Reproductive risks of microplastics in assisted reproduction.

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread environmental contaminants detected in multiple human tissues, raising significant health concerns. The detection of MPs from human reproductive tissues largely indicates potential risks to reproductive health in both men and women. Although the effects of MPs on reproductive diseases remain poorly understood, MPs may be associated with ovarian dysfunction, endometrial disorders, and impaired sperm quality. Moreover, microplastic exposure may pose transgenerational risks through epigenetic reprogramming. Here, we draw attention to the potential threat of MP contamination to assisted reproductive technology (ART), where extensive use of plastic materials may expose gametes and embryos to MPs, potentially affecting embryo development and clinical outcomes. However, direct evidence that standard ART procedures elevate MP exposure or compromise clinical outcomes remains scarce, rendering the potential impact speculative. To elucidate and mitigate these risks, the field may require standardised detection protocols, rigorous contamination controls, prospective multicentre cohorts, and safer materials.