Effects of biofertilizers and nano iron-silicon oxide on yield, dry matter remobilization, and trend of changes of the grain filling of triticale under salinity stress

Effects of biofertilizers and nano iron-silicon oxide on yield, dry matter remobilization, and trend of changes of the grain filling of triticale under salinity stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of biofertilizers and nano iron-silicon oxide on yield, dry matter remobilization, and trend of changes of the grain filling of triticale under salinity stress Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf SeyedSharifi, Salim Farzaneh, Hamed Narimani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Salinity is the major abiotic stress factor negatively affecting numerous crop plants’ morphological and biochemical traits, resulting in reduced agricultural production and sustainability. Iron-silicon (Fe-Si) nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can decrease abiotic stress and improve crop yield. Accordingly, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2021 under greenhouse conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatment included salinity at three levels (no salinity, 35 mM and 70 mM with sodium chloride), four levels of NP foliar application (foliar application with water as control, nano Si, nano Fe, and Fe-Si NPs), and four levels of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; no application, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and Azospirillum and Pseudomonas applications). According to the results, the highest dry matter remobilization from shoot and stem and the contribution of stem reserves to the grain yield were found in severe salinity stress conditions. In addition, under 70 mM salinity stress conditions, PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications increased carotenoid content (51.1%), leaf area index (39.4%), total Chl (31.4%), chlorophyll a (29.1%), grain-filling duration (22.2%), effective grain-filling duration (EGFD, 16.3%), and grain yield (12.8%) when compared to control (no PGPR and NP applications) at the same level of salinity. According to the findings, the application of PGPR and NPs increased the grain yield of triticale in salinity stress conditions because of improving the components of grain filling and some physiological features. Anthocyanin Carotenoid content Leaf area index Plant height Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Salinity stress is one of the most crucial abiotic stresses that can influence the growth and productivity of plants worldwide. Salinity impacts plant growth through ionic toxicity, hormonal imbalance, osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, and nutrient mobilization reduction [ 1 ]. In addition, this ionic imbalance can impact the uptake and transport of other vital ions in the target cells, thus impeding essential plant functions and processes [ 1 ]. Additionally, high salinity significantly restricts the growth and development of plants. It further impacts the production of hormones, the process of transpiration, photosynthesis, and the movement of nutrients, resulting in elevated levels of ethylene in roots and other metabolic functions [ 2 ]. Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) stated that salinity stress decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf area index (LAI), and grain-filling parameters but increased dry matter remobilization in wheat [ 3 ]. The alleviation of the devastating effects of salt stress on plants using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an appropriate solution for sustainable, less costly, and healthy agriculture. PGPR refers to a collection of bacteria that positively impact plant growth through various mechanisms [ 4 ]. These remarkable microorganisms possess the ability to adhere to plant roots, maintaining their presence and effectively countering the harmful effects of high salt levels. Through their biocontrol capabilities, they contribute to fostering healthier growth in plants. As a result, rooting processes are significantly enhanced, leading to a substantial boost in crop yields of up to 10–15% [ 5 ]. According to Ait Bessai et al. (2022), PGPB has beneficial effects on soil quality and plant growth through several mechanisms such as phytohormone production [ 6 ], pest control, and increased plant nutrient availability through atmospheric nitrogen stabilization. The other mechanisms include solubilization and mineralization of phosphorous for plant growth [ 4 ] and improvements in tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought and salinity). The use of PGPB in agriculture promotes plant growth and protects plants from the adverse effects of salt stress [ 7 ]. Additionally, it is essential to create innovative biotechnologies that enhance plants’ ability to withstand different stress factors to reduce the harmful impact of abiotic stresses such as salinity. One of the most promising new strategies is the application of synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) as bioactive stimulants and microfertilizers [ 8 ]. NPs protect the membrane and photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, optimize hormone and phenolic levels, boost nutrient intake and antioxidant activities, and regulate gene expression, thereby strengthening plants’ resilience to salinity stress [ 9 ]. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development, being involved in numerous processes of metabolism and biosynthesis of Chl, photosynthesis, and dark respiration [ 10 ]. The availability of Fe for plants is greatly influenced by the soil's pH level, leading to a frequent occurrence of Fe deficiency in plants grown in various types of soil [ 11 ]. Fe uptake in plants is also severely affected under stress. Thus, the application of nano-Fe in various forms (Fe, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , or Fe 3 O 4 ) under stress conditions may provide an efficient way of mitigating symptoms of Fe deficiency and enhancing plant performance in hostile soils. According to Shah et al. (2021), using Fe under stress reduces oxygen free radical production by activating some mechanisms associated with abiotic stress signaling in plants [ 12 ]. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for the growth and development of plants and plays a crucial role in reducing the impact of abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and low temperatures on plants [ 13 ]. Si accumulation in cell tissues can change the structure of the cell wall and protect the integrity of the cell membrane, helping to create a physical barrier to stress [ 14 ]. Si improves the rigidity and erectness of leaves, enhances the photosynthetic capacity, and modulates redox-homeostasis processes [ 15 ]. Si increases Chl content and photosynthesis through improved antioxidant defense and decreased oxidative damage [ 16 ]. Regarding the effects of NPs (Fe-Si) and PGPR to enhance plant health in salty conditions, utilizing NPs along with PGPR is anticipated to be a successful eco-friendly method for enhancing salt tolerance in crops such as triticale. Thus, this research aims to assess how NPs and PGPR impact yield, grain filling, and certain physiological features of triticale in salt stress conditions. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Greenhouse experiment and experimental factors In 2021, a research study was performed at the Research Greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, using a factorial-experimental, randomized complete block design with three repetitions. One of the conditions for the experiment involved three different levels of salt concentration [no salinity as control (S 0 ), salinity 35 (S 1 ) mM, and 70 (S 2 ) mM]. The other variables included the use of NPs for foliar application at 4 different levels [foliar application with water as control (N 0 ), nano Fe (N 1 , 1 g.L − 1 ), nano Si (N 2 , 50 mg.L − 1 )] and nano Fe-Si (N 3 ) application. In addition, PGPR were used at four different levels [no application as control (B 0 ), application of Pseudomonas (B 1 ), Azospirillum (B 2 ), and the application of both Azospirillum and Pseudomonas (B 3 )]. The greenhouse maintained a relative humidity range of 60–67% and a daytime temperature range of 20–30 ° C to 18–21°C. The triticale cultivar ‘Sanabad’ was employed in the experiment with an ideal density of 380 seeds.m − 2 . Therefore, 50 seeds were placed in pots with a diameter of 41 cm containing 17 kg of soil. 2.2. Characteristics of PGPR and nano Si-FeO particles Psedomunas and Azospirillum in the root zones of wheat plants were discovered by the Research Institute of Soil and Water in Tehran, Iran. Further, before being mixed with the bacterial solution for inoculation, the seeds were covered by Arabic gum (a sticky substance), ensuring even coverage. The microorganisms that were utilized as PGPR in the present study had cell densities of 1×10 8 colony-forming units and a variety of strains. The applied Si-Fe NPs had an average particle size 30 m 2 . The leftovers from the US Nanomaterial Research were presented by the Pishgaman Nanomaterials Company, Iran. To have a high-quality solution, deionized water was combined with Fe and Si nanopowder and put on a shaker with ultrasonic equipment (40 kHz and 100 W). BBCH 21 and BBCH 30 growth phases were employed for the foliar application of nano Fe and Si. 2.3. Physiological and morphological traits of triticale leaf At the mid-booting stage (BBCH 59), the flag leaves of the plants were separated to measure some biochemical traits such as Chl content and anthocyanin. The samples were placed in aluminum foil and transported from the greenhouse on an ice bath. The anthocyanin and Chl content were estimated using the methods presented by Wagner [ 17 ] and Arnon [ 18 ]. Furthermore, Chl content (a, b, and total) and carotenoid content were determined by the following formulas: Chl a = [19.3 (A 663 ) – 0.86 (A 645 )] V/ (100 × W) (1) Chl b = [19.3 (A 645 ) – 3.6 (A 663 )] V (100 × W) (2) Total chl = (Chl a + Chl b ) (3) Carotenoides = [100 (A 470 ) – 3.27 (Chl a ) – 104 (Chl b )] / 227 (4) where V and W denote extracted sample volume and fresh weight, respectively. Leaf area index It was estimated at the flag leaf appearance phase by a leaf area meter LI-3000C (LI-COR Biosciences, USA). Rate and grain-filling duration assay For the investigation of grain-filling factors, three plants in each of the pots were taken in each sampling. The first sampling was obtained on the 12th day following heading, and subsequent samples were taken every 4 days to track the grain weight (GW) increase over time. At each sampling stage, the grains were manually removed from the spikes and then drained for 48 h at 75 ° C. Finally, the total grain-filling duration for each of the treatment combinations was computed by fitting a bilinear model [ 19 ] where GW, a , and gfr represent the grain dry weight, the GW-intercept, and the slope of GW indicating the grain-filling rate, respectively. In addition, daa and Pm denote the days after earring and physiological maturity, respectively. Borrás et al. (2004) measured grain filling by a bilinear model [ 20 ]. The effective grain-filling duration (EGFD) was determined using Eq. (6): EGFD = HGW / RGF (6) where HGW and RGF are the maximum of GW (g) and the ratio of grain filling (g/day), respectively. Contrarily, an increase in the kernel weight in the filling duration was estimated using Eq. (6) in statistical software SAS (version 9.2) by applying Proc NLIN and the DUD method. Remobilization of stem reserves to grain yield assay The dry matter and remobilization of stem reserves to grain yield were determined as [ 21 ] Dry matter remobilization to grain (g/plant) = maximum shoot dry matter after anthesis (g/plant) – shoot dry matter (except grains) in maturity (g/plant) (7) Dry matter contribution of assimilates to grain (%) = [remobilization/grain yield] × 100 (8) Stem reserve remobilization to grain yield (g/plant) = maximum stem dry matter after anthesis (g/plant) – stem dry matter in maturity (g/plant) (9) Stem reserve contribution to grain yield (%) = [stem dry matter remobilization/grain yield] ×100 (10) Current photosynthesis (g/plant) = grain yield - dry matter remobilization to grain yield (11) Contribution current photosynthesis in grain (%) = [current photosynthesis/grain yield] × 100 (12) To measure the grain yield, six plants from each pot were randomly harvested. Next, to determine the weight of dry roots, triticale plants were collected and rinsed with tap water in order to eliminate soil particles from the plants’ roots. The shoots and roots were separated and put in a plant sample drying oven at 75˚C for 48 h. Next, the dry weight of the roots was determined using an electrical scale, and the results were documented accordingly. The volume of the root was measured using a standard column. 