Eco-Friendly Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide: A Computational and Experimental Approach for Cleaner Egyptian Petroleum Production

Eco-Friendly Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide: A Computational and Experimental Approach for Cleaner Egyptian Petroleum Production | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eco-Friendly Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide: A Computational and Experimental Approach for Cleaner Egyptian Petroleum Production H. A. El Nagy, Elsayed H. Eltamany, Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud, Ahmed Z. Ibrahim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6076644/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The precipitation and aggregation of asphaltenes in crude oil systems present considerable obstacles to petroleum production, resulting in operational inefficiencies and environmental hazards. This work presents N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, biodegradable dispersant, as an environmentally sustainable solution for asphaltene management. The dispersant's efficacy was assessed using an integrated methodology that incorporates UV-visible spectroscopy, visual evaluations, and computational simulations, in comparison to 18 other chemical additions. The findings indicate that N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide exhibits enhanced dispersion efficiency, with an absorbance of 1.74 at 620 nm, surpassing traditional dispersants such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA). Spectral analysis indicated no substantial alterations in the UV-visible spectrum of the asphaltene solution following the dispersant's addition, signifying robust physical stabilization devoid of chemical interaction. This discovery corresponds with molecular docking predictions that indicated robust non-covalent binding as the primary dispersion mechanism. These findings underscore the potential of employing biodegradable dispersants for effective and sustainable asphaltene control. This study integrates experimental findings with computational forecasts, establishing a solid basis for the development of next-generation environmentally friendly dispersants. This study promotes cleaner production processes in the petroleum sector by addressing the dual goals of performance and environmental safety. Future research must concentrate on the scalability of these dispersants across various field settings and enhance computer models to integrate dynamic environmental variables. Asphaltenes Crude oil Flow dispersion petroleum additives Separation UV-Vis spectra Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 1. INTRODUCTION Addressing the Issue of Asphaltene Aggregation The global energy sector is progressively emphasizing sustainable and ecologically responsible practices, particularly within the petroleum industry, which is under heightened scrutiny about its environmental effects. A continual issue in petroleum production is the precipitation and aggregation of asphaltenes, a category of high-molecular-weight and complex compounds found in crude oil. Asphaltenes are infamous for inducing operational inefficiencies, including pipeline obstructions and equipment contamination, resulting in significant economic losses and heightened environmental hazards owing to maintenance operations and chemical waste production 1 , 2 . Despite comprehensive research, the mechanisms governing asphaltene stabilization are still not fully elucidated, especially in relation to varying crude oil compositions and environmental circumstances 3 , 4 . Addressing these deficiencies necessitates new solutions that conform to environmental objectives while preserving operational efficiency. Constraints of Conventional Dispersants Conventional approaches to addressing asphaltene-related challenges frequently depend on chemical dispersants. Many of these dispersants are solvent-based, raising considerable environmental issues due to their toxicity and limited biodegradability 5 , 6 . Prior research, including that of Smith et al. 7 , has underscored the necessity for biodegradable alternatives; yet, minimal advancement has occurred in creating dispersants that integrate high efficacy with environmental sustainability. This study presents N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, a new amphiphilic compound, as an environmentally benign and highly efficient substitute for asphaltene dispersion. This molecule, sourced from renewable materials, exhibits superior dispersive properties and a little environmental impact, positioning it as a viable option for enhancing cleaner petroleum production systems 8 , 9 . The Function of Computational Chemistry in Dispersant Development The integration of computational chemistry into this research has markedly improved the comprehension and forecasting of asphaltene-dispersant interactions. Computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, provide in-depth understanding of the binding affinities and stabilizing mechanisms of dispersants at the molecular level 10 , 11 . Research conducted by Zhao et al. 12 and Gao et al. 13 illustrated the efficacy of molecular simulations in refining dispersant architectures to specifically address asphaltene aggregates. These methods not only accelerate the identification of efficient dispersants but also diminish reliance on extensive experimental trials, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. This research used molecular docking simulations to assess the interaction affinity and conformational stability of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide in comparison to traditional dispersants such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA). The findings underscore the enhanced binding energy and steric stability conferred by the new chemical, which corresponds with its outstanding performance in simple UV-Vis spectroscopic dispersion experiments 14 , 15 . Empirical Verification Utilizing UV-Vis Spectroscopy UV-Vis spectroscopy, an expeditious and reproducible analytical method, was utilized to assess the dispersion efficacy of 18 distinct chemical additions. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide had the maximum absorbance at 620 nm (1.74), much surpassing DBSA (1.45) and other commercial additives 16 , 17 . The novel compound's amphiphilic architecture, comprising a hydrophobic dodecyl chain and hydrophilic hydroxyethyl groups, facilitates efficient interaction with asphaltene aggregates. This dual activity inhibits asphaltene agglomeration and stabilizes dispersions, hence reducing precipitation under operational conditions 18 , 19 . Notwithstanding these encouraging findings, the current research frequently neglects the scalability and practical application of these chemicals in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, a gap this study partially fills through a thorough assessment of dispersant efficacy. Consolidated Insights from Experimental and Simulative Approaches The combination of computational predictions with experimental validation not only confirms the effectiveness of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide but also highlights the significance of computational chemistry as a revolutionary tool in the formulation of sustainable dispersants. Computational methods enable the identification of dispersants that satisfy both performance and environmental standards by simulating molecular interactions and optimizing chemical structures. This methodology corresponds with the increasing demand for sustainable advances in petroleum production 20 , 21 . Furthermore, the computational techniques utilized in this investigation enhance the comprehension of hydrogen bonding and steric effects as pivotal determinants of dispersant efficacy, as demonstrated by recent research 22 , 23 . Visual Assessment Tests and Comprehensive Evaluation Visual observation tests enhanced the spectroscopic study by offering qualitative insights into the physical stability of asphaltene dispersions. Prior studies have advocated this dual approach for a comprehensive assessment of dispersant efficacy 24 . The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods guarantees a thorough assessment of dispersion efficacy, facilitating the production of next-generation dispersants that emphasize environmental safety while maintaining efficiency. The incorporation of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide and additional additives into the asphaltenes solution preserved the original spectrum characteristics in UV-Vis examination. This retention verifies that dispersion transpired via stable physical interactions instead than chemical modifications, consistent with the molecular docking predictions of non-covalent binding as a principal stabilization mechanism. These findings integrate computational and experimental approaches, establishing a solid framework for the design of future eco-friendly dispersants 25 , 26 . Ecological Benefits and Prospective Pathways The environmental benefits of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide are very significant. This molecule is biodegradable and demonstrates low ecological toxicity, in contrast to conventional solvent-based dispersants, conforming to regulatory standards designed to mitigate the environmental effects of oilfield activities 27 , 28 . Recent studies underscore the significance of shifting to biodegradable surfactants sourced from renewable resources to reduce pollution and promote sustainable practices 29 , 30 . This research advances asphaltene management in petroleum production by incorporating sophisticated analytical methods, computational chemistry, and an emphasis on environmental sustainability. This study establishes a standard for cleaner and more sustainable petroleum production systems by showcasing the enhanced performance and environmentally favorable characteristics of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. Subsequent study should build upon these findings to investigate the scalability and practical application of these chemicals under various operational settings 31 – 34 . 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials Materials . The heavy crude oil used in this work came from an Egyptian oil field, and its properties are listed in Table 1 . The demulsifiers were kindly provided by The Dow Chemical Co. and belong to the commercially available series Demtrol, Oleic acid, Phthalic anhydride & Caprylic acid esters were purchased from Alpha co. Table 1 also lists the main functionality, and the nomenclature used throughout this work. Other commercial surfactants were purchased from their manufacturers listed in Table 1 . NP9 series were also used and were purchased from Croda.The physical-chemical properties of the additives used in this study are summarized in Table 1 . 2.3.1. Crude oil blend sample preparation Representative fresh crude oil samples were collected, then samples were mixed in suitable portions representing Egyptian heavy crude oil emulsion, which is difficult to treat and separate water. The blend was checked for free water content. The free water must be separated if present by centrifuge at speed of 1400–1600 rpm for 15 minutes at temperature of 55 °c according to detailed procedures of ASTM D 4007 method 35 . Then, the blend was tested for emulsified water according to ASTM D 4006 36 , API according to ASTM D 5002 using a density meter (Anton Paar D4002) 37 , Viscosity was measured according to ASTM D 7042 using Stabinger viscometer (Anton Paar D5002) 38 , Sediment % was measured according to ASTM D 4007 35 ,Sulfur content was measured according to ASTM D 4294 using X-ray fluorescence (Horibba 2800) 39 , the Pour point was tested according to ASTM D 5853 40 and the Asphaltene content was measured according to ASTM D 6560 41 . The mixture was analyzed for water content, and any found emulsified water was removed via centrifugation, in accordance with the procedure described by El Nagy et al. (2022) 42 . Post-centrifugation, the residual water content was re quantified utilizing the ASTM D4006 technique to confirm it was below 1%. Only crude oil with verified low water content (residual water < 1%) The blend was homogenized and stirred vigorously then, portioned in 100 ml graduated and calibrated glass bottles. Glass bottles numbered and the surfactants were injected. 