three weight-change categories were constructed based on BMI changes over the approximately 10-year period (1997 to 2005-7); weight-loss, -gain or -stability. Due to sample size constraints, BMI change categories were grouped. UW (N=8) did not differ significantly from NW (N=37) for age or average steps.day -1 ( p >0.9) and were collapsed into one group. The weight-change categories were defined as follows: Weight-loss: OW/OB → UW/NW (≥25 kg.m -2 → <25 kg.m -2 ) Weight-gain: UW/NW → OW/OB (<25 kg.m -2 → ≥25 kg.m -2 ) Weight stability: UW/NW → UW/NW (<25 kg.m-2) and OW/OB → OW/OB (≥25 kg.m -2 ) With regard to the 2005-7 survey data, 7-day accelerometry-based pedometry data were collected using electronic pedometers (NL-2000, New Lifestyles Inc., Kansas City, MO, USA) [15]. Step-based PA public health indices were defined as: sedentary: <5 000 steps.day -1 , low-somewhat active: 5 000 - 9 999 steps.day -1 , active: 10 000 – 12 499 steps.day -1 , very active: ≥12 500 steps.day -1 [18]. A pedometry-based approach was used to estimate the degree to which participants met energy expenditure-based PA public health guidelines [19]. Using daily (kcal.kg -1 .day -1 ) and total weekly AEE (kcal.kg -1 .wk -1 ) the following categories were determined: ≥7.5 kcal.kg -1 .wk -1 , ≥1.5 kcal.kg -1 .day -1 for ≥5 days.wk -1 ≥21 kcal.kg -1 .wk -1 , ≥3 kcal.kg -1 .day -1 for 7 days.wk -1 For the purposes of this analysis a 150- and 420 min.wk -1 standard were used, which equates to ≥7.5 kcal.kg -1 .wk -1 and ≥21 kcal.kg -1 .wk -1 , respectively [12,20]. Descriptive statistics comprised means (one standard deviation) and proportions. Relationships between categorical variables and differences across multiple group proportions were examined through Fisher’s exact test and z tests with correction for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni). For continuous data, independent and one sample t tests examined differences between the sexes and combined data, respectively. One-way Analysis of Variance examined differences across weight-change categories, with post hoc multiple comparison analyses (Sidak’s t test) assessing group differences. To examine average daily step totals across weight-change categories, a Univariate General Linear Model was constructed, adjusting for 2005-7 survey age. Post hoc multiple comparison analyses (Sidak’s t test) assessed group differences. Two linear regression models were examined for BMI delta (BMI 2005-7 survey minus BMI 1997 survey, kg.m -2 ) - Model 1: age, sex and average daily steps; Model 2: age, sex and average daily AEE. Age and PA variables were obtained from the 2005-7 survey. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics: Release 25 IBM Corporation, Armonk NY, 2017 and GraphPad Prism: version 8.12, GraphPad Software, La Jolla CA, 2019). Significance for all inferential statistics was set at p < 0.05. Results There were significant sex-differences in BMI ( p ≤0.0014), but not age ( p ≥0.0783) for both surveys (Table 1). Proportionally, significantly fewer females were classified as UW/NW (2005-7 survey, p <0.05), and significantly fewer females showed weight stability in the UW/NW weight-change category ( p <0.05) (Table 1). Age distribution (2005-7 survey) was significantly associated with sex ( p =0.0319), and there were significantly more males distributed in the 65+ age group ( p <0.05) (Table 1). There were no significant associations between sex and BMI distribution, BMI change distribution, average daily step distribution, and meeting or not meeting PA guidelines ( p ≥0.0764). Weight-change was found in 18.2% of the sample while 81.8% maintained their weight status. Given the large proportion of participants who maintained their weight status, this likely explains the similar mean BMI across surveys (Table 1). In addition, the mean body mass change in the weight gain and weight loss groups was +15.2 kg and -10.8 kg, respectively (significant difference between groups and change between survey periods, p ≤0.0011). There was no significant difference in body mass change between the weight-stable groups or for the change between survey periods (UW/NW: -0.8 kg, OW/OB: +1.3 kg, p ≥0.2320). The overall mean body mass change between the two survey periods was not significant (+1.2 kg, p =0.1616). Table 1 Descriptive statistics of male and female participants over two survey periods Male (n=15) Female (n=128) All (n=143) p -value ‡ Age (years) * 1997 Survey 57.1 (16.4) 50.6 (13.0) 51.3 (13.5) 0.0783 2005-7 Survey 65.9 (16.4) 59.5 (13.1) 60.2 (13.6) 0.0828 Age distribution (2005-7 Survey) 35-44 years 20.0 (3) 14.8 (19) 15.4 (22) 0.0319 45-54 years 6.7 (1) 24.2 (31) 22.4 (32) 55-64 years 6.7 (1) 28.1 (36) 25.9 (37) 65+ years 66.7 (10) 32.8 (42) † 36.4 (52) Body mass change (kg) * +0.9 (4.1) +1.2 (10.3) +1.2 (9.9) 0.9013 BMI (kg.m -2 ) * 1997 Survey 23.7 (4.1) 28.1 (6.3) † 27.6 (6.3) 0.0014 2005-7 Survey 23.5 (4.2) 28.3 (6.5) † 27.8 (6.5) 0.0006 BMI distribution 1997 Survey Normal/Underweight (<25 kg.m -2 ) 60.0 (9) 39.8 (51) 42.0 (60) 0.1723 Overweight (25-29.9 kg.m -2 ) 33.3 (5) 25.0 (32) 25.9 (37) Obese (30-34.9 kg.m -2 ) 6.7 (1) 19.5 (25) 18.2 (26) Severe obesity ( ≥ 35 kg.m -2 ) 0.0 (0) 15.6 (20) 14.0 (20) 2005-7 Survey Normal/Underweight (<25 kg.m -2 ) 66.7 (10) 35.9 (46) † 39.2 (56) 0.0686 Overweight (25-29.9 kg.m -2 ) 26.7 (4) 25.8 (33) 25.9 (37) Obese (30-34.9 kg.m -2 ) 6.7 (1) 21.1 (27) 19.6 (28) Severe obesity ( ≥ 35 kg.m -2 ) 0.0 (0) 17.2 (22) 15.4 (22) BMI change distribution (1997 to 2005-7 Survey) OW/OB → UW/NW 6.7 (1) 7.8 (10) 7.7 (11) 0.0764 UW/NW → OW/OB 0.0 (0) 11.7 (15) 10.5 (15) OW/OB no change 33.3 (5) 52.3 (67) 50.3 (72) UW/NW no change 60.0 (9) 28.1 (36) † 31.5 (45) Ambulation (2005-7 Survey) * Average steps per day 10 753 (5 411) 10 013 (4 343) 10 091 (4 451) 0.5442 Step distribution (2005-7 Survey) Sedentary (<5 000 steps.day -1 ) 13.3 (2) 13.3 (17) 13.3 (19) 0.6272 Low-somewhat active (5 000 – 9 999 steps.day -1 ) 26.7 (4) 41.5 (53) 39.9 (57) Active (10 000 – 12 499 steps.day -1 ) 20.0 (3) 18.8 (24) 18.9 (27) Highly active ( ≥ 12 500 steps.day -1 ) 40.0 (6) 26.6 (34) 28.0 (40) Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines (2005-7 Survey) No guidelines 6.7 (1) 13.3 (17) 12.6 (18) 0.6041 150 min.week -1 60.0 (9) 64.8 (83) 64.3 (92) 420 min.week -1 33.3 (5) 21.9 (28) 23.1 (33) Raw values reported as %(n) except * mean(sd); † significant difference: male vs. female p < 0.05; ‡ continuous variables: independent t test; categorical variables: Fisher’s exact test; BMI: body mass index; UW/NW: (<25 kg.m -2 ), OW/OB: ( ≥ 25 kg.m -2 ) Compared to other weight-change groups, significantly more weight-stable UW/NW achieved the 420 min.wk -1 guideline ( p <0.05, Figure 1A), despite the mean age of 65.2 years. There was no significant association between weight-change category and step-based PA guidelines ( p =0.5466, Figure 1B). The weight-stable UW/NW group were significantly older than the weight-stable OW/OB group (65.2 years vs. 58.3 years, respectively, p =0.0413). Hence, ambulation levels across weight-change category were adjusted for age (Figure 1C). Weight loss (OW/OB→UW/NW) was associated with significantly higher ambulation level than remaining OW/OB ( p =0.0239), approaching levels of up to 15 000 steps.day -1 (Figure 1C). There was no significant difference between the change categories (OW/OB→UW/NW: 12 776 steps.day -1 ; UW/NW → OW/OB: 10 130 steps.day -1 ). Daily average