2.4. Statistical data analyses The SAS computer software package was utilized to conduct the analysis of variance and mean comparisons. The interactions and main effects were tested by applying the least significant difference test at the probability level of P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Photosynthetic pigments The photosynthetic pigments, including total Chl, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoid contents, were adversely affected by salt stress (Table 1 ). Contrarily, the dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application in salinity stress conditions demonstrated significant increases in the Chl content in the leaves of triticale plants. More precisely, the dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application could significantly enhance the Chl content in salt stress conditions as opposed to the untreated group (Table 1 ). Moreover, plants that were treated with PGPR and nano Fe-SiO exhibited a noticeable rise in Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and carotenoid levels when exposed to 70 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Our findings indicated that under non-saline conditions, the application of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR resulted in the highest levels of total Chl, Chl a, and carotenoids at 7.37, 6.02, and 0.7 mg.g − 1 FW − 1 , respectively. Conversely, the minimum carotenoid, Chl a, and total Chl were recorded at 0.42, 4.35, and 5.18 mg.g1 FW − 1, respectively, when exposed to only 70 mM NaCl. Truly, the use of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO led to significant increases of 38.39, 42.27, and 66.66% in Chl a, total Chl, and carotenoid content in the leaves of the triticale plant in non-saline stress when compared to 70 mM NaCl alone (Table 1 ). Based on the average comparison, no salinity increased Chl b by 19.8% compared to 70 mM salinity. In addition, the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO resulted in 18% and 12.5% increases in Chl b, respectively, compared to the lack of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications (Table 2 ). 3.2. Anthocyanin content PGPR and NP (Fe and Si) applications in salinity stress conditions significantly affected anthocyanin content. The average comparisons revealed that using a mixture of PGPR and NPs (Fe and Si) under 70 mM salinity stress resulted in the highest level of anthocyanin content (Table 2 ). Steady increases in salinity and application of both PGPR and NPs could elevate the anthocyanin content, the most important of which was the simultaneous use of PGPR and NPs (Fe and Si) and 70 mM salinity, representing an increase of about 44.64% in the anthocyanin content in comparison to control plants (Table 1 ). 3.3. Leaf area index LAI represented a significant decrease in salinity stress conditions (Table 1 ). Based on the obtained data (Table 1 ), the dual use of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application could significantly increase the LAI of the triticale leaf. Our findings demonstrated that the highest LAI content (2.18) was obtained when nano Fe-SiO and PGPR were applied in non-saline conditions, while the lowest LAI content (1.42) was observed under only 70 mM NaCl conditions. Indeed, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR applications resulted in 53.5% LAI in the leaves of triticale plants under nonsaline stress compared to conditions under 70 mM NaCl alone (Table 1 ). Table 1 Mean comparison of the impacts of PGPR and nanoparticles on of photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin and LAI of triticale under salinity stress Treatments Chlorophyll a Total Chlorophyll Carotenoid Anthocyanin (µg.g F.W) LAI (mg.g FW − 1 ) S 0 ×B 0 ×N 0 5.15 g − j 6.09 h − n 0.654 a − e 0.495 a 1.83 h − m S 0 ×B 1 ×N 0 5.73 a − d 6.95 a − f 0.653 a − e 0.563 o − v 2.02 b − f S 0 ×B 2 ×N 0 5.65 b − e 6.86 b − f 0.637 a − g 0.482 z − a 1.97 d − i S 0 ×B 3 ×N 0 5.89 a − c 7.15 a − d 0.679 a − c 0.503 a − z 2.09 a − d S 0 ×B 0 ×N 1 4.77 m − r 5.67 m − r 0.473 n − r 0.59 j − q 1.59 r − v S 0 ×B 1 ×N 1 5.93 a − c 7.2 a − d 0.686 ab 0.5 x − a 2.08 a − c S 0 ×B 2 ×N 1 5.76 a − d 6.99 a − e 0.659 a − e 0.526 t − z 1.9 e − k S 0 ×B 3 ×N 1 5.64 b − e 6.84 b − g 0.634 a − h 0.6 i − p 2.17 ab S 0 ×B 0 ×N 2 5.15 g − j 6.28 h − k 0.563 f − m 0.517 v − z 1.9 f − k S 0 ×B 1 ×N 2 5.96 ab 7.25 a − c 0.686 ab 0.536 s − y 1.97 d − i S 0 ×B 2 ×N 2 5.72 a − e 6.94 a − f 0.655 a − e 0.574 m − s 2.09 a − d S 0 ×B 3 ×N 2 5.97 ab 7.3 ab 0.693 ab 0.641 e − i 2.16 a − c S 0 ×B 0 ×N 3 5.59 c − f 6.77 d − g 0.629 a − i 0.502 a − z 2.01 c − g S 0 ×B 1 ×N 3 5.85 a − c 7.1 a − d 0.673 a − d 0.546 q − x 2.11 a − d S 0 ×B 2 ×N 3 5.98 ab 7.28 a − c 0.689 ab 0.542 r − y 2.14 a − c S 0 ×B 3 ×N 3 6.02 a 7.37 a 0.7 a 0.662 b − f 2.18 a S 1 ×B 0 ×N 0 4.61 n − r 5.6 p − s 0.458 o − r 0.512 x − z 1.55 s − w S 1 ×B 1 ×N 0 4.87 j − o 5.93 j − p 0.515 k − q 0.556 p − w 1.62 p − v S 1 ×B 2 ×N 0 4.63 n − r 5.65 n − s 0.458 p − r 0.496 y − a 1.62 q − v S 1 ×B 3 ×N 0 4.97 i − n 6.05 i − o 0.539 j − p 0.552 q − w 1.78 k − p S 1 ×B 0 ×N 1 4.77 k − q 5.82 k − q 0.494 l − r 0.592 j − q 1.65 n − t S 1 ×B 1 ×N 1 5.23 f − i 6.38 g − j 0.588 d − k 0.576 l − s 1.95 d − j S 1 ×B 2 ×N 1 5.36 e − h 6.52 e − i 0.607 b − j 0.603 i − p 1.83 i − m S 1 ×B 3 ×N 1 5.66 a − e 6.87 b − f 0.643 a − f 0.606 h − o 2.06 a − e S 1 ×B 0 ×N 2 4.84 j − o 5.9 k − p 0.512 k − q 0.541 r − y 1.66 n − t S 1 ×B 1 ×N 2 5.09 g − k 6.21 h − l 0.544 i − p 0.611 h − n 1.8 j − n S 1 ×B 2 ×N 2 5.09 g − k 6.01 j − o 0.64 a − g 0.585 k − r 1.79 j − n S 1 ×B 3 ×N 2 5.16 g − j 6.28 h − k 0.574 e − l 0.674 a − f 2.04 a − f S 1 ×B 0 ×N 3 4.93 i − n 6 j − o 0.531 j − p 0.567 n − u 1.68 m − t S 1 ×B 1 ×N 3 5.36 e − h 6.54 e − h 0.605 b − j 0.616 g − m 1.89 f − k S 1 ×B 2 ×N 3 5.68 a − e 6.89 b − f 0.644 a − f 0.637 e − j 2.02 b − f S 1 ×B 3 ×N 3 5.8 a − c 7.04 a − d 0.665 a − d 0.682 a − e 2.08 a − d S 2 ×B 0 ×N 0 4.35 r 5.18 s 0.42 r 0.562 o − v 1.42 w S 2 ×B 1 ×N 0 4.47 p − r 5.38 q − s 0.432 qr 0.622 g − l 1.47 vw S 2 ×B 2 ×N 0 5.09 g − k 6.12 h − m 0.557 f − n 0.536 s − y 1.8 j − n S 2 ×B 3 ×N 0 4.71 l − r 5.74 l − r 0.479 m − r 0.647 d − i 1.63 o − u S 2 ×B 0 ×N 1 4.44 qr 5.32 rs 0.437 qr 0.631 f − k 1.48 u − w S 2 ×B 1 ×N 1 5.43 d − g 6.49 f − i 0.591 c − k 0.672 a − e 1.78 k − o S 2 ×B 2 ×N 1 4.51 o − r 5.47 p − s 0.438 qr 0.652 c − g 1.58 r − v S 2 ×B 3 ×N 1 5.17 g − j 6.29 h − k 0.576 e − l 0.704 ab 1.85 g − l S 2 ×B 0 ×N 2 4.46 p − r 5.34 rs 0.44 qr 0.572 m − t 1.47 vw S 2 ×B 1 ×N 2 85/4 j − o 5.92 j − p 0.511 k − q 0.541 r − y 1.72 l − r S 2 ×B 2 ×N 2 4.54 o − r 5.49 p − s 0.438 qr 0.68 a − e 1.59 r − v S 2 ×B 3 ×N 2 5.02 h − m 6.12 h − n 0.547 h − o 0.698 a − c 1.84 h − l S 2 ×B 0 ×N 3 4.82 j − p 5.84 k − q 0.503 k − r 0.525 u − z 1.54 t − w S 2 ×B 1 ×N 3 4.67 l − r 5.7 m − r 0.47 n − r 0.677 a − e 1.7 l − s S 2 ×B 2 ×N 3 5.04 h − l 6.13 h − m 0.552 g − n 0.692 a − d 1.76 k − q S 2 ×B 3 ×N 3 5.62 b − e 6.81 c − g 0.635 a − h 0.716 a 1.98 d − h LSD 0.36 0.47 0.08 0.046 0.159 Table 2 Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on of Chlorophyll b of triticale under salinity stress Treatments Chlorophyll b (mg.g FW − 1 ) S 0 1.21 a S 1 1.1 b S 2 1.01 c LSD 0.04 B 0 1 c B 1 1.14 ab B 2 1.1 b B 3 1.18 a LSD 0.05 N 0 1.04 c N 1 1.11 b N 2 1.1 b N 3 1.17 a LSD 0.05 Note . S 0 , S 1 , and S 2 : indicate without salinity or control, 35 mM and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B 0 , B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 represent no application of biofertilizers, application of Pseudomonas , Azosprilium , and Azosprilium + Pseudomonas . N 0 , N 1 , N 2 , and N 3 denote no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. LAI: Leaf area index. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. 3.4. Root volume and weight The findings indicated that both root weight and volume decreased with an increase in the salinity level. The lowest root dry weight (0.42 g/plant) and root volume (1.25 cm 3 /plant) were obtained under 70 mM salinity stress conditions, which decreased by nearly 24.6% and 27.2%, respectively, compared with no salinity (Table 3 ). However, plants receiving PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application showed increased root dry weight and volume. More precisely, applying both nano Fe-SiO and PGPR significantly improved root dry weight and root volume under salt stress compared to the control (Table 3 ). Indeed, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR applications resulted in 56.8% and 48.1% increases in root volume and root dry weight, respectively, under nonsalinity conditions in comparison to 70 mM NaCl alone (Table 3 ). 3.5. Rate and grain-filling duration Based on the findings, the highest rate of grain filling was observed under no salinity and PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications (Fig. 1 ). Moreover, the highest salinity stress level (70 mM) included the least grain-filling parameters, including the highest grain-filling rate (0.00158 g/day), GW (0.0401 g), grain-filling duration (25.9 days), and EGFD (days). However, salinity decreased 21.6%, 14.1%, 5.06%, and 12.1%, respectively, in the maximum GW, grain-filling duration, grain-filling rate, and EGFD compared to lack of salinity. The grain-filling parameter was increased in response to the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO (Table 3 ). The dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO under the highest salinity conditions could noticeably increase the maximum GW, grain-filling duration, and EGFD by approximately 30.4%, 22.2%, and 16.3%, respectively, compared to the lack of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR application at the same salinity level (Table 3 ). Further, the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO increased the grain-filling rate by approximately 5.6% compared to a lack of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application at the highest salinity level (Table 4 ). Table 3 Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress Treatments Root dry weigh (g/plant) Root volume (cm 3 /plant) Maximum grain weight (g) Effective grain-filling period (day) Grain-filling period (day) S 0 ×B 0 ×N 0 0.526 i − o 1.59 i − o 0.0488 j − p 37.79 g − m 29.58 h − o S 0 ×B 1 ×N 0 0.537 g − m 1.7 f − j 0.0538 c − i 40.05 b − e 32.97 − e S 0 ×B 2 ×N 0 0.553 d − k 1.68 g − k 0.046 p − t 36.64 k − p 28.49 l − q S 0 ×B 3 ×N 0 0.584 a − g 1.78 c − g 0.0567 a − e 41.29 a − c 34.21 ab S 0 ×B 0 ×N 1 0.471 q − v 1.4 q − v 0.0513 g − l 38.58 e − j 30.76 f − k S 0 ×B 1 ×N 1 0.599 a − d 1.83 a − f 0.0467 o − t 37.29 i − m 29.44 i − o S 0 ×B 2 ×N 1 0.589 a − f 1.84 a − f 0.0577 a − c 41.54 ab 34.54 a S 0 ×B 3 ×N 1 0.616 ab 1.92 a − c 0.0584 ab 41.46 a − c 34.35 ab S 0 ×B 0 ×N 2 0.549 e − k 1.66 g − l 0.051 h − m 37.14 j − n 30.64 f − l S 0 ×B 1 ×N 2 0.538 g − m 1.64 h − m 0.0564 a − e 41.22 a − c 34.19 a − c S 0 ×B 2 ×N 2 0.594 a − e 1.82 b − f 0.0551 b − g 40.82 b − d 33.72 a − d S 0 ×B 3 ×N 2 0.616 ab 1.94 ab 0.0578 a − c 41.3 a − c 34.48 a S 0 ×B 0 ×N 3 0.563 c − j 1.71 f − i 0.053 − i 39.09 d − i 31.27 − i S 0 ×B 1 ×N 3 0.599 a − d 1.93 ab 0.0581 ab 41.32 a − c 34.44 ab S 0 ×B 2 ×N 3 0.609 a − c 1.9 a − d 0.0568 a − d 41.31 a − c 34.25 ab S 0 ×B 3 ×N 3 0.625 a 1.96 a 0.0594 a 42.76 a 34.69 a S 1 ×B 0 ×N 0 0.46 r − v 1.34 t − w 0.0431 s − w 35.13 o − s 26.61 q − s S 1 ×B 1 ×N 0 0.508 k − s 1.51 m − r 0.0464 o − t 36.69 k − p 28.42 m − q S 1 ×B 2 ×N 0 0.467 r − v 1.44 p − u 0.0464 o − t 36.77 j − p 28.47 l − q S 1 ×B 3 ×N 0 0.515 j − r 1.67 g − l 0.0471 m − s 36.68 k − p 28.67 k − q S 1 ×B 0 ×N 1 0.511 k − r 1.4 q − v 0.0434 s − w 35.21 o − s 26.63 q − s S 1 ×B 1 ×N 1 0.514 j − r 1.49 n − s 0.0457 p − t 36.91 j − o 29 − p S 1 ×B 2 ×N 1 0.53 h − n 1.56 k − p 0.0508 h − n 38.44 e − k 30.58 g − l S 1 ×B 3 ×N 1 0.579 a − h 1.82 a − f 0.0527 e − j 39.33 d − g 31.93 d − g S 1 ×B 0 ×N 2 0.493 m − t 1.42 q − v 0.0442 q − v 35.46 n − s 26.84 p − s S 1 ×B 1 ×N 2 0.54 f − m 1.56 k − p 0.0504 i − o 38.55 e − j 30.95 e − j S 1 ×B 2 ×N 2 0.517 j − q 1.59 i − o 0.0469 n − t 36.83 j − p 28.65 k − q S 1 ×B 3 ×N 2 0.577 a − h 1.85 a − e 0.0439 c − i 39.65 c − f 32.26 b − f S 1 ×B 0 ×N 3 0.515 j − r 1.58 i − o 0.0476 l − r 37.13 j − n 29 j − p S 1 ×B 1 ×N 3 0.521 j − p 1.53 l − q 0.0545 b − h 39.66 c − f 32 c − g S 1 ×B 2 ×N 3 0.571 b − i 1.77 d − h 0.0523 f − k 39.15 g − h 31.64 d − i S 1 ×B 3 ×N 3 0.593 a − e 1.88 a − d 0.0554 a − f 39.89 b − e 33 a − e S 2 ×B 0 ×N 0 0.422 v 1.25 w 0.0401 w 33.69 s 25.92 s S 2 ×B 1 ×N 0 0.506 k − t 1.53 l − q 0.0429 t − w 35.06 p − s 26.61 q − s S 2 ×B 2 ×N 0 0.499 l − t 1.57 j − p 0.044 q − w 35.32 n − s 26.65 q − s S 2 ×B 3 ×N 0 0.467 r − v 1.38 r − w 0.0452 p − u 36.24 m − r 27.93 o − s S 2 ×B 0 ×N 1 0.441 uv 1.28 vw 0.0409 vw 34.56 rs 26.5 q − s S 2 ×B 1 ×N 1 0.485 n − u 1.53 l − q 0.0459 p − t 36.4 m − q 28.18 o − r S 2 ×B 2 ×N 1 0.468 q − v 1.53 l − q 0.0503 i − o 38 f − m 29.87 g − o S 2 ×B 3 ×N 1 0.534 h − n 1.72 e − i 0.0486 k − p 37.69 j − m 29.7 h − o S 2 ×B 0 ×N 2 0.439 uv 1.3 vw 0.0415 u − w 34.68 q − s 26.11 rs S 2 ×B 1 ×N 2 0.48 o − u 1.34 u − w 0.0438 r − w 35.33 n − s 26.76 q − s S 2 ×B 2 ×N 2 0.458 t − v 1.48 o − t 0.0462 p − t 36.57 l − p 28.22 n − r S 2 ×B 3 ×N 2 0.533 h − n 1.76 d − h 0.0504 i − o 38.29 f − l 30.4 f − n S 2 ×B 0 ×N 3 0.457 − v 1.35 s − w 0.0514 f − l 34.61 q − s 31.34 e − i S 2 ×B 1 ×N 3 0.476 p − u 1.62 i − n 0.047 m − s 36.87 j − p 28.61 k − q S 2 ×B 2 ×N 3 0.516 j − r 1.6 i − o 0.0479 l − q 37.49 h − n 29.44 i − o S 2 ×B 3 ×N 3 0.545 e − l 1.8 b − g 0.0523 f − k 39.21 d − h 31.7 d − h LSD 0.049 0.139 0.004 1.81 2.2 Table 4 Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on the grain-filling rate of triticale under salinity stress Salinity levels Grain-filling rate (g.day − 1 ) PGPR B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 S 0 0.00166 ab 0.00163 b − d 0.00164 b − d 0.00168 a S 1 0.00163 cd 0.00163 cd 0.00164 b − d 0.00166 a − c S 2 0.00158 e 0.00163 d 0.00164 b − d 0.00164 b − d LSD 32×10 − 6 PGPR Nanoparticles (NPs) N 0 N 1 N 2 N 3 B 0 0.00159 f 0.00162 d − f 0.00163 c − e 0.00165 a − d B 1 0.00163 d − f 0.00159 ef 0.00163 cd 0.00167 ab B 2 0.00163 d − f 0.00166 a − c 0.00163 cd 0.00164 b − d B 3 0.00164 cd 0.00165 a − d 0.00166 a − c 0.00168 a LSD 37×10 − 6 Note . S 0 , S 1 , and S 2 : denote without salinity or control, 35 mM and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B 0 , B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 indicate no application of biofertilizers, application of Pseudomonas , Azosprilium , and Azosprilium + Pseudomonas . N 0 , N 1 , N 2 and N 3 demonstrate no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. 