Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals

Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals Amanda Sullivan, Eleanor Murray, Laura Corlin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : To match medical education requirements to the professional goals of clinician-scholars, quantitative descriptions of the disciplinary training of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals are needed. The objective was to assess whether academic training and teamwork of authors publishing original research in top-tier journals varied by year of publication (2000/2010/2020), type of journal (epidemiological/general clinical/specialty clinical), gender of the corresponding author, and time since the corresponding author completed formal training relative to the article publication date (<5/≥5 years). Methods : The authors invited the corresponding author of 1240 original research articles published in three volumes of 15 top-tier journals to participate in an online survey. Participants reported demographic information and academic training history, co-authors’ training history, and confidence in their own and their co-authors’ ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts. Using linear regression, logistic regression, and chi-squared tests, the authors examined bivariate trends in training history and confidence by publication type, publication year, gender, and time between training and publication. Results : The response rate was 8.3% (n=103). Year of publication, type of journal, gender, and recency of training were not significantly associated with interdisciplinary team composition, whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any research stage (design/analysis/interpretation/reporting), or with participants’ confidence in their own or their co-authors epidemiological or biostatistical expertise (p>0.05 for each bivariate comparison). Exceptions were: (1) participants with more recent epidemiological training all had co-author(s) with epidemiological training who contributed to the design and interpretation of the research; and (2) participants who published in 2020 were more likely to report being extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities. Conclusions : This study was the first to quantify interdisciplinary training among research teams publishing in epidemiological and clinical journals. Researchers viewed training that prepares clinician-scholars for collaboration with epidemiologists and biostatisticians favorably. Educational Philosophy and Theory interdisciplinary scholarship interdisciplinary education research methods author credentials physician-scholar training Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background We rely on high-quality science to help address the myriad clinical and public health challenges facing society. Two of the primary ways in which we uphold the rigor of scientific literature are through formal academic training and interdisciplinary teamwork. Although the necessary academic training of research teams is specific to each research question, clinician-scholars publishing original research in the clinical and epidemiological literature often require at least a basic understanding of epidemiology and biostatistics to effectively collaborate in interdisciplinary teams. For this reason, and because of the clinical value in understanding the basic methods underlying clinical literature [1–3], introductory epidemiology and biostatistics concepts comprise 4-6% of the Step 1 examination questions for the United States Medical Licensing Exam [4]. Similarly, medical schools and funding organizations support innovative interdisciplinary training programs for clinician-scholars to learn research methods [2, 5–13]. Complementing these trends in training, the academic literature has also seen an increase in team science and increased attention to authorship practices. The mean number of authors for articles in medical journals increased by 23% between 1995 and 2005 [14], and similar trends have been observed in terms of the number of authors on research articles in the health science literature more broadly [15, 16]. Although trends for gender of authors (including the gender of authors in specific authorship positions) has been investigated in the biomedical and epidemiological literature [17–19], little is known about the training experience of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals – either now or historically. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no study has examined how factors such as journal type, publication year, gender of the corresponding author, or recency of the corresponding author’s training relate to the disciplinary training of research teams. To address these gaps in the literature, we administered a survey to quantify how formal interdisciplinary training and teamwork varied by year of publication, type of journal, gender, and time since training. Our primary hypotheses were that interdisciplinary training and interdisciplinary teamwork would be more common among (1) more recently published articles than among older articles, (2) articles published in epidemiological journals than clinical journals, (3) articles with female corresponding authors than male corresponding authors, and (4) articles with corresponding authors who completed training within five years of the date of publication compared to less recent training. We also hypothesized that gender and year of publication would be associated with authors’ confidence in their own and their co-authors’ understanding of relevant epidemiological and biostatistical concepts. Methods Study population and participant recruitment Our target population included scholars publishing original research in leading English-language clinical and epidemiological journals. We selected 15 journals based on impact factor and positive reputation. Of these 15 journals, five were general clinical journals, five were specialty clinical journals, and five were epidemiology journals (all journals will remain unnamed for confidentiality reasons). We selected three issues from each of these 15 journals for each of the 2000 and 2010 volumes, and one issue from the 2020 volume. One target 2000 journal issue did not have original research articles and was not included. In total, there were 1240 original research articles targeted (Figure 1). Between January 8 th , 2020 and April 30 th , 2020, we invited each of the 1240 corresponding authors from the target articles to complete an online survey. The email invitation and reminder text are given in the Supplemental Digital Content. We used the corresponding author’s email address listed in the publication whenever possible. If we received an automatic response that the email address was no longer valid (n = 377) or if an email address was not listed on the publication (n = 157, all for papers published in 2000), we used public websites such as departmental lists of faculty and LinkedIn to identify a current email address. If we did not find a valid email address for the corresponding author or if the corresponding author was deceased (n = 30), we used public websites to find an email address for the first or last author (in that order, depending on who was listed as the corresponding author). For simplicity, we refer to all participants as the corresponding author of their respective articles. Overall, the response rate was 8.3% (Figure 1). All participants provided informed consent. The Tufts Social, Behavioral, & Educational Research Institutional Review Board approved the study (protocol 1910004). Survey instrument Through an online Qualtrics survey, we asked participants to report their gender, year of birth, level of education as of the time their paper was published, year their most recent degree had been awarded as of the time their paper was published, country of training, whether they had at least one full semester of formal epidemiological and biostatistical training as of the time their paper was published (and if so, when they last received formal training; or if not, whether they would have benefited from it), and to rate their confidence applying epidemiological and biostatistical concepts relevant to their paper (not at all/not very/somewhat/very/extremely confident). We also asked participants to indicate whether any of their co-authors had epidemiological, biostatistical, and/or clinical training (and if so, in what stage of the study process those co-authors participated [design, analysis, interpretation, reporting]) and to rate their confidence in their co-authors’ ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts relevant to their paper. We asked whether their paper was reviewed by anyone trained in epidemiology and/or biostatistics. Finally, we asked an open-ended question: “Do you have any final thoughts you would like to share with us on this topic?” The full survey instrument is given in the Supplemental Digital Content. Statistical analysis We examined summary statistics for each variable, and for each variable stratified by type of publication, year of publication, gender of the participant, and years between publication of the article and time when the participant last received formal training (<5/≥5 years; separate variables for having at least a full semester course of epidemiology and biostatistics). Our analyses focused primarily on whether individuals had any epidemiology or