ambulation was significantly higher in weight-stable UW/NW group compared to the weight-stable OW/OB group (11 307 steps.day -1 vs 8 912 steps.day -1 , respectively, p =0.0191) (Figure 1C). There was substantial individual variation in daily ambulation levels with values ranging from <5 000 steps.day -1 to over 20 000 steps.day -1 (Figure 2). In contrast, there was surprising homogeneity in daily ambulation levels across two levels of extreme weight gain and weight loss; both these cases averaged above 15 000 steps.day -1 . Of note the high ambulation levels achieved in those who remained OW/OB, with one female achieving 29 697 steps.day -1 (age = 47.6 years; 2005-7 survey BMI = 36.3 kg.m -2 ) (Figure 2). Neither linear regression models for predicting BMI change were significant (Model 1: R 2 =0.0299, p =0.2368; Model 2: R 2 =0.0526, p =0.0568). For Model 1, none of the predictors were significant ( p >0.06). Only average daily AEE was significant in Model 2 (β coefficient = -0.3600, p =0.0253). Discussion This analysis is novel in that, as far as the author is aware, this is the first longitudinal analysis of weight-change in association with an objective measure of PA, from a rural South African setting The main finding of this analysis was that there was no consistent, significant pattern of high sedentary and physical inactivity prevalence in those who remained overweight-obese or moved from underweight-normal weight to obese, and high PA levels in those who remained normal weight or lost weight. In fact, irrespective of the weight-change status, ambulatory PA was high. However, there was a tendency for the weight loss group (OW/OB→UW/NW) and the UW/NW weight-stable group to accrue higher average daily ambulation within the 420 min.wk -1 and ≥10 000 steps.day -1 PA guidelines, with a low proportion in the 150 min.wk -1 guideline. The low sample size might have obscured more definitive and significant patterns. Moreover, although significantly more females were included in the analysis compared with those not included ( p ≤0.0006), the mean age, BMI, education status and ambulation were not significantly different ( p ≥0.1179) in those who were used for analysis compared to those not, providing some mitigating evidence for the low sample size and convenience sampling. Interestingly, very similar proportions of those not meeting any energy expenditure-based PA guidelines were seen between quite disparate groups (OW/OB→UW/NW and remained OW/OB: ≈18%; UW/NW→OW/OB and remained UW/NW: ≈5%). Moreover, more than 80% of any weight-change group adhered to a PA guideline, whether energy expenditure-based or step-based. Previous cross-sectional analyses of the 2005-7 survey data, have shown that irrespective of increased BMI levels, the ambulation levels and the prevalence of meeting PA guidelines are high [15,19,21]. Adult DHDSS residents are active because of daily subsistence and active travel demands, rarely because of sport and recreation, especially amongst females [15,19]. Meeting PA guidelines, especially 150 min.wk -1 (5 days.wk -1 , moderate-to-vigorous intensity), was not associated with weight loss or being weight-stable. Nearly 90% of those who gained weight met the 150 min.wk -1 guideline. These findings are in agreement with Dickie et al. who found that in a group of 57 urban African women, body mass increased over a period of 5.5 years, whether classified as physically active (150 min.wk -1 ) or physically inactive using a self-report measure [4]. The overall body mass increase was +7.3 kg [4], which is 6-fold higher than the 10 year body mass change in the current rural African sample. However, those meeting PA guidelines were metabolically healthier than those classified as physically inactive [4]. Similarly, in a prospective cohort study (mean follow-up 13.1 years), Lee et al. showed that weight gain was the same in those meeting or not meeting PA guidelines (150 min.wk -1 ) [13]. The overall mean weight gain was 2.6 kg, which is more than two-fold compared to the current sample. Weight stability was evident only in women attaining 420 min.wk -1 of moderate-to-vigorous PA [13]. In the current analysis, only the weight-stable UW/NW group showed a significantly greater prevalence of meeting 420 min.wk -1 PA guidelines ( p <0.05). The PA guideline of 420 min.wk -1 [20] addresses issues around weight loss and prevention of weight gain after weight loss [22], unlike the PA guideline of 150 min.wk -1 [12] which addresses risk reduction for mortality and morbidity, and metabolic health [4,5,23]. In contrast, an increase in BMI over a 10 year period in 430 urban African women, was significantly, inversely ( p =0.02) related to vigorous PA (assessed using a self-report measure). The overall increase in body mass was 5.17 kg [6]. In a more recent analysis, this group has shown the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous PA (150 min.wk -1 ) and changes in BMI to be part of a complex interaction, with significant direct and indirect effects via socio-economic status. Change in moderate-to-vigorous PA was directly and inversely related to socio-economic status [3]. The generally high levels of PA coupled with high levels of obesity highlighted in the current analysis, are in agreement with the assertion that higher levels of PA do not necessarily attenuate weight gain [9]. In a two-year prospective cohort (1 943 adults of African origin), which included 8-day accelerometry, neither meeting PA guidelines (150 min.wk -1 ) nor sedentary time were associated with weight gain, suggesting the likelihood that nutritional factors might be of greater importance [9,10]. In conclusion, this report presents longitudinal weight-change data, incorporating an objective measure of PA, from a rural African setting, which suggests that meeting public health PA guidelines is not tightly associated with weight-change or stability. Limitations Due to the small sample size and cross-sectional, convenience sampling in this study, the results cannot be readily generalized to the rural populations from whence the participants were recruited, nor can causality be shown. List of Abbreviations AEE: Activity Energy Expenditure BMI: body mass index DHDSS: Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System Site NW: normal weight OB: obese OW: over-weight PA: Physical Activity UW: under-weight Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval for the initial data collection [14,15] was obtained from the then University of the North [14] and the current University of Limpopo [15] Research Ethics Committees (SREC 2006/459). The participants recruited into the original studies were informed about the study objectives, expected outcomes, benefits and the risks associated with it. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to interviews and measurements. Availability of data and material The data analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the original consent and ethics approval not containing approval from the participants for data sharing. Reasonable requests would be considered in consultation with the University of Limpopo Ethics Committee and the various community leaders. Funding The Research Development and Administration Division of the University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), The Norwegian Universities Committee for Development Research and Education, and the Thuthuka and Institutional Research Development Programmes of the National Research Foundation of South Africa supported the initial studies on which this manuscript is based [14,15]. The funding agencies did not contribute to the design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the writing the manuscript. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Professor Marianne Alberts for access to the 1997 survey data, and the communities, participants and field workers of the Dikgale Demographic and Health Surveillance System Site. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The author declares no competing interests. Author’s contributions IC was the principal investigator of the pedometery data on which this manuscript is based, who initiated the research, wrote the research proposal, supervised the field work and data entry, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscripts, including this manuscript. References Dishman RK, Heath GW, I-Min L: Physical Activity Epidemiology. 2nd edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2013. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Sep, 2019 Read the published version in BMC Research Notes → Version 4 posted Submission checks completed at journal 06 Nov, 2019 Editorial decision: Accept 18 Sep, 2019 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3326","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research note","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":174471,"identity":"3c8953b3-356b-4070-b46d-d2f7b132d0f9","order_by":1,"name":"Ian Cook","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNihtwM/A3ECiFskGRiK1wICBwQFitfCxnz3A8KPCxtj4RmIDw48aBnt+QjrZePISGHvOpJmZAbUw9hxjYJY4QEgLQ44BM2PbYRuQFgbeBqAAQS38byBajGcAbfnbwMAjT1CLBMQWMwOJxAZmoC0SBoS1vDE4CPSLscSZhw2HZY5JGBgS0iLfn2P4ABhihv3tyQcfvqmxsZcjpAUEDiAxJIhQPwpGwSgYBaOAIAAAThA4IA+D0TcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ian","middleName":"","lastName":"Cook","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-08-03 12:22:47","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.12575/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12575/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4660-y","type":"published","date":"2019-09-23T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105176,"identity":"3c80dded-7bac-461c-82b5-4a332ecfc1ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-09-30 20:24:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2805138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Pedometry-derived measures across weight-change categories. A. The prevalence of meeting/not meeting energy expenditure, pedometry-based public health guidelines across weight-change categories; B. The prevalence of step-based public health physical activity guidelines across weight-change categories; C. The level of average, daily ambulation across weight-change categories.\nUW = underweight, BMI \u003c18.5 kg.m-2, NW = normal weight, BMI = 18.5 - 24.9 kg.m-2, OW = overweight, BMI = 25.0 - 29.9 kg.m-2, OB = obese, BMI ≥30 kg.m-2","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/a833790d-1b7a-41f4-a1c0-6e98744c3d43/v4/Figure_1.jpg"},{"id":105178,"identity":"b3fa4a66-678d-4dfb-88b0-2ec36df783e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-09-30 20:24:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3061305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Individual step data across seven days. Scatterplot of individual, daily ambulation over a full week. Data for a weight-stable group (OW/OB) and two extreme weight-change individuals is highlighted.","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/a833790d-1b7a-41f4-a1c0-6e98744c3d43/v4/Figure_2.jpg"},{"id":13474739,"identity":"9ad44c56-f856-4a50-9491-18345b220179","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:23:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":487902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3326/v4/4f719455-d6c9-4ad5-89c6-0937a3062c04.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Objectively-measured physical activity patterns and longitudinal weight category status in a rural setting","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of objective measures of physical activity (PA) in population surveillance and longitudinal studies, is now a ubiquitous feature of Physical Activity Epidemiology literature, particularly from industrialized settings [1,2]. Within the South African setting, particularly rural settings, longitudinal studies which include PA measures are relatively recent developments, and have generally addressed body composition and metabolic variables [3-9]. Not surprisingly, there is a paucity of longitudinal analyses, especially in rural African settings, which have used objective measures of PA [9]. Interestingly, the causal role of PA in weight-change has been challenged, suggesting the importance of other environmental factors [9,10]. Indeed,\u0026nbsp; sugar-sweetened beverage intake, but not PA, is \u0026nbsp;significantly related to weight gain in low-income, urban and rural South African settings [8]. Similarly, body mass index is associated with socio-economic status, but not PA, in a rural African sample [11], and a recent longitudinal analysis found significant direct effects of socio-economic status on weight-change [3]. Moreover, longitudinal analyses suggest that meeting public health PA guidelines [12] does not translate into an improved weight status [4,13]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to relate an objective measure of PA to longitudinal weight-change and stability collected in a rural African setting during two cross-sectional surveys, separated by approximately 10 years [14,15]. More specifically, the analysis probes whether those participants meeting public health PA guidelines are more likely to present with an attenuation of weight gain through weight loss or stability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll adults who had sex, age and body mass index (BMI) data across two surveys conducted in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site (DHDSS) [16] in 1997 [14] and 2005-7 [15], were included in the analysis (male: n=15; female: n=128, \u0026ge;30 years in 1997). Only the 2005-7 survey included an objective measure of PA. The methodology behind these cross-sectional survey data is described in detail elsewhere [14,15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing body mass (kg) and stature (m), BMI (kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) was calculated and classified; under-weight (UW, \u0026lt;18.5 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e), normal weight (NW, 18.5-24.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e), over-weight (OW, 25-29.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e), obese (OB, 30-34.