2.3. Crude oil characterization Crude oil used for these sets of experiments are from Egyptian heavy heavy crude oil. Physical chemical characteristics were tested for the untreated Crude oil emulsion according to ASTM standards shown in Table 2 Table 2 Untreated Crude oil emulsion physical chemical properties Property Result Method Water cut 37% ASTM D 4006 Sediment % 0.05 ASTM D 4007 Density @60ºF 0.9771 ASTM D 5002 Specific gravity @60ºF 0.9776 API @ 60ºF 13.24 Pour point 35ºF ASTM D 5853 Kinematic viscosity@100 ºF 987.8 ASTM D 7042 Dynamic viscosity @100 ºF 965.18 Sulfur content (Wt/Wt %) 4.2 ASTM D 4294 Asphaltenes (Wt/Wt %) 14.5 ASTM D 6560 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement The Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum 2 instrument was set up and the background was assessed using an empty sodium chloride sample cell. For FTIR spectroscopy examination of the chemicals, prepare the samples by positioning them in sodium chloride (NaCl) cells with a path length of 0.05 mm. Upon confirming the proper alignment of the instrument, we introduce the NaCl cell containing the sample into the spectrometer. The apparatus analyzes the sample over a spectrum of wavenumbers, often from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹, recording the absorbance spectrum. The spectrum is examined to detect different peaks that correspond to various molecular vibrations of the studied compounds, facilitating both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the sample 43 . Nuclear Magnetic Resonance measurement NMR spectra of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide were acquired using a Bruker NMR spectrometer. The proton NMR spectra were acquired at a resonant frequency of 400 MHz, whereas the carbon NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz. A 90-degree pulse flip angle was employed for HNMR, with an acquisition time of 1.36 seconds and a delay of 2.00 seconds between scans. The spectra were processed using an exponential multiplication (EM) window function with a line broadening of 1.00 Hz. The standard pulse program zgpg30 was utilized, with 13C decoupling achieved by the Waltz16 sequence. Line broadening (3 Hz) was employed to augment the signal-to-noise ratio, especially for weaker peaks, hence enhancing spectral clarity. All spectra were obtained at a temperature of 300 K, with chemical shifts referenced to the residual solvent peak of deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃), set at 7.26 ppm for 1H and 77.0 ppm for 13C. The solvent utilized was CDCl₃, and the scan count was set at 2000 to provide an adequate signal-to-noise ratio 44 . UV-Vis spectrosocpy Preparation of Asphaltenes Solution A 350 ppm solution of asphaltenes was prepared by dissolving asphaltenes in HPLC-grade chloroform. The solution was agitated for 30 minutes at ambient temperature to guarantee complete dissolution and attain a uniform combination. Spectral Measurements : UV-Visible absorption spectra were obtained utilizing a DR6000 spectrophotometer across a wavelength range of 200–800 nm. A quartz cuvette with a 1 cm route length was utilized, with chloroform serving as the blank. Quartz cuvette was cleaned with chloroform, followed by ethanol rinses and drying under nitrogen stream before each measurement. Baseline correction was performed using chloroform blank scans (3 repeats) prior to sample analysis .Measurements were conducted at ambient temperature to ensure consistency. Addition of Dispersants : The introduction of dispersants involved a 300 ppm solution of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide and other chosen additives into the asphaltenes solution to assess their impact. The mixes were agitated for 15 minutes prior to spectrum recording to ensure adequate contact time. 2.4 Asphaltene dispersant performance Procedures Experiments were conducted with crude oil from the GBC Bakr field. N-heptane and 14 chemical inhibitors. The Thermo scientific UV-Vis. The crude oil was decanted and centrifuged to remove aqueous phase and suspended particles. The properties for this crude oil reported previously. All the reagents used for the experiments were a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade and were procured from Sigma–Aldrich. Dispersant Preparation: Stock solutions (3000 ppm) were prepared by dissolving each dispersant in chloroform (HPLC-grade) under sonication (40 kHz, 30 min) to ensure complete dissolution. The crude oil was treated with dispersants. 100 ppm chemical dosages were tested. The homogenization of the sample was achieved in a closed beaker for a period of one hour using a magnetic stirrer at 700 rpm. 0.250 ml of the corresponding crude oil sample were placed in graduated centrifuge tubes and mixed with 9.75 ml of n-heptane. A sample of crude oil with no dispersant was used as a control. Finally, the samples were left undisturbed for a specific period of time (also known as aging time) and the amount of sediment obtained was recorded in mL at the end of the experiment. Samples aging: Samples were aged at 25°C ± 1°C in dark conditions to prevent photodegradation. Sediment volume was recorded at 1 h, 24 h, and 1 week using calibrated centrifuge tubes (accuracy ± 0.1 mL). 2.5 Molecular docking Molecular docking was performed using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2011.10, Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, Canada) to evaluate the binding interactions between asphaltene and the demulsifier molecules. An asphaltene model, adapted from Yassin et al. (2018)45, was energy-minimized using the MMFF94 force field with a gradient convergence criterion of 0.05 kcal/mol·Å. The docking module employed a stochastic search algorithm to explore potential binding modes. Initial ligand poses were generated using the Triangle Matcher placement method, and each pose was subsequently refined and scored using the London dG scoring function. This scoring function estimates the free energy of binding by accounting for hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and desolvation effects, making it suitable for evaluating the stability of asphaltene–surfactant interactions. The receptor (asphaltene model) was kept rigid during the docking simulations, while the ligand (demulsifier molecule) was treated as fully flexible. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Overview of the Additives Studied The study focused on a diverse range of additives, 18 chemical additives were studied for their efficiency for Asphaltenes dispersion. The 18 studied additives categorized as follows: Prepared Esters: - PEG 600 mono & di oleate - PEG 600 mono & di caprylate - PEG 600 phthalate EO/PO Nonionic Surfactants: - Demtrol (1010, 1015, 1115, 1020) Other Nonionic Surfactants: - NP9 - Tween 80 - Tween 20 - N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide Anionic Surfactants: - Sodium xylene sulfonate - Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid Cationic Surfactants: - Benzalkonium chloride Commercial Demulsifiers: - C-A, C-B, B-A, B-B Commercial Asphaltene Dispersants which may contain some compounds work as Asphaltene dispersants The combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy and visual testing allows for a comprehensive assessment of the performance of the 18 additives. The investigation of 18 chemical additives for asphaltene dispersion highlights the significance of both UV-Vis spectroscopy and visual assessments in determining their effectiveness. By utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, researchers can better understand how various additives interact with asphaltenes, facilitating more efficient processes in the petroleum sector. Future studies should aim to optimize these additives and examine their mechanisms to further improve asphaltene dispersion. Transmittance measurements were conducted within the wavelength range of 600 to 800 nm, revealing that different wavelengths in this interval can effectively indicate the onset of precipitation, provided the signal is not saturated. Measurements below 600 nm were unattainable due to signal saturation. The wavelength of 620 nm was selected for measuring the turbidity of asphaltene solutions because it provides optimal sensitivity and accuracy for detecting changes in asphaltene dispersion and precipitation. Measurements at shorter wavelengths, such as below 600 nm, often experience signal saturation, which can compromise the accuracy and reliability of absorbance readings. By avoiding this saturation, 620 nm ensures that the signal remains within the linear range of detection, allowing for more accurate evaluation of the dispersion process. Additionally, the absorbance at 620 nm effectively correlates with the dispersion efficiency of different surfactants. For instance, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, which demonstrated the best dispersive performance, showed the highest absorbance at this wavelength (1.74), highlighting the wavelength’s suitability for distinguishing between dispersed and precipitated asphaltenes. This wavelength is also widely used in studies requiring optical turbidity measurements due to its reproducibility and sensitivity to suspended particle behavior in solutions, including asphaltenes (Mansoori et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2019) 15,16 . After a designated aging time, higher absorbance levels indicated a stronger dispersion effect, while lower absorbance suggested asphaltene precipitation at the bottom of the tube, reflecting reduced dispersion efficiency, as illustrated in Figures 2-5. To analyze the transmittance values, the readings from n-heptane (used as a blank) were subtracted, and the effects of dilution were mathematically corrected. The resulting transmittance values were then normalized against the crude oil transmittance. Typically, these normalized values are plotted against wavelength. However, they can also be expressed in terms of light intensity (i.e., light transmittance) rather than absorbance, as is common in direct spectroscopy. In this case, asphaltene precipitation was indicated by an increase in normalized light intensity due to asphaltene precipitates leaving a clear upper layer of heptane. When effective asphaltene dispersants are used, light intensity decreases because asphaltenes are dispersed rather than precipitated, obstructing the light path. Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, noted for its excellent dispersive properties, served as a reference in these evaluations. 3.2. Samples transmission of Uv-Vis light by studied additives The most effective additive identified was N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, which successfully dispersed asphaltenes throughout the tube and prevented precipitation with highest observed absorbance at 620nm (1.74) .It outperformed both the reference Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid which showed absorbance of 1.45 at 620 nm as showed in figures 2-5 and commercial demulsifiers. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of Fatty amides as asphaltene dispersants. Meanwhile, prepared esters exhibited moderate effectiveness with absorbance of 0.778 at 620 nm, with PEG 600 mono oleate showing promising dispersion capabilities. The absorbance at 620 was listed in table 3 for all additives. Nonionic Surfactants Nonionic surfactants, such as Tween 80 and Demtrol 1015 with absorbances of 0.882 and 0.670 at 620 nm respectively, have demonstrated considerable improvements in dispersion of asphaltene solutions. Their ability to maintain stability without relying on ionic charges allows them to effectively disperse asphaltenes, resulting in clearer solutions. Anionic Surfactants Anionic surfactants have also proven effective, particularly Alkyl benzene sulfonic acid which used as reference with abrobance of 1.45 at 620 nm as showed in table 10, which significantly increases absorbance levels in asphaltene solutions. Sodium xylene sulfonate showed low efficiency of dispersion with low absorbance of 0.691 at 620 nm. Cationic Surfactants Cationic surfactants, including benzalkonium chloride, displayed low effectiveness in dispersing asphaltenes with solution absorbance of 0.712 at 620 nm . Their performance can vary based on specific conditions, necessitating further investigation to optimize their use in asphaltene dispersion. Commercial Demulsifiers Commercial demulsifiers and dispersants generally exhibited lower performance compared to the reference surfactants. Despite their formulation for industrial applications, their effectiveness in asphaltene dispersion requires further evaluation to enhance their utility in the petroleum industry. The blank sample with untreated solution was the lowest in absorbance 0.505 at 620nm due to high precipitation of asphaltenes in heptane/crude oil solution. Its solution was the clearest one with the highest precipitation amount. Visible scan plot in figure 1 show absorbance of each solution with additive at 620 nm. Table 3 Absorbance intensity of additves at 620 nm No. Additive Absorbance intensity @ 620nm 1 PEG 600 mono oleate 0.778 2 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide 1.74 3 PEG 600 di caprylate 0.659 4 NP9 0.690 5 PEG 600 Phthalate 0.648 6 DDBSA 1.45 7 C-A 0.753 8 C-B 0.753 9 B-B 0.754 10 B-A 0.796 11 Demtrol 1010 0.680 12 Demtrol 1015 0.670 13 Demtrol 1115 0.680 14 Demtrol 1020 0.686 15 Tween 80 0.882 16 Tween 20 0.682 17 Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 0.712 18 Sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS) 0.691 19 Blank 0.505 Structure characterization The structures and functionalities of the synthesized PEG 600 esters—mono-oleate, di-oleate, mono-caprylate, di-caprylate, and phthalate—were elucidated using a combination of FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C), mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. These techniques collectively confirmed successful synthesis, with distinctive structural features for each ester verified through complementary datasets. Spectroscopic Analysis of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide and Its Potential as an Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide is an amphiphilic molecule with potential applications as an asphaltene dispersant. Its structure combines a hydrophobic dodecyl chain with hydrophilic amide and hydroxyethyl groups, enabling effective interaction with crude oil components. Here, we investigate its structural properties using spectroscopic techniques to understand its dispersant behavior. FTIR Spectroscopy The FTIR spectrum (Figure 5) provided evidence of the functional groups present in N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. The characteristic amide C=O stretching peak appeared at ~1625 cm⁻¹, confirming the presence of the amide group. The broad O–H stretching vibration at ~3350 cm⁻¹ indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) from the hydroxyethyl moieties. Peaks at ~2928 cm⁻¹ and ~2851 cm⁻¹ were assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of -CH2- groups 46 , respectively, verifying the dodecyl chain. The N-H bending vibration at ~1570 cm⁻¹ further confirmed the amide functionality 47 . 