3.6. Dry matter and stem reserve mobilization to grain yield Salinity stress significantly increases dry matter remobilization. Based on the obtained data, the highest rate of salinity (70 mM) could increase dry matter remobilization of the stem and shoots (15.1% and 14.8%, respectively) and these processes’ contribution to grain yield (32.6% and 34.9%, respectively) when compared to no salinity (Tables 5 , 6 , and 7). The stress tolerance efficiency of cereals depends on both the assimilation of stem reserves and dry matter and the influential division of these reserves into the grains. The contributions increase when plants are cultivated in salinity stress conditions rather than when they are under no salinity. The highest dry matter from the contribution of stem reserves and shoots to the grain yield (42.3% and 27.4%, respectively) was detected at the highest salinity level and no PGPR and NPs. The lowest (21.5% and 17%) were obtained under no salinity and PGPR and NP application (Tables 5 and 7). The current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield were negatively influenced by salt stress. Conversely, the application of both nano Fe-SiO and PGPR in salinity stress could noticeably increase the current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield. More precisely, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR application could significantly improve current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to grain yield under salinity stress when compared to the control (Table 5 ). Indeed, the PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications resulted in 96.4% and 35.9% increases in current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield, respectively, under non-saline stress conditions in comparison to the application of 70 mM NaCl (Table 5 ). 3.7. Grain yield The current research findings revealed that triticale grain yield was significantly reduced under salinity stress when compared to control plants, so 70 mM salinity represented the lowest rate of grain yield (1.48 g/plant). Nonetheless, the NP and PGPR application significantly increased the grain yield in triticale plants subjected to saline stress conditions compared to plants that received no treatment. In fact, the simultaneous application of PGPR and NPs resulted in a 44.5% increase in the grain yield compared to the control treatment (Table 5 ). Table 5 Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress Treatments CRSG (%) CP (g/plant) CCPG (%) Grain yield (g per plant) S 0 ×B 0 ×N 0 31.34 j − n 1.23 j − p 68.65 j − n 1.87 lm S 0 ×B 1 ×N 0 28.61 n − r 1.37 e − i 71.39 f − j 1.91 i − l S 0 ×B 2 ×N 0 27.63 o − s 1.31 g − m 72.36 e − i 1.88 k − m S 0 ×B 3 ×N 0 24.1 t − w 1.51 b − e 75.89 a − d 1.97 d − h S 0 ×B 0 ×N 1 33.53 f − k 1.16 n − r 66.46 m − r 1.9 j − l S 0 ×B 1 ×N 1 25.29 r − v 1.45 c − g 74.7 b − f 2 b − f S 0 ×B 2 ×N 1 24.48 s − w 1.5 b − e 75.51 a − e 1.96 e − i S 0 ×B 3 ×N 1 25.29 r − v 1.42 d − h 74.7 b − f 2.03 bc S 0 ×B 0 ×N 2 27.12 p − t 1.39 e − h 72.36 d − h 1.87 k − m S 0 ×B 1 ×N 2 28.86 n − q 1.33 f − j 71.13 g − j 2.01 b − e S 0 ×B 2 ×N 2 25.17 r − v 1.47 c − f 74.82 b − e 1.95 f − j S 0 ×B 3 ×N 2 24.54 s − w 1.44 d − h 75.45 a − e 1.93 g − j S 0 ×B 0 ×N 3 26.24 q − u 1.42 d − h 73.75 c − g 2.05 b S 0 ×B 1 ×N 3 22.07 vw 1.64 ab 77.92 ab 2.11 a S 0 ×B 2 ×N 3 23.22 u − w 1.57 a − c 76.77 a − c 2.02 b − d S 0 ×B 3 ×N 3 21.55 w 1.67 a 78.44 a 2.14 a S 1 ×B 0 ×N 0 37.56 b − e 0.99 s − v 62.43 s − v 1.6 r − u S 1 ×B 1 ×N 0 32.75 h − m 1.18 k − q 67.24 k − p 1.76 op S 1 ×B 2 ×N 0 32.63 i − m 1.17 l − r 67.36 k − o 1.78 op S 1 ×B 3 ×N 0 28.55 n − r 1.31 g − l 71.45 g − j 1.87 n − p S 1 ×B 0 ×N 1 36.32 b − g 1.03 r − v 63.68 q − v 1.78 op S 1 ×B 1 ×N 1 32.89 h − m 1.16 m − r 67.1 k − q 1.74 p S 1 ×B 2 ×N 1 31.46 j − n 1.22 j − p 68.53 j − n 1.79 n − p S 1 ×B 3 ×N 1 26.55 p − u 1.48 c − f 73.44 c − h 1.9 j − l S 1 ×B 0 ×N 2 33.76 f − k 1.09 p − u 66.24 m − r 1.65 qr S 1 ×B 1 ×N 2 31.64 j − n 1.22 j − p 68.35 j − n 1.84 mn S 1 ×B 2 ×N 2 30.68 k − o 1.23 i − o 69.31 i − m 1.87 lm S 1 ×B 3 ×N 2 26.32 q − u 1.48 c − e 73.67 c − g 1.92 h − k S 1 ×B 0 ×N 3 33.72 f − k 1.11 o − s 66.27 m − r 1.68 op S 1 ×B 1 ×N 3 30.58 k − o 1.23 i − p 69.41 i − m 1.81 no S 1 ×B 2 ×N 3 27.12 p − t 1.38 e − h 72.87 d − h 1.91 i − l S 1 ×B 3 ×N 3 24.1 t − w 1.54 a − d 75.89 a − c 1.99 c − g S 2 ×B 0 ×N 0 42.3 a 0.85 w 57.69 w 1.48 w S 2 ×B 1 ×N 0 39.02 a − c 0.93 vw 60.97 u − w 1.55 uv S 2 ×B 2 ×N 0 36.09 c − h 1 s − v 63.9 p − u 1.6 r − u S 2 ×B 3 ×N 0 34.39 e − i 1.09 o − t 65.6 n − s 1.63 q − s S 2 ×B 0 ×N 1 39.56 ab 0.94 u − w 60.43 vw 1.54 v S 2 ×B 1 ×N 1 35.11 d − i 1.09 p − u 64.89 o − t 1.64 q − s S 2 ×B 2 ×N 1 38.16 b − d 0.95 t − w 61.83 t − v 1.53 vw S 2 ×B 3 ×N 1 29.96 l − p 1.3 h − n 70.03 h − l 1.64 q − s S 2 ×B 0 ×N 2 39.59 ab 0.93 vw 60.41 vw 1.57 t − v S 2 ×B 1 ×N 2 36.86 b − f 1.03 q − v 63.13 r − v 1.62 q − t S 2 ×B 2 ×N 2 37.42 b − e 1 s − v 62.57 s − v 1.64 qr S 2 ×B 3 ×N 2 29.47 m − q 1.31 g − l 70.52 g − k 1.67 q S 2 ×B 0 ×N 3 31.1 j − n 1.2 j − p 68.89 j − n 1.58 s − v S 2 ×B 1 ×N 3 33.41 g − l 1.1 o − s 66.68 l − q 1.64 q − s S 2 ×B 2 ×N 3 29.61 m − q 1.31 g − k 70.36 g − k 1.66 q S 2 ×B 3 ×N 3 26.31 q − u 1.44 c − h 73.69 c − g 1.67 q LSD 3.44 0.14 3.44 5.05 Note . S 0 , S 1 , and S 2 : indicate without salinity or control, 35 mM, and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B 0 , B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 represent no application of biofertilizers, application of Pseudomonas , Azosprilium , and Azosprilium + Pseudomonas . N 0 , N 1 , N 2 , and N 3 imply no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. CRSG: Contribution of remobilization from shoots to grain; CP: Current photosynthesis; CCPG: Contribution current photosynthesis in grain. Table 6 Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress Treatments DMRG (g/plant) DMRS (g/plant) S 0 0.506 c 0.356 c S 1 0.555 b 0.389 b S 2 0.581 a 0.41 a LSD 0.011 0.008 B 0 0.576 a 0.408 a B 1 0.557 b 0.389 b B 2 0.541 c 0.38 b B 3 0.516 d 0.363 c LSD 0.013 0.01 N 0 0.565 a 0.398 a N 1 0.555 a 0.391 ab N 2 0.551 a 0.385 b N 3 0.518 b 0.366 c LSD 0.013 0.01 s Table 7. Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress Salinity levels SRCG (%) Bio-fertilizers (PGPR) B 0 B 1 B 2 B 3 S 0 20.69 c 18.33 d 17.79 d 17.05 d S 1 25.01 b 22.36 c 21.37 c 18.53 d S 2 27.45 a 25.42 b 24.88 b 21.03 c LSD 1.79 Note . S 0 , S 1 , and S 2 : demonstrate no salinity or control, 35 mM, and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B 0 , B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 indicate no application of biofertilizers, application of Pseudomonas , Azosprilium , and Azosprilium + Pseudomonas . Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. DMRG: Dry matter remobilization to grain; DMRS: Dry matter remobilization from stem; SRCG: Stem reserve contribution in grain yield. 4. Discussion 4.1. Photosynthetic pigments Salinity stress harms the photosynthetic system at all stages of a plant’s growth [ 22 ]. Salinity increases Chl activity and decreases the uptake of nitrogen, leaf water potential, and photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, one study showed that higher levels of salinity led to a reduction in the Chl content and carotenoid content in wheat [ 23 ]. Under salt stress, the application of PGPR could increase Chl and carotenoid content (Table 2 ), and PGPR enhanced the solubility and absorption of nutrients, thus influencing the growth and development of plants [ 4 ]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with PGPR enhances the Chl content when plants are subjected to salt [ 24 ]. Habib et al. (2016) explained that the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity of PGPR improved photosynthetic efficiency by reducing ethylene biosynthesis [ 25 ]. In addition, the phosphate solubilization trait of PGPR could improve nutrient absorption activity, essential for the photosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments needed for the light-harvesting complex. Additionally, there was a noticeable increase in the Chl content with the application of nano Fe-SiO. Various studies have reported that incorporating NPs into plant leaves leads to a notable rise in the Chl content. According to studies, using SiO 2 -NPs can help sustain a healthy rate of photosynthesis even when faced with severe abiotic stress [ 23 ]. Research shows that Chl and carotenoids in plants can increase in response to salt stress when they are exposed to biostimulants and NPs. In reality, the Si-NP and PGPR applications can enhance the production of such compounds by activating their synthesis pathways [ 26 ]. It has also been noted that using Fe NPs results in a higher Chl content in wheat [ 27 ]. 4.2. Anthocyanin content Salinity stress increases anthocyanin content, an essential phenolic compound that is upregulated in response to stress. This compound helps protect the plant from oxidative damage by neutralizing harmful compounds. Increases in the content of phenolic compounds under environmental stress act as a signal that can eventually increase the stress tolerance in plants by triggering a chain of reactions [ 28 ]. In conformity with our findings, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) attributed the enhancement of anthocyanin content to the application of biofertilizers for better absorption of minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the presence of PGPR [23]. More precisely, the positive outcome of using NPs and biofertilizers during NaCl stress conditions was their ability to enhance the production of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as anthocyanin by controlling the phenylpropanoid pathway [29]. 4.3. Leaf area index Leaf area is a quick reaction of plants to the presence of salinity stress, causing the suppression of leaf expansion with increasing salinity concentrations [ 30 ]. Additionally, it appears that when there are high levels of salt in the environment, it leads to a decrease in water accessibility for the plant, inhibits cell division, and results in reductions in the cell size, ultimately decreasing the size of the leaves [ 3 , 30 ]. Kherizadeh Arough et al. (2015) found that applying PGPR could significantly boost the LAI compared to the control and increase the LAI of triticale by modulating the impact of stress and augmenting the availability of nutrients and photosynthetic resources [ 31 ]. Similarly, in the current study, NP application has increased LAI by increasing the Chl content (Table 1 ). Likewise, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) attributed the wheat LAI increase due to PGPR and SiO applications under salt stress to increased Chl content [23]. The use of Si in rice led to a reduction in the absorption and movement of sodium to aerial parts of plants, ultimately lowering its harmful effects while promoting higher LAI and dry matter production [32]. In addition, the application of nano FeO compensated for the negative effects of salinity stress, and LAI improved with increasing nano FeO concentrations compared to untreated plants (Table 1 ). 4.4. Root volume and weight High salinity levels create water stress via osmotic imbalance at the soil–root interface and impair the plant’s ability to take water and minerals through the roots [ 33 ], negatively impacting root dry weight and volume (Table 3 ). This could induce plasmolysis, which, in turn, might alter the plant’s cellular and macromolecular metabolism and result in a slowing down or halting of plant growth [ 33 ]. In this regard, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) reported improved root dry weight when applying PGPR and Si [23]. PGPR affect root architecture and increase nutrient uptake. Indeed, they can modify the branching pattern of roots, resulting in a greater capacity to explore the soil for nutrients [34]. According to Ma et al. (2006), the positive effect of Si is due to its deposition in the roots, which decreases and provides binding sites for metals, reducing the uptake and translocation of toxic metals and salts from the roots to the shoots [35]. In line with the observed positive effects of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application, our results confirmed that the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO could significantly reduce the detrimental effects of salinity stress and improve many growth-related traits under normal and salinity stress conditions. 4.5. Rate and grain-filling duration The decrease in the Chl content (Table 2 ) can have serious impacts on grain-filling parameters (Fig. 1 and Table 3 ), which conforms to the results of other studies, indicating that low grain-filling parameters of wheat under salinity stress are due to a decrease in the Chl content [ 36 ]. Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) concluded that salinity could reduce GW due to the shortage of the seed-filling duration, thus accelerating seed maturation [ 3 ]. In the current study, inoculated plants with PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application in salinity stress conditions represented a considerable decrease in the grain-filling rate. One reasonable justification is probably the improvement in the Chl content (Table 1 ), as well as root volume and dry weight (Table 3 ) because of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR inoculation, thus increasing rate and grain-filling duration and grain yield. Accordingly, the researchers stated that biofertilizers increase the plant’s root area, and increasing the plant’s root area due to more access to water and nutrients increases plant growth. They also concluded that increasing the amount of water and solute absorption increases the transfer of materials to the seed, ultimately increasing the grain-filling rate and grain yield [ 36 ]. Similar results have been found regarding the application of Si and Fe NPs to increase rate and grain-filling duration in salinity stress conditions [ 37 ], which are in line with the results of the present study. 