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) and severely obese (\u0026ge;35 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) [17]. In addition, three weight-change categories were constructed based on BMI changes over the approximately 10-year period (1997 to 2005-7); weight-loss, -gain or -stability. Due to sample size constraints, BMI change categories were grouped. UW (N=8) did not differ significantly from NW (N=37) for age or average steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.9) and were collapsed into one group. The weight-change categories were defined as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight-loss: OW/OB \u0026rarr; UW/NW (\u0026ge;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026rarr; \u0026lt;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight-gain: UW/NW \u0026rarr; OW/OB (\u0026lt;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026rarr; \u0026ge;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeight stability: UW/NW \u0026rarr; UW/NW (\u0026lt;25 kg.m-2) and OW/OB \u0026rarr; OW/OB (\u0026ge;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith regard to the 2005-7 survey data, 7-day accelerometry-based pedometry data were collected using electronic pedometers (NL-2000, New Lifestyles Inc., Kansas City, MO, USA) [15]. Step-based PA public health indices were defined as: sedentary: \u0026lt;5 000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, low-somewhat active: 5 000 - 9 999 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, active: 10 000 \u0026ndash; 12 499 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, very active: \u0026ge;12 500 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e[18]. A pedometry-based approach was used to estimate the degree to which participants met energy expenditure-based PA public health guidelines [19]. Using daily (kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and total weekly AEE (kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) the following categories were determined:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026ge;7.5 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, \u0026ge;1.5 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u0026ge;5 days.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026ge;21 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, \u0026ge;3 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for 7 days.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the purposes of this analysis a 150- and 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e standard were used, which equates to \u0026ge;7.5 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026ge;21 kcal.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively [12,20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics comprised means (one standard deviation) and proportions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelationships between categorical variables and differences across multiple group proportions were examined through Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test and \u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e tests with correction for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor continuous data, independent and one sample \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e tests examined differences between the sexes and combined data, respectively. One-way Analysis of Variance examined differences across weight-change categories, with post hoc multiple comparison analyses (Sidak\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test) assessing group differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo examine average daily step totals across weight-change categories, a Univariate General Linear Model was constructed, adjusting for 2005-7 survey age. Post hoc multiple comparison analyses (Sidak\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test) assessed group differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo linear regression models were examined for BMI delta (BMI 2005-7 survey minus BMI 1997 survey, kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) - Model 1: age, sex and average daily steps; Model 2: age, sex and average daily AEE. Age and PA variables were obtained from the 2005-7 survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analysed using appropriate statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics: Release 25 IBM Corporation, Armonk NY, 2017 and GraphPad Prism: version 8.12, GraphPad Software, La Jolla CA, 2019). Significance for all inferential statistics was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere were significant sex-differences in BMI (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026le;0.0014), but not age (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ge;0.0783) for both surveys (Table 1). Proportionally, significantly fewer females were classified as UW/NW (2005-7 survey, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), and significantly fewer females showed weight stability in the UW/NW weight-change category (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 1). Age distribution (2005-7 survey) was significantly associated with sex (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0319), and there were significantly more males distributed in the 65+ age group (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 1). There were no significant associations between sex and BMI distribution, BMI change distribution, average daily step distribution, and meeting or not meeting PA guidelines (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ge;0.0764). Weight-change was found in 18.2% of the sample while 81.8% maintained their weight status. Given the large proportion of participants who maintained their weight status, this likely explains the similar mean BMI across surveys (Table 1). In addition, the mean body mass change in the weight gain and weight loss groups was +15.2 kg and -10.8 kg, respectively (significant difference between groups and change between survey periods, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026le;0.0011). There was no significant difference in body mass change between the weight-stable groups or for the change between survey periods (UW/NW: -0.8 kg, OW/OB: +1.3 kg, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ge;0.2320). The overall mean body mass change between the two survey periods was not significant (+1.2 kg, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.1616).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Descriptive statistics of male and female participants over two survey periods\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eMale (n=15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eFemale (n=128)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eAll (n=143)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e-value \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eAge (years) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; 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border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e1997 Survey \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e57.1 (16.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e50.6 (13.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e51.3 (13.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0783\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.35pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e2005-7 Survey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e65.9 (16.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e59.5 (13.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e60.2 (13.