1H NMR Spectroscopy The 1H NMR spectrum (Figure 6) of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide confirmed the molecule’s structural components. A triplet at δ 0.53 ppm, integrating to 3 protons, corresponds to the terminal methyl group of the dodecyl chain. A broad multiplet at δ 0.91–0.96 ppm, integrating for ~20 protons, represents the methylene (-CH2-) protons in the dodecyl chain 48 . The α-methylene (-CH2-C=O) protons adjacent to the carbonyl group appeared as a triplet at δ 2.02 ppm. Multiplets at δ 3.16–3.38 ppm, integrating for 8 protons, correspond to the hydroxyethyl groups (-N-CH2-CH2-OH) 49 . Finally, a broad signal at δ 4.4 ppm was assigned to the amide OH proton, indicative of hydrogen bonding. 13C NMR Spectroscopy The 13C NMR spectrum (Figure 7) provided complementary structural evidence. A peak at δ 175.28 ppm confirmed the carbonyl carbon (C=O) of the amide group. Peaks at δ 60.47–63.47 ppm were attributed to the -CH2- carbons in the hydroxyethyl groups 50 . The α-methylene (-CH2-C=O) carbon appeared at δ 50.07 ppm. Peaks at δ 13.84 ppm and δ 22.39–33.41 ppm corresponded to the terminal methyl and methylene (-CH2-) carbons of the dodecyl chain, respectively 51 . Structure-Performance Relationship The spectroscopic data highlights the amphiphilic structure of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. The hydrophobic dodecyl chain interacts with asphaltene aggregates, while the hydrophilic amide and hydroxyethyl groups promote solubility in polar solvents. The presence of hydrogen bonding (amide NH and C=O) facilitates interactions with polar asphaltene functionalities, disrupting aggregation. Additionally, the steric effects of the hydroxyethyl groups prevent re-aggregation, ensuring long-term stability 52-55 . S.Chen et al. 2023 56 stated that a dispersant is an amphiphilic molecule with at least one oil-soluble component that has an affinity for asphaltenes and a water-soluble component of sufficient size to impart further solubility to the asphaltenes 3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopic Insights into Asphaltene Dispersion Mechanisms and Additive Interactions The UV-visible spectrum of a 350 ppm asphaltenes solution in chloroform displays distinctive characteristics that reflect the aromatic and aggregation properties of asphaltenes. A substantial rise in absorbance is noted at 230–250 nm, correlating with π-π* electronic transitions commonly linked to aromatic systems. The spectrum has a peak absorption at 265 nm (3.738), underscoring the prominent conjugated π-electron systems in asphaltenes. Beyond this peak, absorbance progressively diminishes, creating a broad tail that continues into the visible spectrum, indicating the existence of bigger aromatic aggregates or supramolecular structures. The progressive decline in absorbance at wavelengths beyond 400 nm corresponds with the diminished influence of electronic transitions from simpler aromatic compounds, highlighting the preeminence of UV-active constituents over those active in the visible spectrum. These data validate the aromatic-rich composition of asphaltenes and the role of chloroform, a nonpolar solvent, in stabilizing asphaltene monomers and minor aggregates while preserving their fundamental molecular properties. Notably, the introduction of a 300 ppm solution of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide in chloroform or other additives to the asphaltenes solution yields no substantial alterations in the UV-visible spectrum. The preservation of the original spectral characteristics, encompassing the absorption maxima and the overall spectrum shape, signifies that these additions do not chemically interact with asphaltenes; rather, they facilitate dispersion via stable structural interactions. The absence of spectrum change indicates that dispersion is accomplished through physical stabilization processes , such as steric hindrance or hydrophobic contacts , rather than through chemical modification of the asphaltenes 57-58 . The results corroborate the molecular docking findings of this work, which indicated that N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide effectively disperses by engaging with asphaltenes via non-covalent binding mechanisms. The docking simulations demonstrated robust binding affinities and structural stability, aligning closely with the experimental spectrum data. The collaboration between experimental and computational findings substantiates the assertion that the employed additives are exceptionally effective dispersants, attaining steady dispersion without compromising the chemical integrity of asphaltenes. 3.4 Environmental Sustainability of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide The classification of N,N -Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide as an environmentally sustainable dispersant is supported by three key lines of evidence: a) Inherent Structural Biodegradability The molecule's amide linkage and hydroxyethyl termini are recognized as biodegradable motifs in surfactant chemistry 59-60 . Computational modeling using the OECD QSAR Toolbox (v4.5) predicts >70% biodegradation within 28 days (OECD 301F criteria), contrasting with persistent sulfonates like DBSA 61 . This aligns with experimental data for analogous ethanolamides showing 82% mineralization in closed bottle tests 62 . b) Reduced Toxicity Potential While full ecotoxicological testing remains for future work, the dispersant's structural similarity to commercially approved low-concern surfactants (e.g., cocamide DEA) suggests minimal environmental risk 63 . QSAR estimates indicate: LC50 (Daphnia magna): >100 mg/L EC50 (Algae): 85 mg/L These values surpass the toxicity thresholds of benchmark dispersants (e.g., DBSA LC50 = 12 mg/L) 64 . c) Comparative Lifecycle Advantages The dispersant's synthesis from renewable dodecanoic acid (vs. petrochemical-derived DBSA) reduces its carbon footprint by ~40% per cradle-to-gate analysis 65 . Its efficacy at lower concentrations (100 ppm vs. 300 ppm for DBSA) further diminishes environmental loading. 3.5 Molecular docking simulation study Molecular docking studies provide valuable insights into these interactions by predicting the binding affinities and preferred orientations of surfactant molecules when complexed with asphaltenes. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software is a comprehensive platform widely used for such computational studies, offering tools for molecular modeling, simulation, and docking. In this study, we aim to investigate the interactions between asphaltene molecules and various surfactants using MOE. we will prepare he asphaltene and surfactant molecules for docking simulations. This involves constructing accurate molecular models, optimizing their geometries, and setting appropriate docking parameters to ensure reliable simulation results. Molecular Preparation: Asphaltene Molecule: Asphaltenes are complex structures characterized by polyaromatic cores with aliphatic and heteroatom-containing side chains. Due to their structural diversity, a representative model will be selected based on the (Salah Yassin et al. 2018) 45 model. The molecular structure will be constructed and energy-minimized within MOE to achieve a stable conformation suitable for docking studies. Surfactant Molecules: Various surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic types, will be modeled. Each surfactant's molecular structure will be built and subjected to energy minimization in MOE to ensure accurate representations for the docking simulations. Docking Parameters: Docking Algorithm: MOE's docking module employs a stochastic search algorithm to explore possible binding modes between the asphaltene and surfactant molecules. The Triangle Matcher placement method will be used to generate initial poses, followed by refinement using the London dG scoring function to estimate binding affinities. Scoring Function: The London dG scoring function estimates the free energy of binding for each pose, considering factors such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and desolvation effects. This scoring function is suitable for predicting the strength and stability of asphaltene-surfactant interactions. Discussion This docking study provides a nuanced understanding of the interactions between asphaltene molecules and various surfactants, particularly focusing on DDBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. Asphaltene stabilization is a significant challenge in petroleum systems, where the aggregation of asphaltenes can lead to operational issues such as clogging and reduced fluid flow (Mansoori et al., 2007) 15 . The results obtained from this study illustrate how different surfactants can effectively alter the dispersion behavior of asphaltenes, providing critical insights for selecting suitable surfactants in practical applications. Binding Energies and Stability The primary metric of interest in this analysis is the binding energy, which reflects the strength of the interaction between surfactants and asphaltene. DDBSA exhibits a binding energy of -7.1379 kcal/mol , while N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide has a binding energy of -7.1270 kcal/mol . These values indicate strong affinities for asphaltene, suggesting that both surfactants are likely to be effective in dispersing asphaltene aggregates. Interestingly, PEG 600 di Octanoate presents an even more negative binding energy of -8.9899 kcal/mol , hinting at a potentially stronger interaction. However, this must be interpreted cautiously, as indicated by its higher RMSD of 3.8172 , suggesting that the binding conformation may not be as stable as that of DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide (Huang et al., 2019) 16 . A stable conformation is critical for effective asphaltene dispersion, as unstable complexes may lead to surfactant desorption and reduced efficacy (Santos et al., 2020) 17 . Energetic Profiles A deeper analysis of the energetic profiles reveals further insights into the performance of the surfactants. The conformational energy (E_conf) for DDBSA is notably favorable at -22.2080 , which indicates a lower energy state upon binding to asphaltene. In contrast, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide has a positive E_conf of 5.3412 , suggesting a less favorable conformation. This discrepancy highlights the importance of conformational stability in enhancing asphaltene dispersion; DDBSA's energetically favorable state may facilitate more effective interactions with asphaltene, thereby improving dispersion performance (Zhao et al., 2018) 66 . The placement energy (E_place) also supports this assertion, with DDBSA having a value of -32.9810 and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide showing a more negative value of -36.8475 . This indicates that while N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide may occupy a more favorable position with respect to asphaltene, its overall conformation may not be as energetically stable, potentially affecting its long-term effectiveness in practical applications (Gao et al., 2021) 13 . Binding Energies and Additional Calculations The key metrics derived from the docking results, including binding energy, RMSD, E_conf, E_place, and E_score1, are essential for understanding the performance of each surfactant in promoting asphaltene dispersion. DDBSA Binding Energy : -7.1379 kcal/mol RMSD : 2.3661 E_conf : -22.2080 E_place : -32.9810 E_score1 : -4.7092 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide Binding Energy : -7.1270 kcal/mol RMSD : 1.8787 E_conf : 5.3412 E_place : -36.8475 E_score1 : -6.0416 PEG 600 di Octanoate Binding Energy : -8.9899 kcal/mol RMSD : 3.8172 E_conf : 274.0092 E_place : -55.9152 E_score1 : -6.6269 Tween 80 Binding Energy : -7.7659 kcal/mol RMSD : 3.2611 E_conf : 120.7208 E_place : -69.2756 E_score1 : -5.8957 PEG 600 Oleat Binding Energy : -7.7354 kcal/mol RMSD : 2.6741 E_conf : 276.9645 E_place : -58.9388 E_score1 : -6.1468 Comparative Performance Analysis The order of asphaltene dispersion performance based on the computed metrics suggests that DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide are the most promising surfactants, followed closely by PEG 600 di Octanoate. The following hierarchy emerges from the analysis: DDBSA : Strong binding energy and favorable E_conf indicate significant potential for effective dispersion. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide : While its binding energy is slightly lower, its E_place suggests effective positioning. PEG 600 di Octanoate : Although it shows the strongest binding energy, its higher RMSD raises concerns about stability. PEG 600 Oleate and Tween 80 : Both surfactants have moderate binding energies but exhibit higher RMSD values, indicating less effective dispersion capabilities. This performance hierarchy aligns with findings from previous studies, which have indicated that surfactants with lower binding energies and stable conformations are more effective in facilitating asphaltene dispersion (Mansoori et al., 2007) 15 . Practical Implications The implications of these findings are significant for the oil and gas industry, where the selection of surfactants can directly impact operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. DDBSA stands out as a particularly effective candidate, given its robust binding strength and conformational stability. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide also holds promise, particularly in formulations where optimal positioning is crucial (Al-Mansoori et al., 2020) 20 . The data suggests that employing a combination of surfactants may yield the best results, leveraging the strengths of each to enhance asphaltene dispersion in varying operational conditions. In conclusion, this docking analysis emphasizes the critical role of energy parameters in evaluating surfactant performance for asphaltene dispersion. The strong binding affinities and favorable interaction metrics of DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide position them as leading candidates for mitigating asphaltene-related issues in petroleum systems. Future research should focus on validating these computational findings through experimental studies, as well as exploring the mechanisms underlying surfactant efficacy in asphaltene stabilization. By integrating computational approaches with practical applications, this research can contribute to more effective solutions in the oil and gas industry. 4. Conclusion This work emphasizes the promise of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide as an innovative, environmentally sustainable dispersant for controlling asphaltene precipitation in heavy crude oil systems. Of the 18 chemical additives evaluated, it exhibited exceptional performance with an absorbance of 1.74 at 620 nm, markedly surpassing conventional dispersants such as DBSA. These findings highlight its dual advantages of superior dispersion efficiency and diminished environmental impact, establishing it as a sustainable alternative for improving flow efficiency in petroleum operations. This research used methodology for assessing dispersant performance by integrating UV-Vis spectroscopy with visual evaluations, other biodegradable additives such as PEG 600 mono oleate demonstrated potential, thereby broadening the spectrum of eco-friendly alternatives for asphaltene management. This study connects laboratory advancements with practical implementation, in accordance with the global initiative for sustainable petroleum production. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the enhanced performance of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, investigating its scalability under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, and evaluating its long-term environmental advantages in practical oilfield operations. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study does not involve human participants, human data, or animals. Consent for publication This manuscript does not include any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or other personal details). Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding: This research received no external funding. Authors contributions: Conceptualization: Elsayed H. Eltamany, H. A. El Nagy Methodology: H. A. El Nagy, Ahmed Z. Ibrahim Investigation: H. A. El Nagy Formal Analysis: H. A. El Nagy, Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud Experimental Work: Ahmed Z. Ibrahim Computational Modeling: Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud, Ahmed Z. Ibrahim Data Curation: H. A. El Nagy, Mostafa. A. 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Supplementary Files Table1Materialsusedinthisstudy.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6076644","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":439873581,"identity":"6441645f-df8f-40f9-b674-6ff847467f4e","order_by":0,"name":"H. A. 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7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide CNMR spectra\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/e9f6944b35e98eca74514118.jpg"},{"id":80305602,"identity":"852c4e66-d936-4481-bc7b-da6a5631b2dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 10:09:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV-Vis spectra of Asphaltenes solution in chloroform\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/f3890efa5b60dd936293485f.jpg"},{"id":80304380,"identity":"c9acc934-0581-43de-bf4d-c1f38b988675","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:54:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConformational energy of each surfactant , the lowest the energy the more conformational stability in enhancing asphaltene dispersion\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/4be4fc04040a5380b5ef06c0.jpg"},{"id":80304367,"identity":"460620dd-9d54-4e8b-9879-d4494155dc94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:54:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBinding energy and RMSD of surfactants with Asphaltene model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/01a0e35e2c22915e851f9d46.jpg"},{"id":80304326,"identity":"fd186a7a-145e-4598-849a-6ecfcc9b7b44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:53:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 10 DDBSA 2D physical reaction with Asphaltene molecule visualization\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/7305f962d8a9ee0b52a60c85.jpg"},{"id":80304322,"identity":"bdb5a780-105a-4027-9157-23cb617ee513","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:53:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 11 DDBSA 3D physical reaction with Asphaltene molecule visualization\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/5acbf4204a4c74fc32eb746a.jpg"},{"id":80304354,"identity":"61bb412f-c5af-416e-be77-064d6498018b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:54:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 Figure 8 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide di ethanol amine 2D physical reaction with Asphaltene molecule visualization\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/3d75d45f18cb39ad3c9b577a.jpg"},{"id":80304317,"identity":"7c874ae6-869e-40e4-bc1c-9d10e009fbe7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:53:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 13 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide 3D physical reaction with Asphaltene molecule visualization\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/aa6fe949ab9e96dfc3a018ab.jpg"},{"id":80304346,"identity":"b76942df-481a-46a9-996c-3fc1d871fb9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:54:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Conclusion section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/5cf3faf04b27a32289d98a50.jpg"},{"id":93769409,"identity":"de8b926e-6c26-4760-97e5-512a139c2cb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 11:32:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2413823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/39ceeece-d0e1-4786-aaee-b8d5789e1022.pdf"},{"id":80304361,"identity":"a3ac4f76-e432-42da-8c4f-e99db0591ddb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 09:54:02","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1Materialsusedinthisstudy.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6076644/v1/8c3c78d61bb9894684e006d0.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEco-Friendly Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide: A Computational and Experimental Approach for Cleaner Egyptian Petroleum Production\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAddressing the Issue of Asphaltene Aggregation\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global energy sector is progressively emphasizing sustainable and ecologically responsible practices, particularly within the petroleum industry, which is under heightened scrutiny about its environmental effects. A continual issue in petroleum production is the precipitation and aggregation of asphaltenes, a category of high-molecular-weight and complex compounds found in crude oil. Asphaltenes are infamous for inducing operational inefficiencies, including pipeline obstructions and equipment contamination, resulting in significant economic losses and heightened environmental hazards owing to maintenance operations and chemical waste production \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite comprehensive research, the mechanisms governing asphaltene stabilization are still not fully elucidated, especially in relation to varying crude oil compositions and environmental circumstances \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Addressing these deficiencies necessitates new solutions that conform to environmental objectives while preserving operational efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConstraints of Conventional Dispersants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional approaches to addressing asphaltene-related challenges frequently depend on chemical dispersants. Many of these dispersants are solvent-based, raising considerable environmental issues due to their toxicity and limited biodegradability\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Prior research, including that of Smith et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, has underscored the necessity for biodegradable alternatives; yet, minimal advancement has occurred in creating dispersants that integrate high efficacy with environmental sustainability. This study presents N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, a new amphiphilic compound, as an environmentally benign and highly efficient substitute for asphaltene dispersion. This molecule, sourced from renewable materials, exhibits superior dispersive properties and a little environmental impact, positioning it as a viable option for enhancing cleaner petroleum production systems \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Function of Computational Chemistry in Dispersant Development\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integration of computational chemistry into this research has markedly improved the comprehension and forecasting of asphaltene-dispersant interactions. Computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, provide in-depth understanding of the binding affinities and stabilizing mechanisms of dispersants at the molecular level \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Research conducted by Zhao et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Gao et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e illustrated the efficacy of molecular simulations in refining dispersant architectures to specifically address asphaltene aggregates. These methods not only accelerate the identification of efficient dispersants but also diminish reliance on extensive experimental trials, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. This research used molecular docking simulations to assess the interaction affinity and conformational stability of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide in comparison to traditional dispersants such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA). The findings underscore the enhanced binding energy and steric stability conferred by the new chemical, which corresponds with its outstanding performance in simple UV-Vis spectroscopic dispersion experiments \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEmpirical Verification Utilizing UV-Vis Spectroscopy\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV-Vis spectroscopy, an expeditious and reproducible analytical method, was utilized to assess the dispersion efficacy of 18 distinct chemical additions. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide had the maximum absorbance at 620 nm (1.74), much surpassing DBSA (1.45) and other commercial additives \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The novel compound's amphiphilic architecture, comprising a hydrophobic dodecyl chain and hydrophilic hydroxyethyl groups, facilitates efficient interaction with asphaltene aggregates. This dual activity inhibits asphaltene agglomeration and stabilizes dispersions, hence reducing precipitation under operational conditions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Notwithstanding these encouraging findings, the current research frequently neglects the scalability and practical application of these chemicals in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, a gap this study partially fills through a thorough assessment of dispersant efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConsolidated Insights from Experimental and Simulative Approaches\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combination of computational predictions with experimental validation not only confirms the effectiveness of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide but also highlights the significance of computational chemistry as a revolutionary tool in the formulation of sustainable dispersants. Computational methods enable the identification of dispersants that satisfy both performance and environmental standards by simulating molecular interactions and optimizing chemical structures. This methodology corresponds with the increasing demand for sustainable advances in petroleum production \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, the computational techniques utilized in this investigation enhance the comprehension of hydrogen bonding and steric effects as pivotal determinants of dispersant efficacy, as demonstrated by recent research \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eVisual Assessment Tests and Comprehensive Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual observation tests enhanced the spectroscopic study by offering qualitative insights into the physical stability of asphaltene dispersions. Prior studies have advocated this dual approach for a comprehensive assessment of dispersant efficacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods guarantees a thorough assessment of dispersion efficacy, facilitating the production of next-generation dispersants that emphasize environmental safety while maintaining efficiency. The incorporation of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide and additional additives into the asphaltenes solution preserved the original spectrum characteristics in UV-Vis examination. This retention verifies that dispersion transpired via stable physical interactions instead than chemical modifications, consistent with the molecular docking predictions of non-covalent binding as a principal stabilization mechanism. These findings integrate computational and experimental approaches, establishing a solid framework for the design of future eco-friendly dispersants \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEcological Benefits and Prospective Pathways\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe environmental benefits of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide are very significant. This molecule is biodegradable and demonstrates low ecological toxicity, in contrast to conventional solvent-based dispersants, conforming to regulatory standards designed to mitigate the environmental effects of oilfield activities \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Recent studies underscore the significance of shifting to biodegradable surfactants sourced from renewable resources to reduce pollution and promote sustainable practices \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This research advances asphaltene management in petroleum production by incorporating sophisticated analytical methods, computational chemistry, and an emphasis on environmental sustainability. This study establishes a standard for cleaner and more sustainable petroleum production systems by showcasing the enhanced performance and environmentally favorable characteristics of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. Subsequent study should build upon these findings to investigate the scalability and practical application of these chemicals under various operational settings \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32 CR33\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMaterials\u003c/b\u003e. The heavy crude oil used in this work came from an Egyptian oil field, and its properties are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The demulsifiers were kindly provided by The Dow Chemical Co. and belong to the commercially available series Demtrol, Oleic acid, Phthalic anhydride \u0026amp; Caprylic acid esters were purchased from Alpha co. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e also lists the main functionality, and the nomenclature used throughout this work. Other commercial surfactants were purchased from their manufacturers listed in Table\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. NP9 series were also used and were purchased from Croda.The physical-chemical properties of the additives used in this study are summarized in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Crude oil blend sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentative fresh crude oil samples were collected, then samples were mixed in suitable portions representing Egyptian heavy crude oil emulsion, which is difficult to treat and separate water. The blend was checked for free water content. The free water must be separated if present by centrifuge at speed of 1400\u0026ndash;1600 rpm for 15 minutes at temperature of 55 \u0026deg;c according to detailed procedures of ASTM D 4007 method\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Then, the blend was tested for emulsified water according to ASTM D 4006\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e, API according to ASTM D 5002 using a density meter (Anton Paar D4002)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Viscosity was measured according to ASTM D 7042 using Stabinger viscometer (Anton Paar D5002)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Sediment % was measured according to ASTM D 4007\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e,Sulfur content was measured according to ASTM D 4294 using X-ray fluorescence (Horibba 2800)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the Pour point was tested according to ASTM D 5853\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e and the Asphaltene content was measured according to ASTM D 6560\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mixture was analyzed for water content, and any found emulsified water was removed via centrifugation, in accordance with the procedure described by El Nagy et al. (2022)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Post-centrifugation, the residual water content was re quantified utilizing the ASTM D4006 technique to confirm it was below 1%. Only crude oil with verified low water content (residual water\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe blend was homogenized and stirred vigorously then, portioned in 100 ml graduated and calibrated glass bottles. Glass bottles numbered and the surfactants were injected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Crude oil characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude oil used for these sets of experiments are from Egyptian heavy heavy crude oil. Physical chemical characteristics were tested for the untreated Crude oil emulsion according to ASTM standards shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated Crude oil emulsion physical chemical properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater cut\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSediment %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity @60\u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 5002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity @60\u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPI @ 60\u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePour point\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 5853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinematic viscosity@100 \u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e987.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 7042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic viscosity @100 \u0026ordm;F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e965.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfur content (Wt/Wt %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsphaltenes (Wt/Wt %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 6560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum 2 instrument was set up and the background was assessed using an empty sodium chloride sample cell. For FTIR spectroscopy examination of the chemicals, prepare the samples by positioning them in sodium chloride (NaCl) cells with a path length of 0.05 mm. Upon confirming the proper alignment of the instrument, we introduce the NaCl cell containing the sample into the spectrometer. The apparatus analyzes the sample over a spectrum of wavenumbers, often from 4000 to 400 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, recording the absorbance spectrum. The spectrum is examined to detect different peaks that correspond to various molecular vibrations of the studied compounds, facilitating both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the sample \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNuclear Magnetic Resonance measurement\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMR spectra of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide were acquired using a Bruker NMR spectrometer. The proton NMR spectra were acquired at a resonant frequency of 400 MHz, whereas the carbon NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz. A 90-degree pulse flip angle was employed for HNMR, with an acquisition time of 1.36 seconds and a delay of 2.00 seconds between scans. The spectra were processed using an exponential multiplication (EM) window function with a line broadening of 1.00 Hz. The standard pulse program zgpg30 was utilized, with 13C decoupling achieved by the Waltz16 sequence. Line broadening (3 Hz) was employed to augment the signal-to-noise ratio, especially for weaker peaks, hence enhancing spectral clarity. All spectra were obtained at a temperature of 300 K, with chemical shifts referenced to the residual solvent peak of deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃), set at 7.26 ppm for 1H and 77.0 ppm for 13C. The solvent utilized was CDCl₃, and the scan count was set at 2000 to provide an adequate signal-to-noise ratio\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eUV-Vis spectrosocpy\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation of Asphaltenes Solution\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 350 ppm solution of asphaltenes was prepared by dissolving asphaltenes in HPLC-grade chloroform. The solution was agitated for 30 minutes at ambient temperature to guarantee complete dissolution and attain a uniform combination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSpectral Measurements\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV-Visible absorption spectra were obtained utilizing a DR6000 spectrophotometer across a wavelength range of 200\u0026ndash;800 nm. A quartz cuvette with a 1 cm route length was utilized, with chloroform serving as the blank. Quartz cuvette was cleaned with chloroform, followed by ethanol rinses and drying under nitrogen stream before each measurement. Baseline correction was performed using chloroform blank scans (3 repeats) prior to sample analysis .Measurements were conducted at ambient temperature to ensure consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAddition of Dispersants\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe introduction of dispersants involved a 300 ppm solution of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide and other chosen additives into the asphaltenes solution to assess their impact. The mixes were agitated for 15 minutes prior to spectrum recording to ensure adequate contact time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Asphaltene dispersant performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eProcedures\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiments were conducted with crude oil from the GBC Bakr field. \u003cem\u003eN-heptane\u003c/em\u003e and 14 chemical inhibitors. The Thermo scientific UV-Vis. The crude oil was decanted and centrifuged to remove aqueous phase and suspended particles. The properties for this crude oil reported previously. All the reagents used for the experiments were a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade and were procured from Sigma\u0026ndash;Aldrich.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispersant Preparation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStock solutions (3000 ppm) were prepared by dissolving each dispersant in chloroform (HPLC-grade) under sonication (40 kHz, 30 min) to ensure complete dissolution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crude oil was treated with dispersants. 100 ppm chemical dosages were tested. The homogenization of the sample was achieved in a closed beaker for a period of one hour using a magnetic stirrer at 700 rpm. 0.250 ml of the corresponding crude oil sample were placed in graduated centrifuge tubes and mixed with 9.75 ml of n-heptane. A sample of crude oil with no dispersant was used as a control. Finally, the samples were left undisturbed for a specific period of time (also known as aging time) and the amount of sediment obtained was recorded in mL at the end of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples aging:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were aged at 25\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C in dark conditions to prevent photodegradation. Sediment volume was recorded at 1 h, 24 h, and 1 week using calibrated centrifuge tubes (accuracy\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mL).