biostatistics training, had interdisciplinary training (defined as training in clinical practice and formal training in either epidemiology or biostatistics), or worked with interdisciplinary teams (defined as teams with at least one author who had formal training in each of clinical practice, epidemiology, and biostatistics). If the participant reported that they last received training in a year prior to their birth (n = 9), we excluded them from all analyses focused on recency of training. To assess whether there were statistically significant bivariate associations (p < 0.05), we used linear regression if at least one variable was continuous, logistic regression if at least one variable was dichotomous, or chi-square tests if both variables were categorical (with preference in that order). The data were analyzed using Stata MP 16.1 for Windows (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas). For the open-ended question, we reported emergent themes. Results Participant characteristics Overall, the mean age of our 103 participants at the time of the survey was 57.9 years (standard deviation = 12.2), 55% of participants were male, and 68% had received training in the U.S. (Table 1). With three exceptions, there were no statistically significant bivariate associations (p < 0.05) among journal type, publication year, gender, age at the time of publication, training in the U.S., training in epidemiology, training in biostatistics, recency of epidemiology training, or recency of biostatistics training. The exceptions were that: (1) participants were more likely to be female if their article was published in 2020 than in 2000 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–13.2); (2) individuals with formal epidemiological training were four years younger, on average, than individuals without formal epidemiological training (95% CI = 0-8 years younger); and (3) the mean age of individuals that had last received training in epidemiology or biostatistics within five years of publication was 11 years younger than individuals who received training at least five years before publication (95% CI for epidemiology = 7–15 years younger; 95% CI for biostatistics = 7–16 years younger). Additionally, while not statistically significant, we observed that the proportion of female corresponding authors increased over time (36% in 2000, 43% in 2010, and 70% in 2020). Interdisciplinary training Nearly 43% of the 103 participants (n = 44) had a clinical degree and 37% (n = 38) had a Doctor of Medicine (MD). Most participants had interdisciplinary training; for example, 73% of the 44 participants with clinical training also had formal epidemiological or biostatistical training and 64% of clinicians had formal training in both epidemiology and biostatistics. Although none of publication year, gender, or recency of training was significantly associated with interdisciplinary training (p > 0.05 for each comparison; Table S1), participants who published in general clinical journals and specialty clinical journals were more likely than participants who published in epidemiological journals to have interdisciplinary training (95% CI = 1.5-16.5 for general clinical journals; 95% CI = 0.99-14.3 for specialty clinical journals). Interdisciplinary training seemed to provide options to clinicians for journal outlets; five of the 32 (16%) clinicians with formal training in epidemiology or biostatistics published their articles in epidemiological journals compared to only one of the 11 clinicians (9%) without this training. Additionally, journals tended to have corresponding authors with formal training in fields corresponding to the journal type. Of the 67 articles published in a clinical journal, 57% had a corresponding author with clinical training. Similarly, of the 36 articles published in an epidemiological journal, 81% had a corresponding author with formal epidemiological or biostatistical training. Nevertheless, of participants who reported that they did not have epidemiological training (n = 35) or biostatistical training (n = 20), only 11 out of 25 respondents (44%) and 3 out of 11 respondents (27%), respectively, indicated that formal training in these fields would have benefitted them. Interdisciplinary teamwork Participants frequently reported working within interdisciplinary research teams (Table 2). Over 70% of our participants reported that at least one co-author (other than the respondent) had formal training in each of epidemiology (n = 74), biostatistics (n = 69), and clinical medicine (n = 76). Approximately 70% (n = 72) of participants reported that they had teams that collectively had formal training in each of the three areas (Figure 2; including the respondents’ training). Interdisciplinary team composition was not significantly associated with year of publication, type of journal, gender, or recency of training in either epidemiology or biostatistics (p > 0.05 for each bivariate comparison, Table S1). Interdisciplinary teams typically involved co-authors at multiple stages of the research process. Of participants who reported the research stages to which co-authors contributed, over half indicated that co-authors with epidemiological (n = 57), biostatistical (n = 42), and clinical training (n = 40) were involved in all four research stages (design, analysis, interpretation, and reporting). The year of publication, type of journal, and gender of the participant did not significantly affect whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any of the four research stages (p > 0.05 for each bivariate comparison). Participants who reported that they had completed their epidemiological training <5 years from the date of publication all reported that they had a co-author (other than themselves) with epidemiological training who contributed to the design and interpretation of the research. The recency of participants’ biostatistical training was not significantly associated with whether a co-author trained in biostatistics contributed to any of the research stages (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Figures S1 and S2 show how journal type, publication year, and gender of the participant relate to participants’ confidence in their own and their co-authors’ ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts related to their article. In general, there were no significant bivariate associations among these variables; however, participants who published in 2020 were significantly more likely to say that they were extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities whereas participants who published in 2000 or 2010 were significantly more likely to say that they were very confident (p = 0.012 and p = 0.030, respectively). Open-response themes All responses to the open-ended question (n = 38) are given in the Supplemental Digital Content (Table S2). Responses fell into three major themes. The first theme was more detailed explanation of the respondents’ training or of their co-authors’ training (e.g., “this paper was published while I was in the process of defending my PhD dissertation in Epidemiology”). Some responses in this theme mentioned specific experts and academic departments with whom the participants trained (often in lieu of formal training), some mentioned specific analytic techniques, and some addressed the sectors in which their co-authors had training. The second theme addressed the challenges in defining and reporting on academic training. Respondents mentioned that the term “biostatistics” may not be inclusive of some statistical mathematical expertise, especially for individuals who trained outside of the U.S. or in earlier time periods. Similarly, some participants commented that training in the social sciences may be an adequate replacement for training in epidemiology, depending on the specific focus of the analysis (e.g., “my coauthors had training in health services research and pharmaceutical health outcomes research. I think training in these fields is also very applicable for applied epidemiology/policy analysis”). The third theme involved reflective responses. Some participants reflected on the importance of interdisciplinary training within teams (e.g., “I don't think it is possible for any one individual to hold all the expertise needed for this sort of project”). Others reflected on how over-confidence in ones’ abilities can be problematic to the rigor of science (e.g., “Training is essential. Too many people assume they know how to interpret data and as a result, the quality of many papers suffer.”). One participant who gave a response in this category was particularly self-critical: “At the time, I was very young and overconfident. As it was twenty years ago and I have learned a lot since then, I would not be surprised to find errors in the paper, if I were to read it again today.” Finally, some responses within the third theme reflected on the administration of training programs: “All students at schools of public health should be required to take a course or seminar on the importance of skepticism in the interpretation of one's research.” Discussion We provided the first quantitative assessment of the interdisciplinary training and teamwork among authors publishing in top-tier epidemiological and clinical journals. Interdisciplinary training and teamwork were both common; for example, nearly three-quarters of participants with clinical training also had formal epidemiological