Experimental Investigations of Light Weight Cellular Concrete fabricated using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate based Foam/Aerosol with Flyash as a stabilizer for structural applications

Experimental Investigations of Light Weight Cellular Concrete fabricated using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate based Foam/Aerosol with Flyash as a stabilizer for structural applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Investigations of Light Weight Cellular Concrete fabricated using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate based Foam/Aerosol with Flyash as a stabilizer for structural applications Mr. R. Theenathayalan, P. Vincent Venkatesan, K. Jeyasubramanian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) was prepared in this work using Portland Pozzolana cement and river sand as fine aggregate with air voids induced using Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as foaming agents along with foam stabilizers. The sustainability of foam in the base mix was attained by dispersing 4 g of foam stabilizers such as Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume (SF) in the surfactant solution. The optimum foam concentration was evaluated by varying the concentration of surfactant as 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Various characteristics of foam such as Surfactant Liquid Density (SLD), Foam Expansion Ratio (FER), Initial Foam Density (IFD) and Foam Stability (FS) with and without foam stabilizers were assessed using foam drainage test as per the ASTM standard 869 − 91. Taking into account the results obtained, the foam generated using SLS in 1 M concentration sustains the foam while being dispersed in the concrete manufacturing process. Furthermore, the optimization of foam characteristics was also performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Ver. 26.0). After setting the foam concrete followed by curing under water, the density of foam/aerosol concrete and their compressive strength were measured. The SLS foam-based LWCC produced using FA as stabilizer showed the maximum compressive strength of 6.56 MPa with its corresponding density of 1705.28 kg/m 3 . In contrast, the LWCC produced using SLS-based aerosol with same concentration of 1 M showed a remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa and density of 1742.94 kg/m 3 . The aerosol-based LWCC paved the way for a novel method of producing LWCC to build structural elements in construction industry. Light Weight Cellular Concrete Surfactant Foam Stabilizer Foam Characteristics Foam Stability Aerosol Density and Strength characteristics Figures Figure 1 Figure 3 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction During the past few decades, Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) has gained more popularity due to its unique features namely low density, low aggregate consumption, and superior thermal insulation. Its ability to insulate the heat makes it a valuable material for constructing energy-efficient structures. Additionally, because of its lower density, the structural dead load transferred to the foundation gets minimized, which can reduce the chance of seismic damage and also reduces the time of construction. Various standards outline the different ranges of density requirements for this LWCC. LWCC finds applications in the fields namely exterior wall insulation, cavity area filling, fire insulation and shock absorption barriers. However, in the field of construction industry, the optimum density required for LWCC is in the range of 800–2000 kg/m 3 , as prescribed by the European standard (EN 206–1). Besides the density, the optimum compressive strength required for structural applications is in the order of 17 MPa. But, higher strength with a lower density is not easily attained in the case of construction materials. Owing to the presence of 0.3–0.8 mm diameter sized bubbles in LWCC, its compressive strength is poor and unsuitable for structural applications [ 1 , 2 ]. So, in order to achieve the required properties, numerous researchers employ the use of different categories of foam-generating agents with different kinds of additives as foam stabilizers. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Sulfanol, Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate, Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylate, and polyoxyethylene Ether – 9 are some of the synthetic surfactants preferred by the authors for producing LWCC [ 3 – 11 ]. Manan Hashim, et al ., (2021) compared the performance of foam concrete obtained using protein-based surfactants with synthetic surfactants and concluded that the synthetic surfactant is a suitable foaming agent for producing LWCC [ 12 – 15 ]. Khwairakpam Selija, et al ., (2022) evaluated the effect of natural surfactant obtained from sesame seed and hingot fruit as a foaming agent and able to produce LWCC with a density of 1000 kg/m 3 and compressive strength of 2 MPa [ 16 ]. Alassane Compaore, et al ., (2023) produced a foam concrete with commercially available protein-based surfactant as per ASTM C 869 − 91 with a compressive strength of 3.6 MPa and a density of 708 kg/m 3 [ 17 ]. Sritam Swapnadarshi Sahu, et al ., (2021) reported the use of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as a foaming agent to produce LWCC with a density of 1600 kg/m 3 and a compressive strength of 12.5 MPa [ 18 ]. Such a higher compressive strength was mainly attributed to the addition of foam stabilizers such as Nonylphenol Ethoxylate (6.1%) and Carboxy methyl cellulose (0.16%). In some of the referred literatures, it is stated that while adding mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume as constituents along with base mix, the mineral admixtures firmly stick on the surface of the foam and thereby such addition enhances the foam stability [ 19 – 21 ]. Reni Suryanita, et al ., (2022) revealed the impact of silica fume as a partial replacement for cement. The LWCC produced using silica fume is having a compressive strength of 1.06 MPa and possess the density of 925 kg/m 3 [ 22 ]. Devid Falliano, et al ., (2020) described various methods of improving the compressive strength of ultralight weight foam concrete using silica fume as a potential base mix replacement. The LWCC without silica fume exhibits a compressive strength of 1 MPa, whereas while adding silica fume as a stabilizer, the compressive strength is found to be increased by 225% (3.75 MPa) with a density of 400 kg/m 3 after curing in water [ 23 ]. Santha Kumar G, et al ., (2021) assessed the performance of LWCC by replacing the cement partially with fine granite powder. While varying granite powder – cement ratio from 0.8 to 1.2, the produced LWCC exhibits its compressive strength as 8.48 MPa [ 24 ]. Abdullah Al-Shwaiter, et al ., (2022) examined the performance of palm oil fuel ash as a mineral admixture with partial replacement of fine aggregate in light weight foam concrete [ 25 ]. Also, in the field of LWCC technology, the performance of various mineral admixtures as a foam stabilizer was examined and reported by many researchers [ 26 , 27 ]. Ning Song, et al ., (2022) assessed the performance of hydrophobic starch nano particles as a foam stabilizer which exhibits its compressive strength as 2.77 MPa after 28 days of curing [ 28 ]. Xiong Yuanliang, et al ., (2021) discussed the effect of Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) as a foam stabilizer in foam concrete with a compressive strength of 3 MPa [ 29 ]. Zhenxing Du, et al ., (2022) analyzed the performance of modified nano silica as a foam stabilizer in LWCC with a compressive strength of 3.7 MPa [ 30 ]. Yuanliang Xiong, et al ., (2023) estimated the density and compressive strength of foam concrete prepared using a synthetic surfactant as 6.5 MPa and 825 kg/m 3 in the presence of 1% formic acid as a foam stabilizer [ 31 , 32 ]. Han Zhu, et al ., (2020) detailed the performance of anionic surfactant in foam concrete by adding xanthan gum as foam stabilizer, which displayed a compressive strength of 3.5 MPa which was higher than the foam concrete prepared without foam stabilizer [ 33 ]. Considering these reviews, it is understood that the compressive strength obtained was not sufficient to fulfill the strength normally required for structural applications. In this work, we reported the use of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as foam-generating surfactants which induce air voids in the form of foam or aerosol. Along with the surfactants (SLES and SLS), 4 g of foam stabilizers namely Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume (SF) were mixed individually with the surfactant solution to enhance the characteristics of foam generated. The surfactant solutions were prepared in the molar concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 m, 0.75 M and 1 M. The foam characteristics with and without the addition of foam stabilizers were analyzed using foam drainage test conducted as per the standard ASTM 869 − 91. As per the results of foam drainage test, the foam generated using SLS as a surfactant with FA as stabilizer displays remarkable quality which may be suitable for producing LWCC. The LWCC prepared using 1 M SLS surfactant and FA as stabilizer shows the compressive strength of 6.56 MPa with a corresponding density of 1705.28 kg/m 3 . But, the LWCC obtained using 1 M SLS and the air voids induced in the form of aerosol exhibit a remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a density of 1742.94 kg/m 3 . From this research work, it is ensured that the utilization of the methodology adopted to fabricate the LWCC can sustain the load which normally exists in structural applications. 2. Materials and Methods Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) is a mixture of cement and fine aggregates with air voids uniformly distributed throughout the base mix. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) equivalent to OPC 33 grade was used as a cementing material and river sand finer than 600 microns was used as a fine aggregate for producing the base mix. The air voids were introduced into the base mix separately in the form of foam and aerosol. SLES and SLS were purchased from Nice Chemicals, India and used as surfactants for generating foam and aerosol. The conventional egg beater (electrically operated) was used for generating the foam and atomizers imported from China (Model – Wide angle round nozzle) were used for producing the aerosol. Fly ash was collected from Ramco Cement factory, India. Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag was collected from JSW steel manufacturing plant, India and Silica fume was purchased from Go Green products, Chennai. These stabilizers were added directly into the surfactant solution before generating the foam as foam stabilizer to enhance the foam stability. 2.1. Generation of foam For generating foam, the SLES and SLS surfactant solution were used in the molar concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Then the prepared surfactant solution was stirred continuously with an egg beater to produce foam. The stirring process was continued until no further increase in the volume of foam generated. 100 ml surfactant solution (0.25 M) produces the foam volume of 934 ml and 1028 ml respectively with SLES and SLS surfactants. On changing the molar concentration from 0.25 M to 0.5 M as well as 0.75 M and 1 M, the total volume of foam generated were 1028 ml, 1053 ml, 1074 ml and 938 ml respectively with SLS surfactant. Similarly, on using SLES surfactant, the total volume of foam generated were 934 ml, 965 ml, 1322 ml and 1406 ml respectively on changing the molar concentration from 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. 2.2. Generation of foam with foam stabilizer The foam generated using surfactants only was not stable for longer duration due to its coalescence nature. So, to prepare the foam with longer stability, the foams were generated by using the stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF. 4 g of FA, GGBS and SF as a foam stabilizer was added separately into the 100 ml SLS surfactant solution. Then, the contents were stirred with egg beater for 15 minutes to produce the foam. The characteristics of the foam generated with and without foam stabilizers such as Foam Expansion Ratio (FER), Initial Foam Density (IFD) and Foam Stability (FS) were examined using foam drainage test. Similarly, the foam was also generated by mixing 4 g of FA, GGBS and SF as a foam stabilizer with SLES surfactant solution and the characteristics of the foam generated were also measured. 2.3. Generation of Aerosol Aerosol is a very fine droplet of surfactant solution suspended in air prepared using the surfactant solution prepared in 0.25 M – 1 M concentration. Air assisted atomizer was used which split the solution into fine aerosol and sprayed into the concrete base mix. The size of the air voids generated into the concrete was optimized based on the surfactant solution concentration. As shown in Fig. 1 , the surfactant solution and compressed air were injected from the two opposite ends of the atomizer for producing micron-sized aerosol. The compressed air was pumped in until the entire surfactant solution was impregnated as aerosol into the base mix. 2.4. Characteristics of foam The foam generated from the surfactants with and without stabilizers was tested to evaluate the stability. The stability of the freshly generated foam was investigated in order to examine the physico-mechanical behavior. The main factors affecting the stability of the foam are its viscosity, surface tension, and concentration of the foaming agent. The surfactants prepared in different concentration were swirled faster for the formation of foam. 100 ml surfactant solution (0.25 M) produces foam with weight of 93 g and 74 g respectively while using SLES and SLS surfactant as foaming agents. A beater applies steady pressure to the solution till it reaches a creamy consistency. Drainage test was conducted for the freshly prepared foam with the fabricated experimental setup as shown in Fig. 2 to examine the foam stability after adding stabilizers. 