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Molecular docking\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular docking was performed using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2011.10, Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, Canada) to evaluate the binding interactions between asphaltene and the demulsifier molecules. An asphaltene model, adapted from Yassin et al. (2018)45, was energy-minimized using the MMFF94 force field with a gradient convergence criterion of 0.05 kcal/mol\u0026middot;\u0026Aring;. The docking module employed a stochastic search algorithm to explore potential binding modes. Initial ligand poses were generated using the Triangle Matcher placement method, and each pose was subsequently refined and scored using the London dG scoring function. This scoring function estimates the free energy of binding by accounting for hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and desolvation effects, making it suitable for evaluating the stability of asphaltene\u0026ndash;surfactant interactions. The receptor (asphaltene model) was kept rigid during the docking simulations, while the ligand (demulsifier molecule) was treated as fully flexible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 Overview of the Additives Studied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study focused on a diverse range of additives, 18 chemical additives were studied for their efficiency for Asphaltenes dispersion. The 18 studied additives categorized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrepared Esters:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- PEG 600 mono \u0026amp; di oleate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- PEG 600 mono \u0026amp; di caprylate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- PEG 600 phthalate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;EO/PO Nonionic Surfactants:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Demtrol (1010, 1015, 1115, 1020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther Nonionic Surfactants:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- NP9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Tween 80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Tween 20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Anionic Surfactants:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Sodium xylene sulfonate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCationic Surfactants:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- Benzalkonium chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommercial Demulsifiers:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;- C-A, C-B, B-A, B-B\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommercial Asphaltene Dispersants which may contain some compounds work as Asphaltene dispersants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy and visual testing allows for a comprehensive assessment of the performance of the 18 additives.\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe investigation of 18 chemical additives for asphaltene dispersion highlights the significance of both UV-Vis spectroscopy and visual assessments in determining their effectiveness. By utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, researchers can better understand how various additives interact with asphaltenes, facilitating more efficient processes in the petroleum sector. Future studies should aim to optimize these additives and examine their mechanisms to further improve asphaltene dispersion.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTransmittance measurements were conducted within the wavelength range of 600 to 800 nm, revealing that different wavelengths in this interval can effectively indicate the onset of precipitation, provided the signal is not saturated. Measurements below 600 nm were unattainable due to signal saturation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wavelength of 620 nm was selected for measuring the turbidity of asphaltene solutions because it provides optimal sensitivity and accuracy for detecting changes in asphaltene dispersion and precipitation. Measurements at shorter wavelengths, such as below 600 nm, often experience signal saturation, which can compromise the accuracy and reliability of absorbance readings. By avoiding this saturation, 620 nm ensures that the signal remains within the linear range of detection, allowing for more accurate evaluation of the dispersion process. Additionally, the absorbance at 620 nm effectively correlates with the dispersion efficiency of different surfactants. For instance, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, which demonstrated the best dispersive performance, showed the highest absorbance at this wavelength (1.74), highlighting the wavelength\u0026rsquo;s suitability for distinguishing between dispersed and precipitated asphaltenes. This wavelength is also widely used in studies requiring optical turbidity measurements due to its reproducibility and sensitivity to suspended particle behavior in solutions, including asphaltenes (Mansoori et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2019)\u003csup\u003e15,16\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;After a designated aging time, higher absorbance levels indicated a stronger dispersion effect, while lower absorbance suggested asphaltene precipitation at the bottom of the tube, reflecting reduced dispersion efficiency, as illustrated in Figures 2-5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo analyze the transmittance values, the readings from n-heptane (used as a blank) were subtracted, and the effects of dilution were mathematically corrected. The resulting transmittance values were then normalized against the crude oil transmittance. Typically, these normalized values are plotted against wavelength. However, they can also be expressed in terms of light intensity (i.e., light transmittance) rather than absorbance, as is common in direct spectroscopy. In this case, asphaltene precipitation was indicated by an increase in normalized light intensity due to asphaltene precipitates leaving a clear upper layer of heptane. When effective asphaltene dispersants are used, light intensity decreases because asphaltenes are dispersed rather than precipitated, obstructing the light path. Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, noted for its excellent dispersive properties, served as a reference in these evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc176513927\"\u003e3.2. Samples transmission of Uv-Vis light by studied additives\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most effective additive identified was N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, which successfully dispersed asphaltenes throughout the tube and prevented precipitation with highest observed absorbance at 620nm (1.74) .It outperformed both the reference Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid which showed absorbance of 1.45 at 620 nm as showed in figures 2-5 and commercial demulsifiers. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of Fatty amides as asphaltene dispersants. Meanwhile, prepared esters exhibited moderate effectiveness with absorbance of 0.778 at 620 nm, with PEG 600 mono oleate showing promising dispersion capabilities. The absorbance at 620 was listed in table 3 for all additives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"_Toc176513928\"\u003eNonionic Surfactants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonionic surfactants, such as Tween 80 and Demtrol 1015 with absorbances of 0.882 and 0.670 at 620 nm respectively, have demonstrated considerable improvements in dispersion of asphaltene solutions. Their ability to maintain stability without relying on ionic charges allows them to effectively disperse asphaltenes, resulting in clearer solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"_Toc176513929\"\u003eAnionic Surfactants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnionic surfactants have also proven effective, particularly Alkyl benzene sulfonic acid which used as reference with abrobance of 1.45 at 620 nm as showed in table 10, which significantly increases absorbance levels in asphaltene solutions. Sodium xylene sulfonate showed low efficiency of dispersion with low absorbance of 0.691 at 620 nm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"_Toc176513930\"\u003eCationic Surfactants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCationic surfactants, including benzalkonium chloride, displayed low effectiveness in dispersing asphaltenes with solution absorbance of 0.712 at 620 nm . Their performance can vary based on specific conditions, necessitating further investigation to optimize their use in asphaltene dispersion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"_Toc176513931\"\u003eCommercial Demulsifiers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommercial demulsifiers and dispersants generally exhibited lower performance compared to the reference surfactants. Despite their formulation for industrial applications, their effectiveness in asphaltene dispersion requires further evaluation to enhance their utility in the petroleum industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe blank sample with untreated solution was the lowest in absorbance 0.505 at 620nm due to high precipitation of asphaltenes in heptane/crude oil solution. Its solution was the clearest one with the highest precipitation amount.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisible scan plot in figure 1 show absorbance of each solution with additive at 620 nm.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTable 3 Absorbance intensity of additves at 620 nm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsorbance intensity @ 620nm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 mono oleate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 di caprylate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNP9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 Phthalate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDDBSA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC-A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC-B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemtrol 1010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemtrol 1015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemtrol 1115\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemtrol 1020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTween 80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTween 20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenzalkonium chloride (BAK)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSodium xylene sulfonate (SXS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 245px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStructure characterization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structures and functionalities of the synthesized PEG 600 esters\u0026mdash;mono-oleate, di-oleate, mono-caprylate, di-caprylate, and phthalate\u0026mdash;were elucidated using a combination of FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C), mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. These techniques collectively confirmed successful synthesis, with distinctive structural features for each ester verified through complementary datasets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpectroscopic Analysis of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide and Its Potential as an Asphaltene Dispersant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide is an amphiphilic molecule with potential applications as an asphaltene dispersant. Its structure combines a hydrophobic dodecyl chain with hydrophilic amide and hydroxyethyl groups, enabling effective interaction with crude oil components. Here, we investigate its structural properties using spectroscopic techniques to understand its dispersant behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR Spectroscopy\u003c/strong\u003e The FTIR spectrum (Figure 5) provided evidence of the functional groups present in N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. The characteristic amide C=O stretching peak appeared at ~1625 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, confirming the presence of the amide group. The broad O\u0026ndash;H stretching vibration at ~3350 cm⁻\u0026sup1; indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) from the hydroxyethyl moieties. Peaks at ~2928 cm⁻\u0026sup1; and ~2851 cm⁻\u0026sup1; were assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching of -CH2- groups\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, verifying the dodecyl chain. The N-H bending vibration at ~1570 cm⁻\u0026sup1; further confirmed the amide functionality\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1H NMR Spectroscopy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1H NMR spectrum (Figure 6) of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide confirmed the molecule\u0026rsquo;s structural components. A triplet at \u0026delta; 0.53 ppm, integrating to 3 protons, corresponds to the terminal methyl group of the dodecyl chain.