4.6. Dry matter and stem reserve mobilization to grain yield The imbalance in source-sink relations, particularly the reduction in the sink, may be a reason for the noticeable yield loss under the salinity stress environment. Some researchers have reported that an optimal balance in source and sink has a greater role in the mobilization of stored carbohydrates [ 38 ]. Therefore, the study suggests that the ability to accumulate and remobilize stem reserves is an important trait for improving grain filling in triticale under salinity stress. Likewise, Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) concluded that environmental stresses causing a shorter duration of grain filling could remarkably reduce GW [ 3 ]. A rationale behind this issue is probably the improvement of the Chl content (Table 1 ) under desirable conditions and accessibility to sufficient resources, leading to an increase in current photosynthesis (Table 5 ). Nonetheless, accessibility to nutrient sources (e.g., PGPR, Fe, and Si) is restricted when the plants are in salinity conditions. The application of PGPR, through increasing the availability of nutrients and improving the LAI (Table 1 ), increases the current photosynthesis while decreasing dry matter remobilization. The same results were reported by previous research, highlighting that nano Fe-SiO application could decrease dry matter remobilization to grain, contributing stem reserves to grain [ 39 ]. 4.7. Grain yield Reportedly, salt stress adversely affects plant germination, growth, and reproduction, ultimately leading to reduced crop yields [ 40 ]. In other words, a decline in the grain yield was probably because of leaf senescence (Table 1 ), a decrease in the Chl content (Table 1 ), anthocyanin (Table 1 ), and root dry weight (Table 3 ), which conforms to the results of [ 23 ]. However, the application of PGPR resulted in a higher grain yield; thus, it has been noted that the inoculation of seeds with PGPR can enhance salt tolerance by increasing ionic balance, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, and ultimately enhancing plant growth and yield [ 23 ]. Similar findings have also been documented regarding the application of Si-Fe NPs in enhancing the growth and yield of wheat when facing salinity stress [e.g., 23, 39], which corroborates the findings of the present study. Babaei et al. (2017) concluded that the application of Fe resulted in an increase in the yield of wheat plants treated with or without salt [ 27 ]. The role of NPs as beneficial mineral nutrients in the reproductive growth of plants is well documented. Accordingly, part of the increase in yield in salinity stress with PGPR and NP application, individually or in combination, can be due to the increase in the Chl content, LAI, anthocyanin (Table 1 ), root dry weight (Table 3 ), and rate and grain-filling duration (Tables 3 and 4 ), causing better plant tolerance to salinity stress conditions. 5. Conclusion The results revealed that salinity stress reduced grain yield, Chl content, and triticale's rate and grain-filling duration while increasing dry matter and stem reserve mobilization. In addition, the application of biofertilizer and nano Fe-SiO improved grain yield, grain-filling rate, and Chl content of wheat under salinity conditions. Our results indicated that plants apply major processes, such as photosynthesis, LAI, and the Chl content, to alleviate the effects of stress. Accordingly, it is recommended that biofertilizers and nano Fe-SiO be applied to improve triticale production under salinity conditions. Declarations Ethical approval Not applicable. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication “All authors have expressed explicit consent to submit this manuscript for publication”. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding This study has been supported by a research grant from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Ardabil, Iran). In addition, the authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and Hamed Narimani) declare that the present study received no funds, grants, or additional support during the preparation of this manuscript. Authors ’ contributions “All authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and Hamed Narimani) contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and Hamed Narimani. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Fatemeh Aghaei and all authors (Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and Hamed Narimani) commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and Hamed Narimani) read and approved the final manuscript”. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the Laboratory Technician of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili for technical support in preparing and testing the samples. References Saberi Riseh R, Ebrahimi-Zarandi M, Tamanadar E, Moradi Pour M, Thakur VK (2021) Salinity stress: toward sustainable plant strategies and using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria encapsulation for reducing it. 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J King Saud Univ Sci 33:101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.10.004 Peña-Calzada K, Olivera-Viciedo D, Calero-Hurtado A, Prado RD, Habermann E, Tenesaca LFL, Ajila G, de Oliveira R, Rodriguez JC, Gratao PL (2023) Silicon mitigates the negative impacts of salt stress in soybean plants. J Sci Food Agric 103(9):4360–4370. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12503 Nasircilar AG, Ulukapi K (2021) The role ofsilicone applicationstolerance to abiotic stress conditions. In ‘Highly interconnected and endless puzzle: agriculture’. (Ed. A Bilmez Özçinar) (Iksad Publications) Rastogi A, Yadav S, Hussain S, Kataria S, Hajihashemi S, Kumari P, Yang X, Brestic M (2021) Does silicon really matter for the photosynthetic machinery in plants::: ? J Plant Physiol Biochem 169:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.004 Zhang Y, Shi Y, Gong Hj Z, Hl L, Hl H, Yh W Yc (2018) Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress. J Integr Agric 17(10):2151–2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62038-6 Wagner GJ (1979) Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanin in protoplasts. Plant Physiol 64:88–93. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.64.1.88 Arnon AN (1967) Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agron J 23:112–121 Borrás L, Otegui ME (2001) Maize kernel weight response to post flowering source-sink ratio. Crop Sci 41:1816. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.1816 Borrás L, Slafer GA, Otegui ME (2004) Seed dry weight response to source-sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: A quantitative reappraisal. Field Crops Res 86:131. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.1816 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.08.002 Inoue T, Inanaga S, Sugimoto Y, An P, Eneji AE (2004) Effect of drought on ear and flag leaf photosynthesis of two wheat Cultivars differing in drought resistance. Photosynthetic 42:559. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11099-005-0013-2 Elkelish AA, Soliman MH, Alhaithloul HA, El-Esawi MA (2019) Selenium protects wheat seedlings against salt stress-mediated oxidative damage by up-regulating antioxidants and osmolytes metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 137:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.02.004 AhmadiNouraldinvand F, Seyed Sharif R, Siadat SA, Khalilzadeh R (2024) Fascinating role of Silicon dioxide Nanoparticles and Coinoculation of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobacteria to Combat NaCl stress: changes in physiological characteristics, uptake of nutrient elements, and enhancing photosystem II activities in wheat. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 26(1):277–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01640-0 Gupta S, Gupta K, Nehra C, Gaur RK, Yadav D (2022) Biotechnological intervention for sugarcane improvement under salinity. Sugar Tech 8:15–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 12355-022-01174-8 Habib SH, Kausar H, Saud HM (2016) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance salinity stress tolerance in okra through ROS-scavenging enzymes. Biomed Res Int6284547. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6284547 Ouhaddou R, Ben-Laouane R, Lahlali R, Anli M, Ikan C, Boutasknit A, Slimani A, Oufdou K, Baslam M, Ait Barka E, Meddich A (2022) Application of indigenous rhizospheric microorganisms and local compost as enhancers of lettuce growth, development, and salt stress tolerance. Microorganisms 10(8):1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081625 Babaei Kh S, Sharifi R, Pirzad AR, Khalilzadeh R (2017) Effects of bio fertilizer and nano Zn-Fe oxide on physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. J Plant Interact 12(1):381–389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1371798 Sun X, Zhang Q, Zhou H (2021) Anthocyanins: from biosynthesis regulation to crop improvement. Bot Lett 168:546–557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2021.1909498 Zaimenko NV, Didyk NP, Pavliuchenko NA, Ivanytska B, Kharytonova IP, Rositska NV (2018) Natural silicates mixed with organic fertilizers enhance corn adaptation to salt stress and improve physical characteristics of sandy soil. J Crop Improv 32:188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1405856 Van Zelm E, Zhang YX, Testerink C (2020) Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants. Ann Rev Plant Biol 71:403–433. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100005 Kheirizadeh Arough Y, Seyed Sharifi R, Sedghi M, Barmaki M (2015) Effects of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide on remobilization and some growth indices of triticale under water limitation conditions. Crop Physiol J 7:37 Elshayb OM, Nada AM, Ibrahim HM, Amin HE, Atta AM (2021) Application of silica nanoparticles for improving growth, yield, and enzymatic antioxidant for the hybrid rice ehr1 growing under water regime conditions. Materials 14(5):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1 4051150 Abdeldym EA, El-Mogy MM, Abdellateaf HRL, Atia MAM (2020) Genetic characterization, agro-morphological and physiological evaluation of grafted tomato under salinity stress conditions. Agronomy 10: 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121948 Palacio-Rodríguez R, Sáenz-Mata J, Trejo-Calzada R, Ochoa-García PP, Arreola-Ávila JG (2023) Halotolerant rhizobacteria promote plant growth and decrease salt stress in carya illinoinensis ( Wangenh .) K. Koch. Agronomy 13(12):3045. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123045 Ma JF, Tamai K, Yamaji N, Mitani N, Konishi S, Katsuhara MA (2006) Silicon transporter in rice. Nature 440:688–691. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04590 Aghaei F, Seyed Sharifi R, Narimani H (2020) Evaluation of yield, chlorophyll content, and grain filling components of wheat under salinity soil conditions and application of uniconazole and biofertilizers. J Crops Improv 2(22):269–282. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2020 Nazari Zh, Sedghei M, Narimani H (2023) Effect of humic acid and application of nanoparticles (iron and silicon) on quantitative and qualitative yield and filling components of wheat seed under salinity conditions. IJSST 11(4):35–51. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijsst.2022.358700.1432 Rivera-Amado C, Molero G, Trujillo-Negrellos E, Reynolds M, Foulkes J (2020) Estimating organ contribution to grain filling and potential for source upregulation in wheat cultivars with a contrasting source–sink balance. Agronomy 10(10):1527. 10.3390/agronomy10101527 Nazari G, Sedgi M, Narimani H (2022) Effect of salinity and application of humic acid, iron and silicon nanoxide on the contribution of remobilization process and current photosynthesis in wheat grain yield. Crop Physiol J 14(54):5–25 Nadeem M, Li J, Yahya M, Wang M, Ali A, Cheng A, Wang X, Ma C (2019) Grain legumes and fear of salt stress: focus on mechanisms and management strategies. Inte J Mol Sci 20:799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040799 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5559658","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":409107870,"identity":"0d664956-56a5-403a-9333-b55baa313ba9","order_by":0,"name":"Fatemeh Aghaei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mohaghegh Ardabili","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatemeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Aghaei","suffix":""},{"id":409107871,"identity":"db11d262-b90b-4198-9f4d-6c006d723c74","order_by":1,"name":"Raouf SeyedSharifi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCCiA2AOIDFQY2DAwSxGg5A9NyxiCNRC1AxmHCWszbDx+TOMBQZ2/OfvbhgQMF5xP7ZzcffMBQYxONS4vMmbQ0oJbDiTt70g0OHDC4nTjjzrFkA4ZjabkNOLRIMOSYSX9gOJBgcCCN4fAHoJaGGzlmEowNh3Fr4X9jBnaYwflnDEBbziXOJ6hFIgekhZlxw400kJYDiRsIa3mWbAHyy4YbYFuSjTfeSEs2SMDnF/7kgzcgDktj/nDgj53svBvJBx98qLHBqQUMGP8h2I5glQn4lKMDe1IUj4JRMApGwcgAADbVYye6pAf9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mohaghegh Ardabili","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raouf","middleName":"","lastName":"SeyedSharifi","suffix":""},{"id":409107872,"identity":"17eb3cdd-ad2b-47cc-ab18-928270f39fa1","order_by":2,"name":"Salim Farzaneh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mohaghegh Ardabili","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salim","middleName":"","lastName":"Farzaneh","suffix":""},{"id":409107873,"identity":"169015ed-52ac-4d7a-9fb7-4580fdd98676","order_by":3,"name":"Hamed Narimani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mohaghegh Ardabili","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Narimani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-01 17:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75307993,"identity":"7e8ac15f-d299-4212-8c3f-b200eaea4c46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 08:42:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":305502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect salinity levels, biofertilizers, and nano iron-silicon oxide on the grain-filling process of triticale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5559658/v1/d2dd353f81a0c865f75a8682.png"},{"id":75472769,"identity":"7b96cba4-4c66-48d2-aa21-cb0b3104779f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-05 03:16:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3111817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5559658/v1/06c16bc1-2baa-49a7-a1c4-3c8b7b744318.