2.4.1. Foam Expansion Ratio (FER) According to Verma et al . (2002), FER provides a direct assessment of the foam ability or foam capacity of the surface active agents. The surfactant's ability to produce foam is directly predicted by the FER. It can be computed by dividing the volume of foam produced (V1) by the amount of foaming liquid (V2) utilized to produce the foam. Foam Expansion Ratio = \(\frac{\text{V}\text{o}\text{l}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{r}\text{e}\text{s}\text{h} \text{f}\text{o}\text{a}\text{m} \left(\text{V}1\right)}{\text{V}\text{o}\text{l}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{o}\text{a}\text{m}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \text{s}\text{o}\text{l}\text{u}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n} \left(\text{V}2\right)}\) 2.4.2. Initial Foam Density (IFD) The IFD is the density of the foam generated arrived from the ratio of weight of foam produced to the volume of foam occupied. Foaming agent concentration and mixing or stirrer speed also influence the IFD, which is defined as the weight-to-volume ratio of freshly formed foam. The weight of foam generated is measured immediately and its volume is noted; from this, IFD can be calculated using the formula, Initial Foam Density = \(\frac{\text{W}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{r}\text{e}\text{s}\text{h} \text{f}\text{o}\text{a}\text{m}}{\text{V}\text{o}\text{l}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e} \text{o}\text{f} \text{f}\text{r}\text{e}\text{s}\text{h} \text{f}\text{o}\text{a}\text{m}}\) 2.4.3. Foam Stability (FS) It is defined as the capability of the freshly formed foam to remain stable without rupture, which is evaluated using the foam drainage test as per ASTM 869 − 91. The foam drainage test apparatus was prepared based on the procedure described by Def-Standard 42 − 40 shown in Fig. 2 . The FS was measured in parts by how long its volume remains consistent without the coalescence of foam during the course of the time. 2.5. Production of Light Weight Cellular Concrete with foam and aerosol 100 ml of 0.25 M SLES solution was converted into foam using egg beater. Then, the foam was used to prepare light weight foam concrete mix and poured into the cube mould of size 70.6 mm. After 12 hours, the concrete cubes were cured under water for a period of 28 days. After 28 days, the density and compressive strength of the foam concrete was determined. The same method was employed to prepare a foam concrete in which the foam was generated using SLS. After curing, the density and compressive strength of the foam impregnated concrete were measured. In the same way, the aerosol was used to obtain the concrete consisting aerosol. The schematic diagram representing the method of preparing light weight concrete is shown in Fig. 3 . Figure 3 . Schematic representation of process involved in foam- and aerosol-based Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) production 2.5.1. Evaluation of Density and compressive strength The compressive strength of the foam/aerosol impregnated concrete specimen was tested using Universal Testing Machine after 7 and 28 days of curing. The conventional specimens containing cement and fine aggregate matrix without any foam or aerosol are named as control specimens. The foam and aerosol impregnated concrete specimens were prepared using SLES and SLS as surfactants in the presence of stabilizers and in the absence of stabilizers. The experiment was carried out by following ASTM C109. Initially, the cured concrete specimens were taken out and dried at room temperature for 24 hours, then specimens were subjected to the testing process, in which the load applied was gradually increased till failure of the concrete cube was noticed and the ultimate load withstand by the specimen is taken as its compressive strength. The percentage reduction in the weight of foam and aerosol impregnated concrete specimen was determined by comparing its weight with the weight of the control specimens. 3. Results and Discussion Foam or aerosol formation, its persistence and prevention from coalescence are the three prime features need to be understood for preparing light weight concrete. These three parameters mostly depend on the type and nature of the surfactants being used. In this study, SLES and SLS are the two surfactants chosen to prepare the light weight concrete. The molecular formula, structure and molecular weight of the surfactants are given in Table 1. In the case of a foam and aerosol prepared using the chosen surfactant, the dispersed phase is moving around the continuous phase. Each molecule present in the dispersed phase is applied with a certain amount of thermodynamic driving force to reduce the interfacial area between the phases. At one stage, the dispersed phase gets aggregated and leads to the suppression or collapse of foam/aerosol. In spite of their tendency to collapse, it is necessary to produce foams with considerable lifetime or stability without coalescence in minutes or in hours or even days by adding foam stabilizers. Such stabilized foam can sustain the mortar/concrete load and can be used effectively. The air voids impregnated into the base mix of concrete have to be stable at least for 5 to 6 hours; then only the concrete may contain persistent holes/porosity. The physical state of the dispersion and the long time persistence are generally being dependent on the use of one or more additives called as stabilizers along with surfactants that alter the energy of the interface of the two phases. Hence, it is evident that the compressive strength of light weight concrete depends on the method of aeration and the type of surfactant preferred for creating air voids. The suitable surfactant and stabilizer used for producing the light weight concrete are identified based on various foam parameters. Foam stabilizers used to obtain stable foam are FA, GGBS and SF. After generating the foam with and without stabilizers, the characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS are ascertained by conducting the foam drainage test. 3.1. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) To optimize the concentration at which the surfactant solution produces stable foam, the Critical Micelle Concentration of SLES and SLS are determined using pen type electrical conductivity meter. Initially, the electrical conductivity in µS/cm was noted for SLES and SLS separately by increasing the surfactant concentration from 0.01 M to 0.07 M. The CMC values are obtained by plotting a graph between the surfactant concentration and electrical conductivity in µS/cm as shown in Fig. 4. While plotting the graph, it is observed that the electrical conductivity value increases with increase in surfactant concentration. But at one critical point, the slope of the line changes and that point was noted as Critical Micelle Concentration. Both SLES and SLS are having the capability of producing foam at the minimum concentration of 0.008 M and 0.011 M respectively. But, the volume and stability of foam generated in these concentrations are not suitable to produce light weight concrete. So, minimum concentration of surfactant solution for producing the foam and aerosol was fixed from 0.25 M and above. Foam/aerosol generated using the concentration of more than 0.25 M is able to sustain as foam or aerosol bubbles while mixing with the concrete mix. Such stable foam/aerosol bubbles are retained in the concrete and on setting and hardening produces light weight concrete with appreciable amount of porosity. 3.2. Surfactant Liquid Density 100 ml of surfactant solution was prepared separately using SLES and SLS in different concentrations of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Then, the weight and volume of the solution produced were measured to arrive surfactant liquid density. The density of the surfactant solution gets increased with the increase in concentration of the surfactants. While comparing the molecular weight of SLES and SLS, SLES is having higher molecular weight than SLS, so SLES produces higher SLD than SLS. Table 2 : Characteristics of foam produced with and without stabilizers along with SLES and SLS Foam Characteristics SC* SLES SLES + FA SLES + GGBS SLES + SF SLS SLS + FA SLS + GGBS SLS + SF Surfactant Liquid Density (SLD) (kg/m 3 ) 0.25 1022 1022 1032 1044 1002 1002 1007 1014 0.50 1024 1023 1033 1045 1004 1003 1008 1015 0.75 1025 1025 1034 1046 1005 1005 1009 1015 1.00 1026 1024 1035 1047 1006 1004 1010 1016 Foam Expansion Ratio (FER) 0.25 9.34 11.11 11.28 11.28 10.28 10.42 7.81 7.04 0.50 9.65 11.44 12.27 11.44 10.53 11.03 9.82 9.75 0.75 13.22 12.35 12.34 12.37 10.74 12.35 11.57 12.38 1.00 14.06 12.43 12.13 10.96 9.38 11.33 11.70 13.12 Initial Foam Density (IFD) (kg/m 3 ) 0.25 100 93.75 92.31 92.31 72.73 83.33 88.89 90.91 0.50 90.91 85.71 80 85.71 75 81.48 91.67 91.67 0.75 75 80 75 75 76.92 75 93.33 75 1.00 66.67 70.59 72.29 80 75 77.42 100 70.59 Foam Stability (FS) (%) 0.25 54 62.50 60 30.77 36.36 70.83 66.67 63.64 0.50 54.55 68.75 63.33 60 58.33 77.78 79.17 66.67 0.75 67.93 71.43 65 70 76.92 81.25 80 81.25 1.00 66.67 76.47 72.29 60 87.50 83.87 81.25 82.35 *Surfactant Concentration (SC as mentioned in the Table 2) Various characteristics of foam such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS were measured with and without dispersing the stabilizers are summarized in Table 2. Stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF were separately weighed (4 g) and mixed with SLES having the concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M and the foam was generated. In the case of foam generated without any stabilizers, the SLD of SLES is found little bit higher than the SLD of SLS foam, which is attributable to the higher molecular weight of SLES. No changes in SLD were noticed in the case of foam generated using fly ash as a stabilizer in both SLES and SLS solutions. But, in the case of GGBS and SF, the SLD increases with an increase in the concentration of the surfactant. SLD varies with reference to the various stabilizers which are graphically shown in Fig. 5. From the figure, it is evident that the high molecular weight surfactant such as SLES with GGBS and SF at 1 M concentration exhibits a very high liquid density of 1035 kg/m 3 and 1047 kg/m 3 respectively. Such a higher increase in SLD of SLES surfactant solution with GGBS and SF is mainly due to two factors. SLES is having higher molecular weight and also the stabilizers such as GGBS and SF are having very finer particle size than FA. So, the dense GGBS and SF suspended in the surfactant increase their liquid density. 3.3. Foam Expansion Ratio (FER) Foam was generated in a beaker with continuous stirring and the stirring process was stopped when no increase in volume of foam generated was observed. After that, the volume of foam generated was measured to arrive FER. The ratio of volume of fresh foam generated to the volume of corresponding foaming solution is FER and the results obtained for SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers are given in the Table 2. The FER of the foam generated using SLES is more in contrast to SLS surfactant, which is also attributable to the higher molecular weight of SLES. Of course, the surfactant having higher molecular weight on dissolving in a solvent produces high viscous solution and the FER is also high. From the table, it is evident that the FER obtained for the SLES surfactant at 1 M is 14.06 which is 30.18% higher in contrast to SLS (9.38) at 1 M concentration. The FER of the foam generated in the presence of the stabilizers can also interpreted based on the values given in the Table 2. From the table, it is clear that the FER of SLS with almost all stabilizers are found to be high in comparison with the foams generated using pristine SLS in the concentration of 0.75 and 1 M. But in the case of SLES, the surfactant liquid density is higher than SLS due to its higher molecular weight. The dense and pristine SLES solution expands more at 0.75 and 1 M concentration without adding foam stabilizers. Graphically, the changes in FER of both SLES and SLS in presence of all the stabilizers are shown in Fig. 6. 3.4. Initial Foam Density (IFD) After generating the foam using SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers, the weight and volume of the produced foam was measured to determine IFD and the obtained values are given in the Table 2. The IFD values are found decreases while increasing the concentration of SLES surfactant. Owing to the higher molecular weight of SLES, it produces more volume of foam in contrast to SLS in lower surfactant concentration. But, in the case of higher concentration, the SLS exhibits higher IFD. From these data, it is obvious that the foam with low stability is not good for producing light weight concrete. The stability of foam gets decreased due to to an increase in the volume of foam. Since, the higher volume foam may get coalesce, owing to the higher load of concrete mix during setting and hardening. However, the foam with moderate IFD, like the case noticed in SLS, stabilizes the air bubbles and also increases the strength of the concrete. In comparison to the SLES foam, the foam generated using SLS offers the light weight concrete with good compressive strength. So, from the IFD data, it is obvious that the SLS surfactant can offer stable and persistent foams for producing foam concrete. The IFD data of SLES and SLS after mixing with the foam stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF are also given in the Table 2. On analyzing the IFD data of SLES and SLS, it is clear that the SLES is having higher IFD value in contrast to SLS with and without stabilizers. Higher molecular weight of SLES is attributable to the higher IFD and produces highly viscous surfactant solution. But at the same time, higher IFD destabilizes the air void impregnated in the concrete. So, for making light weight concrete, the foam has to be generated with SLS as a surfactant rather than SLES. While adding FA and SF as stabilizer with SLS surfactant, the IFD decreases with increase in surfactant concentration. But with GGBS as a stabilizer, the IFD increases with increase in surfactant concentration as shown in Fig 7, which leads to the formation of unstable foam and it reduces the compressive strength of the light weight concrete. 3.5. Stability of Foam generated with SLES and SLS without stabilizers The entire foam produced using beater was allowed in idle condition for 30 minutes. During this time, the foam gets coalesce and becomes a liquid-containing surfactant. However, the foam obtained is stable and exists for certain duration. The volume of foam retained in the beaker and the volume of solution obtained from the foam after 30 minutes were used to determine the stability of foam generated. Schematically, the drainage test conducted to measure the stability of foam is shown in Fig. 8. The stability attributes of foam obtained in the case of SLES and SLS surfactant in percentages are given in the Table 2. From the data given in the Table 2, it is clear that the stability of foam is more in the case of SLS than SLES. The results obtained regarding foam stability are also in accordance with the data obtained for IFD. The more the molecular weight, the more is the IFD, but the stability of the foam generated is inversely related. 