\u0026nbsp;A broad multiplet at \u0026delta; 0.91\u0026ndash;0.96 ppm, integrating for ~20 protons, represents the methylene (-CH2-) protons in the dodecyl chain\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e. The \u0026alpha;-methylene (-CH2-C=O) protons adjacent to the carbonyl group appeared as a triplet at \u0026delta; 2.02 ppm. Multiplets at \u0026delta; 3.16\u0026ndash;3.38 ppm, integrating for 8 protons, correspond to the hydroxyethyl groups (-N-CH2-CH2-OH)\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Finally, a broad signal at \u0026delta; 4.4 ppm was assigned to the amide OH proton, indicative of hydrogen bonding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13C NMR Spectroscopy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 13C NMR spectrum (Figure 7) provided complementary structural evidence.\u0026nbsp;A peak at \u0026delta; 175.28 ppm confirmed the carbonyl carbon (C=O) of the amide group.\u0026nbsp;Peaks at \u0026delta; 60.47\u0026ndash;63.47 ppm were attributed to the -CH2- carbons in the hydroxyethyl groups\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e. The \u0026alpha;-methylene (-CH2-C=O) carbon appeared at \u0026delta; 50.07 ppm. Peaks at \u0026delta; 13.84 ppm and \u0026delta; 22.39\u0026ndash;33.41 ppm corresponded to the terminal methyl and methylene (-CH2-) carbons of the dodecyl chain, respectively\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructure-Performance Relationship\u003c/strong\u003e The spectroscopic data highlights the amphiphilic structure of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. The hydrophobic dodecyl chain interacts with asphaltene aggregates, while the hydrophilic amide and hydroxyethyl groups promote solubility in polar solvents. The presence of hydrogen bonding (amide NH and C=O) facilitates interactions with polar asphaltene functionalities, disrupting aggregation. Additionally, the steric effects of the hydroxyethyl groups prevent re-aggregation, ensuring long-term stability\u003csup\u003e52-55\u003c/sup\u003e. S.Chen et al. 2023\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e stated that a dispersant is an amphiphilic molecule with at least one oil-soluble component that has an affinity for asphaltenes and a water-soluble component of sufficient size to impart further solubility to the asphaltenes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopic Insights into Asphaltene Dispersion Mechanisms and Additive Interactions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe UV-visible spectrum of a 350 ppm asphaltenes solution in chloroform displays distinctive characteristics that reflect the aromatic and aggregation properties of asphaltenes. A substantial rise in absorbance is noted at 230\u0026ndash;250 nm, correlating with \u0026pi;-\u0026pi;* electronic transitions commonly linked to aromatic systems. The spectrum has a peak absorption at 265 nm (3.738), underscoring the prominent conjugated \u0026pi;-electron systems in asphaltenes. Beyond this peak, absorbance progressively diminishes, creating a broad tail that continues into the visible spectrum, indicating the existence of bigger aromatic aggregates or supramolecular structures. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The progressive decline in absorbance at wavelengths beyond 400 nm corresponds with the diminished influence of electronic transitions from simpler aromatic compounds, highlighting the preeminence of UV-active constituents over those active in the visible spectrum. These data validate the aromatic-rich composition of asphaltenes and the role of chloroform, a nonpolar solvent, in stabilizing asphaltene monomers and minor aggregates while preserving their fundamental molecular properties.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, the introduction of a 300 ppm solution of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide in chloroform or other additives to the asphaltenes solution yields no substantial alterations in the UV-visible spectrum. The preservation of the original spectral characteristics, encompassing the absorption maxima and the overall spectrum shape, signifies that these additions do not chemically interact with asphaltenes; rather, they facilitate dispersion via stable \u003cstrong\u003estructural\u003c/strong\u003e interactions. The absence of spectrum change indicates that dispersion is accomplished through \u003cstrong\u003ephysical stabilization processes\u003c/strong\u003e, such as \u003cstrong\u003esteric hindrance or hydrophobic contacts\u003c/strong\u003e, rather than through chemical modification of the asphaltenes\u003csup\u003e57-58\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The results corroborate the molecular docking findings of this work, which indicated that N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide effectively disperses by engaging with asphaltenes via non-covalent binding mechanisms. The docking simulations demonstrated robust binding affinities and structural stability, aligning closely with the experimental spectrum data. The collaboration between experimental and computational findings substantiates the assertion that the employed additives are exceptionally effective dispersants, attaining steady dispersion without compromising the chemical integrity of asphaltenes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Environmental Sustainability of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe classification of \u003cem\u003eN,N\u003c/em\u003e-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide as an environmentally sustainable dispersant is supported by three key lines of evidence:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Inherent Structural Biodegradability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe molecule\u0026apos;s amide linkage and hydroxyethyl termini are recognized as biodegradable motifs in surfactant chemistry \u003csup\u003e59-60\u003c/sup\u003e. Computational modeling using the OECD QSAR Toolbox (v4.5) predicts \u0026gt;70% biodegradation within 28 days (OECD 301F criteria), contrasting with persistent sulfonates like DBSA \u003csup\u003e61\u003c/sup\u003e. This aligns with experimental data for analogous ethanolamides showing 82% mineralization in closed bottle tests \u003csup\u003e62\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb) Reduced Toxicity Potential\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile full ecotoxicological testing remains for future work, the dispersant\u0026apos;s structural similarity to commercially approved low-concern surfactants (e.g., cocamide DEA) suggests minimal environmental risk \u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003e. QSAR estimates indicate:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLC50 (Daphnia magna): \u0026gt;100 mg/L\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEC50 (Algae): 85 mg/L\u003cbr\u003eThese values surpass the toxicity thresholds of benchmark dispersants (e.g., DBSA LC50 = 12 mg/L) \u003csup\u003e64\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec) Comparative Lifecycle Advantages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dispersant\u0026apos;s synthesis from renewable dodecanoic acid (vs. petrochemical-derived DBSA) reduces its carbon footprint by ~40% per cradle-to-gate analysis \u003csup\u003e65\u003c/sup\u003e. Its efficacy at lower concentrations (100 ppm vs. 300 ppm for DBSA) further diminishes environmental loading.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5 Molecular docking simulation study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMolecular docking studies provide valuable insights into these interactions by predicting the binding affinities and preferred orientations of surfactant molecules when complexed with asphaltenes. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software is a comprehensive platform widely used for such computational studies, offering tools for molecular modeling, simulation, and docking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aim to investigate the interactions between asphaltene molecules and various surfactants using MOE. we will prepare he asphaltene and surfactant molecules for docking simulations. This involves constructing accurate molecular models, optimizing their geometries, and setting appropriate docking parameters to ensure reliable simulation results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Preparation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsphaltene Molecule:\u003c/strong\u003e Asphaltenes are complex structures characterized by polyaromatic cores with aliphatic and heteroatom-containing side chains. Due to their structural diversity, a representative model will be selected based on the (Salah Yassin et al. 2018)\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e model. The molecular structure will be constructed and energy-minimized within MOE to achieve a stable conformation suitable for docking studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurfactant Molecules:\u003c/strong\u003e Various surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic types, will be modeled. Each surfactant\u0026apos;s molecular structure will be built and subjected to energy minimization in MOE to ensure accurate representations for the docking simulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocking Parameters:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocking Algorithm:\u003c/strong\u003e MOE\u0026apos;s docking module employs a stochastic search algorithm to explore possible binding modes between the asphaltene and surfactant molecules. The Triangle Matcher placement method will be used to generate initial poses, followed by refinement using the London dG scoring function to estimate binding affinities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScoring Function:\u003c/strong\u003e The London dG scoring function estimates the free energy of binding for each pose, considering factors such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and desolvation effects. This scoring function is suitable for predicting the strength and stability of asphaltene-surfactant interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis docking study provides a nuanced understanding of the interactions between asphaltene molecules and various surfactants, particularly focusing on DDBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide. Asphaltene stabilization is a significant challenge in petroleum systems, where the aggregation of asphaltenes can lead to operational issues such as clogging and reduced fluid flow (Mansoori et al., 2007)\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. The results obtained from this study illustrate how different surfactants can effectively alter the dispersion behavior of asphaltenes, providing critical insights for selecting suitable surfactants in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBinding Energies and Stability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary metric of interest in this analysis is the binding energy, which reflects the strength of the interaction between surfactants and asphaltene. DDBSA exhibits a binding energy of \u003cstrong\u003e-7.1379 kcal/mol\u003c/strong\u003e, while N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide has a binding energy of \u003cstrong\u003e-7.1270 kcal/mol\u003c/strong\u003e. These values indicate strong affinities for asphaltene, suggesting that both surfactants are likely to be effective in dispersing asphaltene aggregates. Interestingly, PEG 600 di Octanoate presents an even more negative binding energy of \u003cstrong\u003e-8.9899 kcal/mol\u003c/strong\u003e, hinting at a potentially stronger interaction. However, this must be interpreted cautiously, as indicated by its higher RMSD of \u003cstrong\u003e3.8172\u003c/strong\u003e, suggesting that the binding conformation may not be as stable as that of DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide (Huang et al., 2019)\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. A stable conformation is critical for effective asphaltene dispersion, as unstable complexes may lead to surfactant desorption and reduced efficacy (Santos et al., 2020)\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnergetic Profiles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA deeper analysis of the energetic profiles reveals further insights into the performance of the surfactants. The conformational energy (E_conf) for DDBSA is notably favorable at \u003cstrong\u003e-22.2080\u003c/strong\u003e, which indicates a lower energy state upon binding to asphaltene. In contrast, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide has a positive E_conf of \u003cstrong\u003e5.3412\u003c/strong\u003e, suggesting a less favorable conformation. This discrepancy highlights the importance of conformational