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 19.35pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0828\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eAge distribution (2005-7 Survey)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e35-44 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e20.0 (3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e14.8 (19)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e15.4 (22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0319\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e45-54 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e24.2 (31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e22.4 (32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e55-64 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e28.1 (36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25.9 (37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e65+ years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e66.7 (10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e32.8 (42) \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e36.4 (52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eBody mass change (kg) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e+0.9 (4.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e+1.2 (10.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e+1.2 (9.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.9013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eBMI (kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e1997 Survey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e23.7 (4.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e28.1 (6.3) \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e27.6 (6.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e2005-7 Survey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e23.5 (4.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e28.3 (6.5) \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e27.8 (6.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eBMI distribution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e1997 Survey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eNormal/Underweight (\u0026lt;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e60.0 (9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e39.8 (51)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e42.0 (60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.1723\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eOverweight (25-29.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e33.3 (5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25.0 (32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25.9 (37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eObese (30-34.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e19.5 (25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e18.2 (26)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eSevere obesity (\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ge;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e35 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0 (0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e15.6 (20)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e14.0 (20)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e2005-7 Survey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eNormal/Underweight (\u0026lt;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e66.7 (10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e35.9 (46) \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e39.2 (56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0686\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eOverweight (25-29.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e26.7 (4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25.8 (33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25.9 (37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eObese (30-34.9 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e21.1 (27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e19.6 (28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eSevere obesity (\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ge;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e35 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0 (0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e17.2 (22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e15.4 (22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eBMI change distribution (1997 to 2005-7 Survey)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eOW/OB \u003c/span\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e UW/NW\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e7.8 (10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e7.7 (11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0764\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eUW/NW \u003c/span\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e OW/OB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.0 (0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e11.7 (15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e10.5 (15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eOW/OB no change\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e33.3 (5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e52.3 (67)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e50.3 (72)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eUW/NW no change\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e60.0 (9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e28.1 (36) \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e31.5 (45)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eAmbulation (2005-7 Survey) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eAverage steps per day\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e10\u0026nbsp;753 (5\u0026nbsp;411)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e10\u0026nbsp;013 (4\u0026nbsp;343)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e10\u0026nbsp;091 (4\u0026nbsp;451)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.5442\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eStep distribution (2005-7 Survey)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eSedentary (\u0026lt;5 000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e13.3 (2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e13.3 (17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e13.3 (19)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.6272\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eLow-somewhat active (5 000 \u0026ndash; 9\u0026nbsp;999 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e26.7 (4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e41.5 (53)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e39.9 (57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eActive (10\u0026nbsp;000 \u0026ndash; 12\u0026nbsp;499 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e20.0 (3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e18.8 (24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e18.9 (27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eHighly active (\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ge;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e12\u0026nbsp;500 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e40.0 (6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e26.6 (34)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e28.0 (40)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eMeeting Physical Activity Guidelines (2005-7 Survey)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eNo guidelines\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e6.7 (1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e13.3 (17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e12.6 (18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e0.6041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e150 min.week\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e60.0 (9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e64.8 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e64.3 (92)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 281.85pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"376\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28.35pt; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e420 min.week\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e33.3 (5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.1pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e21.9 (28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.2pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"123\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e23.1 (33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 14.15pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 20.15pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 678.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 20.15pt;\" colspan=\"8\" width=\"905\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 18.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003eRaw values reported as %(n) except \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e mean(sd); \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e significant difference: male vs. female \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05; \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e continuous variables: independent \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test; categorical variables: Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test;\u0026nbsp; BMI: body mass index; UW/NW: (\u0026lt;25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e), OW/OB: (\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ge;\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Tms Rmn',serif;\"\u003e25 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to other weight-change groups, significantly more weight-stable UW/NW achieved the 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e guideline (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05, Figure 1A), despite the mean age of 65.2 years. There was no significant association between weight-change category and step-based PA guidelines (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.5466, Figure 1B). The weight-stable UW/NW group were significantly older than the weight-stable OW/OB group (65.2 years vs. 58.3 years, respectively, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0413). Hence, ambulation levels across weight-change category were adjusted for age (Figure 1C). Weight loss (OW/OB\u0026rarr;UW/NW) was associated with significantly higher ambulation level than remaining OW/OB (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0239), approaching levels of up to 15 000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (Figure 1C). There was no significant difference between the change categories (OW/OB\u0026rarr;UW/NW: 12\u0026nbsp;776 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e; UW/NW \u0026rarr; OW/OB: 10\u0026nbsp;130 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Daily average ambulation was significantly higher in weight-stable UW/NW group compared to the weight-stable OW/OB group (11\u0026nbsp;307 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e vs 8\u0026nbsp;912 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0191) (Figure 1C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was substantial individual variation in daily ambulation levels with values ranging from \u0026lt;5\u0026nbsp;000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to over 20\u0026nbsp;000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (Figure 2). In contrast, there was surprising homogeneity in daily ambulation levels across two levels of extreme weight gain and weight loss; both these cases averaged above 15\u0026nbsp;000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Of note the high ambulation levels achieved in those who remained OW/OB, with one female achieving 29\u0026nbsp;697 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (age = 47.6 years; 2005-7 survey BMI = 36.3 kg.m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeither linear regression models for predicting BMI change were significant (Model 1: R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.0299, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.2368; Model 2: R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.0526, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0568). For Model 1, none of the predictors were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.06). Only average daily AEE was significant in Model 2 (\u0026beta; coefficient = -0.3600, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.0253).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis analysis is novel in that, as far as the author is aware, this is the first longitudinal analysis of weight-change in association with an objective measure of PA, from a rural South African setting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main finding of this analysis was that there was no consistent, significant pattern of high sedentary and physical inactivity prevalence in those who remained overweight-obese or moved from underweight-normal weight to obese, and high PA levels in those who remained normal weight or lost weight. In fact, irrespective of the weight-change status, ambulatory PA was high. However, there was a tendency for the weight loss group (OW/OB\u0026rarr;UW/NW) and the UW/NW weight-stable group to accrue higher average daily ambulation within the 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026ge;10\u0026nbsp;000 steps.day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e PA guidelines, with a low proportion in the 150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e guideline. The low sample size might have obscured more definitive and significant patterns. Moreover, although significantly more females were included in the analysis compared with those not included (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026le;0.0006), the mean age, BMI, education status and ambulation were not significantly different (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ge;0.1179) in those who were used for analysis compared to those not, providing some mitigating evidence for the low sample size and convenience sampling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, very similar proportions of those not meeting any energy expenditure-based PA guidelines were seen between quite disparate groups (OW/OB\u0026rarr;UW/NW and remained OW/OB: \u0026asymp;18%; UW/NW\u0026rarr;OW/OB and remained UW/NW: \u0026asymp;5%). Moreover, more than 80% of any weight-change group adhered to a PA guideline, whether energy expenditure-based or step-based. Previous cross-sectional analyses of the 2005-7 survey data, have shown that irrespective of increased BMI levels, the ambulation levels and the prevalence of meeting PA guidelines are high [15,19,21]. Adult DHDSS residents are active because of daily subsistence and active travel demands, rarely because of sport and recreation, especially amongst females [15,19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeeting PA guidelines, especially 150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (5 days.