or biostatistical training and approximately 70% of the participants worked in teams that collectively had formal training in each of clinical medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics. Interdisciplinary training was significantly more common among authors publishing in general clinical journals and specialty clinical journals compared to epidemiological journals. However, we did not observe significant differences in interdisciplinary training or teamwork by year of publication (2000, 2010, or 2020), gender of the corresponding author, or time between publication and the authors’ completion of formal training. Additionally, whereas neither gender nor journal type was not significantly associated with authors’ confidence in their own or their co-authors’ understanding of relevant epidemiological and biostatistical concepts, participants who published in 2020 were significantly more likely to say that they were extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities – perhaps reflecting the increasing emphasis of epidemiological methods training for clinicians [2, 5–13]. Open-ended responses from the participants reflected challenges in defining disciplinary expertise, the value in interdisciplinary scholarship, the value of formal interdisciplinary training, and the role of (over-)confidence in estimating abilities. Overall, our findings suggest that a continued, and perhaps increased, emphasis on formal epidemiological and biostatistical training is warranted for students in academic medicine. Just as the value of gender and racial/ethnic diversity on research teams’ impact and productivity is appreciated in the literature [20–23], the value of interdisciplinary expertise and broad co-author networks has been shown to increase the productivity of researchers and the impact of biomedical research articles [24–26]. Similarly, we found that the participants’ answers to the open-response question reflected a strong belief in the value of interdisciplinary training and teamwork. We also observed more diversity in the types of journals that individuals with interdisciplinary training published in between 2000 and 2020, a trend also reflected in our observation that journals tended to have corresponding authors with formal training in fields corresponding to the journal type. Nevertheless, and despite the recognized clinical value of understanding epidemiology and biostatistics [1–3], a minority of participants with clinical training but without epidemiology or biostatistics training reported that they believed they would have benefited from formal training in these areas. These results suggest that clinical educators should stress the value of gaining epidemiological and biostatistical training, along with providing the actual training. Strengths and limitations Our study had both strengths and limitations. Strengths included the specificity of our survey instrument with regards to definitions like ‘formal training,’ our ability to look at journals from three decades in three related research areas, and our inclusion of both closed and open-ended questions. Another major strength of our study compared to most literature on authorship trends is that we obtained survey data from the corresponding authors such that we could accurately assess gender, training experience, team disciplinary composition, and other factors – rather than making assumptions based on algorithms that classify individuals. This feature of our study had three corresponding limitations – it limited our sample size, may have introduced selection bias, and may have introduced recall bias. Our sample size meant that we could only consider bivariate relationships among the variables of interest. Selection bias may limit the generalizability of our findings to our source population – especially if people who were interested in our study were also more likely to have engaged in interdisciplinary training and scholarship. Recall bias could have resulted for our assessment of trends over time if individuals who published more recently more accurately reported their (and their co-author’s) training and if they were also more likely to have had formal training in the areas of relevance to this study. Additional studies that are larger – and perhaps took advantage of web scrapping tools to identify corresponding author contact information – could address these limitations, as well as examine academic training quality, the role of academic training on research quality, and the role of race/ethnicity and intersectional factors. In the meantime, our research suggests that academic centers training clinicians should encourage interdisciplinary training – with an emphasis on gaining basic epidemiological and biostatistical skills – given the value this training seems to provide to clinician-scholars. Conclusions We presented the first quantitative evidence using author-reported data that articles published in top-tier medical and epidemiological journals typically are authored by scholars with interdisciplinary training and by scholars who work with interdisciplinary teams. These trends were observed across 20 years, regardless of the corresponding author’s gender or recency of training. Interdisciplinary training – such as epidemiology and biostatistics training for clinician scholars – is valued among top-tier researchers in multiple disciplines. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Tufts Social, Behavioral, & Educational Research Institutional Review Board approved the study on January 31, 2020 (protocol 1910004). All participants provided informed consent. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets and analytic code used for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: Laura Corlin was supported by K12HD092535. No funder had any role in the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data, writing the manuscript, or deciding to publish. Authors’ contributions: A.S. conceptualized the study, designed and programmed the survey, conducted statistical analysis, and prepared the initial draft. E.M. conceptualized the study, designed the survey, and edited the manuscript. L.C. conceptualized the study, designed the survey, conducted statistical analysis, prepared the initial draft, edited the manuscript, and provided supervision and funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank the participants. References Windish DM, Huot SJ, Green ML. Medicine Residents’ Understanding of the Biostatistics and Results in the Medical Literature. JAMA. 2007;298:1010–22. 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Tables Table 1: Participant characteristics Overall Gender Publication year Journal type Time since epidemiology training Time since biostatistics training female male 2000 2010 2020 epidemiology general clinical specialty clinical <5 years ≥5 years <5 years ≥5 years (n=103) (n =46) (n=56) (n=42) (n =41) (n =20) (n=36) (n=42) (n=25) (n=20) (n=44) (n=17) (n=59) Gender, n (%) Female 46 (45) 15 (36) 17 (43) 14 (70) 21 (58) 15 (37) 10 (40) 11 (55) 19 (44) 9 (53) 26 (45) Male 56 (55) 27 (64) 23 (58) 6 (30) 15 (42) 26 (63) 15 (60) 9 (45) 24 (56) 8 (47) 32 (55) Age at time of survey (years), mean (standard deviation (SD)) 57.9 (12.2) 55.1 (12.3) 60.1 (11.9) 65.3 (8.0) 56.7 (10.9) 44.1 (10.1) 56.9 (13.9) 58.6 (11.7) 58.0 (10.7) 48.0 (11.0) 59.7 (11.0) 48.3 (10.1) 59.5 (11.5) Age at time of publication (years), mean (SD) 45.6 (9.6) 44.4 (9.7) 46.6 (9.6) 45.3 (8.0) 46.7 (10.9) 44.1 (10.1) 44.6 (9.3) 45.9 (10.5) 46.7 (8.7) 37.0 (5.6) 47.9 (8.4) 35.9 (4.9) 47.1 (8.9) Most advanced degree, n (%) Master’s 11 (11) 6 (13) 5 (9) 4 (10) 5 (12) 2 (10) 5 (14) 2 (5) 4 (16) 4 (20) 2 (5) 5 (29) 4 (7) PhD 42 (41) 21 (46) 21 (38) 15 (36) 15 (37) 12 (60) 19 (53) 14 (33) 9 (36) 7 (35) 15 (34) 4 (24) 25 (42) MD 24 (23) 9 (20) 14 (25) 10 (24) 10 (24) 4 (20) 1 (3) 14 (33) 9 (36) 6 (30) 13 (30) 6 (35) 16 (27) PhD/MD 14 (14) 5 (11) 9 (16) 9 (21) 3 (7) 2 (10) 5 (14) 8 (19) 1 (4) 1 (5) 6 (14) 1 (6) 4 (7) Epidemiology training, n (%) 68 (66) 33 (72) 34 (61) 25 (60) 26 (63) 17 (85) 25 (69) 26 (62) 17 (68) 13 (76) 50 (85) Biostatistics training, n (%) 82 (80) 37 (80) 44 (80) 34 (81) 32 (80) 16 (80) 28 (78) 33 (79) 21 (88) 20 (100) 42 (95) Country or continent of training (ever), n (%) United States 68 (68) 32 (73) 35 (64) 25 (61) 31 (78) 12 (63) 23 (66) 26 (63) 19 (79) 15 (75) 33 (77) 13 (81) 43 (74) Europe 34 (34) 11 (25) 23 (42) 18 (44) 10 (25) 6 (32) 14 (40) 15 (37) 5 (21) 6 (30) 11 (26) 4 (25) 16 (28) Other 8 (8) 5 (11) 3 (5) 1 (2) 4 (10) 3 (16) 4 (11) 2 (5) 2 (8) 0 (0) 6 (14) 0 (0) 6 (10) Confidence in personal ability to apply epidemiology concepts to paper, n (%) Not at all/not very 10 (10) 3 (7) 7 (13) 5 (12) 5 (13) 0 (0) 1 (3) 7 (18) 2 (8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (18) 4 (7) Somewhat 7 (7) 6 (13) 1 (2) 2 (5) 1 (3) 4 (20) 1 (3) 4 (10) 2 (8) 2 (10) 0 (0) 1 (6) 2 (3) Very 40 (40) 18 (40) 22 (42) 20 (49) 17 (45) 3 (15) 18 (50) 13 (33) 9 (38) 7 (35) 18 (42) 6 (35) 24 (41) Extremely 42 (42) 18 (40) 23 (43) 14 (34) 15 (39) 13 (65) 16 (44) 15 (38) 11 (46) 11 (55) 25 (58) 7 (41) 29 (49) Confidence in personal ability to apply biostatistics concepts to paper, n (%) Not at all/not very 4 (4) 1 (2) 3 (6) 1 (2) 2 (5) 1 (5) 2 (6) 2 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (6) 2 (3) Somewhat 21 (21) 10 (22) 11 (21) 10 (24) 5 (13) 6 (30) 4 (11) 9 (23) 8 (33) 3 (15) 11 (26) 4 (24) 13 (22) Very 42 (42) 19 (42) 23 (43) 17 (41) 18 (47) 7 (35) 16 (44) 16 (41) 10 (42) 10 (50) 15 (35) 9 (53) 21 (36) Extremely 32 (32) 15 (33) 16 (30) 13 (32) 13 (34) 6 (30) 14 (39) 12 (31) 6 (25) 6 (30) 17 (40) 3 (18) 23 (39) Table 2: Training and roles of co-authors Overall Gender Publication year Journal type Time since epidemiology training Time since biostatistics training female male 2000 2010 2020 epidemiology general clinical specialty clinical <5 years ≥5 years <5 years ≥5 years (n=103) (n=46) (n=56) (n=42) (n=41) (n=20) (n=36) (n=42) (n=25) (n=20) (n=44) (n=17) (n=59) Co-author(s) with clinical degree, n (%) Yes 76 (78) 38 (84) 38 (73) 26 (63) 31 (84) 19 (95) 28 (80) 28 (72) 20 (83) 16 (80) 35 (81) 13 (76) 46 (78) No 17 (17) 5 (11) 12 (23) 12 (29) 4 (11) 1 (5) 5 (14) 8 (21) 4 (17) 4 (20) 4 (9) 4 (24) 9 (15) Unsure 5 (5) 2 (4) 2 (4) 3 (7) 2 (5) 0 (0) 2 (6) 3 (8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (9) 0 (0) 4 (7) Co-author(s) trained in epidemiology, n (%) Yes 74 (76) 33 (73) 41 (80) 29 (73) 27 (73) 18 (90) 29 (85) 28 (72) 17 (71) 18 (90) 36 (84) 14 (82) 46 (78) No 12 (12) 7 (16) 5 (10) 8 (20) 4 (11) 0 (0) 2 (6) 5 (13) 5 (21) 2 (10) 3 (7) 2 (12) 6 (10) Unsure 11 (11) 5 (11) 5 (10) 3 (8) 6 (16) 2 (10) 3 (9) 6 (15) 2 (8) 0 (0) 4 (9) 1 (6) 7 (12) Co-author(s) trained in biostatistics, n (%) Yes 69 (70) 32 (71) 36 (69) 27 (66) 26 (70) 16 (80) 22 (63) 28 (72) 19 (79) 17 (85) 30 (70) 12 (71) 42 (71) No 15 (15) 7 (16) 8 (15) 8 (20) 5 (14) 2 (10) 7 (20) 5 (13) 3 (13) 3 (15) 6 (14) 5 (29) 6 (10) Unsure 14 (14) 6 (13) 8 (15) 6 (15) 6 (16) 2 (10) 6 (17) 6 (15) 2 (8) 0 (0) 7 (16) 0 (0) 11 (19) Formally trained epidemiologist and/or biostatistician reviewed paper, n (%) Yes 58 (59) 29 (64) 28 (54) 19 (48) 22 (58) 17 (85) 19 (54) 24 (62) 15 (63) 14 (70) 27 (63) 11 (65) 36 (61) No 32 (33) 13 (29) 19 (37) 17 (43) 13 (34) 2 (10) 12 (34) 12 (31) 8 (33) 6 (30) 10 (23) 6 (35) 17 (29) Unsure 8 (8) 3 (7) 5 (10) 4 (10) 3 (8) 1 (5) 4 (11) 3 (8) 1 (4) 0 (0) 6 (14) 0 (0) 6 (10) Confidence in co-authors’ ability to apply epidemiology concepts to paper, n (%) Not at all/Not very 8 (8) 1 (2) 7 (14) 5 (13) 3 (8) 0 (0) 1 (3) 6 (15) 1 (4) 0 (0) 1 (2) 2 (12) 4 (7) Somewhat 12 (13) 7 (16) 5 (10) 6 (15) 6 (16) 0 (0) 5 (15) 5 (13) 2 (9) 0 (0) 3 (7) 0 (0) 5 (8) Very 30 (31) 17 (39) 13 (25) 10 (25) 13 (35) 7 (37) 12 (35) 9 (23) 9 (39) 7 (35) 17 (40) 7 (41) 20 (34) Extremely 46 (48) 19 (43) 26 (51) 19 (48) 15 (41) 12 (63) 16 (47) 19 (49) 11 (48) 13 (65) 22 (51) 8 (47) 30 (51) Confidence in co-authors’ ability to apply biostatistics concepts to paper, n (%) Not at all/Not very 5 (5) 1 (2) 4 (8) 3 (8) 2 (5) 0 (0) 3 (9) 2 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (5) 0 (0) 3 (5) Somewhat 18 (19) 8 (18) 10 (20) 8 (20) 8 (22) 2 (11) 5 (15) 9 (23) 4 (17) 2 (10) 6 (14) 3 (18) 10 (17) Very 33 (34) 20 (45) 13 (25) 13 (33) 12 (32) 8 (42) 14 (41) 10 (26) 9 (39) 8 (40) 16 (37) 8 (47) 20 (34) Extremely 40 (42) 15 (34) 24 (47) 16 (40) 15 (41) 9 (47) 12 (35) 18 (46) 10 (43) 10 (50) 19 (44) 6 (35) 26 (44) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-208757","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":11158567,"identity":"122f667b-f91d-40e7-82b0-0b36e240e17c","order_by":0,"name":"Amanda Sullivan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tufts University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amanda","middleName":"","lastName":"Sullivan","suffix":""},{"id":11158568,"identity":"5455948c-7d37-4df9-8bb9-445428babc90","order_by":1,"name":"Eleanor Murray","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Boston University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eleanor","middleName":"","lastName":"Murray","suffix":""},{"id":11158569,"identity":"b5253aea-b7d7-4f5e-b1d1-e41455589408","order_by":2,"name":"Laura Corlin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPjiLnbGB4QMDAz+Yw4NHCxucxczYwDgjgUGyhwQtQMRDlBb2M2YffjDYyZk3M7c9tv1xWMKe/wDjg7dteLTw5BjP7GFINpY5zNhunJNwWIJHIoHZcC4+LQw5xkBnHEicwczYJg3UUscjwcAmzYtPC/8bY8Y/MC0WIFv4D7D/xqtFIseYGW4LA0gLQwIbM34tz4qZZQySjSWAWiR70tIleG4kNkvOOYdbCz9/8mbGNxV2chLs7c8kfthYS7D3Hz744U0Zbi0QYIDCAyaDUTAKRsEoGAWUAQAO2z5VbUNC1wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tufts University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"","lastName":"Corlin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-02-04 13:14:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":5803072,"identity":"eee5a33e-cc00-42a8-8726-0802ef169726","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-09 22:33:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Participant selection","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-208757/v1/0272cfcc96ce2e47b02c34b3.png"},{"id":5803073,"identity":"f3cc72cf-f5e8-420a-83f4-9649518b93de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-09 22:33:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Percent of research teams that collectively had at least one author formally trained in each epidemiology, biostatistics, and clinical practice by type of journal and publication year","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-208757/v1/3d276dbc87816d08ce4f2918.png"},{"id":13657659,"identity":"5e36da2f-b8ec-4980-9c63-c17cd780d75f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 10:11:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":672332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-208757/v1/aa3a0cb1-b4eb-4d4e-ade4-ec95376603ab.pdf"},{"id":5803074,"identity":"9bd1fe10-298b-4da2-9a2d-04d3363ec6f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-02-09 22:33:31","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":255773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplement.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-208757/v1/ca14a16522c6a6938e8cb9ce.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe rely on high-quality science to help address the myriad clinical and public health challenges facing society. Two of the primary ways in which we uphold the rigor of scientific literature are through formal academic training and interdisciplinary teamwork. Although the necessary academic training of research teams is specific to each research question, clinician-scholars publishing original research in the clinical and epidemiological literature often require at least a basic understanding of epidemiology and biostatistics to effectively collaborate in interdisciplinary teams. For this reason, and because of the clinical value in understanding the basic methods underlying clinical literature [1\u0026ndash;3], introductory epidemiology and biostatistics concepts comprise 4-6% of the Step 1 examination questions for the United States Medical Licensing Exam [4]. Similarly, medical schools and funding organizations support innovative interdisciplinary training programs for clinician-scholars to learn research methods [2, 5\u0026ndash;13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplementing these trends in training, the academic literature has also seen an increase in team science and increased attention to authorship practices. The mean number of authors for articles in medical journals increased by 23% between 1995 and 2005 [14], and similar trends have been observed in terms of the number of authors on research articles in the health science literature more broadly [15, 16]. Although trends for gender of authors (including the gender of authors in specific authorship positions) has been investigated in the biomedical and epidemiological literature [17\u0026ndash;19], little is known about the training experience of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals \u0026ndash; either now or historically. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no study has examined how factors such as journal type, publication year, gender of the corresponding author, or recency of the corresponding author\u0026rsquo;s training relate to the disciplinary training of research teams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo address these gaps in the literature, we administered a survey to quantify how formal interdisciplinary training and teamwork varied by year of publication, type of journal, gender, and time since training. Our primary hypotheses were that interdisciplinary training and interdisciplinary teamwork would be more common among (1) more recently published articles than among older articles, (2) articles published in epidemiological journals than clinical journals, (3) articles with female corresponding authors than male corresponding authors, and (4) articles with corresponding authors who completed training within five years of the date of publication compared to less recent training. We also hypothesized that gender and year of publication would be associated with authors\u0026rsquo; confidence in their own and their co-authors\u0026rsquo; understanding of relevant epidemiological and biostatistical concepts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy population and participant recruitment \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur target population included scholars publishing original research in leading English-language clinical and epidemiological journals. We selected 15 journals based on impact factor and positive reputation. Of these 15 journals, five were general clinical journals, five were specialty clinical journals, and five were epidemiology journals (all journals will remain unnamed for confidentiality reasons). We selected three