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of biofertilizers and nano iron-silicon oxide on yield, dry matter remobilization, and trend of changes of the grain filling of triticale under salinity stress","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSalinity stress is one of the most crucial abiotic stresses that can influence the growth and productivity of plants worldwide. Salinity impacts plant growth through ionic toxicity, hormonal imbalance, osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, and nutrient mobilization reduction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, this ionic imbalance can impact the uptake and transport of other vital ions in the target cells, thus impeding essential plant functions and processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, high salinity significantly restricts the growth and development of plants. It further impacts the production of hormones, the process of transpiration, photosynthesis, and the movement of nutrients, resulting in elevated levels of ethylene in roots and other metabolic functions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) stated that salinity stress decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf area index (LAI), and grain-filling parameters but increased dry matter remobilization in wheat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe alleviation of the devastating effects of salt stress on plants using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an appropriate solution for sustainable, less costly, and healthy agriculture. PGPR refers to a collection of bacteria that positively impact plant growth through various mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These remarkable microorganisms possess the ability to adhere to plant roots, maintaining their presence and effectively countering the harmful effects of high salt levels. Through their biocontrol capabilities, they contribute to fostering healthier growth in plants. As a result, rooting processes are significantly enhanced, leading to a substantial boost in crop yields of up to 10\u0026ndash;15% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Ait Bessai et al. (2022), PGPB has beneficial effects on soil quality and plant growth through several mechanisms such as phytohormone production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], pest control, and increased plant nutrient availability through atmospheric nitrogen stabilization. The other mechanisms include solubilization and mineralization of phosphorous for plant growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] and improvements in tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought and salinity). The use of PGPB in agriculture promotes plant growth and protects plants from the adverse effects of salt stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, it is essential to create innovative biotechnologies that enhance plants\u0026rsquo; ability to withstand different stress factors to reduce the harmful impact of abiotic stresses such as salinity. One of the most promising new strategies is the application of synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) as bioactive stimulants and microfertilizers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. NPs protect the membrane and photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, optimize hormone and phenolic levels, boost nutrient intake and antioxidant activities, and regulate gene expression, thereby strengthening plants\u0026rsquo; resilience to salinity stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development, being involved in numerous processes of metabolism and biosynthesis of Chl, photosynthesis, and dark respiration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The availability of Fe for plants is greatly influenced by the soil's pH level, leading to a frequent occurrence of Fe deficiency in plants grown in various types of soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Fe uptake in plants is also severely affected under stress. Thus, the application of nano-Fe in various forms (Fe, FeO, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, or Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) under stress conditions may provide an efficient way of mitigating symptoms of Fe deficiency and enhancing plant performance in hostile soils. According to Shah et al. (2021), using Fe under stress reduces oxygen free radical production by activating some mechanisms associated with abiotic stress signaling in plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilicon (Si) is a beneficial element for the growth and development of plants and plays a crucial role in reducing the impact of abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and low temperatures on plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Si accumulation in cell tissues can change the structure of the cell wall and protect the integrity of the cell membrane, helping to create a physical barrier to stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Si improves the rigidity and erectness of leaves, enhances the photosynthetic capacity, and modulates redox-homeostasis processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Si increases Chl content and photosynthesis through improved antioxidant defense and decreased oxidative damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the effects of NPs (Fe-Si) and PGPR to enhance plant health in salty conditions, utilizing NPs along with PGPR is anticipated to be a successful eco-friendly method for enhancing salt tolerance in crops such as triticale. Thus, this research aims to assess how NPs and PGPR impact yield, grain filling, and certain physiological features of triticale in salt stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Greenhouse experiment and experimental factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2021, a research study was performed at the Research Greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, using a factorial-experimental, randomized complete block design with three repetitions. One of the conditions for the experiment involved three different levels of salt concentration [no salinity as control (S\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), salinity 35 (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) mM, and 70 (S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) mM]. The other variables included the use of NPs for foliar application at 4 different levels [foliar application with water as control (N\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), nano Fe (N\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, 1 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), nano Si (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 50 mg.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)] and nano Fe-Si (N\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) application. In addition, PGPR were used at four different levels [no application as control (B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), application of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e (B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e (B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and the application of both \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e (B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)]. The greenhouse maintained a relative humidity range of 60\u0026ndash;67% and a daytime temperature range of 20\u0026ndash;30\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC to 18\u0026ndash;21\u0026deg;C. The triticale cultivar \u0026lsquo;Sanabad\u0026rsquo; was employed in the experiment with an ideal density of 380 seeds.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, 50 seeds were placed in pots with a diameter of 41 cm containing 17 kg of soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Characteristics of PGPR and nano Si-FeO particles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePsedomunas\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e in the root zones of wheat plants were discovered by the Research Institute of Soil and Water in Tehran, Iran. Further, before being mixed with the bacterial solution for inoculation, the seeds were covered by Arabic gum (a sticky substance), ensuring even coverage. The microorganisms that were utilized as PGPR in the present study had cell densities of 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e colony-forming units and a variety of strains. The applied Si-Fe NPs had an average particle size\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 nm.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a specific surface area\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The leftovers from the US Nanomaterial Research were presented by the Pishgaman Nanomaterials Company, Iran. To have a high-quality solution, deionized water was combined with Fe and Si nanopowder and put on a shaker with ultrasonic equipment (40 kHz and 100 W). BBCH 21 and BBCH 30 growth phases were employed for the foliar application of nano Fe and Si.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Physiological and morphological traits of triticale leaf\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the mid-booting stage (BBCH 59), the flag leaves of the plants were separated to measure some biochemical traits such as Chl content and anthocyanin. The samples were placed in aluminum foil and transported from the greenhouse on an ice bath. The anthocyanin and Chl content were estimated using the methods presented by Wagner [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and Arnon [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, Chl content (a, b, and total) and carotenoid content were determined by the following formulas:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e = [19.3 (A\u003csub\u003e663\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026ndash; 0.86 (A\u003csub\u003e645\u003c/sub\u003e)] V/ (100 \u0026times; W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChl\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = [19.3 (A\u003csub\u003e645\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026ndash; 3.6 (A\u003csub\u003e663\u003c/sub\u003e)] V (100 \u0026times; W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal chl = (Chl\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e + Chl\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoides = [100 (A\u003csub\u003e470\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026ndash; 3.27 (Chl\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e) \u0026ndash; 104 (Chl\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e)] / 227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere V and W denote extracted sample volume and fresh weight, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLeaf area index\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was estimated at the flag leaf appearance phase by a leaf area meter LI-3000C (LI-COR Biosciences, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRate and grain-filling duration assay\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the investigation of grain-filling factors, three plants in each of the pots were taken in each sampling. The first sampling was obtained on the 12th day following heading, and subsequent samples were taken every 4 days to track the grain weight (GW) increase over time. At each sampling stage, the grains were manually removed from the spikes and then drained for 48 h at 75\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC. Finally, the total grain-filling duration for each of the treatment combinations was computed by fitting a bilinear model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1738570818.