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, moderate-to-vigorous intensity), was not associated with weight loss or being weight-stable. Nearly 90% of those who gained weight met the 150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e guideline. These findings are in agreement with Dickie et al. who found that in a group of 57 urban African women, body mass increased over a period of 5.5 years, whether classified as physically active (150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) or physically inactive using a self-report measure [4]. The overall body mass increase was +7.3 kg [4], which is 6-fold higher than the 10 year body mass change in the current rural African sample. However, those meeting PA guidelines were metabolically healthier than those classified as physically inactive [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, in a prospective cohort study (mean follow-up 13.1 years), Lee et al. showed that weight gain was the same in those meeting or not meeting PA guidelines (150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) [13]. The overall mean weight gain was 2.6 kg, which is more than two-fold compared to the current sample. Weight stability was evident only in women attaining 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of moderate-to-vigorous PA [13]. In the current analysis, only the weight-stable UW/NW group showed a significantly greater prevalence of meeting 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e PA guidelines (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). The PA guideline of 420 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [20] addresses issues around weight loss and prevention of weight gain after weight loss [22], unlike the PA guideline of 150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [12] which addresses risk reduction for mortality and morbidity, and metabolic health [4,5,23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, an increase in BMI over a 10 year period in 430 urban African women, was significantly, inversely (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.02) related to vigorous PA (assessed using a self-report measure). The overall increase in body mass was 5.17 kg [6]. In a more recent analysis, this group has shown the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous PA (150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and changes in BMI to be part of a complex interaction, with significant direct and indirect effects via socio-economic status. Change in moderate-to-vigorous PA was directly and inversely related to socio-economic status [3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generally high levels of PA coupled with high levels of obesity highlighted in the current analysis, are in agreement with the assertion that higher levels of PA do not necessarily attenuate weight gain [9]. In a two-year prospective cohort (1 943 adults of African origin), which included 8-day accelerometry, neither meeting PA guidelines (150 min.wk\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) nor sedentary time were associated with weight gain, suggesting the likelihood that nutritional factors might be of greater importance [9,10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this report presents longitudinal weight-change data, incorporating an objective measure of PA, from a rural African setting, which suggests that meeting public health PA guidelines is not tightly associated with weight-change or stability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the small sample size and cross-sectional, convenience sampling in this study, the results cannot be readily generalized to the rural populations from whence the participants were recruited, nor can causality be shown.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAEE: Activity Energy Expenditure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI: body mass index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDHDSS: Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System Site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNW: normal weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOB: obese\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOW: over-weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePA: Physical Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUW: under-weight\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval for the initial data collection [14,15] was obtained from the then University of the North [14] and the current University of Limpopo [15] Research Ethics Committees (SREC 2006/459). The participants recruited into the original studies were informed about the study objectives, expected outcomes, benefits and the risks associated with it. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to interviews and measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the original consent and ethics approval not containing approval from the participants for data sharing. Reasonable requests would be considered in consultation with the University of Limpopo Ethics Committee and the various community leaders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Research Development and Administration Division of the University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), The Norwegian Universities Committee for Development Research and Education, and the Thuthuka and Institutional Research Development Programmes of the National Research Foundation of South Africa supported the initial studies on which this manuscript is based [14,15]. The funding agencies did not contribute to the design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the writing the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author would like to thank Professor Marianne Alberts for access to the 1997 survey data, and the communities, participants and field workers of the Dikgale Demographic and Health Surveillance System Site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIC was the principal investigator of the pedometery data on which this manuscript is based, who initiated the research, wrote the research proposal, supervised the field work and data entry, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscripts, including this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDishman RK, Heath GW, I-Min L: Physical Activity Epidemiology. 2nd edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShephard RJ, Tudor-Locke C: The objective monitoring of physical activity: Contributions of accelerometry to epidemiology, exercise science and rehabilitation. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGradidge PJ-L, Norris SA, Munthali R, Crowther NJ. Influence of socioeconomic status on changes in body size and physical activity in ageing black South African women\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2018;15\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDickie K, Micklesfield LK, Chantler S, Lambert EV, Goedecke JH. Meeting physical activity guidelines is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in black South African women; a 5.5-year follow-up study\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e BMC Public Health. 