issues from each of these 15 journals for each of the 2000 and 2010 volumes, and one issue from the 2020 volume. One target 2000 journal issue did not have original research articles and was not included. In total, there were 1240 original research articles targeted (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween January 8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2020 and April 30\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2020, we invited each of the 1240 corresponding authors from the target articles to complete an online survey. The email invitation and reminder text are given in the Supplemental Digital Content. We used the corresponding author\u0026rsquo;s email address listed in the publication whenever possible. If we received an automatic response that the email address was no longer valid (n = 377) or if an email address was not listed on the publication (n = 157, all for papers published in 2000), we used public websites such as departmental lists of faculty and LinkedIn to identify a current email address. If we did not find a valid email address for the corresponding author or if the corresponding author was deceased (n = 30), we used public websites to find an email address for the first or last author (in that order, depending on who was listed as the corresponding author). For simplicity, we refer to all participants as the corresponding author of their respective articles. Overall, the response rate was 8.3% (Figure 1). All participants provided informed consent. The Tufts Social, Behavioral, \u0026amp; Educational Research Institutional Review Board approved the study (protocol 1910004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvey instrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough an online Qualtrics survey, we asked participants to report their gender, year of birth, level of education as of the time their paper was published, year their most recent degree had been awarded as of the time their paper was published, country of training, whether they had at least one full semester of formal epidemiological and biostatistical training as of the time their paper was published (and if so, when they last received formal training; or if not, whether they would have benefited from it), and to rate their confidence applying epidemiological and biostatistical concepts relevant to their paper (not at all/not very/somewhat/very/extremely confident). We also asked participants to indicate whether any of their co-authors had epidemiological, biostatistical, and/or clinical training (and if so, in what stage of the study process those co-authors participated [design, analysis, interpretation, reporting]) and to rate their confidence in their co-authors\u0026rsquo; ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts relevant to their paper. We asked whether their paper was reviewed by anyone trained in epidemiology and/or biostatistics. Finally, we asked an open-ended question: \u0026ldquo;Do you have any final thoughts you would like to share with us on this topic?\u0026rdquo; The full survey instrument is given in the Supplemental Digital Content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe examined summary statistics for each variable, and for each variable stratified by type of publication, year of publication, gender of the participant, and years between publication of the article and time when the participant last received formal training (\u0026lt;5/\u0026ge;5 years; separate variables for having at least a full semester course of epidemiology and biostatistics). Our analyses focused primarily on whether individuals had any epidemiology or biostatistics training, had interdisciplinary training (defined as training in clinical practice and formal training in either epidemiology or biostatistics), or worked with interdisciplinary teams (defined as teams with at least one author who had formal training in each of clinical practice, epidemiology, and biostatistics). If the participant reported that they last received training in a year prior to their birth (n = 9), we excluded them from all analyses focused on recency of training. To assess whether there were statistically significant bivariate associations (p \u0026lt; 0.05), we used linear regression if at least one variable was continuous, logistic regression if at least one variable was dichotomous, or chi-square tests if both variables were categorical (with preference in that order). The data were analyzed using Stata MP 16.1 for Windows (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas). For the open-ended question, we reported emergent themes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the mean age of our 103 participants at the time of the survey was 57.9 years (standard deviation = 12.2), 55% of participants were male, and 68% had received training in the U.S. (Table 1). With three exceptions, there were no statistically significant bivariate associations (p \u0026lt; 0.05) among journal type, publication year, gender, age at the time of publication, training in the U.S., training in epidemiology, training in biostatistics, recency of epidemiology training, or recency of biostatistics training. The exceptions were that: (1) participants were more likely to be female if their article was published in 2020 than in 2000 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3\u0026ndash;13.2); (2) individuals with formal epidemiological training were four years younger, on average, than individuals without formal epidemiological training (95% CI = 0-8 years younger); and (3) the mean age of individuals that had last received training in epidemiology or biostatistics within five years of publication was 11 years younger than individuals who received training at least five years before publication (95% CI for epidemiology = 7\u0026ndash;15 years younger; 95% CI for biostatistics = 7\u0026ndash;16 years younger). Additionally, while not statistically significant, we observed that the proportion of female corresponding authors increased over time (36% in 2000, 43% in 2010, and 70% in 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterdisciplinary training \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNearly 43% of the 103 participants (n = 44) had a clinical degree and 37% (n = 38) had a Doctor of Medicine (MD). Most participants had interdisciplinary training; for example, 73% of the 44 participants with clinical training also had formal epidemiological or biostatistical training and 64% of clinicians had formal training in both epidemiology and biostatistics. Although none of publication year, gender, or recency of training was significantly associated with interdisciplinary training (p \u0026gt; 0.05 for each comparison; Table S1), participants who published in general clinical journals and specialty clinical journals were more likely than participants who published in epidemiological journals to have interdisciplinary training (95% CI = 1.5-16.5 for general clinical journals; 95% CI = 0.99-14.3 for specialty clinical journals).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterdisciplinary training seemed to provide options to clinicians for journal outlets; five of the 32 (16%) clinicians with formal training in epidemiology or biostatistics published their articles in epidemiological journals compared to only one of the 11 clinicians (9%) without this training. Additionally, journals tended to have corresponding authors with formal training in fields corresponding to the journal type. Of the 67 articles published in a clinical journal, 57% had a corresponding author with clinical training. Similarly, of the 36 articles published in an epidemiological journal, 81% had a corresponding author with formal epidemiological or biostatistical training. Nevertheless, of participants who reported that they did not have epidemiological training (n = 35) or biostatistical training (n = 20), only 11 out of 25 respondents (44%) and 3 out of 11 respondents (27%), respectively, indicated that formal training in these fields would have benefitted them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterdisciplinary teamwork \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants frequently reported working within interdisciplinary research teams (Table 2). Over 70% of our participants reported that at least one co-author (other than the respondent) had formal training in each of epidemiology (n = 74), biostatistics (n = 69), and clinical medicine (n = 76). Approximately 70% (n = 72) of participants reported that they had teams that collectively had formal training in each of the three areas (Figure 2; including the respondents\u0026rsquo; training). Interdisciplinary team composition was not significantly associated with year of publication, type of journal, gender, or recency of training in either epidemiology or biostatistics (p \u0026gt; 0.05 for each bivariate comparison, Table S1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterdisciplinary teams typically involved co-authors at multiple stages of the research process. Of participants who reported the research stages to which co-authors contributed, over half indicated that co-authors with epidemiological (n = 57), biostatistical (n = 42), and clinical training (n = 40) were involved in all four research stages (design, analysis, interpretation, and reporting). The year of publication, type of journal, and gender of the participant did not significantly affect whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any of the four research stages (p \u0026gt; 0.05 for each bivariate comparison). Participants who reported that they had completed their epidemiological training \u0026lt;5 years from the date of publication all reported that they had a co-author (other than themselves) with epidemiological training who contributed to the design and interpretation of the research. The recency of participants\u0026rsquo; biostatistical training was not significantly associated with whether a co-author trained in biostatistics contributed to any of the research stages (p \u0026gt; 0.05 for each comparison).