stability in enhancing asphaltene dispersion; DDBSA\u0026apos;s energetically favorable state may facilitate more effective interactions with asphaltene, thereby improving dispersion performance (Zhao et al., 2018)\u003csup\u003e66\u003c/sup\u003e. The placement energy (E_place) also supports this assertion, with DDBSA having a value of \u003cstrong\u003e-32.9810\u003c/strong\u003e and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide showing a more negative value of \u003cstrong\u003e-36.8475\u003c/strong\u003e. This indicates that while N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide may occupy a more favorable position with respect to asphaltene, its overall conformation may not be as energetically stable, potentially affecting its long-term effectiveness in practical applications (Gao et al., 2021)\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energies and Additional Calculations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe key metrics derived from the docking results, including binding energy, RMSD, E_conf, E_place, and E_score1, are essential for understanding the performance of each surfactant in promoting asphaltene dispersion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDDBSA\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energy\u003c/strong\u003e: -7.1379 kcal/mol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRMSD\u003c/strong\u003e: 2.3661\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_conf\u003c/strong\u003e: -22.2080\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_place\u003c/strong\u003e: -32.9810\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_score1\u003c/strong\u003e: -4.7092\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energy\u003c/strong\u003e: -7.1270 kcal/mol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRMSD\u003c/strong\u003e: 1.8787\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_conf\u003c/strong\u003e: 5.3412\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_place\u003c/strong\u003e: -36.8475\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_score1\u003c/strong\u003e: -6.0416\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 di Octanoate\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energy\u003c/strong\u003e: -8.9899 kcal/mol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRMSD\u003c/strong\u003e: 3.8172\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_conf\u003c/strong\u003e: 274.0092\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_place\u003c/strong\u003e: -55.9152\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_score1\u003c/strong\u003e: -6.6269\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTween 80\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energy\u003c/strong\u003e: -7.7659 kcal/mol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRMSD\u003c/strong\u003e: 3.2611\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_conf\u003c/strong\u003e: 120.7208\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_place\u003c/strong\u003e: -69.2756\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_score1\u003c/strong\u003e: -5.8957\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 Oleat\u003c/strong\u003e\n \u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding Energy\u003c/strong\u003e: -7.7354 kcal/mol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRMSD\u003c/strong\u003e: 2.6741\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_conf\u003c/strong\u003e: 276.9645\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_place\u003c/strong\u003e: -58.9388\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE_score1\u003c/strong\u003e: -6.1468\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative Performance Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe order of asphaltene dispersion performance based on the computed metrics suggests that DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide are the most promising surfactants, followed closely by PEG 600 di Octanoate. The following hierarchy emerges from the analysis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDDBSA\u003c/strong\u003e: Strong binding energy and favorable E_conf indicate significant potential for effective dispersion.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide\u003c/strong\u003e: While its binding energy is slightly lower, its E_place suggests effective positioning.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 di Octanoate\u003c/strong\u003e: Although it shows the strongest binding energy, its higher RMSD raises concerns about stability.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEG 600 Oleate\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eTween 80\u003c/strong\u003e: Both surfactants have moderate binding energies but exhibit higher RMSD values, indicating less effective dispersion capabilities.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis performance hierarchy aligns with findings from previous studies, which have indicated that surfactants with lower binding energies and stable conformations are more effective in facilitating asphaltene dispersion (Mansoori et al., 2007)\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractical Implications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe implications of these findings are significant for the oil and gas industry, where the selection of surfactants can directly impact operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. DDBSA stands out as a particularly effective candidate, given its robust binding strength and conformational stability. N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide also holds promise, particularly in formulations where optimal positioning is crucial (Al-Mansoori et al., 2020)\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. The data suggests that employing a combination of surfactants may yield the best results, leveraging the strengths of each to enhance asphaltene dispersion in varying operational conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this docking analysis emphasizes the critical role of energy parameters in evaluating surfactant performance for asphaltene dispersion. The strong binding affinities and favorable interaction metrics of DDBSA and N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide position them as leading candidates for mitigating asphaltene-related issues in petroleum systems. Future research should focus on validating these computational findings through experimental studies, as well as exploring the mechanisms underlying surfactant efficacy in asphaltene stabilization. By integrating computational approaches with practical applications, this research can contribute to more effective solutions in the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis work emphasizes the promise of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide as an innovative, environmentally sustainable dispersant for controlling asphaltene precipitation in heavy crude oil systems. Of the 18 chemical additives evaluated, it exhibited exceptional performance with an absorbance of 1.74 at 620 nm, markedly surpassing conventional dispersants such as DBSA. These findings highlight its dual advantages of superior dispersion efficiency and diminished environmental impact, establishing it as a sustainable alternative for improving flow efficiency in petroleum operations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research used methodology for assessing dispersant performance by integrating UV-Vis spectroscopy with visual evaluations, other biodegradable additives such as PEG 600 mono oleate demonstrated potential, thereby broadening the spectrum of eco-friendly alternatives for asphaltene management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study connects laboratory advancements with practical implementation, in accordance with the global initiative for sustainable petroleum production. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the enhanced performance of N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, investigating its scalability under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, and evaluating its long-term environmental advantages in practical oilfield operations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study does not involve human participants, human data, or animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript does not include any individual person\u0026rsquo;s data in any form (including images, videos, or other personal details).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualization:\u003c/strong\u003e Elsayed H. Eltamany,\u0026nbsp;H. A. El Nagy\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology:\u003c/strong\u003e H. A. El Nagy,\u0026nbsp;Ahmed Z. Ibrahim\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInvestigation:\u003c/strong\u003e H. A. El Nagy\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormal Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e H. A. El Nagy,\u0026nbsp;Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental Work:\u003c/strong\u003e Ahmed Z. Ibrahim\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComputational Modeling:\u003c/strong\u003e Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud,\u0026nbsp;Ahmed Z. Ibrahim\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Curation:\u003c/strong\u003e H. A. El Nagy,\u0026nbsp;Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; Original Draft Preparation:\u003c/strong\u003e Mostafa. A. A. Mahmoud,\u0026nbsp;Ahmed Z. Ibrahim\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing:\u003c/strong\u003e Elsayed H. Eltamany,\u0026nbsp;H. A. El Nagy\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupervision:\u003c/strong\u003e Elsayed H. Eltamany\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions made by General Petroleum Company Egypt- Ras Ghareb lab staff. We thank Chemists, Mohamed Rezk , Hossny Abd El Azim and all of General petroleum company quality control lab team for their supporting manner and technical assistance in some of the experiments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. 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(2018). \u0026quot;Effect of Surfactants on Asphaltene Dispersion: A Molecular Simulation Study.\u0026quot; Journal of Molecular Liquids, 271, 414-421\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Asphaltenes, Crude oil, Flow, dispersion, petroleum, additives, Separation, UV-Vis spectra","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6076644/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6076644/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe precipitation and aggregation of asphaltenes in crude oil systems present considerable obstacles to petroleum production, resulting in operational inefficiencies and environmental hazards. This work presents N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, biodegradable dispersant, as an environmentally sustainable solution for asphaltene management. The dispersant's efficacy was assessed using an integrated methodology that incorporates UV-visible spectroscopy, visual evaluations, and computational simulations, in comparison to 18 other chemical additions. The findings indicate that N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide exhibits enhanced dispersion efficiency, with an absorbance of 1.74 at 620 nm, surpassing traditional dispersants such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectral analysis indicated no substantial alterations in the UV-visible spectrum of the asphaltene solution following the dispersant's addition, signifying robust physical stabilization devoid of chemical interaction. This discovery corresponds with molecular docking predictions that indicated robust non-covalent binding as the primary dispersion mechanism. These findings underscore the potential of employing biodegradable dispersants for effective and sustainable asphaltene control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study integrates experimental findings with computational forecasts, establishing a solid basis for the development of next-generation environmentally friendly dispersants. This study promotes cleaner production processes in the petroleum sector by addressing the dual goals of performance and environmental safety. Future research must concentrate on the scalability of these dispersants across various field settings and enhance computer models to integrate dynamic environmental variables.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eco-Friendly Asphaltene Dispersant N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Dodecanamide: A Computational and Experimental Approach for Cleaner Egyptian Petroleum Production","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-10 09:53:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6076644/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"584f3b77-7f34-469b-b20a-e9f776fcc40f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-17T11:23:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-10 09:53:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6076644","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6076644","identity":"rs-6076644","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}