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere GW, \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003egfr\u003c/em\u003e represent the grain dry weight, the GW-intercept, and the slope of GW indicating the grain-filling rate, respectively. In addition, \u003cem\u003edaa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePm\u003c/em\u003e denote the days after earring and physiological maturity, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorr\u0026aacute;s et al. (2004) measured grain filling by a bilinear model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The effective grain-filling duration (EGFD) was determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(6):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEGFD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;HGW / RGF \u003cb\u003e(6)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere HGW and RGF are the maximum of GW (g) and the ratio of grain filling (g/day), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrarily, an increase in the kernel weight in the filling duration was estimated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(6) in statistical software SAS (version 9.2) by applying Proc NLIN and the DUD method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRemobilization of stem reserves to grain yield assay\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry matter and remobilization of stem reserves to grain yield were determined as [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter remobilization to grain (g/plant)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;maximum shoot dry matter after anthesis (g/plant) \u0026ndash; shoot dry matter (except grains) in maturity (g/plant) \u003cb\u003e(7)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter contribution of assimilates to grain (%) = [remobilization/grain yield] \u0026times; 100 \u003cb\u003e(8)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem reserve remobilization to grain yield (g/plant)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;maximum stem dry matter after anthesis (g/plant) \u0026ndash; stem dry matter in maturity (g/plant) \u003cb\u003e(9)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem reserve contribution to grain yield (%) = [stem dry matter remobilization/grain yield] \u0026times;100 \u003cb\u003e(10)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent photosynthesis (g/plant)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;grain yield - dry matter remobilization to grain yield \u003cb\u003e(11)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContribution current photosynthesis in grain (%) = [current photosynthesis/grain yield] \u0026times; 100 \u003cb\u003e(12)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure the grain yield, six plants from each pot were randomly harvested. Next, to determine the weight of dry roots, triticale plants were collected and rinsed with tap water in order to eliminate soil particles from the plants\u0026rsquo; roots. The shoots and roots were separated and put in a plant sample drying oven at 75˚C for 48 h. Next, the dry weight of the roots was determined using an electrical scale, and the results were documented accordingly. The volume of the root was measured using a standard column.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical data analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SAS computer software package was utilized to conduct the analysis of variance and mean comparisons. The interactions and main effects were tested by applying the least significant difference test at the probability level of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Photosynthetic pigments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe photosynthetic pigments, including total Chl, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoid contents, were adversely affected by salt stress (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Contrarily, the dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application in salinity stress conditions demonstrated significant increases in the Chl content in the leaves of triticale plants. More precisely, the dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application could significantly enhance the Chl content in salt stress conditions as opposed to the untreated group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, plants that were treated with PGPR and nano Fe-SiO exhibited a noticeable rise in Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and carotenoid levels when exposed to 70 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Our findings indicated that under non-saline conditions, the application of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR resulted in the highest levels of total Chl, Chl a, and carotenoids at 7.37, 6.02, and 0.7 mg.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. Conversely, the minimum carotenoid, Chl a, and total Chl were recorded at 0.42, 4.35, and 5.18 mg.g1 FW\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1, respectively, when exposed to only 70 mM NaCl. Truly, the use of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO led to significant increases of 38.39, 42.27, and 66.66% in Chl a, total Chl, and carotenoid content in the leaves of the triticale plant in non-saline stress when compared to 70 mM NaCl alone (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the average comparison, no salinity increased Chl b by 19.8% compared to 70 mM salinity. In addition, the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO resulted in 18% and 12.5% increases in Chl b, respectively, compared to the lack of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Anthocyanin content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGPR and NP (Fe and Si) applications in salinity stress conditions significantly affected anthocyanin content. The average comparisons revealed that using a mixture of PGPR and NPs (Fe and Si) under 70 mM salinity stress resulted in the highest level of anthocyanin content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Steady increases in salinity and application of both PGPR and NPs could elevate the anthocyanin content, the most important of which was the simultaneous use of PGPR and NPs (Fe and Si) and 70 mM salinity, representing an increase of about 44.64% in the anthocyanin content in comparison to control plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Leaf area index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAI represented a significant decrease in salinity stress conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the obtained data (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), the dual use of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO foliar application could significantly increase the LAI of the triticale leaf. Our findings demonstrated that the highest LAI content (2.18) was obtained when nano Fe-SiO and PGPR were applied in non-saline conditions, while the lowest LAI content (1.42) was observed under only 70 mM NaCl conditions. Indeed, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR applications resulted in 53.5% LAI in the leaves of triticale plants under nonsaline stress compared to conditions under 70 mM NaCl alone (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the impacts of PGPR and nanoparticles on of photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin and LAI of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Chlorophyll\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin (\u0026micro;g.g F.W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg.g FW\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.09\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.95\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003csup\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;y\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003csup\u003ex\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003csup\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.557\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003csup\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;y\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.541\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;y\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003csup\u003eqr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.84\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003csup\u003eu\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003csup\u003et\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003csup\u003em\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.552\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.635\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on of Chlorophyll b of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll b (mg.g FW\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. S\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, and S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: indicate without salinity or control, 35 mM and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e represent no application of biofertilizers, application of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e. N\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and N\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e denote no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. LAI: Leaf area index.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Root volume and weight\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicated that both root weight and volume decreased with an increase in the salinity level. The lowest root dry weight (0.42 g/plant) and root volume (1.25 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/plant) were obtained under 70 mM salinity stress conditions, which decreased by nearly 24.6% and 27.2%, respectively, compared with no salinity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, plants receiving PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application showed increased root dry weight and volume. More precisely, applying both nano Fe-SiO and PGPR significantly improved root dry weight and root volume under salt stress compared to the control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR applications resulted in 56.8% and 48.1% increases in root volume and root dry weight, respectively, under nonsalinity conditions in comparison to 70 mM NaCl alone (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Rate and grain-filling duration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings, the highest rate of grain filling was observed under no salinity and PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the highest salinity stress level (70 mM) included the least grain-filling parameters, including the highest grain-filling rate (0.00158 g/day), GW (0.0401 g), grain-filling duration (25.9 days), and EGFD (days). However, salinity decreased 21.6%, 14.1%, 5.06%, and 12.1%, respectively, in the maximum GW, grain-filling duration, grain-filling rate, and EGFD compared to lack of salinity. The grain-filling parameter was increased in response to the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The dual application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO under the highest salinity conditions could noticeably increase the maximum GW, grain-filling duration, and EGFD by approximately 30.4%, 22.2%, and 16.3%, respectively, compared to the lack of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR application at the same salinity level (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Further, the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO increased the grain-filling rate by approximately 5.6% compared to a lack of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application at the highest salinity level (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot dry weigh (g/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot volume (cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum grain weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective grain-filling period (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain-filling period (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.526\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0488\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.79\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.58\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0538\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.05\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.97\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.64\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.49\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0567\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.29\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0513\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.58\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.76\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0467\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.29\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.44\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0577\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.54\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0584\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.46\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.35\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.14\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.64\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0564\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.22\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.19\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0594\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.47\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.84\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.26\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.64\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003csup\u003ew\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0401\u003csup\u003ew\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.69\u003csup\u003es\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.92\u003csup\u003es\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.65\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0409\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.56\u003csup\u003ers\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.87\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0486\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.69\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003csup\u003euv\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0415\u003csup\u003eu\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.68\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.11\u003csup\u003ers\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003csup\u003eu\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0438\u003csup\u003er\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.33\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.76\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003csup\u003et\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0462\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.57\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.22\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.533\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0504\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.29\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003csup\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0514\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.61\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.34\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003csup\u003em\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.87\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.61\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0479\u003csup\u003el\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.49\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.44\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0523\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.21\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on