3.6. Stability of Foam generated with Stabilizers By employing the same strategy, the stability of the foam generated with the stabilizers are also measured and the obtained values are summarized in the Table 2. From the table, it is evident that the foam produced using SLS with FA and SF as stabilizer is more (81.25 % in 0.75 M). The SLES surfactant solution with SF as a stabilizer exhibits the minimum foam stability in the range of 30 – 60 %. The foam with higher stability only can sustain the air voids impregnated in the concrete. From these results, it is ensured that the FA stabilizer produces higher stability to the foam prepared using SLS surfactant even with the lower concentration of 0.25 M. Hence, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant for inducing micron-sized air voids into the concrete base mix. The combination of FA as a stabilizer with SLS performs better in terms of foam stability when compared to other stabilizers as shown in Fig. 9.. 3.7. Regression analysis 3.7.1. Regression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant solutions The stability of foam depends on the foam characteristics such as FER and IFD. The FER and IFD depend on Surfactant Liquid Density (SLD). But, the SLD directly depends on Surfactant Concentration (SC). So, the SC is the independent variable, whereas SLD, IFD and FER are the inter-dependent variables which influence the volume drainage and stability of the foam generated with the surfactants. With the help of statistical analysis software (SPSS 26.0, Statistical Package of Social Science version 26.0), the equations to anticipate the change in foam stability with various response factors are predicted. The volume of solution drained after 30 minutes and the foam stability were considered as response variables. The independent variable coefficients are used to predict the correlation between the independent variable and the response variable, and the R 2 value is used to measure how well the predicted regression equation holds true. If the R 2 value is closer to 1.0, the projected equations are more suitable to accurately anticipate the experimental data. The volume of foam drained after 30 minutes and foam stability are considered as two response variables. The dependency of these response variables on the independent variables such as SLD, IFD and FER for SLES and SLS are analyzed and given in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3 : Regression Equations for SLS surfactant solution Foam Characteristics Constant SC SLD IFD FER R 2 SLD 1000.5 5.836 0.996 IFD -11716.337 -65.275 11.783 0.916 FER -4509.826 -27.366 4.518 0.871 FER -17.571 -2.361 0.391 0.996 %Drain 30 56.974 -25.847 3.262 0.996 %Drain 30 0.571 -33.504 1.262 0.994 %Drain 30 -13123.545 -106.186 13.209 0.965 %Foam Stability -32263.026 -119.516 32.269 0.997 %Foam Stability -163.599 59.904 2.549 0.998 %Foam Stability -48.296 75.233 6.455 0.997 Table 4 : Regression Equations for SLES surfactant solution Foam Characteristics Constant SC SLD IFD FER R 2 SLD 1000.5 5.836 0.996 IFD 1567.556 -37.870 -1.426 0.985 FER 1816.819 17.649 -1.773 0.900 FER 52.059 -11.483 -0.401 0.970 %Drain 30 59924.556 358.90 -58.651 0.840 %Drain 30 -220.437 130.181 2.598 0.809 %Drain 30 96.894 35.632 -3.651 0.896 %Foam Stability -3756.596 -1.638 3.728 0.777 %Foam Stability 262.554 -68.184 -1.914 0.999 %Foam Stability 17.370 -9.830 4.285 0.924 The SLD, IFD and FER results obtained from the experiments for surfactant concentrations 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M are fed as an input data in SPSS software for deriving the regression equations. From the above Tables 3 and 4, it is observed that %Drain 30 and stability of foam generated with SLES and SLS surfactant solution having more dependence on FER and IFD respectively. Hence the regression equation can be written as, 3.7.2. Regression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant with Fly ash, GGBS and Silica fume as stabilizers S ame procedure is followed through SPSS software to derive the regression equations for %Drain 30 & %Foam Stability of SLES and SLS surfactant solutions in which Fly ash, GGBS and Silica fume are used as stabilizers. SLD influences more in %Drain 30 and %Foam Stability of SLS surfactant solution made with Fly ash as stabilizer. %Drain 30 and Stability of foam generated with SLS surfactant solution made with GGBS as stabilizer is having more dependence on IFD and FER respectively. FER influences more in %Drain 30 and %Foam Stability of SLS surfactant solution made with Silica fume as stabilizer. %Drain 30 and stability of foam generated with SLES surfactant solution made with GGBS as stabilizer is having more dependence on IFD and FER respectively. Similarly, %Drain 30 and stability of foam generated with SLES surfactant solution made with GGBS and Silica fume as a stabilizer is having more dependence on FER and SLD respectively. The regression equations for %Drain 30 and %Foam Stability of SLS and SLES surfactant solutions made separately with each foam stabilizers are tabulated in Table 5. Table 5 : Regression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant with stabilizers Surfactant Stabilizer Foam Characteristics Regression Equation R 2 SLS Fly ash %Drain 30 -38.758SC + 9.654 SLD – 9599.885 0.943 %Foam Stability -1.975 SC + 4.459 SLD – 4394.837 0.986 GGBS %Drain 30 -1.806 SC – 0.164 IFD + 74.432 0.968 %Foam Stability -170.64 SC + 43.03 SLD – 43218.86 0.964 Silica fume %Drain 30 -63.472 SC + 4.142 FER + 35.125 0.989 %Foam Stability 21.126 SC + 1.138 FER + 48.861 0.945 SLES Fly ash %Drain 30 64.849 SC + 1.851 IFD – 129.511 0.911 %Foam Stability 23.635 SC – 2.977 FER + 90.240 0.967 GGBS %Drain 30 -55.916 SC + 26.984 FER – 228.549 0.904 %Foam Stability 74.85 SC – 13.239 SLD + 13705.26 0.961 Silica fume %Drain 30 15.366 SC – 2.482 FER + 84.107 0.999 %Foam Stability -364.46 SC + 140.381 SLD -146478.6 0.996 3.8. Density and Compressive strength of foam-based LWCC The LWCC has been prepared by mixing the foam generated using SLES and SLS surfactants with the base mix of cement and river sand taken in the ratio of 1:1. The foam was generated using the chosen surfactant solutions and those were mixed separately with the base mix. The foam creates air voids into the base mix and thereby it increases its volume and reduces its density [34-36]. The density and compressive strength of the obtained foam concrete made with SLES and SLS surfactants after 7 and 28 days of curing are given in Table 6. Table 6 : Density and Compressive strength of foam concrete S. No. Surfactant Concentration (M) SLES SLS Density (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (Mpa) Density (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (MPa) 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 1. 0.25 1591.4 5.8 8.1 1993.96 14.06 19.95 2. 0.50 1591.4 5.4 7.3 1947.55 10.5 15.80 3. 0.75 1563.0 3.07 6.7 1783.67 8.7 11.95 4. 1.00 1534.5 3.19 6 1740.09 4.75 6.40 From these results, it is observed that the density of LWCC decreases while increasing the concentration of both SLES and SLS surfactants. As the data derived from the IFD and FS results, it is clear that the higher molecular weight of SLES surfactant shows higher IFD but it reduces the stability of the foam. As the SLES is having higher molecular weight than SLS, it produces foam with more volume, and on impregnating the foam having more volume into the concrete, it breaks or coalesces due to its lesser stability. The unstable foam impregnated into the concrete also reduces its compressive strength. The foam-based LWCC generated with SLES surfactant is having the minimum compressive strength in the range of 3 - 6 MPa and possessing the density of 1534.5 kg/m 3 while keeping the surfactant concentration as 1 M. But, the SLES foam generated at lower SC (0.25 M) exhibits a higher compressive strength of 8.1 MPa with a density of 1591.4 kg/m 3 . Similarly, while analyzing the compressive strength of SLS foam-based LWCC prepared by employing the SC of 0.25 M displays a compressive strength of 19.95 MPa with a density of 1993.96 kg/m 3 . But the foam-based LWCC obtained using SLS as surfactant exhibits its compressive strength as 11.95 MPa for a specimen obtained after 28 days of curing with the density of 1783.67 kg/m 3 due to its stable air voids at the SC of 0.75 M. Hence, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant for producing LWCC than SLES without much sacrifice in its compressive strength. 3.9. Comparison of foam- and aerosol-based LWCC After concluding sodium lauryl sulphate as a suitable surfactant for producing light weight concrete, the performance of SLS foam-based LWCC with and without FA as stabilizer was compared with the LWCC prepared using SLS-based aerosol. Thus produced foam- and aerosol-based LWCC was cured under water for 7 and 28 days separately. After curing, its density and compressive strength were measured and the obtained values are given in Table 7. Table 7. Density and Strength comparison of Foam- and Aerosol-based concrete S. No. Surfactant Concentration (M) SLS-based Foam SLS Foam with Fly ash as Stabilizer SLS-based Aerosol Density (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (MPa) Density (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (MPa) Density (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (MPa) 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 1. 0.25 1993.96 14.06 19.95 1894.26 14.62 20.75 1998.70 20.67 22.13 2. 0.50 1947.55 10.5 15.80 1850.17 10.86 16.35 1890.24 16.70 19.53 3. 0.75 1783.67 8.7 11.95 1730.16 8.96 12.31 1804.04 13.77 16.37 4. 1.00 1740.09 4.75 6.40 1705.28 4.81 6.56 1742.94 14.00 16.80 From the table, it is observed that the SLS foam-based LWCC exhibits density from 1993.96 kg/m 3 to 1740.09 kg/m 3 and its compressive strength are 19.95 MPa (0.25 M) to 6.40 MPa (1 M) after 28 days of curing. While adding fly ash as a stabilizer with SLS in all the surfactant concentrations, the density of LWCC was slightly decreased, but the compressive strength was found slightly increased. Further reduction in density is due to the formation of stable air voids. But, a slight increase in compressive strength is attributable to the presence of fly ash as a stabilizer. The SLS-based foam with FA as a stabilizer produces light weight concrete with lesser density and higher compressive strength of 1705.28 kg/m 3 and 6.56 MPa respectively at 1 M concentration. But, the SLS foam-based LWCC with FA as a stabilizer at 0.25 M exhibits its compressive strength as 20.75 MPa with a density of 1894.26 kg/m 3 . From this, it is ensured that the density of concrete reduces further on increasing the SC. When impregnating the concrete with SLS-based aerosol, the aerosol reduces the density of concrete from 1998.70 kg/m 3 (0.25 M) to 1742.94 kg/m 3 at 1 M surfactant concentration. The LWCC produced with SLS-based aerosol at SC of 0.25 M exhibits the compressive strength of 22.13 MPa. Also it displays the compressive strength of 16.8 MPa at 1 M concentration. The compressive strength of aerosol-based LWCC (16.8 MPa) is more than foam-based LWCC with and without stabilizers at an equivalent density of around 1700 MPa. While using the same SLS surfactant for producing aerosol, it impregnates very small micron-sized air voids into the concrete than foam. The micron-sized air voids do not coalesce with one another and those form a stable air void which reduces the density of light weight concrete without compromising its strength. Hence, from this work, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant and on impregnating the SLS surfactant as aerosol in concrete offers lower density with higher compressive strength. The obtained results of aerosol-based light weight concrete are compared with the results of existing light weight concrete works. From all these results, it is ensured that the light weight concrete prepared using SLS-based aerosol shows remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a lesser density of 1742.94 kg/m 3 . For comparison, the density and compressive strength of light weight concrete (LWC) referred from various literatures are given in Table 8. Table 8 : Density and Compressive strength of Light weight concrete based on existing literatures S.No. Authors Type of LWC Density in kg/m 3 Compressive Strength at 28 days of curing Ref. 1 Alassane Compaore, et al ., (2023) Foam concrete with Commercially available protein-based surfactant complies with ASTM C 869-91 708 3.6 MPa [17] 2 Yuanliang Xiong, et al ., (2023) Foam Concrete with Synthetic surfactant with Formic acid as stabilizer 825 6.5 Mpa (with 1% Formic acid) [31] 3 Siyao Guo, et al ., (2023) Foam concrete with SLS with Polyvinyl Alcohol and nano alumina as stabilizer 622 5 MPa [37] 4 Khwairakpam Selija, et al ., (2022) Foam concrete with Natural surfactant extracted from sesame seed and hingot fruit 1000 2 MPa [15] 5 Manan Hashim, et al ., (2021) Foam concrete with protein and synthetic based surfactant 1200 6.5 MPa (Synthetic surfactant shows maximum compressive strength) [12] 6 Sritam Swapnadarshi Sahu, et al ., (2021) Foam concrete with SLS with 6.1 % Nonylphenol Ethoxylate and 0.16 % Carboxyl methyl cellulose 1600 12.5 MPa [18] 7 Yuanliang Xiong, et al ., (2021) Foam concrete with Animal and plant protein-based surfactant and synthetic surfactant treated with SOCl 2 and stabilized with nano alumina 612 2.75 MPa (Synthetic surfactant shows maximum compressive strength) [29] 8 Present work Foam and Aerosol concrete with SLES and SLS as surfactants and FA, GGBS, and SF as foam stabilizers. 1742.94 16.8 MPa (SLS-based aerosol LWC shows better compressive strength) From all the aspects of foam concrete discussed and analyzed, it is concluded that higher decrease in the density of light weight concrete with a considerable compressive strength is achieved. It is mainly due to the larger volume of unstable foam induced into the light weight concrete. The same SLS surfactant has also been used by some researchers as a surfactant for producing foam concrete and arrived a maximum compressive strength of 12.5 MPa with a density of 1600 kg/m 3 . But on using SLS as a surfactant for aerating the light weight concrete in the form of aerosol, it induces stable air voids and it produces light weight concrete with a density and compressive strength of 1742.94 kg/m 3 and 16.8 MPa respectively. So the aerosol methodology adopted to obtain such a light weight concrete with appreciable compressive strength can be used as a building blocks instead of first class bricks and also fabricated as a structural wall panels. In both these applications, the total load transferred to the foundation will be lower due to aerosol-based light weight concrete and minimizes the cost of construction. 