2014;14\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e498.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLear SA, Hu W, Rangarajan S, Gasevic D, Leong D, Iqbal R, et al. The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e The Lancet. 2017;390\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e2643-54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGradidge PJ-L, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Crowther NJ. The role of lifestyle and psycho-social factors in predicting changes in body composition in black South African women\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e PLoS One. 2015;10\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003ee0132914.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalambo P, Kengne AP, Lambert EV, De Villiers A, Puoane T. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of physical activity levels among South African adults in Cape Town and Mount Frere communities in 2008-2009\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Arch Public Health. 2016;74\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkop KJ, Lambert EV, Alaba O, Levitt NS, Luke A, Dugas L, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and relative weight gain among South African adults living in resource-poor communities: longitudinal data from the STOP-SA study\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Int J Obes. 2019;43\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e603-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDugas LR, Kliethermes S, Plange-Rhule J, Tong L, Bovet P, Forrester TE, et al. Accelerometer-measured physical activity is not associated with two-year weight change in African-origin adults from five diverse populations\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e PeerJ. 2017;5\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003ee2902.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuke A, Cooper RS. Physical activity does not influence obesity risk: time to clarify the public health message\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Int J Epidemiol. 2014;42\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e1831-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMashinya F, Alberts M, Cook I, Ntuli S. Determinants of body mass index by gender in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Glob Health Action. 2018;11\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e1537613.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eU.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed.\u0026nbsp; 2018. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee IM, Djousse L, Sesso HD, Wang L, Buring JE. Physical activity and weight gain prevention\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e JAMA. 2010;303\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e1173-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlberts M, Urdal P, Steyn K, Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Nel JH, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e347-54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCook I, Alberts M, Brits JS, Choma S, Mkhonto SS. Descriptive epidemiology of ambulatory activity in rural, black South Africans\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e1261-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlberts M, Dikotope SA, Choma SR, Masemola ML, Modjadji SE, Mashinya F, et al. Health \u0026amp; Demographic Surveillance System Profile: The Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e1565-71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-the evidence report\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Obes Res. 1998;6\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e51S-209S.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTudor-Locke C, Craig C, Brown WJ, Clemes SA, De Cocker K, Giles-Corti Bet al. How many steps/day are enough? For adults\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCook I, Alberts M, Lambert E. Compliance with physical activity guidelines in rural, black South Africans in the Limpopo Province: an energy expenditure approach\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Br J Sports Med. 2011;45\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e619-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstitute of Medicine. Dietary reference intake for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCook I. Do low levels of physical activity in female adolescents cause overweight and obesity? Objectively measured physical activity levels of periurban and rural adolescents\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e S Afr Med J. 2015;105\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e659-63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrooks GA, Butte NF, Rand WM, Flatt JP, Caballero B. Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e921S-930.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchoenborn CA, Stommel M. Adherence to the 2008 Adult Physical Activity Guidelines and Mortality Risk\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Am J Prev Med. 2011;40\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e514-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"body composition, anthropometry accelerometer, movement monitor, measurement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.12575/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12575/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Objectives: To investigate the relationship between longitudinal weight-change and objectively-measured physical activity (PA) in a rural African setting in 143 adults (≥30 years), using data from two cross-sectional surveys, separated by approximately ten years. Participants were categorised into three weight-change groups (Weight-loss: ≥25 kg.m-2→\u003c25 kg.m-2; Weight-gain: \u003c25 kg.m-2→≥25 kg.m-2; Weight-stability: remained \u003c25 kg.m-2 or ≥25 kg.m-2). Daily ambulation and activity energy expenditure (AEE), measured in the 2005-7 health survey, was examined across the weight-change groups. Using the daily AEE data, the proportion of those in the weight-change groups, meeting or not meeting two PA guidelines (150- and 420 min.wk-1), was examined.\nResults: Weight-change was found in 18.2% of the sample. There was no significant overall body mass change (+1.2 kg, p=0.1616). However, there was significant change in body mass in the weight-gain (+15.2 kg) and weight-loss (-10.8 kg) groups (p≤0.0011). Nearly 90% of those who gained weight met the 150 min.wk-1 guideline. A significantly greater proportion of the weight-stable group (\u003c25 kg.m-2) met the 420 min.wk-1 guideline (p\u003c0.05). Ambulatory level was high irrespective of weight group, although the weight-stable group (\u003c25 kg.m-2) approached 15 000 steps.day-1. There was an inconsistent and weak association between PA and weight-change in this group.","manuscriptTitle":"Objectively-measured physical activity patterns and longitudinal weight category status in a rural setting","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2019-09-30 20:24:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.12575/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-11-06T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2019-09-18T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research 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