the grain-filling rate of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain-filling rate (g.day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGPR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00166\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00168\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00166\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00158\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePGPR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNanoparticles (NPs)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00159\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00162\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00165\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00159\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00167\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00166\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00163\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00164\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00165\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00166\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00168\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. S\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, and S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: denote without salinity or control, 35 mM and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e indicate no application of biofertilizers, application of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e. N\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e demonstrate no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Dry matter and stem reserve mobilization to grain yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity stress significantly increases dry matter remobilization. Based on the obtained data, the highest rate of salinity (70 mM) could increase dry matter remobilization of the stem and shoots (15.1% and 14.8%, respectively) and these processes\u0026rsquo; contribution to grain yield (32.6% and 34.9%, respectively) when compared to no salinity (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, and 7). The stress tolerance efficiency of cereals depends on both the assimilation of stem reserves and dry matter and the influential division of these reserves into the grains. The contributions increase when plants are cultivated in salinity stress conditions rather than when they are under no salinity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest dry matter from the contribution of stem reserves and shoots to the grain yield (42.3% and 27.4%, respectively) was detected at the highest salinity level and no PGPR and NPs. The lowest (21.5% and 17%) were obtained under no salinity and PGPR and NP application (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and 7). The current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield were negatively influenced by salt stress. Conversely, the application of both nano Fe-SiO and PGPR in salinity stress could noticeably increase the current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield. More precisely, nano Fe-SiO and PGPR application could significantly improve current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to grain yield under salinity stress when compared to the control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, the PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications resulted in 96.4% and 35.9% increases in current photosynthesis and the contribution of current photosynthesis to the grain yield, respectively, under non-saline stress conditions in comparison to the application of 70 mM NaCl (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7. Grain yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current research findings revealed that triticale grain yield was significantly reduced under salinity stress when compared to control plants, so 70 mM salinity represented the lowest rate of grain yield (1.48 g/plant). Nonetheless, the NP and PGPR application significantly increased the grain yield in triticale plants subjected to saline stress conditions compared to plants that received no treatment. In fact, the simultaneous application of PGPR and NPs resulted in a 44.5% increase in the grain yield compared to the control treatment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRSG (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCP (g/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCPG (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g per plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.34\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.65\u003csup\u003ej\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.61\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003csup\u003ee\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.39\u003csup\u003ef\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.07\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.92\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003csup\u003eop\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.55\u003csup\u003en\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.45\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.68\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.31\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.58\u003csup\u003ek\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.41\u003csup\u003ei\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003csup\u003eno\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e 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colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003csup\u003ew\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.02\u003csup\u003ea\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.97\u003csup\u003eu\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003csup\u003euv\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.09\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.43\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003csup\u003ev\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.11\u003csup\u003ed\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003csup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.89\u003csup\u003eo\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.16\u003csup\u003eb\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.03\u003csup\u003eh\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.59\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e 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colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.47\u003csup\u003em\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.52\u003csup\u003eg\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;B\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026times;N\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.31\u003csup\u003eq\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.69\u003csup\u003ec\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. S\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, and S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: indicate without salinity or control, 35 mM, and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e represent no application of biofertilizers, application of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e. N\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and N\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e imply no foliar application, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, and nano iron-silicon. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. CRSG: Contribution of remobilization from shoots to grain; CP: Current photosynthesis; CCPG: Contribution current photosynthesis in grain.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMRG (g/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMRS (g/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.557\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.541\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.551\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003es\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;7. Mean comparison of the effects of PGPR and nanoparticles on some morphological traits of triticale under salinity stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSRCG (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBio-fertilizers (PGPR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.69\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.79\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.36\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.53\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. S\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, and S\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: demonstrate no salinity or control, 35 mM, and 70 mM salinity, respectively. B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e indicate no application of biofertilizers, application of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAzosprilium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e. Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different based on the least significant difference test. DMRG: Dry matter remobilization to grain; DMRS: Dry matter remobilization from stem; SRCG: Stem reserve contribution in grain yield.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Photosynthetic pigments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity stress harms the photosynthetic system at all stages of a plant\u0026rsquo;s growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Salinity increases Chl activity and decreases the uptake of nitrogen, leaf water potential, and photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, one study showed that higher levels of salinity led to a reduction in the Chl content and carotenoid content in wheat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Under salt stress, the application of PGPR could increase Chl and carotenoid content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and PGPR enhanced the solubility and absorption of nutrients, thus influencing the growth and development of plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with PGPR enhances the Chl content when plants are subjected to salt [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Habib et al. (2016) explained that the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity of PGPR improved photosynthetic efficiency by reducing ethylene biosynthesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the phosphate solubilization trait of PGPR could improve nutrient absorption activity, essential for the photosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments needed for the light-harvesting complex. Additionally, there was a noticeable increase in the Chl content with the application of nano Fe-SiO. Various studies have reported that incorporating NPs into plant leaves leads to a notable rise in the Chl content. According to studies, using SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NPs can help sustain a healthy rate of photosynthesis even when faced with severe abiotic stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Research shows that Chl and carotenoids in plants can increase in response to salt stress when they are exposed to biostimulants and NPs. In reality, the Si-NP and PGPR applications can enhance the production of such compounds by activating their synthesis pathways [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. It has also been noted that using Fe NPs results in a higher Chl content in wheat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Anthocyanin content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalinity stress increases anthocyanin content, an essential phenolic compound that is upregulated in response to stress. This compound helps protect the plant from oxidative damage by neutralizing harmful compounds. Increases in the content of phenolic compounds under environmental stress act as a signal that can eventually increase the stress tolerance in plants by triggering a chain of reactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In conformity with our findings, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) attributed the enhancement of anthocyanin content to the application of biofertilizers for better absorption of minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the presence of PGPR [23]. More precisely, the positive outcome of using NPs and biofertilizers during NaCl stress conditions was their ability to enhance the production of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as anthocyanin by controlling the phenylpropanoid pathway [29].