4. Conclusion In this seminal work, the light weight cellular concrete (LWCC) was developed using the anionic surfactants such as SLES and SLS with and without foam stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF. The air voids are induced into the base mix in the form of foam and aerosol. Before comparing the mechanical properties of produced LWCC, the type of surfactants, stabilizer and their concentrations were optimized based on the foam characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS. In order to get an LWCC for structural applications, the foam-forming agents such as SLES and SLS were chosen. Out of these foam forming surfactants, the surfactant having higher molecular weight (SLES) offers a very good foam with high FER of 14.06, which is 30.18% higher than the FER of SLS surfactant. However, while using it in concrete base mix, the highly expanded foam found to coalesce faster and not providing an LWCC with the required compressive strength. So, in order to get an LWCC with high compressive strength, SLS as surfactant with FA as stabilizer was found optimized. In the optimization procedure, the foam drainage test was used to measure the foam characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS as per ASTM standard 869 − 91. In all these trials, the concentration of surfactants was maintained as 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Among these various concentrations, SLS surfactant at 1 M concentration with FA as stabilizer offers a stable foam which can sustain the concrete load under setting and hardening. Hence, SLS at 1 M concentration with FA as stabilizer was concluded as a suitable foaming agent. Also, with the selected surfactant, the performance of LWCC was evaluated by impregnating air voids in the form of SLS-based aerosol. The results obtained for both foam- and aerosol-based LWCC were compared in terms of their attained density and compressive strength. The base mix containing cement and river sand in the ratio 1:1 was used to produce the LWCC and subjected to curing under water after aeration for 7 and 28 days. The water cured specimens were subjected to evaluate the density and compressive strength using Compression Testing Machine. From the compressive strength results, it is ensured that the LWCC prepared using SLS-based aerosol in 1 M concentration shows a maximum compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a density of 1742.94 kg/m 3 . From this result, it is concluded that the aerosol-based LWCC obtained with SLS as a surfactant can be used in construction activities for structural applications. Declarations Ethics approval The authors confirm that this manuscript has not been submitted or published previously to any other journal. Consent to participate : Not Applicable Consent for publication The authors give full consent for publication of this research work. Availability of data and materials All the data presented in this research are obtained by conducting experiments. No data source obtained through internet. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding No funding received from any agency for carrying out this research. Authors' contributions R.Theenathayalan, Department of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College: Conceptualization, Methodology, Experimentation, Writing – Preparation of first draft. P. Vincent Venkatesan, Department of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. K. Jeyasubramanian, Department of Chemistry, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College: Writing – review & editing. 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Jeyasubramanian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mepco Schlenk Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K.","middleName":"","lastName":"Jeyasubramanian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-12 10:05:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56152487,"identity":"77a0555e-0773-4ca8-9add-b7bd1c42f65f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:29:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAir Assisted atomizer\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/9f3c5ae26214ec373293d66c.png"},{"id":56151264,"identity":"53c6f71b-9c01-4fa9-8a44-436c351a905c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:13:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of process involved in foam- and aerosol-based Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) production\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/4a5b5d3c1334252ffa24a0a9.png"},{"id":56153178,"identity":"2d658783-d32b-4a7e-936e-d73744b8eeed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:37:53","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":375781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant liquid density of SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/1d2b4d0dc2b0a795a26363b2.png"},{"id":56151856,"identity":"06b42310-3f0f-4b91-86d4-10a63a46336f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:21:52","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":338317,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Expansion Ratio of SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/646dd25ed4c26e37c18b72df.png"},{"id":56152493,"identity":"c432faae-dad3-4352-accd-74f190b77317","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:29:53","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":375825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInitial Foam Density of SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/cb2005366e8e16070946c995.png"},{"id":56151863,"identity":"b5282ec0-1760-43d1-b0c8-03fe0f7d14a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:21:53","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrainage test apparatus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/7dca523715035ac9c4d6497a.png"},{"id":56152494,"identity":"bcccea2b-e5d1-49d3-97fa-4dbcd365a500","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:29:54","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":495700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStability of foam generated with stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/2ce92991e8db3f34e0ce60dc.png"},{"id":56609672,"identity":"c152e0ad-b0fd-48b9-9f6b-246ebd4f0b11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-16 14:49:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3431086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/ebf27c69-a915-4c39-8157-dffb1ca4aa9b.pdf"},{"id":56153996,"identity":"bfb732b7-dba1-4e29-aceb-a3a13b9d533d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 07:45:53","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":26956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4256993/v1/368203d0c17b9caaf37725de.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental Investigations of Light Weight Cellular Concrete fabricated using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate based Foam/Aerosol with Flyash as a stabilizer for structural applications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the past few decades, Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) has gained more popularity due to its unique features namely low density, low aggregate consumption, and superior thermal insulation. Its ability to insulate the heat makes it a valuable material for constructing energy-efficient structures. Additionally, because of its lower density, the structural dead load transferred to the foundation gets minimized, which can reduce the chance of seismic damage and also reduces the time of construction. Various standards outline the different ranges of density requirements for this LWCC. LWCC finds applications in the fields namely exterior wall insulation, cavity area filling, fire insulation and shock absorption barriers. However, in the field of construction industry, the optimum density required for LWCC is in the range of 800\u0026ndash;2000 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, as prescribed by the European standard (EN 206\u0026ndash;1). Besides the density, the optimum compressive strength required for structural applications is in the order of 17 MPa. But, higher strength with a lower density is not easily attained in the case of construction materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwing to the presence of 0.3\u0026ndash;0.8 mm diameter sized bubbles in LWCC, its compressive strength is poor and unsuitable for structural applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. So, in order to achieve the required properties, numerous researchers employ the use of different categories of foam-generating agents with different kinds of additives as foam stabilizers. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Sulfanol, Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate, Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylate, and polyoxyethylene Ether \u0026ndash; 9 are some of the synthetic surfactants preferred by the authors for producing LWCC [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Manan Hashim, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021) compared the performance of foam concrete obtained using protein-based surfactants with synthetic surfactants and concluded that the synthetic surfactant is a suitable foaming agent for producing LWCC [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Khwairakpam Selija, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) evaluated the effect of natural surfactant obtained from sesame seed and hingot fruit as a foaming agent and able to produce LWCC with a density of 1000 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and compressive strength of 2 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Alassane Compaore, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2023) produced a foam concrete with commercially available protein-based surfactant as per ASTM C 869\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;91 with a compressive strength of 3.6 MPa and a density of 708 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Sritam Swapnadarshi Sahu, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021) reported the use of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as a foaming agent to produce LWCC with a density of 1600 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and a compressive strength of 12.5 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Such a higher compressive strength was mainly attributed to the addition of foam stabilizers such as Nonylphenol Ethoxylate (6.1%) and Carboxy methyl cellulose (0.16%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn some of the referred literatures, it is stated that while adding mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume as constituents along with base mix, the mineral admixtures firmly stick on the surface of the foam and thereby such addition enhances the foam stability [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Reni Suryanita, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) revealed the impact of silica fume as a partial replacement for cement. The LWCC produced using silica fume is having a compressive strength of 1.06 MPa and possess the density of 925 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Devid Falliano, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2020) described various methods of improving the compressive strength of ultralight weight foam concrete using silica fume as a potential base mix replacement. The LWCC without silica fume exhibits a compressive strength of 1 MPa, whereas while adding silica fume as a stabilizer, the compressive strength is found to be increased by 225% (3.75 MPa) with a density of 400 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e after curing in water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Santha Kumar G, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021) assessed the performance of LWCC by replacing the cement partially with fine granite powder. While varying granite powder \u0026ndash; cement ratio from 0.8 to 1.2, the produced LWCC exhibits its compressive strength as 8.48 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Abdullah Al-Shwaiter, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) examined the performance of palm oil fuel ash as a mineral admixture with partial replacement of fine aggregate in light weight foam concrete [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, in the field of LWCC technology, the performance of various mineral admixtures as a foam stabilizer was examined and reported by many researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Ning Song, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) assessed the performance of hydrophobic starch nano particles as a foam stabilizer which exhibits its compressive strength as 2.77 MPa after 28 days of curing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Xiong Yuanliang, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021) discussed the effect of Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (slaked lime) as a foam stabilizer in foam concrete with a compressive strength of 3 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Zhenxing Du, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) analyzed the performance of modified nano silica as a foam stabilizer in LWCC with a compressive strength of 3.7 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Yuanliang Xiong, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2023) estimated the density and compressive strength of foam concrete prepared using a synthetic surfactant as 6.5 MPa and 825 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e in the presence of 1% formic acid as a foam stabilizer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Han Zhu, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2020) detailed the performance of anionic surfactant in foam concrete by adding xanthan gum as foam stabilizer, which displayed a compressive strength of 3.5 MPa which was higher than the foam concrete prepared without foam stabilizer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering these reviews, it is understood that the compressive strength obtained was not sufficient to fulfill the strength normally required for structural applications. In this work, we reported the use of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as foam-generating surfactants which induce air voids in the form of foam or aerosol. Along with the surfactants (SLES and SLS), 4 g of foam stabilizers namely Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume (SF) were mixed individually with the surfactant solution to enhance the characteristics of foam generated. The surfactant solutions were prepared in the molar concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 m, 0.75 M and 1 M. The foam characteristics with and without the addition of foam stabilizers were analyzed using foam drainage test conducted as per the standard ASTM 869\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;91. As per the results of foam drainage test, the foam generated using SLS as a surfactant with FA as stabilizer displays remarkable quality which may be suitable for producing LWCC. The LWCC prepared using 1 M SLS surfactant and FA as stabilizer shows the compressive strength of 6.56 MPa with a corresponding density of 1705.28 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. But, the LWCC obtained using 1 M SLS and the air voids induced in the form of aerosol exhibit a remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a density of 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. From this research work, it is ensured that the utilization of the methodology adopted to fabricate the LWCC can sustain the load which normally exists in structural applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eLight Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) is a mixture of cement and fine aggregates with air voids uniformly distributed throughout the base mix. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) equivalent to OPC 33 grade was used as a cementing material and river sand finer than 600 microns was used as a fine aggregate for producing the base mix. The air voids were introduced into the base mix separately in the form of foam and aerosol. SLES and SLS were purchased from Nice Chemicals, India and used as surfactants for generating foam and aerosol. The conventional egg beater (electrically operated) was used for generating the foam and atomizers imported from China (Model \u0026ndash; Wide angle round nozzle) were used for producing the aerosol. Fly ash was collected from Ramco Cement factory, India. Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag was collected from JSW steel manufacturing plant, India and Silica fume was purchased from Go Green products, Chennai. These stabilizers were added directly into the surfactant solution before generating the foam as foam stabilizer to enhance the foam stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Generation of foam\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor generating foam, the SLES and SLS surfactant solution were used in the molar concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Then the prepared surfactant solution was stirred continuously with an egg beater to produce foam. The stirring process was continued until no further increase in the volume of foam generated. 100 ml surfactant solution (0.25 M) produces the foam volume of 934 ml and 1028 ml respectively with SLES and SLS surfactants. On changing the molar concentration from 0.25 M to 0.5 M as well as 0.75 M and 1 M, the total volume of foam generated were 1028 ml, 1053 ml, 1074 ml and 938 ml respectively with SLS surfactant. Similarly, on using SLES surfactant, the total volume of foam generated were 934 ml, 965 ml, 1322 ml and 1406 ml respectively on changing the molar concentration from 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Generation of foam with foam stabilizer\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe foam generated using surfactants only was not stable for longer duration due to its coalescence nature. So, to prepare the foam with longer stability, the foams were generated by using the stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF. 4 g of FA, GGBS and SF as a foam stabilizer was added separately into the 100 ml SLS surfactant solution. Then, the contents were stirred with egg beater for 15 minutes to produce the foam. The characteristics of the foam generated with and without foam stabilizers such as Foam Expansion Ratio (FER), Initial Foam Density (IFD) and Foam Stability (FS) were examined using foam drainage test. Similarly, the foam was also generated by mixing 4 g of FA, GGBS and SF as a foam stabilizer with SLES surfactant solution and the characteristics of the foam generated were also measured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Generation of Aerosol\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAerosol is a very fine droplet of surfactant solution suspended in air prepared using the surfactant solution prepared in 0.25 M \u0026ndash; 1 M concentration. Air assisted atomizer was used which split the solution into fine aerosol and sprayed into the concrete base mix. The size of the air voids generated into the concrete was optimized based on the surfactant solution concentration. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the surfactant solution and compressed air were injected from the two opposite ends of the atomizer for producing micron-sized aerosol. The compressed air was pumped in until the entire surfactant solution was impregnated as aerosol into the base mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Characteristics of foam\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe foam generated from the surfactants with and without stabilizers was tested to evaluate the stability. The stability of the freshly generated foam was investigated in order to examine the physico-mechanical behavior. The main factors affecting the stability of the foam are its viscosity, surface tension, and concentration of the foaming agent. The surfactants prepared in different concentration were swirled faster for the formation of foam. 100 ml surfactant solution (0.25 M) produces foam with weight of 93 g and 74 g respectively while using SLES and SLS surfactant as foaming agents. A beater applies steady pressure to the solution till it reaches a creamy consistency. Drainage test was conducted for the freshly prepared foam with the fabricated experimental setup as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e to examine the foam stability after adding stabilizers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Foam Expansion Ratio (FER)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Verma \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2002), FER provides a direct assessment of the foam ability or foam capacity of the surface active agents. The surfactant's ability to produce foam is directly predicted by the FER. It can be computed by dividing the volume of foam produced (V1) by the amount of foaming liquid (V2) utilized to produce the foam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoam Expansion Ratio = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{V}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{e} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{f}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{h} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{a}\\text{m} \\left(\\text{V}1\\right)}{\\text{V}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{e} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{a}\\text{m}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\left(\\text{V}2\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. Initial Foam Density (IFD)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe IFD is the density of the foam generated arrived from the ratio of weight of foam produced to the volume of foam occupied. Foaming agent concentration and mixing or stirrer speed also influence the IFD, which is defined as the weight-to-volume ratio of freshly formed foam. The weight of foam generated is measured immediately and its volume is noted; from this, IFD can be calculated using the formula,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial Foam Density = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{W}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{f}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{h} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{a}\\text{m}}{\\text{V}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{e} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{f}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{h} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{a}\\text{m}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.3. Foam Stability (FS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is defined as the capability of the freshly formed foam to remain stable without rupture, which is evaluated using the foam drainage test as per ASTM 869\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;91. The foam drainage test apparatus was prepared based on the procedure described by Def-Standard 42\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40 shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The FS was measured in parts by how long its volume remains consistent without the coalescence of foam during the course of the time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Production of Light Weight Cellular Concrete with foam and aerosol\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ml of 0.25 M SLES solution was converted into foam using egg beater. Then, the foam was used to prepare light weight foam concrete mix and poured into the cube mould of size 70.6 mm. After 12 hours, the concrete cubes were cured under water for a period of 28 days. After 28 days, the density and compressive strength of the foam concrete was determined. The same method was employed to prepare a foam concrete in which the foam was generated using SLS. After curing, the density and compressive strength of the foam impregnated concrete were measured. In the same way, the aerosol was used to obtain the concrete consisting aerosol. The schematic diagram representing the method of preparing light weight concrete is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Schematic representation of process involved in foam- and aerosol-based Light Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) production\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1. Evaluation of Density and compressive strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compressive strength of the foam/aerosol impregnated concrete specimen was tested using Universal Testing Machine after 7 and 28 days of curing. The conventional specimens containing cement and fine aggregate matrix without any foam or aerosol are named as control specimens. The foam and aerosol impregnated concrete specimens were prepared using SLES and SLS as surfactants in the presence of stabilizers and in the absence of stabilizers. The experiment was carried out by following ASTM C109. Initially, the cured concrete specimens were taken out and dried at room temperature for 24 hours, then specimens were subjected to the testing process, in which the load applied was gradually increased till failure of the concrete cube was noticed and the ultimate load withstand by the specimen is taken as its compressive strength. The percentage reduction in the weight of foam and aerosol impregnated concrete specimen was determined by comparing its weight with the weight of the control specimens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFoam or aerosol formation, its persistence and prevention from coalescence are the three prime features need to be understood for preparing light weight concrete. These three parameters mostly depend on the type and nature of the surfactants being used. In this study, SLES and SLS are the two surfactants chosen to prepare the light weight concrete. The molecular formula, structure and molecular weight of the surfactants are given in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of a foam and aerosol prepared using the chosen surfactant, the dispersed phase is moving around the continuous phase. Each molecule present in the dispersed phase is applied with a certain amount of thermodynamic driving force to reduce the interfacial area between the phases. At one stage, the dispersed phase gets aggregated and leads to the suppression or collapse of foam/aerosol. In spite of their tendency to collapse, it is necessary to produce \u0026nbsp;foams with considerable lifetime or stability without coalescence in minutes or in hours or even days by adding foam stabilizers. Such stabilized foam can sustain the mortar/concrete load and can be used effectively. The air voids impregnated into the base mix of concrete have to be stable at least for 5 to 6 hours; then only the concrete may contain persistent holes/porosity. The physical state of the dispersion and the long time persistence are generally being dependent on the use of one or more additives called as stabilizers along with surfactants that alter the energy of the interface of the two phases. Hence, it is evident that the compressive strength of light weight concrete depends on the method of aeration and the type of surfactant preferred for creating air voids. The suitable surfactant and stabilizer used for producing the light weight concrete are identified based on various foam parameters. Foam stabilizers used to obtain stable foam are FA, GGBS and SF. After generating the foam with and without stabilizers, the characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS are ascertained by conducting the foam drainage test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo optimize the concentration at which the surfactant solution produces stable foam, the Critical Micelle Concentration of SLES and SLS are determined using pen type electrical conductivity meter. Initially, the electrical conductivity in \u0026micro;S/cm was noted for SLES and SLS separately by increasing the surfactant concentration from 0.01 M to 0.07 M. The CMC values are obtained by plotting a graph between the surfactant concentration and electrical conductivity in \u0026micro;S/cm as shown in Fig. 4. While plotting the graph, it is observed that the electrical conductivity value increases with increase in surfactant concentration. But at one critical point, \u0026nbsp; the slope of the line changes and that point was noted as Critical Micelle Concentration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth SLES and SLS are having the capability of producing foam at the minimum concentration of 0.008 M and 0.011 M respectively. But, the volume and stability of foam generated in these concentrations are not suitable to produce light weight concrete. So, minimum concentration of surfactant solution for producing the foam and aerosol was fixed from 0.25 M and above. Foam/aerosol generated using the concentration of more than 0.25 M is able to sustain as foam or aerosol bubbles while mixing with the concrete mix. Such stable foam/aerosol bubbles are retained in the concrete and on setting and hardening produces light weight concrete with appreciable amount of porosity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Surfactant Liquid Density\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100 ml of surfactant solution was prepared separately using SLES and SLS in different concentrations of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Then, the weight and volume of the solution produced were measured to arrive surfactant liquid density. The density of the surfactant solution gets increased with the increase in concentration of the surfactants. While comparing the molecular weight of SLES and SLS, SLES is having higher molecular weight than SLS, so SLES produces higher SLD than SLS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 :\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of foam produced with and without stabilizers \u0026nbsp; along with SLES and SLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"727\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.895604395604394%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSC*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.104395604395604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES + FA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES + GGBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.340659340659341%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES + SF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.417582417582418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS + FA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS + GGBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS + SF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.895604395604394%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant Liquid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (SLD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.104395604395604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.340659340659341%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.417582417582418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.895604395604394%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Expansion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRatio (FER)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.104395604395604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.340659340659341%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.417582417582418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.895604395604394%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInitial Foam Density (IFD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.104395604395604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.340659340659341%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.417582417582418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.895604395604394%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Stability \u0026nbsp; (FS) (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.104395604395604%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.340659340659341%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.417582417582418%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.164835164835164%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.933884297520661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75206611570248%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.239669421487603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.925619834710744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.223140495867769%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.231404958677686%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Surfactant Concentration (SC as mentioned in the Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious characteristics of foam such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS were measured with and without dispersing the stabilizers are summarized in Table 2. Stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF were separately weighed (4 g) and mixed with SLES having the concentration of 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M and the foam was generated. In the case of foam generated without any stabilizers, the SLD of SLES is found little bit higher than the SLD of SLS foam, which is attributable to the higher molecular weight of SLES. No changes in SLD were noticed in the case of foam generated using fly ash as a stabilizer in both SLES and SLS solutions. But, in the case of GGBS and SF, the SLD increases with an increase in the concentration of the surfactant. SLD varies with reference to the various stabilizers which are graphically shown in Fig. 5. From the figure, it is evident that the high molecular weight surfactant such as SLES with GGBS and SF at 1 M concentration exhibits a very high liquid density of 1035 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 1047 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003erespectively. Such a higher increase in SLD of SLES surfactant solution with GGBS and SF is mainly due to two factors. SLES is having higher molecular weight and also the stabilizers such as GGBS and SF are having very finer particle size than FA. So, the dense GGBS and SF suspended in the surfactant increase their liquid density.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Foam Expansion Ratio (FER)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFoam was generated in a beaker with continuous stirring and the stirring process was stopped when no increase in volume of foam generated was observed. After that, the volume of foam generated was measured to arrive FER. The ratio of volume of fresh foam generated to the volume of corresponding foaming solution is FER and the results obtained for SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers are given in the Table 2. The FER of the foam generated using SLES is more in contrast to SLS surfactant, which is also attributable to the higher molecular weight of SLES. Of course, the surfactant having higher molecular weight on dissolving in a solvent produces high viscous solution and the FER is also high. From the table, it is evident that the FER obtained for the SLES surfactant \u0026nbsp;at 1 M is 14.06 which is 30.18% higher in contrast to SLS (9.38) at 1 M concentration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe FER of the foam generated in the presence of the stabilizers can also interpreted based on the values given in the Table 2. From the table, it is clear that the FER of SLS with almost all stabilizers are found to be high in comparison with the foams generated using pristine SLS in the concentration of 0.75 and 1 M. But in the case of SLES, the surfactant liquid density is higher than SLS due to its higher molecular weight. The dense and pristine SLES solution expands more at 0.75 and 1 M concentration without adding foam stabilizers. Graphically, the changes in FER of both SLES and SLS in presence of all the stabilizers are shown in Fig. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4. Initial Foam Density (IFD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter generating the foam using SLES and SLS with and without stabilizers, the weight and volume of the produced foam was measured to determine IFD and the obtained values are given in the Table 2. The IFD values are found decreases while increasing the concentration of SLES surfactant. Owing to the higher molecular weight of SLES, it produces more volume of foam in contrast to SLS in lower surfactant concentration. But, in the case of higher concentration, the SLS exhibits higher IFD. From these data, it is obvious that the foam with low stability is not good for producing light weight concrete. The stability of foam gets decreased due to to an increase in the volume of foam. Since, the higher volume foam may get coalesce, owing to the higher load of concrete mix during setting and hardening. However, the foam with moderate IFD, like the case noticed in SLS, stabilizes the air bubbles and also increases the strength of the concrete. In comparison to the SLES foam, the foam generated using SLS offers the light weight concrete with good compressive strength. So, from the IFD data, it is obvious that the SLS surfactant can offer stable and persistent foams for producing foam concrete.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IFD data of SLES and SLS after mixing with the foam stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF are also given in the Table 2. On analyzing the IFD data of SLES and SLS, it is clear that the SLES is having higher IFD value in contrast to SLS with and without stabilizers. Higher molecular weight of SLES is attributable to the higher IFD and produces highly viscous surfactant solution. But at the same time, higher IFD destabilizes the air void impregnated in the concrete. So, for making light weight concrete, the foam has to be generated with SLS as a surfactant rather than SLES. While adding FA and SF as stabilizer with SLS surfactant, the IFD decreases with increase in surfactant concentration. But with GGBS as a stabilizer, the IFD increases with increase in surfactant concentration as shown in Fig 7, which leads to the formation of unstable foam and it reduces the compressive strength of the light weight concrete.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5. Stability of Foam generated with SLES and SLS without stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe entire foam produced using beater was allowed in idle condition for 30 minutes. During this time, the foam gets coalesce and becomes \u0026nbsp;a liquid-containing surfactant. However, the foam obtained is stable and exists for certain duration. The volume of foam retained in the beaker and the volume of solution obtained from the foam after 30 minutes were used to determine the stability of foam generated. Schematically, the drainage test conducted to measure the stability of foam is shown in Fig. 8. The stability attributes of foam obtained in the case of SLES and SLS surfactant in percentages are given in the Table 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the data given in the Table 2, it is clear that the stability of foam is more in the case of SLS than SLES. The results obtained regarding foam stability are also in accordance with the data obtained for IFD. The more the molecular weight, the more is the IFD, but the stability of the foam generated is inversely related. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6. Stability of Foam generated with Stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy employing the same strategy, the stability of the foam generated with the stabilizers are also measured and the obtained values are summarized in the Table 2.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFrom the table, it is evident that the foam produced using SLS with FA and SF as stabilizer is more (81.25 % in 0.75 M). The SLES surfactant solution with SF as a stabilizer exhibits the minimum foam stability in the range of 30 \u0026ndash; 60 %. The foam with higher stability only can sustain the air voids impregnated in the concrete. \u0026nbsp;From these results, it is ensured that the FA stabilizer produces higher stability to the foam prepared using SLS surfactant even with the lower concentration of 0.25 M. Hence, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant for inducing micron-sized air voids into the concrete base mix. The combination of FA as a stabilizer with SLS performs better in terms of foam stability when compared to other stabilizers as shown in Fig. 9..\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7. Regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7.1. Regression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant solutions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stability of foam depends on the foam characteristics such as FER and IFD. The FER and IFD depend on Surfactant Liquid Density (SLD). But, the SLD directly depends on Surfactant Concentration (SC). So, the SC is the independent variable, whereas SLD, IFD and FER are the inter-dependent variables which influence the volume drainage and stability of the foam generated with the surfactants. With the help of statistical analysis software (SPSS 26.0, Statistical Package of Social Science version 26.0), the equations to anticipate the change in foam stability with various response factors are predicted. The volume of solution drained after 30 minutes and the foam stability were considered as response variables. The independent variable coefficients are used to predict the correlation between the independent variable and the response variable, and the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value is used to measure how well the predicted regression equation holds true. If the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value is closer to 1.0, the projected equations are more suitable to accurately anticipate the experimental data. The volume of foam drained after 30 minutes and foam stability are considered as two response variables. The dependency of these response variables on the independent variables such as SLD, IFD and FER for SLES and SLS are analyzed and given in Tables 3 and 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 : Regression Equations for SLS surfactant solution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"654\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIFD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIFD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11716.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-65.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4509.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-27.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.974\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-25.847\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.262\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.996\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-33.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13123.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-106.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-32263.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-119.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-163.599\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.904\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.549\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.998\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-48.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 : Regression Equations for SLES surfactant solution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"654\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIFD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSLD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIFD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1567.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-37.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1816.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59924.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-58.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-220.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.894\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.632\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3.651\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.896\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3756.