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures S1 and S2 show how journal type, publication year, and gender of the participant relate to participants\u0026rsquo; confidence in their own and their co-authors\u0026rsquo; ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts related to their article. In general, there were no significant bivariate associations among these variables; however, participants who published in 2020 were significantly more likely to say that they were extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities whereas participants who published in 2000 or 2010 were significantly more likely to say that they were very confident (p = 0.012 and p = 0.030, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen-response themes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll responses to the open-ended question (n = 38) are given in the Supplemental Digital Content (Table S2). Responses fell into three major themes. The first theme was more detailed explanation of the respondents\u0026rsquo; training or of their co-authors\u0026rsquo; training (e.g., \u0026ldquo;this paper was published while I was in the process of defending my PhD dissertation in Epidemiology\u0026rdquo;). Some responses in this theme mentioned specific experts and academic departments with whom the participants trained (often in lieu of formal training), some mentioned specific analytic techniques, and some addressed the sectors in which their co-authors had training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second theme addressed the challenges in defining and reporting on academic training. Respondents mentioned that the term \u0026ldquo;biostatistics\u0026rdquo; may not be inclusive of some statistical mathematical expertise, especially for individuals who trained outside of the U.S. or in earlier time periods. Similarly, some participants commented that training in the social sciences may be an adequate replacement for training in epidemiology, depending on the specific focus of the analysis (e.g., \u0026ldquo;my coauthors had training in health services research and pharmaceutical health outcomes research. I think training in these fields is also very applicable for applied epidemiology/policy analysis\u0026rdquo;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third theme involved reflective responses. Some participants reflected on the importance of interdisciplinary training within teams (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I don't think it is possible for any one individual to hold all the expertise needed for this sort of project\u0026rdquo;). Others reflected on how over-confidence in ones\u0026rsquo; abilities can be problematic to the rigor of science (e.g., \u0026ldquo;Training is essential. Too many people assume they know how to interpret data and as a result, the quality of many papers suffer.\u0026rdquo;). One participant who gave a response in this category was particularly self-critical: \u0026ldquo;At the time, I was very young and overconfident. As it was twenty years ago and I have learned a lot since then, I would not be surprised to find errors in the paper, if I were to read it again today.\u0026rdquo; Finally, some responses within the third theme reflected on the administration of training programs: \u0026ldquo;All students at schools of public health should be required to take a course or seminar on the importance of skepticism in the interpretation of one's research.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe provided the first quantitative assessment of the interdisciplinary training and teamwork among authors publishing in top-tier epidemiological and clinical journals. Interdisciplinary training and teamwork were both common; for example, nearly three-quarters of participants with clinical training also had formal epidemiological or biostatistical training and approximately 70% of the participants worked in teams that collectively had formal training in each of clinical medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics. Interdisciplinary training was significantly more common among authors publishing in general clinical journals and specialty clinical journals compared to epidemiological journals. However, we did not observe significant differences in interdisciplinary training or teamwork by year of publication (2000, 2010, or 2020), gender of the corresponding author, or time between publication and the authors\u0026rsquo; completion of formal training. Additionally, whereas neither gender nor journal type was not significantly associated with authors\u0026rsquo; confidence in their own or their co-authors\u0026rsquo; understanding of relevant epidemiological and biostatistical concepts, participants who published in 2020 were significantly more likely to say that they were extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities \u0026ndash; perhaps reflecting the increasing emphasis of epidemiological methods training for clinicians [2, 5\u0026ndash;13]. Open-ended responses from the participants reflected challenges in defining disciplinary expertise, the value in interdisciplinary scholarship, the value of formal interdisciplinary training, and the role of (over-)confidence in estimating abilities. Overall, our findings suggest that a continued, and perhaps increased, emphasis on formal epidemiological and biostatistical training is warranted for students in academic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJust as the value of gender and racial/ethnic diversity on research teams\u0026rsquo; impact and productivity is appreciated in the literature [20\u0026ndash;23], the value of interdisciplinary expertise and broad co-author networks has been shown to increase the productivity of researchers and the impact of biomedical research articles [24\u0026ndash;26]. Similarly, we found that the participants\u0026rsquo; answers to the open-response question reflected a strong belief in the value of interdisciplinary training and teamwork. We also observed more diversity in the types of journals that individuals with interdisciplinary training published in between 2000 and 2020, a trend also reflected in our observation that journals tended to have corresponding authors with formal training in fields corresponding to the journal type. Nevertheless, and despite the recognized clinical value of understanding epidemiology and biostatistics [1\u0026ndash;3], a minority of participants with clinical training but without epidemiology or biostatistics training reported that they believed they would have benefited from formal training in these areas. These results suggest that clinical educators should stress the value of gaining epidemiological and biostatistical training, along with providing the actual training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study had both strengths and limitations. Strengths included the specificity of our survey instrument with regards to definitions like \u0026lsquo;formal training,\u0026rsquo; our ability to look at journals from three decades in three related research areas, and our inclusion of both closed and open-ended questions. Another major strength of our study compared to most literature on authorship trends is that we obtained survey data from the corresponding authors such that we could accurately assess gender, training experience, team disciplinary composition, and other factors \u0026ndash; rather than making assumptions based on algorithms that classify individuals. This feature of our study had three corresponding limitations \u0026ndash; it limited our sample size, may have introduced selection bias, and may have introduced recall bias. Our sample size meant that we could only consider bivariate relationships among the variables of interest. Selection bias may limit the generalizability of our findings to our source population \u0026ndash; especially if people who were interested in our study were also more likely to have engaged in interdisciplinary training and scholarship. Recall bias could have resulted for our assessment of trends over time if individuals who published more recently more accurately reported their (and their co-author\u0026rsquo;s) training and if they were also more likely to have had formal training in the areas of relevance to this study. Additional studies that are larger \u0026ndash; and perhaps took advantage of web scrapping tools to identify corresponding author contact information \u0026ndash; could address these limitations, as well as examine academic training quality, the role of academic training on research quality, and the role of race/ethnicity and intersectional factors. In the meantime, our research suggests that academic centers training clinicians should encourage interdisciplinary training \u0026ndash; with an emphasis on gaining basic epidemiological and biostatistical skills \u0026ndash; given the value this training seems to provide to clinician-scholars.