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Leaf area index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf area is a quick reaction of plants to the presence of salinity stress, causing the suppression of leaf expansion with increasing salinity concentrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it appears that when there are high levels of salt in the environment, it leads to a decrease in water accessibility for the plant, inhibits cell division, and results in reductions in the cell size, ultimately decreasing the size of the leaves [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Kherizadeh Arough et al. (2015) found that applying PGPR could significantly boost the LAI compared to the control and increase the LAI of triticale by modulating the impact of stress and augmenting the availability of nutrients and photosynthetic resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, in the current study, NP application has increased LAI by increasing the Chl content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) attributed the wheat LAI increase due to PGPR and SiO applications under salt stress to increased Chl content [23]. The use of Si in rice led to a reduction in the absorption and movement of sodium to aerial parts of plants, ultimately lowering its harmful effects while promoting higher LAI and dry matter production [32]. In addition, the application of nano FeO compensated for the negative effects of salinity stress, and LAI improved with increasing nano FeO concentrations compared to untreated plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Root volume and weight\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh salinity levels create water stress via osmotic imbalance at the soil\u0026ndash;root interface and impair the plant\u0026rsquo;s ability to take water and minerals through the roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], negatively impacting root dry weight and volume (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This could induce plasmolysis, which, in turn, might alter the plant\u0026rsquo;s cellular and macromolecular metabolism and result in a slowing down or halting of plant growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. In this regard, AhmadiNouraldinvand et al. (2024) reported improved root dry weight when applying PGPR and Si [23]. PGPR affect root architecture and increase nutrient uptake. Indeed, they can modify the branching pattern of roots, resulting in a greater capacity to explore the soil for nutrients [34]. According to Ma et al. (2006), the positive effect of Si is due to its deposition in the roots, which decreases and provides binding sites for metals, reducing the uptake and translocation of toxic metals and salts from the roots to the shoots [35]. In line with the observed positive effects of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application, our results confirmed that the application of PGPR and nano Fe-SiO could significantly reduce the detrimental effects of salinity stress and improve many growth-related traits under normal and salinity stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Rate and grain-filling duration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decrease in the Chl content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) can have serious impacts on grain-filling parameters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), which conforms to the results of other studies, indicating that low grain-filling parameters of wheat under salinity stress are due to a decrease in the Chl content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) concluded that salinity could reduce GW due to the shortage of the seed-filling duration, thus accelerating seed maturation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In the current study, inoculated plants with PGPR and nano Fe-SiO application in salinity stress conditions represented a considerable decrease in the grain-filling rate. One reasonable justification is probably the improvement in the Chl content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), as well as root volume and dry weight (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) because of nano Fe-SiO and PGPR inoculation, thus increasing rate and grain-filling duration and grain yield. Accordingly, the researchers stated that biofertilizers increase the plant\u0026rsquo;s root area, and increasing the plant\u0026rsquo;s root area due to more access to water and nutrients increases plant growth. They also concluded that increasing the amount of water and solute absorption increases the transfer of materials to the seed, ultimately increasing the grain-filling rate and grain yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar results have been found regarding the application of Si and Fe NPs to increase rate and grain-filling duration in salinity stress conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], which are in line with the results of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6. Dry matter and stem reserve mobilization to grain yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe imbalance in source-sink relations, particularly the reduction in the sink, may be a reason for the noticeable yield loss under the salinity stress environment. Some researchers have reported that an optimal balance in source and sink has a greater role in the mobilization of stored carbohydrates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the study suggests that the ability to accumulate and remobilize stem reserves is an important trait for improving grain filling in triticale under salinity stress. Likewise, Narimani and Seyed Sharifi (2023) concluded that environmental stresses causing a shorter duration of grain filling could remarkably reduce GW [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. A rationale behind this issue is probably the improvement of the Chl content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) under desirable conditions and accessibility to sufficient resources, leading to an increase in current photosynthesis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, accessibility to nutrient sources (e.g., PGPR, Fe, and Si) is restricted when the plants are in salinity conditions. The application of PGPR, through increasing the availability of nutrients and improving the LAI (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), increases the current photosynthesis while decreasing dry matter remobilization. The same results were reported by previous research, highlighting that nano Fe-SiO application could decrease dry matter remobilization to grain, contributing stem reserves to grain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.7. Grain yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReportedly, salt stress adversely affects plant germination, growth, and reproduction, ultimately leading to reduced crop yields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. In other words, a decline in the grain yield was probably because of leaf senescence (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), a decrease in the Chl content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), anthocyanin (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), and root dry weight (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), which conforms to the results of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the application of PGPR resulted in a higher grain yield; thus, it has been noted that the inoculation of seeds with PGPR can enhance salt tolerance by increasing ionic balance, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, and ultimately enhancing plant growth and yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar findings have also been documented regarding the application of Si-Fe NPs in enhancing the growth and yield of wheat when facing salinity stress [e.g., 23, 39], which corroborates the findings of the present study. Babaei et al. (2017) concluded that the application of Fe resulted in an increase in the yield of wheat plants treated with or without salt [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The role of NPs as beneficial mineral nutrients in the reproductive growth of plants is well documented. Accordingly, part of the increase in yield in salinity stress with PGPR and NP application, individually or in combination, can be due to the increase in the Chl content, LAI, anthocyanin (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), root dry weight (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and rate and grain-filling duration (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), causing better plant tolerance to salinity stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed that salinity stress reduced grain yield, Chl content, and triticale's rate and grain-filling duration while increasing dry matter and stem reserve mobilization. In addition, the application of biofertilizer and nano Fe-SiO improved grain yield, grain-filling rate, and Chl content of wheat under salinity conditions. Our results indicated that plants apply major processes, such as photosynthesis, LAI, and the Chl content, to alleviate the effects of stress. Accordingly, it is recommended that biofertilizers and nano Fe-SiO be applied to improve triticale production under salinity conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;All authors have expressed explicit consent to submit this manuscript for publication\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has been supported by a research grant from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Ardabil, Iran). In addition, the authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHamed Narimani) declare that the present study received no funds, grants, or additional support during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;All authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHamed Narimani) contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHamed Narimani. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Fatemeh Aghaei and all authors (Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHamed Narimani) commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors (Fatemeh Aghaei, Raouf Seyed Sharifi, Salim Farzaneh, and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHamed Narimani)\u0026nbsp;read and approved the final manuscript\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to acknowledge the Laboratory Technician of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili for technical support in preparing and testing the samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaberi Riseh R, Ebrahimi-Zarandi M, Tamanadar E, Moradi Pour M, Thakur VK (2021) Salinity stress: toward sustainable plant strategies and using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria encapsulation for reducing it. 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Inte J Mol Sci 20:799. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040799\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijms20040799\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anthocyanin, Carotenoid content, Leaf area index, Plant height","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSalinity is the major abiotic stress factor negatively affecting numerous crop plants\u0026rsquo; morphological and biochemical traits, resulting in reduced agricultural production and sustainability. Iron-silicon (Fe-Si) nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can decrease abiotic stress and improve crop yield. Accordingly, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2021 under greenhouse conditions using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatment included salinity at three levels (no salinity, 35 mM and 70 mM with sodium chloride), four levels of NP foliar application (foliar application with water as control, nano Si, nano Fe, and Fe-Si NPs), and four levels of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; no application, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and Azospirillum and Pseudomonas applications). According to the results, the highest dry matter remobilization from shoot and stem and the contribution of stem reserves to the grain yield were found in severe salinity stress conditions. In addition, under 70 mM salinity stress conditions, PGPR and nano Fe-SiO applications increased carotenoid content (51.1%), leaf area index (39.4%), total Chl (31.4%), chlorophyll a (29.1%), grain-filling duration (22.2%), effective grain-filling duration (EGFD, 16.3%), and grain yield (12.8%) when compared to control (no PGPR and NP applications) at the same level of salinity. According to the findings, the application of PGPR and NPs increased the grain yield of triticale in salinity stress conditions because of improving the components of grain filling and some physiological features.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of biofertilizers and nano iron-silicon oxide on yield, dry matter remobilization, and trend of changes of the grain filling of triticale under salinity stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-03 08:34:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5559658/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"927f0585-d920-4196-8055-806d81087b50","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-05T03:08:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-03 08:34:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5559658","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5559658","identity":"rs-5559658","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}