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e262.554\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-68.184\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1.914\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.999\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.18348623853211%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLD, IFD and FER results obtained from the experiments for surfactant concentrations 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M are fed as an input data in SPSS software for deriving the regression equations. From the above Tables 3 and 4, it is observed that %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand stability of foam generated with SLES and SLS surfactant solution having more dependence on FER and IFD respectively. Hence the regression equation can be written as,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"600\" height=\"256\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7.2. Regression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant with Fly ash, GGBS and Silica fume as stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003eame procedure is followed through SPSS software to derive the regression equations for\u0026nbsp;%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026amp; %Foam Stability of SLES and SLS surfactant solutions in which \u0026nbsp;Fly ash, GGBS and Silica fume are used as stabilizers. SLD influences more in %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e and %Foam Stability of SLS surfactant solution made with Fly ash as stabilizer. %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand Stability of foam generated with SLS surfactant solution made with GGBS as stabilizer is having more dependence on IFD and FER respectively. FER influences more in %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e and %Foam Stability of SLS surfactant solution made with Silica fume as stabilizer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand stability of foam generated with SLES surfactant solution made with GGBS as stabilizer is having more dependence on IFD and FER respectively. Similarly, %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand stability of foam generated with SLES surfactant solution made with GGBS and Silica fume as a stabilizer is having more dependence on FER and SLD respectively. The regression equations for %Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e and %Foam Stability of SLS and SLES surfactant solutions made separately with each foam stabilizers are tabulated in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e : \u003cstrong\u003eRegression equations for SLES and SLS surfactant with stabilizers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"672\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.178571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStabilizer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.857142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoam Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.07142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression Equation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.607142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.178571428571429%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFly ash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.857142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.07142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38.758SC + 9.654 SLD \u0026ndash; 9599.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.607142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.975 SC + 4.459 SLD \u0026ndash; 4394.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.708333333333332%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGGBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.916666666666664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.806 SC \u0026ndash; 0.164 IFD + 74.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-170.64 SC + 43.03 SLD \u0026ndash; 43218.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.708333333333332%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSilica fume\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.916666666666664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-63.472 SC + 4.142 FER + 35.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.126 SC + 1.138 FER + 48.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.178571428571429%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFly ash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.857142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.07142857142857%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.849 SC + 1.851 IFD \u0026ndash; 129.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.607142857142858%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.635 SC \u0026ndash; 2.977 FER + 90.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.708333333333332%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGGBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.916666666666664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-55.916 SC + 26.984 FER \u0026ndash; 228.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.85 SC \u0026ndash; 13.239 SLD + 13705.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.708333333333332%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSilica fume\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Drain\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.916666666666664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.366 SC \u0026ndash; 2.482 FER + 84.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.31645569620253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Foam Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.22784810126582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-364.46 SC + 140.381 SLD -146478.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.455696202531644%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8. Density and Compressive strength of foam-based LWCC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe LWCC has been prepared by mixing the foam generated using SLES and SLS surfactants with the base mix of cement and river sand taken in the ratio of 1:1. \u0026nbsp;The foam was generated using the chosen surfactant solutions and those were mixed separately with the base mix. The foam creates air voids into the base mix and thereby it increases its volume and reduces its density [34-36]. The density and compressive strength of the obtained foam concrete made with SLES and SLS surfactants after 7 and 28 days of curing are given in Table 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 :\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003eDensity and Compressive strength of foam concrete\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"674\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.089020771513352%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.397626112759642%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant Concentration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(M)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.93768545994065%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.57566765578635%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.182572614107883%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.87551867219917%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive Strength (Mpa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.672199170124482%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.26970954356847%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive Strength (MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.611464968152866%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.248407643312103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.070063694267517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.070063694267517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.089020771513352%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.397626112759642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.572700296735905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1591.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.534124629080118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.830860534124628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353115727002967%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1993.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.089020771513352%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.397626112759642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.572700296735905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1591.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.534124629080118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.830860534124628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353115727002967%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1947.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.089020771513352%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.397626112759642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.572700296735905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1563.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.534124629080118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.830860534124628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353115727002967%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1783.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.089020771513352%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.397626112759642%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.572700296735905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1534.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.534124629080118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.830860534124628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.353115727002967%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1740.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.611275964391691%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom these results, it is observed that the density of LWCC decreases while increasing the concentration of both SLES and SLS surfactants. As the data derived from the IFD and FS results, it is clear that the higher molecular weight of SLES surfactant shows higher IFD but it reduces the stability of the foam. As the SLES is having higher molecular weight than SLS, it produces foam with more volume, and on impregnating the foam having more volume into the concrete, it breaks or coalesces due to its lesser stability. The unstable foam impregnated into the concrete also reduces its compressive strength. The foam-based LWCC generated with SLES surfactant is having the minimum compressive strength in the range of 3 - 6 MPa and possessing the density of 1534.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e while keeping the surfactant concentration as 1 M. But, the SLES foam generated at lower SC (0.25 M) exhibits a higher compressive strength of 8.1 MPa with a density of 1591.4 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, while analyzing the compressive strength of SLS foam-based LWCC prepared by employing the SC of 0.25 M displays a compressive strength of 19.95 MPa with a density of 1993.96 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. But the foam-based LWCC obtained using SLS as surfactant exhibits its compressive strength as 11.95 MPa for a specimen obtained after \u0026nbsp;28 days of curing with the density of 1783.67 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e due to its stable air voids at the SC of 0.75 M. Hence, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant for producing LWCC than SLES without much sacrifice in its compressive strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.9. Comparison of foam- and aerosol-based LWCC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter concluding sodium lauryl sulphate as a suitable surfactant for producing light weight concrete, the performance of SLS foam-based LWCC with and without FA as stabilizer was compared with the LWCC prepared using SLS-based aerosol. Thus produced foam- and aerosol-based LWCC was cured under water for 7 and 28 days separately. After curing, its density and compressive strength were measured and the obtained values are given in Table 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. Density and Strength comparison of Foam- and Aerosol-based concrete\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"756\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.349206349206349%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant Concentration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(M)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.77777777777778%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS-based Foam\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.77777777777778%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS Foam with Fly\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Shivakumar\" datetime=\"2024-02-28T12:33\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/ins\u003eash as Stabilizer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.77777777777778%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSLS-based Aerosol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.904761904761905%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive Strength\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.904761904761905%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Strength \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.476190476190476%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.857142857142858%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Strength \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.349206349206349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1993.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1894.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1998.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.349206349206349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1947.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1850.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1890.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.349206349206349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1783.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1730.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1804.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.349206349206349%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1740.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1705.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1742.