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe presented the first quantitative evidence using author-reported data that articles published in top-tier medical and epidemiological journals typically are authored by scholars with interdisciplinary training and by scholars who work with interdisciplinary teams. These trends were observed across 20 years, regardless of the corresponding author\u0026rsquo;s gender or recency of training. Interdisciplinary training \u0026ndash; such as epidemiology and biostatistics training for clinician scholars \u0026ndash; is valued among top-tier researchers in multiple disciplines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: \u003c/strong\u003eThe Tufts Social, Behavioral, \u0026amp; Educational Research Institutional Review Board approved the study on January 31, 2020 (protocol 1910004). All participants provided informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials: \u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets and analytic code used for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eLaura Corlin was supported by K12HD092535. No funder had any role in the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data, writing the manuscript, or deciding to publish.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions: \u003c/strong\u003eA.S. conceptualized the study, designed and programmed the survey, conducted statistical analysis, and prepared the initial draft. E.M. conceptualized the study, designed the survey, and edited the manuscript. L.C. conceptualized the study, designed the survey, conducted statistical analysis, prepared the initial draft, edited the manuscript, and provided supervision and funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors wish to thank the participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWindish DM, Huot SJ, Green ML. Medicine Residents\u0026rsquo; Understanding of the Biostatistics and Results in the Medical Literature. JAMA. 2007;298:1010\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarney PA, Nierenberg DW, Pipas CF, Brooks WB, Stukel TA, Keller AM. Educational Epidemiology: Applying Population-Based Design and Analytic Approaches to Study Medical Education. JAMA. 2004;292:1044\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiles S, Price GM, Swift L, Shepstone L, Leinster SJ. Statistics teaching in medical school: Opinions of practising doctors. BMC Medical Education. 2010;10:75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited States Medical Licensing Examinatio. Step 1: Content Outline and Specifications. 2021. https://www.usmle.org/step-1/#content-outlines. Accessed 12 Jan 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePAR-20-167: Lasker Clinical Research Scholars Program (Si2/R00 Clinical Trial Optional). https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-20-167.html. Accessed 4 Aug 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar B. The Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program: Four Decades of Training Physicians as Agents of Change. AMA Journal of Ethics. 2014;16:713\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMor V, Wallace P. Funding the Training of Future Health Services Researchers. Health Serv Res. 2018;53 Suppl Suppl 2:3976\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNIH. K12: Clinical Scientist Institutional Career Development Program Award. https://researchtraining.nih.gov/programs/career-development/k12. Accessed 4 Aug 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterdisciplinary. https://commonfund.nih.gov/interdisciplinary. Accessed 18 Jun 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDankner R, Gabbay U, Leibovici L, Sadeh M, Sadetzki S. Implementation of a competency-based medical education approach in public health and epidemiology training of medical students. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2018;7. doi:10.1186/s13584-017-0194-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvans KH, Thompson AC, O\u0026rsquo;Brien C, Bryant M, Basaviah P, Prober C, et al. An Innovative Blended Preclinical Curriculum in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics: Impact on Student Satisfaction and Performance. Academic Medicine. 2016;91:696\u0026ndash;700.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evon Roth P, Canny BJ, Volk H-D, Noble JA, Prober CG, Perka C, et al. The challenges of modern interdisciplinary medical research. Nature Biotechnology. 2011;29:1145\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgino S, King EE, Beck AH, Sherman ME, Milner DA, Giovannucci E. Interdisciplinary Education to Integrate Pathology and Epidemiology: Towards Molecular and Population-Level Health Science. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2012;176:659\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLevsky ME, Rosin A, Coon TP, Enslow WL, Miller MA. A descriptive analysis of authorship within medical journals, 1995-2005. South Med J. 2007;100:371\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaru\u0026scaron;ić A, Bo\u0026scaron;njak L, Jerončić A. A Systematic Review of Research on the Meaning, Ethics and Practices of Authorship across Scholarly Disciplines. PLOS ONE. 2011;6:e23477.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTilak G, Prasad V, Jena AB. Authorship Inflation in Medical Publications. INQUIRY. 2015;52:0046958015598311.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFilardo G, Graca B da, Sass DM, Pollock BD, Smith EB, Martinez MA-M. Trends and comparison of female first authorship in high impact medical journals: observational study (1994-2014). BMJ. 2016;352:i847.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQureshi R, L\u0026ecirc; J, Li T, Ibrahim M, Dickersin K. Gender and Editorial Authorship in High-Impact Epidemiology Journals. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;188:2140\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAguilar IN, Ganesh V, Mannfeld R, Gorden R, Hatch JM, Lunsford S, et al. Authorship Trends Over the Past 30-Years in the Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng. 2019;47:1171\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnouse SB, Dansby MR. Percentage of Work-Group Diversity and Work-Group Effectiveness. The Journal of Psychology. 1999;133:486\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell LG, Mehtani S, Dozier ME, Rinehart J. Gender-Heterogeneous Working Groups Produce Higher Quality Science. PLoS One. 2013;8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchrager S, Bouwkamp C, Mundt M. Gender and first authorship of papers in family medicine journals 2006--2008. Fam Med. 2011;43:155\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarschke G, Nunez A, Weinberg BA, Yu H. Last Place? The Intersection of Ethnicity, Gender, and Race in Biomedical Authorship. AEA Papers and Proceedings. 2018;108:222\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbasi A, Chung KSK, Hossain L. Egocentric analysis of co-authorship network structure, position and performance. Information Processing \u0026amp; Management. 2012;48:671\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan E, Ding Y. Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: A coauthorship network analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2009;60:2107\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeng S, Kirkley A. Mixing Patterns in Interdisciplinary Co-Authorship Networks at Multiple Scales. Scientific Reports. 2020;10:7731.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Participant characteristics \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"870\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJournal type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime since epidemiology training\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime since biostatistics training\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eepidemiology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003egeneral clinical\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003especialty clinical\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=103)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n =46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n =41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n =20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGender, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56 (55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge at time of survey (years), mean (standard deviation (SD))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.9 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.1 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.1 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.3 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.7 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.1 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.9 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.6 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.0 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.0 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.7 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.3 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.5 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge at time of publication (years), mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.6 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.4 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.6 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.3 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.7 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.1 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.6 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.9 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.7 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.0 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.9 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.9 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.1 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost advanced degree, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhD/MD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEpidemiology training, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68 (66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33 (72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiostatistics training, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34 (81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33 (79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42 (95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCountry or continent of training (ever), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnited States\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68 (68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33 (77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43 (74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in personal ability to apply epidemiology concepts to paper, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all/not very\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in personal ability to apply biostatistics concepts to paper, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all/not very\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21 (36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"61\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Training and roles of co-authors \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"852\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"162\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJournal type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime since epidemiology training\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime since biostatistics training\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eepidemiology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003egeneral clinical\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003especialty clinical\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=103)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n=59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCo-author(s) with clinical degree, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38 (84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31 (84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCo-author(s) trained in epidemiology, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74 (76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36 (84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCo-author(s) trained in biostatistics, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormally trained epidemiologist and/or biostatistician reviewed paper, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in co-authors\u0026rsquo; ability to apply\u0026nbsp;epidemiology concepts to paper, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all/Not very\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (8)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (14)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u0026nbsp;(13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (3)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u0026nbsp;(12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4\u0026nbsp;(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (13)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (16)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (31)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;17 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;13 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (25)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;7 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;12 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;9 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;(41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;20 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Extremely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46 (48)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (43)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;26 (51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;19 (48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (63)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;16 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;11 (48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u0026nbsp;(47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in co-authors\u0026rsquo; ability to apply biostatistics concepts to paper, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot at all/Not very\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3 (5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;10 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;8 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;20 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Extremely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"66\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;26 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"interdisciplinary scholarship, interdisciplinary education, research methods, author credentials, physician-scholar training","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBackground\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e To match medical education requirements to the professional goals of clinician-scholars, quantitative descriptions of the disciplinary training of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals are needed. The objective was to assess whether academic training and teamwork of authors publishing original research in top-tier journals varied by year of publication (2000/2010/2020), type of journal (epidemiological/general clinical/specialty clinical), gender of the corresponding author, and time since the corresponding author completed formal training relative to the article publication date (\u0026lt;5/≥5 years).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e The authors invited the corresponding author of 1240 original research articles published in three volumes of 15 top-tier journals to participate in an online survey. Participants reported demographic information and academic training history, co-authors’ training history, and confidence in their own and their co-authors’ ability to apply epidemiological and biostatistical concepts. Using linear regression, logistic regression, and chi-squared tests, the authors examined bivariate trends in training history and confidence by publication type, publication year, gender, and time between training and publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eResults\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e The response rate was 8.3% (n=103). Year of publication, type of journal, gender, and recency of training were not significantly associated with interdisciplinary team composition, whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any research stage (design/analysis/interpretation/reporting), or with participants’ confidence in their own or their co-authors epidemiological or biostatistical expertise (p\u0026gt;0.05 for each bivariate comparison). Exceptions were: (1) participants with more recent epidemiological training all had co-author(s) with epidemiological training who contributed to the design and interpretation of the research; and (2) participants who published in 2020 were more likely to report being extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConclusions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e This study was the first to quantify interdisciplinary training among research teams publishing in epidemiological and clinical journals. Researchers viewed training that prepares clinician-scholars for collaboration with epidemiologists and biostatisticians favorably.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-02-09 22:33:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-208757/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f3eb288a-c2be-4ef2-ae4d-e7f09fe141e9","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 9th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":2335448,"name":"Educational Philosophy and Theory"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-02-09T22:33:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-02-09 22:33:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-208757","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-208757","identity":"rs-208757","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}