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.73015873015873%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.317460317460318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the table, it is observed that the SLS foam-based LWCC exhibits density from 1993.96 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e to 1740.09 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and its compressive strength are 19.95 MPa (0.25 M) to 6.40 MPa (1 M) after 28 days of curing. While adding fly ash as a stabilizer with SLS in all the surfactant concentrations, the density of LWCC was slightly decreased, but the compressive strength was found slightly increased. Further reduction in density is due to the formation of stable air voids. But, a slight increase in compressive strength is attributable to the presence of fly ash as a stabilizer. The SLS-based foam with FA as a stabilizer produces light weight concrete with lesser density and higher compressive strength of 1705.28 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 6.56 MPa respectively at 1 M concentration. But, the SLS foam-based LWCC with FA as a stabilizer at 0.25 M exhibits its compressive strength as 20.75 MPa with a density of 1894.26 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. From this, it is ensured that the density of concrete reduces further on increasing the SC. When impregnating the concrete with SLS-based aerosol, the aerosol reduces the density of concrete from 1998.70 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (0.25 M) to 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 M surfactant concentration. The LWCC produced with SLS-based aerosol at SC of 0.25 M exhibits the compressive strength of 22.13 MPa. Also it displays the compressive strength of 16.8 MPa at 1 M concentration. The compressive strength of aerosol-based LWCC (16.8 MPa) is more than foam-based LWCC with and without stabilizers at an equivalent density of around 1700 MPa. While using the same SLS surfactant for producing aerosol, it impregnates very small micron-sized air voids into the concrete than foam. The micron-sized air voids do not coalesce with one another and those form a stable air void which reduces the density of light weight concrete without compromising its strength. Hence, from this work, SLS is concluded as a suitable surfactant and on impregnating the SLS surfactant as aerosol in concrete offers lower density with higher compressive strength. The obtained results of aerosol-based light weight concrete are compared with the results of existing light weight concrete works. From all these results, it is ensured that the light weight concrete prepared using SLS-based aerosol shows remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a lesser density of 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. For comparison, the density and compressive strength of light weight concrete (LWC) referred from various literatures are given in Table 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8 : Density and Compressive strength of Light weight concrete based on existing literatures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"684\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of LWC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity in kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive Strength at \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;28 days of curing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRef.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlassane Compaore, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam concrete with Commercially available \u003cstrong\u003eprotein-based surfactant\u003c/strong\u003e complies with ASTM C 869-91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[17]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYuanliang Xiong, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam Concrete with \u003cstrong\u003eSynthetic surfactant\u003c/strong\u003e with Formic acid as stabilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 Mpa \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (with 1% Formic acid)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[31]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiyao Guo, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam concrete\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewith\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SLS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewith Polyvinyl Alcohol and nano alumina as stabilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhwairakpam Selija, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Foam concrete with\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Natural surfactant\u003c/strong\u003e extracted from sesame seed and hingot fruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[15]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManan Hashim, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam concrete with \u003cstrong\u003eprotein and synthetic\u003c/strong\u003e based surfactant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 MPa (Synthetic surfactant shows maximum compressive strength)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[12]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSritam Swapnadarshi Sahu, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam concrete with\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SLS\u003c/strong\u003e with 6.1 % Nonylphenol Ethoxylate and 0.16 % Carboxyl methyl cellulose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[18]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYuanliang Xiong, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam concrete with \u003cstrong\u003eAnimal and plant protein-based surfactant and synthetic surfactant\u003c/strong\u003e treated with SOCl\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand stabilized with nano alumina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75 MPa \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(Synthetic surfactant shows maximum compressive strength)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[29]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.456140350877193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.36842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresent work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoam and Aerosol concrete with SLES and SLS as surfactants and FA, GGBS, and SF as foam stabilizers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.157894736842104%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1742.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.92982456140351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(SLS-based aerosol LWC shows better compressive strength)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom all the \u0026nbsp;aspects of foam concrete discussed and analyzed, it is concluded that higher decrease in the density of light weight concrete with a considerable compressive strength is achieved. It is mainly due to the larger volume of unstable foam induced into the light weight concrete. The same SLS surfactant has also been used by some researchers as a surfactant for producing foam concrete and arrived a maximum compressive strength of 12.5 MPa with a density of 1600 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. But on using SLS as a surfactant for aerating the light weight concrete in the form of aerosol, it induces stable air voids and it produces light weight concrete with a density and compressive strength of 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 16.8 MPa respectively. So the aerosol methodology adopted to obtain such a light weight concrete with appreciable compressive strength can be used as a building blocks instead of first class bricks and also fabricated as a structural wall panels. In both these applications, the total load transferred to the foundation will be lower due to aerosol-based light weight concrete and minimizes the cost of construction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this seminal work, the light weight cellular concrete (LWCC) was developed using the anionic surfactants such as SLES and SLS with and without foam stabilizers such as FA, GGBS and SF. The air voids are induced into the base mix in the form of foam and aerosol. Before comparing the mechanical properties of produced LWCC, the type of surfactants, stabilizer and their concentrations were optimized based on the foam characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS. In order to get an LWCC for structural applications, the foam-forming agents such as SLES and SLS were chosen. Out of these foam forming surfactants, the surfactant having higher molecular weight (SLES) offers a very good foam with high FER of 14.06, which is 30.18% higher than the FER of SLS surfactant. However, while using it in concrete base mix, the highly expanded foam found to coalesce faster and not providing an LWCC with the required compressive strength. So, in order to get an LWCC with high compressive strength, SLS as surfactant with FA as stabilizer was found optimized. In the optimization procedure, the foam drainage test was used to measure the foam characteristics such as SLD, FER, IFD and FS as per ASTM standard 869\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;91. In all these trials, the concentration of surfactants was maintained as 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Among these various concentrations, SLS surfactant at 1 M concentration with FA as stabilizer offers a stable foam which can sustain the concrete load under setting and hardening. Hence, SLS at 1 M concentration with FA as stabilizer was concluded as a suitable foaming agent. Also, with the selected surfactant, the performance of LWCC was evaluated by impregnating air voids in the form of SLS-based aerosol. The results obtained for both foam- and aerosol-based LWCC were compared in terms of their attained density and compressive strength. The base mix containing cement and river sand in the ratio 1:1 was used to produce the LWCC and subjected to curing under water after aeration for 7 and 28 days. The water cured specimens were subjected to evaluate the density and compressive strength using Compression Testing Machine. From the compressive strength results, it is ensured that the LWCC prepared using SLS-based aerosol in 1 M concentration shows a maximum compressive strength of 16.8 MPa with a density of 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. From this result, it is concluded that the aerosol-based LWCC obtained with SLS as a surfactant can be used in construction activities for structural applications.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that this manuscript has not been submitted or published previously to any other journal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: Not Applicable \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors give full consent for publication of this research work. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data presented in this research are obtained by conducting experiments. No data source obtained through internet. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding received from any agency for carrying out this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR.Theenathayalan, \u003c/strong\u003eDepartment of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, Methodology, Experimentation, Writing \u0026ndash; Preparation of first draft. \u003cstrong\u003eP. Vincent Venkatesan, \u003c/strong\u003eDepartment of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College: Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. \u003cstrong\u003eK. Jeyasubramanian, \u003c/strong\u003eDepartment of Chemistry, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Management and the Principal, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, India for supporting this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNambiar EKK, Ramamurthy K (2007) Air-void characterisation of foam concrete. 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Cem Concr Res 37(9):1341\u0026ndash;1347. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.05.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.05.010\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiyao Guo etal (2023) Nanoparticle-stabilized foam with controllable structure for enhanced foamed concrete. Constr Build Mater 362. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129723\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129723\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Light Weight Cellular Concrete, Surfactant, Foam Stabilizer, Foam Characteristics, Foam Stability, Aerosol, Density and Strength characteristics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLight Weight Cellular Concrete (LWCC) was prepared in this work using Portland Pozzolana cement and river sand as fine aggregate with air voids induced using Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate (SLES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as foaming agents along with foam stabilizers. The sustainability of foam in the base mix was attained by dispersing 4 g of foam stabilizers such as Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume (SF) in the surfactant solution. The optimum foam concentration was evaluated by varying the concentration of surfactant as 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1 M. Various characteristics of foam such as Surfactant Liquid Density (SLD), Foam Expansion Ratio (FER), Initial Foam Density (IFD) and Foam Stability (FS) with and without foam stabilizers were assessed using foam drainage test as per the ASTM standard 869\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;91. Taking into account the results obtained, the foam generated using SLS in 1 M concentration sustains the foam while being dispersed in the concrete manufacturing process. Furthermore, the optimization of foam characteristics was also performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Ver. 26.0). After setting the foam concrete followed by curing under water, the density of foam/aerosol concrete and their compressive strength were measured. The SLS foam-based LWCC produced using FA as stabilizer showed the maximum compressive strength of 6.56 MPa with its corresponding density of 1705.28 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, the LWCC produced using SLS-based aerosol with same concentration of 1 M showed a remarkable compressive strength of 16.8 MPa and density of 1742.94 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The aerosol-based LWCC paved the way for a novel method of producing LWCC to build structural elements in construction industry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Investigations of Light Weight Cellular Concrete fabricated using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate based Foam/Aerosol with Flyash as a stabilizer for structural applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-09 07:13:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4256993/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4644dac8-ebbd-4051-b779-7fd828b6d011","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-16T14:41:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-09 07:13:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4256993","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4256993","identity":"rs-4256993","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}